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Advances in Solar Energy Technology
Volume 2 Industrial Applications of Solar Energy
H.P. Garg Professor of Solar Energy, Centre of Energy Studies,
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
Advances • In
Solar Energy Technology Volume 2
Industrial Applications of Solar Energy
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LANCASTER/TOKYO
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Garg, H. P. Advances in solar energy technology.
Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Collection and storage systems- v.2. Industrial applica
tions of solar energy- v. 3. Heating, agricultural and photovoltaic applications of solar energy.
1. Solar energy. 1. Title. TJ809.2.G37 1987 621.47 8&-31441
ISBN-\3: 978-94-010-8\88-7 e-ISBN- \3: 978-94-009-3795-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-3795-6
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland.
All Rights Reserved © 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1987 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
Dedicated to my parents who believed in Honesty, Sincerety and Hardwork. To my wife, Kusum, and my children, Meenu, Neelu, Naina and Darpan, for their support and perseverance.
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
About the author xvii
Contents of volume I and III xv~~~
CHAPTER 1 SOLAR HEATING OF BUILDINGS: ACTIVE SYSTEMS 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9 1. 10 1.11 1.12
Introduction History of Solar Houses Building form and function Conventional space heating systems General aspects of solar active heating of buildings Components of solar heating system 1.6.1 The solar heat collector 1.6.2 The thermal storage system 1.6.3 Auxiliary heat supply system 1.6.4 Control systems Three ways of solar space heating 1.7.1 Solar air systems 1.7.2 Solar liquid systems 1.7.3 Solar heat pump systems Solar heating practical systems 1.8.1 The MIT Solar House 1.8.2 The Colorado Solar House 1.8.3 The Thomason House 1.8.4 Colorado State University Solar House,
CSU Solar House I 1.8.5 Lorriman Solar House 1.8.6 Colorado State University Solar House,
CSU Solar House II 1.8.7 Mobile modular solar house 1.8.8 National Security and Resources Study
Centre(NSRSC) 1.8.9 Solarhaus Freiburg Prediction of heating loads Sizing of active solar space heating systems Simulation of solar heating systems Economics of solar space heating system
REFERENCES
1 2 8
10
11 16 16 18 21 25 30 30 32 33 41 42 45 49
52 57
60 64
67 71 75 80 85 88 92
Vlll CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2 SOLAR ENERGY FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEAT 103
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Introduction. Industrial Energy Use Solar Collector Technology Solar Thermal Energy Storage Technology Industrial Process Heat (IPH) system 2.5.1 Hot Water Industrial Process Heat
system 2.5.2 Hot Air Industrial Process Heat
system
103 104 111 119 124
125 129
2.5.3 Steam industrial process heat system 131 2.6 Examples of Solar Process Heat Systems 143
2.6.1 Shallow solar pond water heaters 144 2.6.2 Solar beer pasteurizer plant at 145
Adelaide, Australia 2.6.3 Solar Laundry plant, Meitetsu Cleaning
Company, Japan 148 2.6.4 Solar drying plant at Gold Kist, Inc.
at Decatur, Alabama ,USA 150 2.7 Problems with SIPH Systems 150 2.8 A design method for SIPH systems 152 REFERENCES 161
CHAPTER 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
3.6
3 • 7
3 SOLAR FURNACES Introduction History of solar furnaces Type of solar furnaces Theoretical considerations in Components of solar furnace 3.5.1 Concentrator 3.5.2 Heliostat 3.5.3 Sun Tracking
Typical solar furnace designs
a solar furnace
3.6.1 Single concentrator furnace 3.6.2 Single heliostat solar furnace 3.6.3 Multiple heliostats solar furnace
Measuring instruments in solar furnace 3.7.1 Measurement of heat flux 3.7.2 Heat flux regulation 3.7.3 Measurement of temperature 3.7.4 Measurement of emissivity 3.7.5 Measurement of electrical conductivity. 3.7.6 Measurement of thermal expansion 3.7.7 Ablation studies 3.7.8 Thermal diffusivity measurement 3.7.9 Measurement of specific heat 3.7.10 Measurements in controlled atmosphere
168 168 169 181 182 191 191 193 194
196 197 197 199
203 203 204 205 206 209 211 213 215 216 217
CONTENTS
3.8 Studies on material properties using solar furnace 3.8.1 Crystal growth 3.8.2 Phase-change studies 3.8.3 Other applications
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 SOLAR THERMO-MECHANICAL POWER 4.1 Introduction 4.2 History of Solar Thermal Power 4.3 Principles of solar engines 4.4 Ideal working fluid 4.5 Limitations of solar mechanical power
conversion 4.6 Rankine cycle characteristics 4.7 Solar heat engines
4.7.1 Steam engines 4.7.2 Turbines 4.7.3 Stirling engines 4.7.4 Brayton engines
4.8 Solar Power plants 4.8.1 Coolidge 150 KWe power plant 4.8.2 Solar thermal electric generation plant
of 500 KWe at Almeria, Spain 4.8.3 The White Cliffs (Australia) solar
power station 4.8.4 Central receiver electric plant of 1 MWe
capacity (EURELIOS) 4.8.5 Carrisa plain solar photovoltaic
power plant. REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 SOLAR REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Carnot refrigeration cycle 5.3 Absorption refrigeration
5.3.1 History 5.3.2 Principle of absorption cooling 5.3.3 Basics of absorption cooling 5.3.4 Water-lithium bromide absorption system 5.3.5 The aqua-ammonia absorption system 5.3.6 Intermittent absorption refrigeration
system 5.3.7 Arkla 3-ton absorption chiller 5.3.8 Yazaki absorption chiller 5.3.9 Hitachi solar powered absorption
airconditioner 5.4 Desiccant Cooling 5.5 Vapour compression refrigeration
5.5.1 History
IX
217 218 218 225 227
236 236 239 248 254
255 259 262 263 268 284 293 299 299
307
315
322
330 335
342
342 345 348 348 350 352 360 370
373 376 378
380 382 403 403
x CONTENTS
5.5.2 Principle of vapor compression cycle 5.5.3 Refrigerants 5.5.4 Typical designs 5.5.5 Solar cells operated vapour compression
cooling system 5.6 Passive cooling
5.6.1 Shading 5.6.2 Ventilation 5.6.3 Evaporation 5.6.4 Radiation cooling 5.6.5 Ground coupling 5.6.6 Dehumidification
REFERENCES
CHAPTER
6.1 6.2 6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6 PASSIVE SOLAR HOUSE HEATING
Introduction History Types of passive systems 6.3.1 Direct gain 6.3.2 Thermal storage wall 6.3.3 Attached greenhouse (sun space) 6.3.4 Thermal storage roof 6.3.5 Convective loop Typical passive heating buildings 6.4.1 Direct gain installation 6.4.2 Thermal storage wall (Trombe Wall)
Installation 6.4.3 Thermal storage wall (drum wall)
Installation 6.4.4 Attached greenhouse installation 6.4.5 Thermal storage roof installation 6.4.6 Convective loop installation Critical parameters for design of passive heating systems 6.5.1 Direct gain system 6.5.2 Thermal storage wall system 6.5.3 Attached greenhouse system 6.5.4 Thermal storage roof system 6.5.5 Convective loop system Passive system performance prediction 6.6.1 Degree-Day method 6.6.2 Steady state method
6.6.3 6.6.4 6.6.5 6.6.6 6.6.7
6.6.2.1 Thermal mass wall 6.6.2.2 Water wall 6.6.2.3 Attached sun space Solar Load ratio (SLR)design method The Un-utilizability design method The admittance design method The periodic method PAS OLE computer program
406 409 417
418 419 420 422 423 423 425 426 427
443
443 445 447 448 449 451 452 454 458 458
462
466 470 474 477
481 482 491 494 495 499 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 509 514 515 517
CONTENTS
REFERENCES
Author index
Subject index
521
527
534
XI
PREFACE
The purpose of writing this three volume 'Advances in Solar Energy Technology' is to provide all the relevant latest information available in the field of Solar Energy (Applied as well as Theoretical) to serve as the best source material at one place. Attempts are made to discuss topics in depth to assist both the students (i.e. undergraduate, postgraduate, research scholars etc.) and the professionals (i.e. Consultancy, design, and contracting firms).
Chapter 1 starts with a brief history of solar houses (active heating), one of the oldest and still the widely used application of Solar Energy. Various methods of building heating and other general aspects such as building form and functions are also described. Various components of active solar heating of building like solar collector, storage system, control unit, auxiliary heat source, etc. are discussed very briefly. Three types of solar active heating of buildings like Solar air systems, solar liquid systems, and solar assisted heat pump systems are discussed in detail in this chapter. Design details and performance of nine typical solar houses which are in use in different climatic conditions and using some newer concepts are also discussed in depth in this chapter.
Solar energy can playa significant role in providing process heat in industries thus saving conventional fuels like electricity, gas, oil, etc. This topic of recent interest is discussed in detail in chapter 2. All the three industrial process heat systems like hot water, hot air, and steam industrial process heat systems are described here. A few typical examples of solar process heat systems which are in use are discussed briefly and advantages derived are presented. Some of the problems of industrial process heat systems (IPHS) and a simple design method for solar IPHS are also discussed briefly.
Solar furnaces can provide very high temperatures and can be used for some specialised Research and Development work. The topic of solar furnace is discussed in detail in Chapter 3. Different types of solar furnaces and their components are also discussed in this chapter. A few typical solar furnace designs along with measuring intrumentation are also described. Various material properties both physical and chemical which can be studied and other applications of solar furnace are discussed in detail in this chapter.
Conversion of solar energy into mechanical power is the
Xlll
xiv PREFACE
most important application of solar energy. Considerable effort in this direction has been made and the progress is reviewed in chapter 4. The principle of solar engines and their limitations along with different solar engines like steam engines, turbines, stirling engines, and Brayton engines are discussed in this chapter. A few typical solar power plants using linear parabolic concentrators, paraboloidal dish, central tower receiver, etc. of different capacities are briefly described here. For comparison a 6 MWe solar photovoltaic power plant is also discussed.
In developing countries, the use of solar energy for producing cold either for comfort or for preservation of food can go a long way. This topic of solar refrigeration and airconditioning is discussed in greater detail in chapter 5 of this volume. Various methods of producing airconditioning or refrigeration like absorption cooling, desiccant cooling, vapor compression cooling, and passive cooling are discussed in somewhat greater detail in this chapter. In each case a couple of typical examples are discussed. Various problems and successes achieved in each type. of cooling are also presented.
The subject matter of chapter-6 is the passive solar house heating - a topic of the world interest and an application which does not need any moving part and used widely. In this chapter the building functions and forms typical passive buildings, design characteristics, and prediction models are discussed in depth. The various critical parameters affecting the performance of a passive building and which should be kept in mind by an engineer or an architect while planning the buildings are also briefly described.
Attempts are made to discuss important items in detail in each volume giving as many as possible graphs, illustrations, tables, equations to make the subject clear and useful. It is hoped that this volume also will be used as a reference book and as.a text book for higher studies. In the end any comments I criticism which may help me in improving the other volumes in the series are also welcome.
New Delhi H P GARG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is indebted to the following scientists for reviewing the chapters of this volume:
Dr.John P.Thorton, Solar Energy Research Institute, Goldon,Colarado, USA. Dr_G.O.G.Lof, Solar Energy Applications Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Dr.Takemaro Sakurai, Solar Energy Laboratory, Tohoku University, Sandai, Japan. Dr.Robert, E.Barber, Barber-Nichols Engineering, Arvada, Colorado, USA. Dr.J.C.V.Chinnappa, James Cook University at North Queensland, Queensland, Australia. Dr.C.L.Gupta, Tata Energy Research Institute, Field Research Unit, Pondicherry, India. Dr.M.S.Sodha, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi. I am also grateful to several International Research
Institutes and organizations who responded to my requests of supplying published and unpublished literature required for writing this volume. Many research papers, reports, and articles published by many publishers have been referred in this book. I am particularly grateful to Dr.Peter E.Glaser, Editor-in-Chief Solar Energy; and Pergamon Press, Inc., London for providing literature and giving permission to use the material published in solar energy. The author is also grateful to many other publishers like John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Inc. England; McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York; Academic Press, Inc., New York; Applied Science Publishers, England; Addison Wesley Publishing Co., California; International Solar Energy Society, Inc; U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C., USA; Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York; Butterworths, Inc., London; etc. who have permitted to use literature published by them.
The encouragement and support of Shri Maheshwar Dayal, Secretary, Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (Govt. of India), New Delhi; Prof.M.S.Sodha, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi; Dr.C.L.Gupta, Tata Energy Research Institute (Field Research Unit), Pondicherry and Dr.R.K.Pachauri, Director, Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi; is gratefully acknowledged. The author is thankful to Head, Centre of Energy Studies and Director, lIT Delhi for the encouragement and for providing part financial support.
The author had the opportunity to travel extensively to
xv
XVI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
different countries like USA, USSR, Australia, Italy, Canada, England, Thailand, Singapore, Iraq, Iran, Bangladesh, Indonesia, etc. and had discussions with scientists from many other countries also. I am particularly grateful to Dr.P.E.Glaser, USA; Dr.E.D.Howe, USA; Dr.W.A.Beckman, USA; Dr.J.A.Duf(ie, USA; Dr.W.W.S.Charters, Australia; Dr.D.J.Close, Australia; Dr.K.G.T. Hollands, Canada; Dr. D.K. Edwards, USA; Dr.T.A.Lawand, Canada; Dr.G.O.G.Lof, USA; Dr.J.D.Walton, USA; Dr.H.TaboT., Israel; Dr.R.B.Collins, Australia; Dr.R.N.Morse, Australia; Dr.R.V.Dunkle, Australia; Dr.U.A.Arifov, USSR; Dr.B.J.Brinksworth, England; Dr.A.A.M.Sayigh, Kuwait; Dr.G.Furlan, Italy; Dr.N.AlHamdani, Iraq; etc., who have helped me directly or indirectly in the preparation of the book.
In pursuance of desire of founder Late Shri Deokaran Jhunjhunwala for encouragement of Science and Technology, Orissa Industries Ltd. has provided financial support for preparing the manuscript of this volume. The author is indebted to Shri K.P.Jhunjhunwala; Joint President, Orissa Industries Ltd., Rourkela for his inte~est in Science and Technology in India and particularly in Solar Energy and helping at all stages of the work. Without his encouragement and financial support, the present book would not have been completed. While the work is entirely the author's own responsibility, but for the support of the Orissa Industries Ltd., this work would not have been possible.
The author's thank are due to the staff of Centre of Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India who have been at all times, kind and helpful. My special appreciation to my wife Kusum Garg, daughters Meenu, Neelu, Naina and son Darpan for all moral support and patience during the preparation of the manuscript.
H.P. GARG
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
H.P.Garg is professor and coordinator of solar energy at Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. He is internationally recognised as one of the world's leading authorities in the field of solar thermal applications. Dr.Garg is involved in research and teaching of Solar Energy for the last 21 years and is the author of more than 250 research papers. He has arranged several national and international training programmes and conferences in the field of solar energy utilization and visited several countries of the world. He has made significant contribution to the field of Solar Energy Collectors and Solar Heating Systems. His designs on solar systems are quite popular both nationally and internationally and he has three Indian patents to his credit. Prof.Garg is the author of 'Treatise on Solar Energy' published by John Wiley & Sons (1982), England; co-author of 'Solar Thermal Energy Storage' published by D.Reidel Publishing Co. (1985), Holland; and edited a book, 'Solar Water Heating Systems' published by D.Reidel Publishing Co.(1985), Holland. His main fields of interest are Solar Energy Technology and Utilization, Energy conservation, Bio-gas systems, Wind power utilization, and Energy planning.
xvii
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I
1 ADVANCED FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS 2 SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS 3 SOLAR PONDS 4 STORAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY 5 SOLAR WATER HEATING AND DESIGN PROCESSES
CONTENTS OF VOLUME III
SOLAR COOKERS 2 SOLAR DESALINATION 3 SOLAR FOOD DRYING 4 SOLAR POWERED WATER PUMP 5 SOLAR GREENHOUSES 6 SOLAR CELLS
xviii
