Chapter 33

Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of

Independence

MM

The Challenges of Independence

o Common peoples independence movements -> not enough resources and bitter rivalries o Bangladesh violence &

African negligence of the people

o Pop. boom: from New World crops/control and reduced warringo eradication effort of diseases and hygiene boosts

- Big African boost BUT AIDS & production- Asia 600 mil -> India 1 bil.

o colonial lack of industry and internationalization = hard to support

o POP: resistance to birth control - cultural and women status

- Previous high mortality rates

o migration to cities: not enough jobs or resources -> unemployed

- become political menace w/ riots

o severe division of rich and slums o environmental issues

The Challenges of Independence

The Challenges of Independenceo constitutions with women rights & little action

-Women leaders had connections to men

(Corazon Aquino & Indira Ghandi)

- Young marriage & child bearing -> less education

- religion and traditions hold back women

The Challenges of Independence

oFunding for industrialization scarceoDependence on a few primary products for international trade

- leaders blame neocolonial economy

- Corrupt gov and lack of reforms -> international

assistance

Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice

o Ghanaian leader Nkrumah: had ambitious programs of education and industry

- Leftist ideas (support from Soviets)o Dictator rule through Convention People’s party

- Seem like Confucius and Muhammad - 1966 was deposed by coup while in Vietnam

o Harsh military regimes- Uganda- Myanmar

o Egyptian radical movement - Under the Free Officers Movement & Gamal

Abdul Nasser - allied with Muslim Brotherhood: social uplift &

reforms (middle class and peasant)

Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice

Egypt lost: 1948 Arab Israeli war 1952 British over

SuezRevolution:

all political parties disbanded

Nasser becomes leader of coup reforms (like 5 year plans)

against Arab nation and for SuezFailed:

land reforms Aswan Dam Project foreign assistance Six Day war with Israel 1967

- Stalemate with Sadat

Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice

o India: secular democratic views & industrial society

- ^^ literacy, family planning, development , technology

o Nehru and Congress party most power

- Opposing parties locally strong

o Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini - 1979 religious revolution to promote

old ways globally in Iran- claimed to be divinely inspired

o had not been westernized or colonizedoShah fled, but returned to power 1953 by CIA -> gov changes -> isolation

- Economic slump and angered middle class

o Saddam Hussein takes over

Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice

o White ruled South Africa: largest and richest , still colonially dominated

- 1960 independence- homelands set up for tribal blacks- Apartheid until 1990: Nelson Mandela

ostill rivalries between Zulus and Xhosas

o African National congress: illigalo African leaders sent to prisons

- others (Steve Biko) murderedo protests named “communist inspired” o F.W. de Klerk began dismantle of Apartheid

South African 2011 black/white ratio