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PROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENTPROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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Protected areas for biodiversity conservation and development

Protecting outstanding natural ecosystems worldwide is essential, including the range of locally and globally recognized services provided by nature to the benefit of human communities. This is especially important in developing countries that manage a large part of the world’s biodiversity and where peoples’ livelihoods are highly reliant on nature.

Creating and enhancing protected areas to preserve natural habitats of high ecological value, and maintaining and restoring ecological continuities between protected ecosystems are solutions that AFD supports to meet these challenges.

AFD – often in partnership with the French Global Environment Facility (FFEM) – cofinances programmes focused on these issues that may have been initiated by public or private bodies, local authorities or civil society organizations.

AFD INTERVENES IN...

■■ The development of protected areas, with major impacts regarding the preservation of critical sites

■■ The consolidation of existing protected areas

■■ The reinforcement of national institutions that manage protected areas

■■ The development of communities living within or on the boundaries of protected areas

AFD adopted a biodiversity strategy in 2013 that aims to protect, restore and manage ecosystems while sharing the benefits in countries where interventions are under way.

AFD considers all protected area categories outlined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Nature and development A few figures

The estimated economic cost of global biodiversity loss is €14 trillion by 2050 (TEEB 2010)

80% of biodiversity loss has a direct impact on the wellbeing of 2.4 billion people living on less than $2 per day

Through the Aichi Targets, by 2020 the international community is committed to preserving: “at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water and 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, […] through ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes.”

China, wetland reserve in Liaoning province © G2S Creative Workshop

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AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENTPROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Strengthening the global network of protected areasAFD promotes the extension of a global network of well managed protected areas by supporting initiatives to strengthen existing protected areas and to create new areas, while ensuring the ecological representativeness of vulnerable natural environments.

Enhancing protected area management■■ AFD supports capacity building of area managers and eco-guards, equipment supply, implementation of management and anti-poaching plans, infrastructure development and the use of surveillance and scientific monitoring technology.

Strengthening protected area governance■■ AFD takes the diversity and complementarity of different types of protected area into account and supports partnerships between governments, private stakeholders and NGOs to enhance protected area management.

■■ AFD supports participatory and contractual management with local communities living within and in the vicinity of protected areas.

Ensuring the continuity of protected area funding■■ AFD supports innovative funding tools such as payments for environmental services, taxes on economic activities in protected areas, trust funds and conservation foundations, mechanisms to offset biodiversity loss due to economic activities, and State budgeting to ensure recurrent, necessary and sufficient resources.

Boosting nature awareness, training and insight■■ AFD supports environmental education and awareness programmes of all stakeholders, visitors, local communities and decision makers.

Effectively preserving natural environments

Kenya, translocation of a rhinoceros in Meru National Park © Irene Alvarez, AFD

Biodiversity conservation and development of pastoral communities in northern Kenya

In the dryland region of northern Kenya, the forest stand on Mount Marsabit is an outstanding natural site that offers the only permanent source of water in the region. In this highly endangered ecosystem, over 100 ha of forest have disappeared yearly since 1995.

From 2013 to 2018, AFD and FFEM are cofunding this project (€8 million and €1.5 million, respectively) to protect the Marsabit Forest, promote community-based sustainable natural resource management in the buffer zone of the protected area, with the participation of local pastoral communities, and to promote tourism.

The project jointly involves the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and Kenya Forest Service (KFS), local authorities, local development NGOs, pastoral communities and Marsabit County representatives.

Kenya, herders in the vicinity of Marsabit Forest © Julien Calas, FFEM

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AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENTPROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Mexico is the fourth-ranking ‘megadiverse’ country in the world and hosts 12% of global biodiversity. The National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) manages 174 protected areas, covering 13% of the national territory. The partnership between AFD, FFEM and CONANP fosters the adoption of new conservation strategies in Mexico that are more acceptable to people living within or in the vicinity of these protected areas, inspired by the French model of regional natural parks. It also enhances the benefits of conservation for local communities through the development of brands and labels for sustainable production in protected areas.

Within the framework of this partnership, in addition to an unassigned €60 million budget support loan, Mexico benefits from a technical cooperation programme focused on CONANP’s strategic mid-term priorities and a pilot project on integrated landscape management in the Ameca-Manantlán ecological corridor in the state of Jalisco.

Biodiversity preservation in Mexico

Ensuring ecological continuity between protected areasAFD supports the inclusion of the network of protected areas in land-use planning policies because of the importance of ecological corridors between protected areas in preserving the capacity of ecosystems to provide essential goods and services.

Strengthening the capacity of local and national institutions■■ AFD supports institutions responsible for biodiversity conservation, land-use planning, anti-poaching plans and the prevention of human-wildlife conflicts.

Supporting the development of national and local policies to take greater account of biodiversity in landscapes■■ AFD supports multi-stakeholder processes so as to build a forward-looking vision of landscapes and achieve a trade-off between productive uses and conservation of these areas, while preserving ecological corridors

Preserving and restoring ecological corridors■■ AFD supports ecological restoration in ecological corridors and the adoption of more environment-friendly practices by local stakeholders (development of green and blue belts, zoning of productive activities, ecological certification of agriculture) and the development of effective land management and governance tools.

Ecological and social corridors in northern Tanzania

High population growth is threatening natural corridors that link Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Parks in northern Tanzania due to the conversion of these ecosystems into cropland and livestock rangelands, gradually leading to the ecological isolation of these two parks.

To avoid the possibility that these parks become islands of degraded biodiversity in an agricultural and pastoral ocean, AFD has granted €850,000 to the Fondation Internationale pour la Gestion de la Faune (IGF) to promote the development of new ecosystem and biodiversity protection strategies by local communities.

This 3-year project is developing new community conservation models and implementing land-use and tenure plans at the village level to ensure the continuity of pastoral activities, while reducing human-wildlife conflicts.

This approach should ensure the social and ecological functioning of these last remaining corridors between protected areas in the Rift Valley and Massai Steppe.

Mexico, a resplendent quetzal © Julien Calas, FFEM

Burkina Faso, land-use planning consultation workshop © Christophe Du Castel, FFEM

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AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENTPROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Partnerships for sustainable management of protected areas in the Indo-Burma hotspot

AFD and FFEM provide around €2 million to fund a project for the sustainable co-management of five protected areas in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, representing a 2 million ha area.

This project, which was set up by the NGO Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), supports initiatives to promote recognition of the rights of local communities

regarding the access and sustainable use of natural resources.

It involves participatory sustainable management approaches and supports conservation agriculture and community ecotourism.

Partnerships have been established with companies (tourism, hydroelectricity, oil, gas and mining) to the benefit of local communities.

The project will also contribute to the development of national and regional public conservation policies.

Cambodia, an agroforestry landscape © Eric Beugnot, AFD

Local economy and sustainable natural resource management in northern Mozambique

Quirimbas National Park, which protects a 7,500 km2 marine and terrestrial area, has been supported by AFD and FFEM (€7.5 million and €1.7 million) since its creation in 2002.

In the marine area, the Park has implemented co-management and control mechanisms that have helped drastically reduce illegal exploitation of fisheries resources. The Park has created sanctuaries to ensure the renewal of these resources, with a significant increase in catches by local fishermen.

Local fishermen replicate this system, thus effectively contributing to the preservation of natural resources, while enhancing peoples’ incomes and food security in the poorest areas of Mozambique.

Mozambique, back from fishing in Quirimbas National Park

© S. Nazerali, WWF

Turning protected areas into development zonesAFD attaches great importance to the economic benefits of protected areas for directly concerned communities and countries.

Boosting income through economic activities consistent with environmental conservation and sustainable natural resource management objectives.

■■ AFD supports ecotourism in partnership with private operators or local communities. AFD also fosters sustainable agriculture, agroforestry and fisheries, as well as gathering of medicinal plants, especially through certified value chains.

Knowing, recognizing and protecting the usage rights and traditional know-how of local and indigenous people.

■■ AFD funds projects that ensure, in the economic models of protected areas, the fair distribution of benefits associated with the access and use of natural resources for research or commercial purposes.

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AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENTPROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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Forging international partnerships for protected areasThe France–International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Framework Agreement

Since 2009, AFD has contributed to the France-IUCN Framework Agreement, with the French Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Ecology and the French Overseas Communities.

This partnership led to the adoption of a roadmap to strengthen the network of protected areas in Africa and has participated in the development of the IUCN Green List, a new system to certify the quality of protected area management and governance. It has also contributed to the development of a European strategy on biodiversity and the structuring of a funding tool for the French overseas territories (BEST). AFD contributed €5.2 million for the 2013-2016 programme of this Framework Agreement.

The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, an international initiative

The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) created in 2000 is devoted to the protection, by civil society stakeholders, of endangered ecosystems in biodiversity hotspots. These 34 hotspots host the world’s greatest level of biodiversity, but the thre at to these vital resources is greater than anywhere else. The French territory is directly concerned: Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, New Caledonia, French West Indies and Polynesia.

CEPF funds NGOs working on the conservation or sustainable management of biodiversity. Donations range from US$3,000 to US$400,000, and US$150,000 on average. Currently over 1,650 NGOs in 19 of these 34 hotspots have been funded.

With a contribution of €19.5 million, AFD has been a CEPF partner since 2007, alongside Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Japanese Government, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, World Bank and, more recently, the European Union.

Generating knowledge and implementing assessment and monitoring toolsScientific, economic, institutional and social knowledge is essential for the stakeholders (governments, communities, economic operators, civil society and their international partners) in all countries.

AFD supports the generation of this knowledge in partnership with different stakeholders, and the development of protected area monitoring and management tools, such as geographical information systems and high resolution satellite imagery.

Cameroon, Eastern Province, Abong Mbang Road © Didier Simon, FFEM

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AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENTPROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Diversified and tailored funding

Madagascar, Masoala National Park © Guillaume Chiron, AFD

Key figuresFrom 2003 to 2013, overall there were:

39 million haof protected areas funded

€233 millioninvested in protected area projects

€27 millioninvested in conservation trust funds

Madagascar Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity

Madagascar is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, with wildlife and flora species that exist nowhere else on Earth, but which are now threatened by pressure from human activities and climate change.

The Madagascar Foundation was created in 2005 with the support of the NGOs Conservation International and WWF, and France through funding from AFD (€2 million) and FFEM (€1 million). France is currently the main contributor, with €16.3 million, or 45% of the trust fund capital.

Over 20 terrestrial and marine protected areas in Madagascar receive Foundation funding for biodiversity protection initiatives and socioeconomic activities for local communities living within or in the vicinity of protected areas (conservation agriculture, ecotourism, environmental education, social investments).

Geographical distribution of protected area projects from 2003 to 2013

Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Asia and South Pacific

Overseas territories

AFD and FFEM* commitments for protected areas from 2003 to 2013

2003 2004

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40

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Year Subsidy Loan

* FFEM projects initiated by AFD

34%€80 million

36%€83 million

26%€61 million

1%€3 million

3%€6 million

Multi-country

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Mozambique, Quirimbas National Park © F. Sheppers, WWF

AFD, the Agence Française de Développement , is a public development-finance institution that has worked for seventy years to alleviate poverty and foster sustainable development in the developing world and in the French Overseas Provinces. AFD executes the French government’s development aid policies.

Working on four continents, AFD has seventy-one field offices and bureaus, including nine in France’s overseas provinces and one in Brussels. The Agency provides financing and support for projects that improve living conditions, promote economic growth, and protect the planet.

In 2013, AFD committed €7.8 billion to projects in developing and emerging countries and in the French Overseas Provinces. These AFD-financed projects will provide schooling for children, improve maternal health, promote equality between men and women, support farmers and small businesses, and bolster access to drinking water, transportation and energy. These newly-funded projects will also help mitigate climate disruption by abating nearly 3.3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent annually.

AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT

5 rue Roland Barthes 75598 Paris Cedex 12 – France Tél. +33 1 53 44 31 31 Fax +33 1 44 87 99 39 www.afd.fr

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT (SDD)

AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIODIVERSITY (ARB)

AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT

LES AIRES PROTÉGÉES AU SERVICE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE

FFEM

The French Global Environment Facility / Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial (FFEM) is a bilateral public fund initiated by the French Government in 1994. The FFEM secretariat and its financial management are entrusted to the Agence Française de Développement (AFD). The FFEM co-finances projects that encourage the protection of the global environment in developing countries. Its co-financing is exclusively done as grants and is used for the implementation of pilot projects that combine environmental protection and economic development in the recipient countries. The FFEM is an influential strategic instrument for the French policy on Official Development Assistance regarding global environmental protection. Its activities focus on the topics of biodiversity, international waters, the climate change, land degradation and desertification, persistent organic pollutants and the stratospheric ozone layer. By the end of 2013, the FFEM has co-financed 258 projects with €299m. Two thirds were spent on sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean.

www.ffem.fr

PROPARCO, AFD’s subsidiary dedicated to private investment, promotes private investment in emerging and developing countries in order to boost growth, promote sustainable development and reach the Millennium Development Goals. Its financing is tailored to the specific needs of investors in the productive sector, financial systems, infrastructure and private equity investment.

www.proparco.fr