EARLY AFRICAN KINGDOMSMigration: A permanent ______________ from one country or region to another• Causes of migration: ____________________ factors: push people out of an area or pull them into an

area• Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of ____________________________• Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language:________________________Bantu Migration• Bantu-speaking Africans moved _____________ & _______________out of Nigeria from 3000BC- 1100AD• Spread their ________________ and ______________________• Reasons for migration: ________________________ farming & overpopulation and search for

______________________

WEST AFRICAN: THE GOLD-SALT KINGDOMS(GHANA, MALI, SONGHAI)

The Gold-Salt Trade• All 3 kingdoms _______________________ the GOLD-SALT Trade at some point in time • Occurred in ____________________ near the northern part of the ______________ River• Although rich in _____________, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests ___________________________• Fortunately, the ___________________________ contained large deposits of salt• _________________ traders crossed the Sahara with _______________, cloth & manufactured goods• _______________________ traders collected ____________________ from the forested regions• Met in ______________________ where they would exchange goods

EMPIRE OF GHANA (AD 500-1200)Ghana’s Wealth:• Ghana grew rich by ___________________ trade that crossed through the kingdom • Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a _________________ & _____________ neighboring

regions• The ____________ acted as a religious leader, chief, judge, & military commander • As a result of the _______________, Ghana’s rulers converted to ________________ and helped spread the

religion

Ghana’s Decline:• War with a nearby kingdom _________________ Ghana’s empire• Led to ______________ division & eventual decline…

AFRICA

East Africa: Coastal Trade Cities• Bantu-speaking people established coastal villages;

________________and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639AD

• _________________ was formed: blended language of Bantu and ____________

• Blending of religions of ________________, ________________ and______________________ beliefs

Coastal Trade Cities & Slave Trade• Swahili cities became wealthy through ______________ (gold, ivory,

etc)• By 1300, more than _______ trading cities• Muslim traders sent _____________________ to the Middle East, India,

China

East Africa: Early Kingdom of Aksum• Located on Red Sea

in present day _____________________

• Through ____________ (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including __________________

EMPIRE OF SONGHAI (1450 to 1600)• Mali declines in the 1400s & the Songhai set up an __________________• Sunni Ali, Muslim ruler who expanded the empire by military __________________; Built a professional

_______________; conquered the city of ___________________________• Askia Muhammad took control; well-______________________ empire, _____________ system of

government; laws based on the ________________• Empire was full of wealth & learning but lacked modern ___________________, leading to its collapse

EMPIRE OF MALI (AD 1235 to 1400)The Rise of Mali (“where the king resides”)• In 1235 Mali rose to ___________ on the same territory• Quickly expanded to the ______________ Ocean under the rule of _____________________• Gained control of the Gold-Salt Trade• Mansa Musa is the most famous African Muslim ruler; skilled _____________ leader who

expanded the empire; Under his reign Mali, became ________________ from Gold-Salt TradeMansa Musa & Religion• Mansa Musa is a devout ______________; In 1324 went on a hajj to _______________ • Mansa Musa built ______________, schools & libraries where people could study _____________• As a result Timbuktu, the ____________ city, became a __________________ center for Islam Mali’s Decline:• ___________ rulers after Mansa Musa; Declined & people began to break away

Mesoamerican Cultures

Location: _______________________________________________• Highly centralized ________________________• __________________ hierarchy; No specific ___________________ are known• Polytheistic; Practiced _______________________________ as a form of sacrifice• ___________________ sacrifce (maybe?)• Religious activities performed by a combination of _________________ &

___________________• May have been the __________________ civilization in the western hemisphere

to develop a system of ____________________________; Calendar & Concept of ______

Possible Explanations for decline:• Not known; outside ______________________ or internal ___________________?

Olmec Civilization:MesoAmerican Frontrunners

(1200 BC – 500 BC)

Location: ____________________________________________________• Composed of ___________________________• Each contained : Its own ___________________, farmland & an __________________ center built

around ceremonial temples; _______________________; offerings of ______________, flowers & incense

• Sacrificed humans (generally _______________________); Worshipped ____________________ gods • Written language; similar to ____________________________• System of numbers that included __________; Accurate _________ day solar calendar• Society : Men cultivated __________________; women processed them• To support Mayan cities, farmers paid taxes in ___________________Possible Explanations for Decline: • Frequent ____________________; ______________________________ à over farming àsoil exhaustion• ______________________________ revolts

Mayan Civilization (AD 250 – 900)

NEW WORLD OLD WORLD

Location: ______________________________________________ • Single ruler – unified empire• _______________________ government characterized by frequent

______________• Built an empire in _______________________________________ by conquering

neighboring civilizations• Polytheistic; Worshipped over _____________ gods, but the _________ god

was the most important (Huitzilopochtli)• Made _________________________ sacrifices• Social Hierarchy: king, ________________ (officials, judges, etc…), warriors

______________________, slaves Explanations for Decline• Conquered by the _______________________ (led by Hernando Cortes)• Conquest led to destruction & epidemic disease, specifically

_____________________

Aztec Civilization (AD 100 – 750)

Incan Civilization (1400s to 1500s)

Location:________________________________________________• Incan Government : very efficient with many different levels• _________________________ & tax collection• The emperor had ___________________ over the empire; claimed that he

was the ______ of the sun, or divine; He also served as the chief _________________________ leader

• Polytheistic; believed in ___________________________ gods• The ____________god, Inti, was the most important; Offerings of food &

___________• Built ______________ miles of road to unite empire• ___________________were posted along Incan roads to relay messages of

rebellions/ natural disasters• No __________ land for farming; In order to overcome this challenge,

farmers used ___________________ – strips of flat land carved into steep hillsides

Explanation for Decline• Weakness with the empire led to _____________________________• Conquered by the ________________________ (led by Francisco Pizarro)

LOCATION:• N, S, & Central ___________________• _____________________ Hemisphere

POPULATION:• Total: ________ million

LANGUAGE:• MANY

HEALTH:• High _________________ mortality rate• Life expectancy = ____________ years

RELIGION:• Spirits, ______________, animism, etc…

HOUSING:• Depended on __________________

LOCATION:• Europe & ____________• ____________________ Hemisphere

POPULATION:• Total: _____________ million

LANGUAGE:• National languages

HEALTH:• Frequent ___________; Chronic ______________• 1 in ______ dead from smallpox• ½ of kids died before age _______• Life expectancy = _______ years

RELIGION:• Catholicism (Europe before Protestant

Reformation)HOUSING:Mainly wood

(IN)Famous Explorers: SPANISH & PORTUGUESE- Prince Henry the Navigator (P): established school for navigators; never actually sailed himself; stopped Muslim expansion & ‘stole’ the slave trade- Vasco da Gama (P): First to reach India from Europe by sea; went around Southern tip of Africa- Christopher Columbus (S): Wanted to reach India; landed in Bahamas, Cuba, S. America; called the natives ‘Indians’ bc he always believed he was off the coast of India- Amerigo Vespucci (S): Several voyages to the ‘New World’; first to recognize the Americas were new & NOT India- Ferdinand Magellan (S): First to circle the world (circumnavigation); killed in Philippines but crew returns to Spain; world is round, oceans connected (yay!)- Hernando Cortes (S): conquered the Aztecs; Montezuma believed Cortes was a god; offered gifts of gold, but Cortes massacres Aztecs; advantages = guns, horses, disease- Juan Ponce de Leon (S): looking for the Fountain of Youth; arrived in Florida- Francisco Pizarro (S): Conquered the Incas in Peru

ENGLISH, FRENCH, DUTCH- Samuel de Champlain (F): Founded Quebec; first permanent French settlement in Americas- John Cabot (E): Explored coasts of Canada & New England- Henry Hudson (D): Charted much of coastal N. America; the Hudson River & Hudson Bay

Discovery, Mercantilism & CommerceMotives for Exploration

The 3 G’s: God, Gold & Glory

Motive #1 – GOD

• The Catholic Church wanted to : • Stop the spread of

____________________ & spread ___________________

Motive #2 – GOLD

• MERCHANTS wanted to :• Find new _________________

_______________ to the East & make a ___________________

Motive #3 – GLORY

• EUROPEANS wanted to :• Establish _________________ &

trading posts throughout the world (competition between _________________)

New Technology

• Astrolabe : An astronomical instrument that was used to determine _______________________

• Triangular Sails : sails that allowed ships to sail _______________________ the wind• Cartography Improvement : increasingly precise ______________• The Caravel : a small, sturdy, & highly maneuverable ________________; proved more

effective than previous ships

The Race is On!

• At the time, the ___________________________ were most advanced in terms of new sailing technology

• Began a national rivalry between Portugal & __________________________• Line of Demarcation (1493) : An imaginary line of __________________________ that

was established to _________________________ claimed by Portugal from those claimed by Spain

• Intended to maintain ________________________• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Moved the Line of Demarcation further to the

_______________ due to Portuguese complaints

The Impact of #1 – The Triangular Trade

• Europe – Africa: weapons, ___________________, & cloth

• Africa – Americas: ______________• Americas – Europe: ____________, molasses,

________________, tobacco

#2 – The Middle Passage

• Second leg of the Triangle Trade: _____ to ______ week voyage

• Tiny spaces, chained together in darkness, stench, heat; 1 in _____ did not survive

• Died of disease, __________________ or suicide

• ___________ million people taken from Africa

•

#3 – Joint Stock Companies

• Merchants who wanted to invest in ________________ formed JSC’s

• Raised money by combining _______________________ with other merchants

• Allowed large & small investors to share the __________________ & ______________ of exploration voyages

#4 – Mercantilism

• Belief that a nation’s _______________ depended directly on its wealth; amount of gold/silver it had

• Goal of every nation was to become as ________________ as possible

Mercantilism

The Triangular

Trade

Africa

Europe

Americas

#5 – Colonial Development

• European nations established _____________________ to gain wealth, power, & make the “mother country’ _________________________

#6 – Columbian Exchange

• The Columbian Exchange refers to the global _______________ of plants, animals, diseases, and technology between the “Old” & “New” Worlds

• _____________________ European and Native American ways of life