Africa and Asia in the Africa and Asia in the Era of IndependenceEra of Independence

Chapter 34Chapter 34

IntroIntro

““Revolutions are difficult to get going and Revolutions are difficult to get going and even harder to sustain”even harder to sustain”

Independence - Independence - ; Reality - ; Reality - People who had united to gain People who had united to gain independence, back to conflictindependence, back to conflict

No experience, resourcesNo experience, resources

Population growth and pollutionPopulation growth and pollution

Challenges of independenceChallenges of independence

Peasants/working class had been Peasants/working class had been promised things to get their supportpromised things to get their support

Leaders Leaders unableunable to follow through to follow through

Rivalries and conflict resultRivalries and conflict result

Leaders neglected other problems to Leaders neglected other problems to concentrate on political instabilityconcentrate on political instability

In Depth: Artificial NationsIn Depth: Artificial Nations

Breakdown of political systems + human Breakdown of political systems + human sufferingsuffering

Western colonialism contributed to Western colonialism contributed to problemsproblems

West also has social problems (U.S. civil West also has social problems (U.S. civil rights, etc)rights, etc)

Most new nations – artificial creationsMost new nations – artificial creations Europeans drew maps (arbitrary boundaries)Europeans drew maps (arbitrary boundaries) Combined different and hostile peopleCombined different and hostile people

Not perfect before, but Europeans made it worseNot perfect before, but Europeans made it worse Often used “divide and rule”Often used “divide and rule” Unequal treatment of different groupsUnequal treatment of different groups

No common base, many separatistsNo common base, many separatists

Boundaries, divisions have continuedBoundaries, divisions have continued

Democracy is victim of tensionDemocracy is victim of tension

Huge military spending instead of social help for Huge military spending instead of social help for the peoplethe people

Death, destruction, disease, famineDeath, destruction, disease, famine

PopulationPopulationNew foods helped pop. growNew foods helped pop. grow

Wars and famines reduced-help growthWars and famines reduced-help growth

2020thth century-health care improves century-health care improves

Asia-moderate growth of already huge popAsia-moderate growth of already huge pop

Africa-amazing growth of small pop.Africa-amazing growth of small pop.

Europeans conquer war, disease, famine and Europeans conquer war, disease, famine and limited industry which helped pop. growlimited industry which helped pop. grow

Could not follow the European pattern of dealing Could not follow the European pattern of dealing with pop. growthwith pop. growth

Resistance to birth control (social & religious)Resistance to birth control (social & religious)

CitiesCitiesMass migrations to citiesMass migrations to citiesCities weren’t ready; not enough industryCities weren’t ready; not enough industryUrban poor – crowds, troops, mobs, etcUrban poor – crowds, troops, mobs, etcLittle urban planning possibleLittle urban planning possibleHuge slum areasHuge slum areasCities-not self-sufficient, dependent on Cities-not self-sufficient, dependent on countrysidecountrysideRural overpopulationRural overpopulationDeforestation, pollution, soil depletion, Deforestation, pollution, soil depletion, overgrazingovergrazing

Women’s rolesWomen’s roles

Female suffrage in most new constitutionsFemale suffrage in most new constitutions

Legal equality but not in reality/societyLegal equality but not in reality/society

Continued male dominanceContinued male dominance

Powerful women connected to powerful Powerful women connected to powerful menmen

Demographic consequences: health Demographic consequences: health less education, fewer women than menless education, fewer women than men

Neocolonialism…Neocolonialism…

No industrial base, little capitalNo industrial base, little capital

Sell cash crops (less food) and minerals Sell cash crops (less food) and minerals (needed to industrialize)(needed to industrialize)

Exports vulnerable to changes in marketsExports vulnerable to changes in markets

Much corruption at higher levelsMuch corruption at higher levels

““price” for international assistanceprice” for international assistance

Leads to more unrest…Leads to more unrest…

Different pathsDifferent paths

Good ideas suffer from corruption, errorsGood ideas suffer from corruption, errorsRetreat to authoritarian rule Retreat to authoritarian rule Ghana: Kwame NkrumahGhana: Kwame Nkrumah Can’t follow through on promises, people upset, so he Can’t follow through on promises, people upset, so he

becomes a dictatorbecomes a dictator

Military responsesMilitary responses Very common-military typically has some training, Very common-military typically has some training,

more discipline, ready to use force, usually anti-more discipline, ready to use force, usually anti-communistcommunist

In power-usually repressive and corrupt, divert money In power-usually repressive and corrupt, divert money to weaponsto weapons

Some have unique ideasSome have unique ideas

Nasser-EgyptNasser-EgyptFree Officers Movement, military coup ’52Free Officers Movement, military coup ’52Loose alliance w/ Muslim BrotherhoodLoose alliance w/ Muslim BrotherhoodForced reforms, many backfired (Aswan Forced reforms, many backfired (Aswan Dam)Dam)Successor was Anwar Sadat-private Successor was Anwar Sadat-private instead of state initiatives, some progressinstead of state initiatives, some progressStill pop. growth and gov’t corruptionStill pop. growth and gov’t corruptionSadat assassinatedSadat assassinatedHosni Mubarak ***Hosni Mubarak ***

India-NehruIndia-NehruMost successful/largest democracyMost successful/largest democracy

Military has defended democracyMilitary has defended democracy

Head start-better industrial sector, larger and Head start-better industrial sector, larger and more skilled middle classmore skilled middle class

Goals: social reform, economic development, Goals: social reform, economic development, preserve civil rights/democ.preserve civil rights/democ.

Moderate mix of state and privateModerate mix of state and private

Pop. growth has offset economic gainsPop. growth has offset economic gains

Social reform has been slow, rural literacy low Social reform has been slow, rural literacy low and much malnutritionand much malnutrition

IranIranRevolution of 1979Revolution of 1979Ayatollah Khomeini-religious purificationAyatollah Khomeini-religious purificationToppled western-backed gov’t (Shah)Toppled western-backed gov’t (Shah)Shi’ite Muslim (compare to Mahdi)Shi’ite Muslim (compare to Mahdi)Iran had not been formally colonized (China)Iran had not been formally colonized (China)Small middle-classSmall middle-class““top-down” modernizationtop-down” modernizationShah tried to develop but angered most in the Shah tried to develop but angered most in the processprocessAyatollah-strict Islamic codes (women Ayatollah-strict Islamic codes (women ))War against Iraq, harms Iran, leads to isolationWar against Iraq, harms Iran, leads to isolation

South AfricaSouth Africa

1970-largest, populous, etc. area that was 1970-largest, populous, etc. area that was not free from colonial dominationnot free from colonial dominationApartheid: segregation, discrimination, Apartheid: segregation, discrimination, “homelands”, police state“homelands”, police stateGuerrilla resistanceGuerrilla resistanceInternational boycott weakened economyInternational boycott weakened economyModerate Afrikaner leaders (deKlerk) Moderate Afrikaner leaders (deKlerk) wanted reformswanted reformsFreed Mandela, he becomes leaderFreed Mandela, he becomes leader