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Neurology Module:Neurology Module:

Neurological DysfunctionNeurological Dysfunction

Neurological Dysfunction: AetiologyNeurological Dysfunction: Aetiology

Structural problem Structural problem

Metabolic disturbanceMetabolic disturbance

Auto-immune conditionsAuto-immune conditions

Degenerative neurological diseaseDegenerative neurological disease

All compromise brain and nervous tissue All compromise brain and nervous tissue function function

Structural Causes of Neurological Structural Causes of Neurological DysfunctionDysfunction

Congenital anomalies: hydrocephalusCongenital anomalies: hydrocephalusTrauma: head or spinal injury (damaged Trauma: head or spinal injury (damaged neurons, cerebral oedema, haematoma) neurons, cerebral oedema, haematoma) Intracranial haemorrhage, thrombus or Intracranial haemorrhage, thrombus or embolus: ↑ intra-cranial pressure (↑ ICP)embolus: ↑ intra-cranial pressure (↑ ICP)Infection: encephalitis, meningitis (exudate Infection: encephalitis, meningitis (exudate ↑ ICP) ↑ ICP) Poor perfusion: TIA (↓ carotid blood flow)Poor perfusion: TIA (↓ carotid blood flow)↓ ↓ myelination: Vitamin B12 deficiency myelination: Vitamin B12 deficiency

Structural Causes of Neurological Structural Causes of Neurological Dysfunction: SummaryDysfunction: Summary

Neurological dysfunction is caused by:Neurological dysfunction is caused by:

Direct damage to neurons, or indirect Direct damage to neurons, or indirect through expansion of brain tissue in fixed through expansion of brain tissue in fixed cranium → increased ICPcranium → increased ICPPoor cerebral perfusion → ischaemia and Poor cerebral perfusion → ischaemia and infarction of brain tissueinfarction of brain tissuePoor conduction of impulses Poor conduction of impulses (demyelination)(demyelination)

Metabolic Causes of Neurological Metabolic Causes of Neurological DysfunctionDysfunction

Sepsis: ↑ temperatureSepsis: ↑ temperaturepH changes: acid/ base balancepH changes: acid/ base balanceHypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia Diabetic Ketoacidosis or hyperosmolalityDiabetic Ketoacidosis or hyperosmolalityElectrolyte imbalanceElectrolyte imbalanceHypertension Hypertension Drug/ alcohol abuseDrug/ alcohol abuseHepatic or renal encephalopathy Hepatic or renal encephalopathy

Metabolic Causes of Neurological Metabolic Causes of Neurological Dysfunction: SummaryDysfunction: Summary

Neurological dysfunction is caused by:Neurological dysfunction is caused by:

Accumulation of toxinsAccumulation of toxins

Inappropriate physical or metabolic Inappropriate physical or metabolic environment for nerve cell functionenvironment for nerve cell function

Cerebral oedemaCerebral oedema

Auto-immune Conditions Affecting Auto-immune Conditions Affecting Neurological FunctionNeurological Function

Neuromuscular diseases: Neuromuscular diseases:

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Myasthenia GravisMyasthenia Gravis

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)

Auto-immune Conditions Affecting Auto-immune Conditions Affecting Neurological Function: SummaryNeurological Function: Summary

Neurological dysfunction is caused by:Neurological dysfunction is caused by:

MS: auto-immune progressive MS: auto-immune progressive demyelinationdemyelination

Myasthenia Gravis: auto-immune disease Myasthenia Gravis: auto-immune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction of affecting the neuromuscular junction of voluntary musclesvoluntary muscles

GBS: auto-immune inflammation and GBS: auto-immune inflammation and paralysis of peripheral motor nervesparalysis of peripheral motor nerves

Degenerative Neurological DiseaseDegenerative Neurological Disease

Parkinson’s disorderParkinson’s disorder

Degenerative neuromuscular diseaseDegenerative neuromuscular disease

Alzheimer’s disease and dementiaAlzheimer’s disease and dementia

Progressive, incurable deterioration of Progressive, incurable deterioration of neurological systemneurological system