African American NHL Assessment Study

African American NHL Assessment Study

National Park Service Organization of American Historians

National Museum of African American History and Culture

February 6, 2008

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………1 BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 3 PART A. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING THEMES…………………………………………………………….. 5 PART B. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL THEMES………..……………………………………. 7 PART C. FURTURE RESEARCH AND NOMINATION EFFORTS……..………………………………….. 10 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS…………...…………………………………………………………………………… 12 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS………….………….14 APPENDIX B: ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLS………………………….…………….42 APPENDIX C: SCHOLAR COMPOSITE ASSESSMENT……………………………….………..… 45 APPENDIX D: NPS UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY……………. 46 APPENDIX E: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXISTING NHLs………..……………..…………..... 53 APPENDIX F: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POTENTIAL NHLs.…………..……………………... 57 APPENDIX G: ASSOCIATED THEME STUDIES………………..…………..………….………...…76

AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ASSESSMENT STUDY National Park Service – Cultural Resources

National Historic Landmarks Program

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study evaluated the National Historic Landmarks Program’s comprehensiveness in commemorating nationally significant African American history. The goal of the assessment study was to identify patterns in the identification, evaluation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history and to determine if all aspects of this history are represented. Working under a long-standing cooperative agreement, the National Historic Landmarks Program (NHL Program) and the Organization of American Historians (OAH) assembled a team of scholars to review the current list of National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) and offer feedback. The reviewing scholars convened on September 10, 2007, at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC, to discuss their assessments and make recommendations for future research and nomination efforts. The final report will assist the National Park Service (NPS) in creating a network of scholars and organizations that may be interested in the recommendations of the Scholars Meeting Group, and undertake the necessary research and documentation to prepare nominations that lead to NHL designation of new properties associated with African American history. The report will assist planners in evaluating proposals by Congress and others for additions to the National Park System, National Historic Trails, and National Heritage Areas as well as assist states, Federal agencies, and the general public in identifying properties that should be nominated for NHL status. Methodology In fiscal year 2005, the NPS Park Planning Office provided $25,000 to the NHL Program to evaluate the comprehensiveness of the program’s efforts in commemorating nationally significant African American history. To facilitate this assessment, the NHL Program defined African American history as the broad range of themes, events, ideas, and technologies that are directly associated with a person or people of African ancestry; or that have a nationally significant cultural, economic, legal, social, or political impact on people of African ancestry from European settlement of North America to the present. Therefore, the list of NHLs identified for the assessment study may not be directly associated with a person of African ancestry but all represent national trends and events that had a nationally significant impact on or were uniquely influenced by the African American community. In Phase I of the Assessment Study, the NHL Program identified and compiled documentation on currently listed NHLs and NPS units designated for their association with African American history. Relevant sites were identified using National Landmarks, American Treasures (2000) by S. Allen Chambers, Jr., the NHL Program’s “List of National Historic Landmarks by State” (May 2006), and the National Register Information System (NRIS). During Phase II, the NHL Program invited NPS regional offices, State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs), other government agencies, private organizations, and other interested parties to comment on the Assessment Study and recommend properties associated with African American history for potential NHL nomination. The query garnered responses from 32 SHPOs, 3 NPS regional offices, several National Park System units, private preservation organizations, and other interested individuals. For Phase III of the Assessment Study, OAH recruited distinguished scholars of African American history to participate in the Scholars Meeting Group. Prior to the meeting held on

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September 10, 2007, participants reviewed the list of previously identified NHLs with three objectives:

1. Evaluate the current comprehensiveness of research and nominations of properties within ten major themes in African American history: Archeology; Colonial and Early America; Culture, Arts, and Ideas; Economics and Commerce; Emancipation and Reconstruction; History of the American West; Law, Society, and Government; Notable Individuals; Sciences and Technology; and Slavery and Civil War.

2. Recommend additional themes in African American history to target for future research,

documentation, and nomination efforts; and

3. Identify potential properties and partners to facilitate future research and documentation of African American history, leading to the preparation of NHL nominations.

Study Findings The Scholars Meeting Group found the following:

1. Current NHLs provide fair coverage of nationally significant African American history and reflect a limited range of events, ideas, themes, and significant individuals.

2. Five of the ten evaluated themes are minimally covered or require significant

improvement in documentation and NHL nomination efforts: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce.

3. The evaluated themes and existing NHLs do not sufficiently represent recent scholarship

in African American history. Recommendations The Scholars Meeting Group recommended the following:

1. Expansion of research and nomination efforts in five of the ten evaluated themes: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce.

2. Development of ten additional themes for future research and NHL nomination efforts:

Black Freedom Struggles; Grassroots and Vernacular History; Institutional History; Intellectual History; Education and Literacy; Era of Jim Crow; Racial Violence and Intimidation; Migration and Movement; Family Life and Relationships; and Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment.

3. Dissemination of the findings of the Assessment Study to preservation organizations and

other interested parties that may partner with the National Park Service to facilitate and increase research, documentation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history.

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AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ASSESSMENT STUDY

Background National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) are cultural properties designated by the Secretary of the Interior as being nationally significant. They are acknowledged as among the nation’s most important historic places and the most outstanding representations of American history and identity. The NHL Program focuses attention on these historic places by recognizing and promoting preservation efforts by government agencies, private organizations, local communities, and individuals. Working with these parties, the NHL Program facilitates nomination of properties for designation by the Secretary of the Interior. Today, approximately 2,500 historic places bear this national distinction and represent many aspects of United States history. To address the need for the NHLs to be fully representative of the nation’s history, in 1991 Congress authorized the National Park Service (NPS), through Public Law 102-98, to conduct an African American History Theme Study, but did not provide funding for this project. Many NHLs are nominated through congressionally-mandated theme studies, which identify and consider related properties for designation within a specific historic theme. Despite limited resources, the NHL Program has recently undertaken several NHL theme studies associated with African American history (see Appendix G). These include the four-part American Civil Rights Theme Study that examines the desegregation of public accommodations, voting rights, access to open housing, and access to equal employment opportunities. OAH collaborated with the NHL Program in undertaking the American Civil Rights Theme Study, which has produced twelve NHL designations to date. In addition to properties designated in conjunction with theme studies, the NHL Program facilitated designation of several individual properties associated with African American history—with nominations prepared by SHPOs, NPS regional offices, private organizations, and interested individuals. The home of attorney Roswell Field, located in St. Louis, Missouri, is the most recent related property to be designated as an NHL. The Field House is associated with Field’s preparation of the legal defense for freedom seeker Dred Scott. Field formulated the legal argument that brought the case Scott v. Sanford before the U. S. Supreme Court but then turned the defense over to an attorney with more experience in arguing before the Court. The 1857 decision, written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, ruled that no person of African ancestry could be a U.S. citizen and declared unconstitutional the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which prohibited slavery in the territory north of Missouri. The ruling, commonly known as the Dred Scott Decision, became a critical impetus for the American Civil War. In fiscal year 2005, the NPS Park Planning Office provided funding to undertake an assessment of the comprehensiveness of the NHL program’s nomination efforts in the area of African American history. The goal of the African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study was to identify patterns in the identification, evaluation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history and to determine if all aspects of this history are presently represented. Initial efforts focused on digitizing the official NHL documentation related to African American history. Completed at the end of fiscal year 2006, the NHL Program, in partnership with the Organization of American Historians, digitized the nominations and made them available to the public through the NPS website: www.nps.gov/nhl.

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http://www.nps.gov/nhl




Recognizing the breadth of both the thematic and chronological scope of “African American history,” the NHL Program formulated a definition to capture both the African American experience in the United States and delineate the NHL Program’s criteria for a property’s eligibility as a NHL. For the assessment study, African American history was defined as the broad range of themes, events, ideas, and technologies that are directly associated with a person or people of African ancestry; or that have a nationally significant cultural, economic, legal, social, or political impact on people of African ancestry, from European settlement of North America to the present. Therefore, some NHLs identified for the Assessment Study may not be directly associated with a person of African ancestry but all represent national trends and events that had a nationally significant impact on or were uniquely influenced by the African American community. Using this definition as a starting point, 174 existing NHLs (see Appendix A) and 47 National Park units (see Appendix D) were identified for their association with African American history. The NHL Program recognizes 30 categories of areas of significance (including "Other") that identify the topic under which a building, site, structure, object, or district is nominated for NHL designation. These areas of significance are topics in an overarching theme, by which a nomination preparer explains and justifies a property’s historical importance to the nation as a whole and by which a property’s significance is evaluated in comparison to other properties. In analyzing the list of identified properties, the NHL Program found that existing NHLs were designated using most of the recognized areas of significance but that some categories had no associated NHLs or were significantly less represented compared with other categories. An analysis of the extant NHLs provided in Appendix B, using the 29 areas of significance categories (excluding the category “Other”) to evaluate current commemoration of African American history, shows that:

• Zero NHLs are associated with African American history in the following categories: Art, Conservation, and Maritime history;

• Ten or fewer NHLs are associated with African American history in these categories: Agriculture (4), Archeology (2), Communications (4), Community Planning and Development (5), Economics (5), Engineering (2), Entertainment/Recreation (5), Health/Medicine (2), Invention (5), Landscape Architecture (2), Philosophy (1), Science (4), and Transportation (4); and

• Eleven or more NHLs are associated with African American history in these categories: Architecture (11), Commerce (18), Education (44), Ethnic Heritage-Black (173); Exploration/ Settlement (23), Industry (19), Law (35), Literature (12), Military history (12), Performing Arts (16), Politics/Government (56), Religion (14), and Social history (140).*

* An NHL property may be significant in more than one area of significance, which explains why the total is more than the 174 existing NHLs associated with African American history.

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Part A. Assessment of Existing Themes

In 1999, the National Park Service’s Revised Thematic Framework highlighted the agency’s responsibility to ensure that research and NHL nomination efforts “reflect current scholarship and represent the full diversity of America’s past” (National Register Bulletin, “Appendix A,” How To Prepare National Historic Landmark Nominations. 1999: U.S. Department of the Interior, p. 79). The African American Assessment Study evaluates the fulfillment of this mission in the field of African American history. Most of the NHL Program’s historical themes were established in the 1950s and 60s, reflecting the dominant scholarship of that period. Given the development of recent scholarship, the Scholars Meeting Group’s first major objective was to evaluate the existing historical themes and recommend which merited better coverage in the NHL Program. To facilitate assessment by the participating scholars, the NHL Program’s 30 areas of significance categories were condensed into ten major themes through which the existing 175 African American NHLs were evaluated. The selected themes were: Economics and Commerce; Science and Technology; Culture, Art, and Ideas; Law, Society, and Government; Archeology; Notable Individuals; Colonial and Early America; Slavery and Civil War; Emancipation and Reconstruction; and History of the American West. By no means exhaustive, the ten were chosen with the recognition that some themes would overlap, that some NHLs could be representative of multiple themes, and that some NHLs would not neatly fit any of the chosen themes. Prior to the meeting on September 10, 2007, the scholars were given the list of existing NHLs, a brief analysis of the NHLs by theme, and the objectives of the Assessment Study. The scholars were asked to evaluate the existing NHLs within the ten themes—providing an explanation for their ratings—and recommend additional themes in African American history for future research and nomination efforts. The scholars used a sliding scale rating system, from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent), which assessed the sufficiency of NHL documentation of events, ideas, themes, or significant individuals critical to commemorating the history and significance of the 10 evaluated themes. Scholars were specifically asked to provide an explanation of ratings below 4 (good). To view the complete rating system, see “Scholar Assessment Composite” in Appendix C. Findings The Scholars Meeting Group generally concluded that the current list of NHLs provided fair coverage of nationally-significant African American history and reflect a limited range of events, ideas, themes, and significant individuals. The scholars noted that the pattern of NHL Program nomination efforts focused extensively on legalistic and policy driven documentation of historic themes. The scholars determined that this focus did not capture many aspects of African American history and recommended that the NHL Program broaden its thematic scope. The Scholars Meeting Group also identified five themes where documentation and nomination efforts required significant improvement: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the numbers of existing NHLs associated with five themes were very small, or that extant NHLs represented history limited to a specific topic. While coverage was good or even excellent on a single topic (such as the Underground Railroad and desegregation of public education), the current NHLs were deficient in representing the broader histories of five themes. A synopsis of the five themes evaluated as poorly covered or needing improvement follows.

Archeology: Citing recently discovered archeological sites, such as New Philadelphia Townsite in Barry, Illinois and the Slave Tunnel at the George Washington House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Scholars Meeting Group assessed the scarcity of archeological properties designated for African American history as poor, defined as having little or no coverage of major events, ideas, themes or significant persons in the category. The scholars pointed out that since African American resources were historical

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targets of racial violence, intimidation, and destruction (see “Additional Themes”), archeological remains are quite possibly the only resources for research and documentation of large portions of nationally significant African American history. Colonial and Early America: The Scholars Meeting Group noted the need for documentation of the history of African American life and contributions during Colonial and Early America. The Meeting Group particularly noted the lack of properties associated with the American maritime history of the Middle Passage and the Internal Slave Trade, African Americans’ roles in colonial settlement, and African American involvement in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. History of the American West: The Scholars Meeting Group observed the absence of NHLs documenting African American history in the American West, particularly in the territorial and state history of California. Citing the expansion of slavery and the admittance of territories into the United States as a pivotal issue in American history, the absence of NHLs commemorating this history was particularly problematic. The NHL Program does not include the history of African American migration and settlement of the region, particularly during the California Gold Rush of the late 1840 and 50s, the creation of post-Reconstruction all-black towns, and the development of urban western communities in the early to mid-20th century. Science and Technology: Although the Scholars Meeting Group noted that existing NHLs did commemorate African American history in the area of science and technology, demonstrated by the Charles R. Drew House NHL, the group also noted that the NHL Program does not fully document the range of African American inventors, architects, engineers, academicians, and institutions of scientific research. The Scholars Meeting Group was particularly critical of the absence of NHLs associated with the black medical profession, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, and the schools of science and engineering at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Economics and Commerce: The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the existing NHLs provided only a small sampling of black businesses and commercial activity in the United States and noted that very few NHLs commemorated the history of African American craftsmanship or labor. The Scholars Meeting Group criticized the absence of NHLs that represent the larger history of collective black enterprise, such as mutual aid and benevolent societies, and the existence of black business districts—including their destruction due to white racial violence, as exemplified by the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.

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Part B. Recommendations for Additional Themes

The second major objective in undertaking the Assessment Study was to ensure that future research and nomination efforts reflect current scholarship in the field of African American history. Reviewing scholars were asked to identify emerging scholarship in the field of African American history that deserves research and documentation within the NHL Program and to identify non-designated properties that best represent this new scholarship. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended ten additional thematic areas for future research and documentation: Black Freedom Struggles; Grassroots and Vernacular History; Institutional History; Intellectual History; Education and Literacy; Era of Jim Crow; Racial Violence and Intimidation; Migration and Movement; Family Life and Relationships; and Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment. The Scholars Meeting Group viewed these recommendations as a beginning point to address gaps in NHL research and documentation of African American history, and not as a definitive list.

Black Freedom Struggles or Struggles for Full Freedom, Justice, and Equality: At every moment in American history, various groups have contested the meaning of citizenship and freedom; never more so than with the struggles of African Americans for inclusion in or separation from American society. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the NHL Program has largely succeeded in nominating a wide range of resources important for documenting civil rights history, or African American struggles for inclusion in American society. However, past nomination efforts have ignored the history of African American struggles for self-determination that do not have integration as its goal. The absence of NHLs documenting this history, therefore, does not represent the full complexity and significance of African American history, particularly since reactions to more radical African American definitions of freedom frequently spurred transformations in American society. Expanding research and nomination efforts to represent a larger Black Freedom Struggles theme would continue nomination efforts within the theme of civil rights but would also illustrate the national significance and impact of black nationalism and other radical movements—both domestic and international—on American society.

Grassroots and Vernacular History: The Scholars Meeting Group noted that existing NHLs and National Park System units provide broad representation of notable African American leaders and major events in African American history, such as the Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site and the Tuskegee Airman National Historic Site. However, the Scholars Meeting Group also pointed out that the most striking feature of African Americans’ profound impact on American society has been through the ordinary experiences of their daily lives. Although the importance of African American leaders and mass movements can never be understated, it has often been the everyday African American knowledge that has soaked into the fabric of American life, often in previously undocumented ways. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that NHL Program nomination efforts should capture the national significance of “ordinary” lived experiences. For example, emerging scholarship on the importance and impact of African American foodways illustrates the need for increased nomination efforts in the category of social history. Scholarly studies of African American recipes and cooking techniques, commonly called “soul food,” have recently gained prominence. NPS has begun to commemorate this history, particularly in the Historic American Buildings Survey and Historical American Engineering Record Program’s focus on documenting vernacular architecture, such as exemplary examples of shotgun houses, as well as in the Park Ethnography Division’s recently launched “National Parks Associated with African Americans: An Ethnographic Perspective” Program.

Institutional History: In tandem with the daily experiences of African American life, institutions form a critical locus from and around which African Americans organized as a

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community to effectively transform American society. Black religious institutions (African Methodist Episcopal Church, United House of Prayer, Nation Of Islam), Black fraternal organizations (Prince Hall Masons, Easter Star, Greek fraternities and sororities), political and social clubs (National Association of Colored Women, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League), Black business/professional/economic organizations (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, benevolent societies), and educational institutions (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) form the nucleus of organized activities to build African American communities and challenge institutional racism in the United States. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended that future NHL nomination efforts focus on documenting this legacy.

Intellectual History: In addition to building institutions, African American also invented and developed theories, ideas, concepts, and products that further transformed American society. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that future NHL efforts should recognize and preserve the creation of ideas and products developed within African American intellectual traditions, by researching and documenting sites associated with African American architects, authors, artists, academicians, community scholars, scientific researchers, and inventors. For example, the W. E. B. DuBois Boyhood Homesite is an NHL designated for its association with the famed civil rights activist and first African American Ph.D. recipient from Harvard university. DuBois researched and wrote The Philadelphia Negro, which is widely regarded as one of the foundational texts for the field of American sociology.

Education and Literacy: Connected to the theme of Intellectual History is the unique struggle of African Americans to obtain education and literacy in the United States. Acknowledging past NHL nomination efforts around the theme of education, the Scholars Meeting Group determined that more focused research was necessary to document the legal and extra-legal barriers used to deny education to African Americans and the unique solutions that African Americans, their supporters, and their opponents used to challenge or maintain educational inequality. The Scholars Meeting Group pointed out that the struggle for African American education and literacy was the result as well as the catalyst for changes in national education policy, both governmental and privately-sponsored. The Scholars Meeting Group cited such examples as racially-segregated public schools; Freedman Bureau schools; Historically Black Colleges and Universities; Rosenwald Schools; Church-sponsored schools; and current debates surrounding multi-cultural education, integration and community-controlled schools.

Era of Jim Crow: The Scholars Meeting Group determined that there were significant chronological gaps in the documentation of current NHLs. The small number of NHLs whose periods of significance span the 1880s to the 1930s and the post-1960s history merited attention. Because of the general 50-Year Rule in NHL nomination criteria, the Scholars Meeting Group determined to prioritize the 1880s-1930s, designating the period as the “Era of Jim Crow” to encompass both its thematic and chronological aspects. The Era of Jim Crow includes institution and community-building post-Reconstruction, the extreme racial violence and intimidation of African Americans, the First Great Migration, regionalism, the development of scientific racism, and government policy decisions leading to the Modern Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s. Racial Intimidation and Violence: The Scholars Meeting Group also recommended a Racial Intimidation and Violence theme associated with African American history, as an important historical demonstration of and catalyst for community and government action to control issues of race, power, and citizenship. The Racial Intimidation and Violence theme spans the establishment, maintenance, and demise of the American slave system; lynching and white racial riots of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; as well as violence during the 1950s and 60s Civil Rights Movement such as the 1955 murder of

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Emmett Till and the murder of African American civil rights leader Medgar Evers in 1963 in Mississippi. The theme also encompasses the history of resistance to such violence through anti-lynching campaigns, establishment of institutions such as the NAACP, theories such as non-violence and self-defense, and events such as the integration of Little Rock Central High School (an NHL and National Park System unit) in Arkansas.

Migration and Movement: African American history is also the story of movement, both forced and voluntary. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended a Migration and Movement theme as a target for future research and nomination efforts. More broad than the settlement/exploration area of significance category currently used by the NHL Program, African American movement extends beyond the simple “peopling” of the United States, as the category has primarily been documented in NHL nominations. The theme encompasses the reality that, in African American history, movement becomes a method for either claiming or being denied freedom in American society. The Scholars Meeting Group quickly noted that the Migration and Movement theme also closely aligns with the Racial Intimidation and Violence theme because voluntary movement by African Americans was often an attempt to escape intimidation and violence—leading to the establishment of maroon communities during enslavement; all-Black townships; African repatriation movements; and expatriation to other countries such as Mexico, Canada, and France. The Migration and Movement theme would provide for increased NHL representation of the International and Internal Slave Trade, immigration, national transformations in transportation as well as government policy-making, such as urban renewal projects and military assignments. The theme also captures the history of movements based on economic factors (history of labor, agriculture, American industry), and the demographic and institutional results (urbanization, suburbanization, unionism).

African American Family Life and Relationships: The African American family as a unit of historical change, protest, and support is closely aligned with the Grassroots and Vernacular History theme, and includes the documentation of the historical impact of multi-generational black families on the national landscape. The contributions of notable African American families, significant for successive generations of importance instead of a single person, would recognize and preserve the collective impact. Examples include the military contributions of the Benjamin O. Davis family, the educational and civil rights impact of the Forten-Grimke family, and the economic and cultural impact of the Madame C. J. Walker family. Emerging scholarship on multi-generational African American families also documents the unique systems and laws regarding inheritance, heirs’ property, and other issues that resulted from their existence. In addition to property ownership issues, legislation associated with Black families occupies a unique and significant place in American social and labor history—particularly within the American slave system, through miscegenation laws, within early 20th century eugenics debates, and other governmental policy development such as in social assistance programs.

Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment: African American culture in the United States has frequently provided the foundations of American cultural identity. In recognizing this influence, the Scholars Meeting Group recommended that future research and documentation commemorate the development of African American culture and its impact on the transformation of American culture. Resources in this category could include back-owned media outlets, performance venues, sporting arenas/facilities, tourist and resort communities, record companies and recording studios, as well as notable artists and athletes that entertained American audiences.

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Part C. Future Research and Nomination Efforts The larger purpose of undertaking the Assessment Study is to ensure that existing and future NHLs are broadly representative of African Americans’ contributions to the nation’s history and to find strategies to increase future research and documentation efforts leading to NHL nominations. The Assessment Study findings noted the need to develop these strategies. To that end, the Scholars Meeting Group developed a list of organizations and other interested parties that may partner with the NPS to promote the findings of the Assessment Study and undertake its recommendations. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended that the National Park Service widely disseminate the Assessment Study findings and encourage private organizations and individuals to research and nominate properties associated with African American history. Recommendations for Future Research and Potential NHL Nomination

To further address deficiently covered and newly emerged themes in nationally significant African American history, the NHL Program queried NPS Regional Offices, State Historic Preservation Officers, and other government agencies to obtain recommendations of properties associated with African American history for potential NHL nomination. The query garnered responses from 32 SHPOs, 3 NPS Regional Offices, several National Park System units, private preservation organizations, and interested individuals. Queried parties recommended 89 current National Register properties and 112 properties that are not listed in the National Register for further research. In addition, SHPOs recommended revision to the official documentation of 47 NHLs to include information on the property’s previously undocumented association with nationally significant African American history (see Appendix E). The recommended properties represent a wide range of themes and property types. Each recommendation must be further researched, documented, and evaluated in accordance with NHL Program criteria. A sample of these property recommendations are provided in Appendix F.

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Conclusion The African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study illustrates the ongoing challenges of ensuring that the National Park Service’s programs represent the full diversity of United States heritage through the identification, documentation, and nomination of National Historic Landmarks. As new scholarship emerges, the NHL Program must respond by ensuring that future research and nomination efforts reflect and represent current thinking about the American past. The NHL Program must create a network of scholars and organizations that will become invested in the findings and recommendations of the Scholars Meeting Group and will undertake the needed research and documentation leading to National Historic Landmark nominations. The Scholars Meeting Group recommendations offer a strategy to best market the documentation opportunities so that limited resources can be used to greatest advantage.

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ASSESSMENT STUDY PARTICIPANTS

PROJECT MANAGERS Susan Ferentinos, Ph.D. Public History Manager Organization of American Historians 112 N. Bryan Ave PO Box 5457 Bloomington IN 47407-5457 812-855-8726 [email protected]

Turkiya L. Lowe, Ph.C. Contractor/Project Manager National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2266 [email protected]

SCHOLARS MEETING GROUP

Cheryl LaRoche, Ph.D. Visiting Assistant Professor Department of American Studies 1130 Holzapfel Hall University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 301-946-4471 [email protected]

Jeffrey Harris, Ph.C. Director for Diversity National Trust for Historic Preservation 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 202-588-6027 [email protected]

Waldo Martin, Ph.D. Professor of History Department of History University of California, Berkeley 3118 Dwinelle Hall Mail Code: 2550 Berkeley, CA 94720 510-642-2559 [email protected]

Michéle Gates Moresi, Ph.D. Curator of Collections National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution 600 Maryland Ave, SW Suite 7001 MRC 509 P.O. Box 37012 Washington, DC 20013 202-633-4751 [email protected]

Larry Rivers, Ph.D. President Fort Valley State University 1005 State University Drive Fort Valley, GA 31030 478-825-6315 [email protected]

Harvard Sitkoff, Ph.D. Professor of History University of New Hampshire Horton Hall 403 Durham, NH 03824 603-862-3024 [email protected]

Patricia Sullivan, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History and African American Studies University of South Carolina 228 Gambrell Hall Columbia, SC 29208 803-777-2766 [email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]




































NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Brian Joyner, B.A. Writer/Editor Cultural Resources Diversity Program National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2276 [email protected]

Antoinette Lee, Ph.D. Assistant Associate Director Historical Documentation Programs National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2272 [email protected]

J. Paul Loether, M.A. Chief National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2272 [email protected]

Jan Matthews, Ph.D. Associate Director Cultural Resources National Park Service 1849 C Street, NW Room 3128 Washington, DC 20240 202-206-7625 [email protected]

Susan Salvatore, M.A. Contractor/Project Manager National Historic Landmarks Program National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2256 [email protected]

Dan Vivian, Ph.C. Historian National Register of Historic Places National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2256 [email protected]

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APP

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thei

r N

HL

docu

men

tatio

n bu

t man

ifest

thes

e ar

eas

of s

igni

fican

ce in

rela

tion

to n

atio

nally

sig

nific

ant A

frica

n A

mer

ican

his

tory

. Fo

r exa

mpl

e, th

e cu

rrent

nom

inat

ion

may

not

sp

ecify

"Eth

nic

Her

itage

-Bla

ck" a

s an

are

a of

sig

nific

ance

; how

ever

, the

ass

ocia

tion

with

nat

iona

lly s

igni

fican

t Afri

can

Am

eric

an h

isto

ry e

xist

s (e

x. S

loss

Bla

st F

urna

ce).

As

a re

sult,

pro

perty

nom

inat

ions

may

requ

ire re

visi

on to

incl

ude

the

addi

tiona

l are

a of

sig

nific

ance

. N

HLs

that

requ

ire s

uch

revi

sion

are

mar

ked

here

with

an

aste

risk

(*) a

nd

othe

rs a

re li

sted

in A

ppen

dix

F. A

ltern

ate

nam

es o

f the

NH

L pr

oper

ties

follo

w in

par

enth

eses

.

STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Ala

bam

a

Bet

hel B

aptis

t C

hurc

h,

Par

sona

ge, a

nd

Gua

rd H

ouse

3200

28t

h A

venu

e N

orth

, Birm

ingh

am,

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

A

laba

ma

Law

-Civ

il R

ight

s A

ct o

f 19

64; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Rev

eren

d Fr

ed

Shu

ttles

wor

th; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t (19

61

Free

dom

Rid

es, P

ublic

A

ccom

mod

atio

ns);

Tran

spor

tatio

n

Stu

dent

Non

-Vio

lent

Coo

rdin

atin

g C

omm

ittee

(S

NC

C) d

ecid

ed to

con

tinue

the

Free

dom

Rid

es o

f M

ay 1

961

rath

er th

an b

uckl

e un

der w

hite

se

greg

atio

nist

vio

lenc

e. F

rom

Bet

hel B

aptis

t Chu

rch,

R

ever

end

Fred

Shu

ttles

wor

th c

oord

inat

ed th

e re

new

ed ri

de w

ith S

NC

C a

nd A

ttorn

ey G

ener

al

Rob

ert K

enne

dy. T

he A

laba

ma

Chr

istia

n M

ovem

ent

for H

uman

Rig

hts

(AC

MH

R),

head

quar

tere

d in

B

ethe

l Bap

tist C

hurc

h fro

m 1

956

to 1

961,

con

front

ed

mul

tiple

asp

ects

of r

acia

l dis

crim

inat

ion

that

ser

ved

as a

mod

el fo

r the

196

3 B

irmin

gham

cam

paig

n an

d le

d to

the

Civ

il R

ight

s A

ct o

f 196

4. T

he c

hurc

h an

d pa

rson

age

wer

e pl

aces

of r

efug

e fo

r wou

nded

and

st

rand

ed ri

ders

resc

ued

by A

CM

HR

mem

bers

.

Apr

. 5, 2

005

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/05

0004

55.p

df

http

://np

s.go

v/nh

l/the

mes

/Pu

b%20

Acc

om.p

df

Bro

wn

Cha

pel

Afri

can

Met

hodi

st

Epi

scop

al C

hurc

h

410

Mar

tin L

uthe

r K

ing,

Jr.

Stre

et,

Sel

ma,

Dal

las

Cou

nty,

A

laba

ma

Law

-Vot

ing

Rig

hts

Act

of

1965

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-M

artin

Lut

her

Kin

g, J

r.; S

ocia

l His

tory

-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t (V

otin

g R

ight

s), S

elm

a-to

-M

ontg

omer

y M

arch

Led

by c

omm

unity

lead

ers

in c

oope

ratio

n w

ith th

e S

outh

ern

Chr

istia

n Le

ader

ship

Con

fere

nce

and

othe

r nat

iona

l civ

il rig

hts

orga

niza

tions

, thi

s ch

urch

w

as th

e he

adqu

arte

rs o

f the

Sel

ma

Vot

ing

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t tha

t led

to th

e pa

ssag

e of

the

Vot

ing

Rig

hts

Act

of 1

965.

D

ec. 9

, 199

7

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/82

0020

09.p

df

http

://np

s.go

v/nh

l/the

mes

/Pu

b%20

Acc

om.p

df

Dex

ter A

venu

e B

aptis

t Chu

rch

454

Dex

ter A

venu

e,

Mon

tgom

ery,

M

ontg

omer

y C

ount

y,

Ala

bam

a

Com

mer

ce; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-M

artin

Lut

her

Kin

g, J

r.; S

ocia

l His

tory

- C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t (M

ontg

omer

y B

us B

oyco

tt an

d P

ublic

A

ccom

mod

atio

ns);

Tran

spor

tatio

n

This

chu

rch

is a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith it

s pa

stor

and

civ

il rig

hts

activ

ist,

Mar

tin L

uthe

r Kin

g, J

r., a

nd th

e M

ontg

omer

y B

us B

oyco

tt (M

BB

) — d

escr

ibed

as

the

first

mas

s pr

otes

t aga

inst

raci

al d

iscr

imin

atio

n. T

he

MB

B h

eral

ded

a ne

w e

ra o

f dire

ct a

ctio

n of

the

mod

ern

civi

l rig

hts

mov

emen

t. K

ing

was

cho

sen

pres

iden

t of t

he n

ewly

form

ed M

ontg

omer

y Im

prov

emen

t Ass

ocia

tion

to le

ad th

e bu

s bo

ycot

t.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0004

31.p

df

http

://np

s.go

v/nh

l/the

mes

/Pu

b%20

Acc

om.p

df

Fost

er A

udito

rium

U

nive

rsity

of A

laba

ma,

Tu

scal

oosa

, Tu

scal

oosa

Cou

nty,

A

laba

ma

Edu

catio

n; L

aw-B

row

n v.

B

oard

of E

duca

tion

(195

4); P

oliti

cs a

nd

Gov

ernm

ent-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Act

of 1

964;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent

(Des

egre

gatio

n)

Fost

er A

udito

rium

is th

e si

te o

f the

Jun

e 11

, 196

3 “s

tand

in th

e sc

hool

hous

e do

or” b

y G

over

nor

Geo

rge

Wal

lace

in d

efia

nce

of a

pro

clam

atio

n by

P

resi

dent

Joh

n F.

Ken

nedy

to o

bey

a co

urt o

rder

to

adm

it tw

o A

frica

n-A

mer

ican

stu

dent

s to

the

univ

ersi

ty. T

he a

udito

rium

is a

sym

bol o

f sou

ther

n m

assi

ve re

sist

ance

to s

choo

l des

egre

gatio

n fo

llow

ing

the

1954

Bro

wn

deci

sion

and

the

call

by

the

Ken

nedy

adm

inis

tratio

n fo

r a s

trong

er fe

dera

l co

mm

itmen

t to

civi

l rig

hts

that

bec

ame

the

foun

datio

n of

the

Civ

il R

ight

s Ac

t of 1

964.

Apr

. 5, 2

005

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/05

0004

57.p

df

14

http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/05000455.pdf




















http://nps.gov/nhl/themes/Pub%20Accom.pdf
































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

J. L

. M. (

Jabe

z La

mar

Mon

roe)

C

urry

Hom

e

Hw

y 21

, 3 m

iles

east

fro

m th

e ce

nter

of

Talla

dega

, Tal

lade

ga

Cou

nty,

Ala

bam

a

Edu

catio

n; S

ocia

l His

tory

-C

ivil

Rig

hts,

R

econ

stru

ctio

n

Jabe

z La

mar

Mon

roe

Cur

ry, a

s an

age

nt fo

r the

G

eorg

e P

eabo

dy E

duca

tion

Fund

and

the

John

F.

Sla

ter F

und,

was

influ

entia

l in

esta

blis

hing

pub

lic

educ

atio

n fo

r em

anci

pate

d A

frica

n A

mer

ican

s th

roug

hout

the

sout

h af

ter t

he C

ivil

War

.

Dec

. 21,

196

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0001

54.p

df

Six

teen

th S

treet

B

aptis

t Chu

rch

1530

6th

Ave

nue

Nor

th a

t 16t

h S

treet

, B

irmin

gham

, Jef

fers

on

Cou

nty,

Ala

bam

a

Law

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t-Civ

il R

ight

s A

ct o

f 196

4; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t (P

ublic

A

ccom

mod

atio

ns);

This

chu

rch

serv

ed a

s th

e or

gani

zatio

nal a

nd

stag

ing

back

grou

nd o

f the

Eas

ter S

unda

y ch

ildre

n’s

mar

ch to

inte

grat

e pu

blic

acc

omm

odat

ions

that

pr

oved

to b

e on

e of

the

mos

t dra

mat

ic

conf

ront

atio

ns w

ith s

egre

gatio

n in

the

nonv

iole

nt

mov

emen

t. Th

e ch

urch

was

bom

bed

by w

hite

su

prem

acis

ts o

n S

epte

mbe

r 15,

196

3, k

illin

g fo

ur

little

girl

s. M

ass

cove

rage

of t

he e

vent

gar

nere

d na

tiona

l em

path

y fo

r the

civ

il rig

hts

mov

emen

t and

le

d to

pas

sage

of t

he C

ivil

Rig

hts

Act

of 1

964.

Feb.

2, 2

006,

N

atio

nal

Reg

iste

r lis

ted

1980

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/80

0006

96.p

df

http

://np

s.go

v/nh

l/the

mes

/Pu

b%20

Acc

om.p

df

Slo

ss B

last

Fu

rnac

es *

1s

t Ave

nue

at 3

2nd

Stre

et, B

irmin

gham

, Je

ffers

on C

ount

y,

Ala

bam

a.

Indu

stry

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t C

ompl

eted

in 1

882,

this

site

was

des

igna

ted

as a

N

atio

nal H

isto

ric L

andm

ark

in 1

981

in in

dust

rial

herit

age

for i

ts a

ssoc

iatio

n w

ith d

iver

sify

ing

the

Sou

th’s

pos

t-Civ

il W

ar e

cono

my.

Fur

ther

stu

dy c

ould

be

con

duct

ed fo

r its

ass

ocia

tion

with

adv

ance

s m

ade

in A

frica

n A

mer

ican

labo

r in

the

1930

s by

the

Con

gres

s of

Indu

stria

l Org

aniz

atio

ns in

its

effo

rts to

ga

in d

emoc

racy

for w

orke

rs o

f all

race

s.

May

29,

198

1

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/72

0001

62.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/nh

l/the

mes

/Lab

or%

20T

S.p

df

Sw

ayne

Hal

l, Ta

llade

ga C

olle

ge

Talla

dega

Col

lege

C

ampu

s, 6

27 W

est

Bat

tle S

treet

, Ta

llade

ga C

ount

y,

Ala

bam

a

Edu

catio

n; In

dust

ry

Orig

inal

ly c

onst

ruct

ed b

y en

slav

ed A

frica

n A

mer

ican

la

bor i

n 18

57 a

nd in

itial

ly u

sed

as a

whi

te B

aptis

t sc

hool

, the

hal

l was

pur

chas

ed b

y th

e A

mer

ican

M

issi

onar

y A

ssoc

iatio

n in

186

7 to

form

Tal

lade

ga

Col

lege

for f

reed

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans.

Tal

lade

ga

esta

blis

hed

a lib

eral

arts

pro

gram

in 1

890,

unl

ike

othe

r con

tem

pora

ry A

frica

n A

mer

ican

edu

catio

nal

inst

itutio

ns w

hich

focu

sed

on v

ocat

iona

l tra

inin

g.

Dec

. 2, 1

974

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0022

23.p

df

Tusk

egee

Inst

itute

V

icin

ity o

f Tus

kege

e,

Mac

on C

ount

y,

Ala

bam

a

Agr

icul

ture

; Edu

catio

n;

Inve

ntio

n; S

cien

ce;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

ns-

Boo

ker T

. Was

hing

ton

and

Geo

rge

Was

hing

ton

Car

ver;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Civ

il R

ight

s

Tusk

egee

Inst

itute

was

foun

ded

in 1

881

by B

ooke

r T.

Was

hing

ton,

a le

adin

g la

te 1

9th

cent

ury

civi

l rig

hts

advo

cate

and

edu

cato

r. S

cien

tist a

nd in

vent

or

Geo

rge

Was

hing

ton

Car

ver,

as h

ead

of th

e A

gric

ultu

ral D

epar

tmen

t, fo

unde

d ov

er 5

00 u

ses

for

the

pean

ut w

hile

wor

king

at t

he c

olle

ge.

Jun.

23,

196

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0001

51.p

df

Ariz

ona

Fort

Hua

chuc

a 3.

6 m

iles

Wes

t of

Sie

rra

Vis

ta,

Coc

hise

Cou

nty,

A

rizon

a

Mili

tary

His

tory

; S

ettle

men

t/Exp

lora

tion

The

fort

was

the

head

quar

ters

for t

he U

.S. A

rmy’

s fo

ur a

ll-bl

ack

regi

men

ts: t

he 9

th a

nd 1

0th C

alva

ry a

nd

the

24th a

nd 2

5th In

fant

ry.

The

fort

was

foun

ded

in

1877

bet

wee

n To

mbs

tone

and

the

U.S

.-Mex

ican

bo

rder

and

pla

yed

a pr

omin

ent r

ole

in th

e su

bjug

atio

n of

Ger

onim

o’s

Chi

raca

hua

Apa

che.

May

, 11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0004

43.p

df

Ark

ansa

s

Dai

sy B

ates

Hou

se

1207

Wes

t 28t

h S

treet

, Li

ttle

Roc

k, P

ulas

ki

Cou

nty,

Ark

ansa

s

Edu

catio

n; L

aw-B

row

n v.

B

oard

of E

duca

tion

and

Bro

wn

II; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Dai

sy B

ates

Bat

es s

heph

erde

d th

e Li

ttle

Roc

k N

ine

to

dese

greg

ate

Cen

tral H

igh

Sch

ool a

fter t

he B

row

n v.

B

oard

of E

duca

tion

and

Bro

wn

II de

cisi

ons

ende

d de

ju

ré s

egre

gatio

n in

pub

lic e

duca

tion.

The

hou

se

beca

me

the

de fa

cto

com

man

d po

st fo

r the

Cen

tral

Hig

h S

choo

l des

egre

gatio

n cr

isis

and

ser

ved

as a

ha

ven

for t

he n

ine

Afri

can

Am

eric

an s

tude

nts

who

de

segr

egat

ed th

e sc

hool

and

a p

lace

to p

lan

the

best

way

to a

chie

ve th

eir g

oals

. Fo

r the

firs

t tim

e, a

U

.S. P

resi

dent

use

d fe

dera

l pow

ers

to u

phol

d an

d im

plem

ent a

fede

ral c

ourt

rulin

g re

gard

ing

scho

ol

dese

greg

atio

n.

Jan.

3, 2

001

http

://w

ww

.nps

.go

v/hi

stor

y/hi

sto

ry/s

choo

l.pdf

http

://pd

fhos

t.foc

us.n

ps.g

ov/

docs

/NH

LS/T

ext

/010

0007

2.p

df

APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 15

































































































































































































































































http://www.nps.gov/nhl/themes/Labor%20TS.pdf
































































































































































































































































http://www.nps.gov/history/history/school.pdf
































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Cen

tenn

ial B

aptis

t C

hurc

h Yo

rk a

nd C

olum

bia

Stre

ets,

Hel

ena,

P

hilli

ps C

ount

y,

Ark

ansa

s

Rel

igio

n; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-R

ever

end

Dr.

Elia

s C

amp

Mor

ris; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts

From

the

Cen

tenn

ial B

aptis

t Chu

rch'

s 19

05

cons

truct

ion

until

his

dea

th in

192

2, R

ever

end

Dr.

Elia

s C

amp

Mor

ris w

as p

resi

dent

(189

5-19

22) o

f the

N

atio

nal B

aptis

t Con

vent

ion

(NB

C),

the

larg

est

Afri

can

Am

eric

an o

rgan

izat

ion

in th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s at

the

end

of th

e 19

th c

entu

ry.

Thro

ugh

the

NB

C,

Mor

ris b

roug

ht a

ttent

ion

to th

e rig

ht o

f Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

to e

stab

lish

inde

pend

ent r

elig

ious

as

soci

atio

ns.

The

chur

ch fu

nctio

ned

as th

e he

adqu

arte

rs o

f the

Nat

iona

l Bap

tist C

onve

ntio

n w

hile

Mor

ris w

as p

asto

r. M

orris

als

o pr

ovid

ed a

vo

ice

for A

frica

n A

mer

ican

sch

olar

s th

roug

h th

e C

onve

ntio

n's

Nat

iona

l Bap

tist P

ublis

hing

Boa

rd,

whi

ch w

as d

evot

ed to

the

prod

uctio

n of

relig

ious

m

ater

ials

for A

frica

n A

mer

ican

con

greg

atio

ns.

Jul.

31, 2

003

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/03

0010

44.p

df

Littl

e R

ock

Cen

tral

Hig

h S

choo

l 14

th a

nd P

ark

Stre

ets,

Li

ttle

Roc

k, P

ulas

ki

Cou

nty,

Ark

ansa

s

Law

-Bro

wn

v. B

oard

of

Edu

catio

n, B

row

n II,

and

E

xecu

tive

Enf

orce

men

t; P

oliti

cs/ G

over

nmen

t; S

igni

fican

t Per

sons

-Litt

le

Roc

k N

ine

and

Dai

sy

Bat

es; S

ocia

l His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent

(Des

egre

gatio

n) a

nd

Mas

sive

Res

ista

nce

The

scho

ol is

the

site

of t

he fi

rst n

atio

nal t

est s

ite fo

r de

segr

egat

ion

afte

r the

Bro

wn

v. B

oard

of E

duca

tion

(195

4) a

nd B

row

n II

(195

5) d

ecis

ions

. Th

e cr

isis

at

Littl

e R

ock

is th

e fir

st in

stan

ce s

ince

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

of fe

dera

l int

erve

ntio

n to

enf

orce

civ

il rig

hts.

NH

L- M

ay 2

0,

1982

; N

atio

nal H

isto

ric

Site

, Nov

. 6,

1998

.

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/77

0002

68.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/h

isto

ry/s

choo

l.pdf

Cal

iforn

ia

Lela

nd S

tanf

ord

Hou

se*

(Sta

nfor

d-La

thro

p H

ouse

)

800

N S

treet

, S

acra

men

to,

Sac

ram

ento

Cou

nty,

C

alifo

rnia

Exp

lora

tion/

Set

tlem

ent-

Cal

iforn

ia; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-Le

land

Sta

nfor

d;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Alth

ough

its

asso

ciat

ion

with

Afri

can

Am

eric

an

hist

ory

is n

ot d

escr

ibed

in c

urre

nt N

HL

docu

men

tatio

n, S

tanf

ord

play

ed a

piv

otal

role

in

early

Cal

iforn

ia c

ivil

right

s hi

stor

y as

a p

oliti

cal a

nd

finan

cial

sup

porte

r of A

frica

n A

mer

ican

civ

il rig

hts

and

abol

ition

in th

e st

ate.

May

28,

198

7

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/71

0001

78.p

df

Con

nect

icut

Pru

denc

e C

rand

all

Hou

se

Sou

thw

est c

orne

r of

Sta

te R

oute

s 14

and

16

9, C

ante

rbur

y,

Win

dham

Cou

nty,

C

onne

ctic

ut

Edu

catio

n; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n- P

rude

nce

Cra

ndal

l; S

ocia

l His

tory

-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Cra

ndal

l was

an

educ

ator

and

refo

rmer

who

ope

ned

a sc

hool

exc

lusi

vely

for A

frica

n A

mer

ican

wom

en

desp

ite c

omm

unity

pro

test

and

vio

lenc

e in

1832

. S

he c

lose

d th

e sc

hool

in 1

834

afte

r a w

hite

mob

at

tack

ed th

e ho

use.

Jul.

17, 1

991

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/70

0006

96.p

df

Firs

t Chu

rch

of

Chr

ist,

Farm

ingt

on

75 M

ain

Stre

et,

Farm

ingt

on, H

artfo

rd

Cou

nty,

Con

nect

icut

Law

-Am

ista

d ca

se;

Pol

itics

/ Gov

ernm

ent;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-A

tlant

ic

Sla

ve T

rade

, Abo

litio

nism

Men

dé A

frica

ns fr

om th

e sl

ave

ship

, La

Am

ista

d,

wor

ship

ed h

ere

afte

r bei

ng d

ecla

red

free

by th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s S

upre

me

Cou

rt on

Mar

ch 9

, 184

1.

The

Afri

cans

rem

aine

d in

Far

min

gton

for t

hree

m

onth

s be

fore

set

ting

sail

for S

ierr

a Le

one

in

Nov

embe

r 184

1.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0020

56.p

df

Aus

tin F

. Will

iam

s C

arria

geho

use

and

Hou

se

127

Mai

n S

treet

, Fa

rmin

gton

, Har

tford

C

ount

y, C

onne

ctic

ut

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-A

ustin

F.

Will

iam

s; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry- S

lave

ry,

Abo

litio

nism

, U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad,

and

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

A le

adin

g ab

oliti

onis

t, W

illia

ms

esta

blis

hed

an

Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

sta

tion

here

and

hea

ded

the

defe

nse

team

for t

he 4

3 M

endé

Afri

cans

from

La

Am

ista

d. H

e pr

ovid

ed h

ousi

ng fo

r the

Afri

cans

afte

r th

eir r

elea

se fr

om p

rison

by

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Sup

rem

e C

ourt.

Will

iam

s w

as a

ppoi

nted

dire

ctor

of

the

Free

dman

's B

urea

u of

New

Eng

land

afte

r the

C

ivil

War

.

Aug

. 5, 1

998

http

://w

ww

.nps

.go

v/hi

stor

y/nr

/trav

el/u

nder

grou

nd/

thho

me.

htm


































































































































































































































































































































































































http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/underground/thhome.htm
































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Del

awar

e

How

ard

Hig

h S

choo

l 40

1 E

ast 1

2th

Stre

et,

Wilm

ingt

on, N

ew

Cas

tle C

ount

y,

Del

awar

e

Edu

catio

n; L

aw-B

row

n v.

B

oard

of E

duca

tion

(195

4), a

nd B

elto

n v.

G

ebha

rt (1

953)

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t (D

eseg

rega

tion)

How

ard

Hig

h S

choo

l is

linke

d w

ith o

ne o

f the

five

pu

blic

sch

ool s

egre

gatio

n ca

ses

com

bine

d in

Bro

wn

v. B

oard

of E

duca

tion,

the

land

mar

k U

.S. S

upre

me

Cou

rt de

cisi

on th

at s

truck

dow

n th

e “s

epar

ate

but

equa

l” do

ctrin

e go

vern

ing

publ

ic p

olic

y w

ith re

gard

to

race

. In

the

case

, Bel

ton

v. G

ebha

rt (1

953)

, a

grou

p of

bla

ck p

aren

ts re

ques

ted

that

the

scho

ol

boar

d al

low

thei

r chi

ldre

n to

atte

nd th

e al

l-whi

te

scho

ol w

ithin

wal

king

dis

tanc

e of

thei

r hom

es, r

athe

r th

an b

usin

g th

eir c

hild

ren

to th

e al

l-bla

ck H

owar

d H

igh

Sch

ool.

Apr

. 5, 2

005

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/85

0003

09.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/h

isto

ry/s

choo

l.pdf

New

Cas

tle C

ount

y C

ourt

Hou

se

211

Del

awar

e S

treet

, N

ew C

astle

, New

C

astle

Cou

nty,

D

elaw

are

Law

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t- Fu

gitiv

e S

lave

Act

of 1

793;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Abo

litio

nism

and

C

olon

ial H

isto

ry

The

nam

e of

the

prev

ious

ly d

esig

nate

d N

atio

nal

His

toric

Lan

dmar

k w

as o

ffici

ally

cha

nged

to N

ew

Cas

tle C

ourt

Hou

se, a

nd it

s na

tiona

lly s

igni

fican

t as

soci

atio

n w

ith th

e pr

osec

utio

n of

two

Qua

ker

abol

ition

ists

for v

iola

ting

the

Fugi

tive

Sla

ve A

ct o

f 17

93 w

as fo

rmal

ly a

ckno

wle

dged

. The

cou

rthou

se

had

orig

inal

ly re

ceiv

ed N

HL

desi

gnat

ion

only

in

reco

gniti

on o

f its

role

as

the

seat

of g

over

nanc

e in

D

elaw

are

durin

g th

e co

loni

al a

nd e

arly

sta

teho

od

eras

.

Nov

. 28,

197

2

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/72

0002

85.p

df

Dis

tric

t of

Col

umbi

a

And

rew

Ran

kin

Mem

oria

l Cha

pel,

Foun

ders

Lib

rary

, an

d Fr

eder

ick

Dou

glas

Mem

oria

l H

all (

How

ard

Uni

vers

ity)

How

ard

Uni

vers

ity,

Was

hing

ton,

DC

S

igni

fican

t Per

sons

-Th

urgo

od M

arsh

all a

nd

Cha

rles

Ham

ilton

H

oust

on; L

aw-B

row

n v.

B

oard

of E

duca

tion

(195

4); P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Edu

catio

n;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts

(Des

egre

gatio

n)

A p

ortio

n of

the

How

ard

Uni

vers

ity c

ampu

s is

na

tiona

lly s

igni

fican

t for

the

inst

itutio

n’s

role

in th

e le

gal e

stab

lishm

ent o

f rac

ially

des

egre

gate

d pu

blic

ed

ucat

ion

and

for i

ts a

ssoc

iatio

n w

ith tw

o na

tiona

lly

reco

gniz

ed le

ader

s of

that

figh

t: C

harle

s H

amilt

on

Hou

ston

and

Thu

rgoo

d M

arsh

all.

Beg

inni

ng in

19

29, H

owar

d La

w S

choo

l bec

ame

an e

duca

tiona

l tra

inin

g gr

ound

for c

ivil

right

s th

roug

h th

e vi

sion

of

Cha

rles

Ham

ilton

Hou

ston

. Th

is p

rogr

am p

rodu

ced

activ

ist b

lack

law

yers

ded

icat

ed to

sec

urin

g th

e ci

vil

right

s of

all

peop

le o

f col

or a

nd, i

n 19

36, e

stab

lishe

d th

e fir

st c

ours

e in

civ

il rig

hts

law

. Th

erea

fter,

law

yer

Thur

good

Mar

shal

l of t

he N

atio

nal A

ssoc

iatio

n fo

r th

e A

dvan

cem

ent o

f Col

ored

Peo

ple

(NA

AC

P) L

egal

D

efen

se F

und

(LD

F) le

d th

e or

gani

zatio

n’s

stra

tegy

to

des

egre

gate

sch

ools

lead

ing

up to

the

Bro

wn

v.

Boa

rd o

f Edu

catio

n ca

se.

In th

is c

ase,

the

U.S

. S

upre

me

Cou

rt de

clar

ed s

choo

l seg

rega

tion

unco

nstit

utio

nal.

Jan.

31,

200

1

http

://w

ww

.nps

.go

v/nh

l/des

igna

tio

ns/s

ampl

es/d

c/h

owar

d.pd

f

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/h

isto

ry/s

choo

l.pdf

Bla

nche

K. B

ruce

H

ouse

90

9 M

Stre

et, N

W

Was

hing

ton,

DC

P

oliti

cs/ G

over

nmen

t; S

ocia

l His

tory

- R

econ

stru

ctio

n

Bla

nche

K. B

ruce

was

the

first

Afri

can

Am

eric

an to

se

rve

a fu

ll te

rm in

the

U.S

. Sen

ate

from

187

5 to

18

81.

Bru

ce re

pres

ente

d M

issi

ssip

pi a

nd li

ved

in

this

hou

se d

urin

g hi

s te

rm.

He

rem

aine

d in

W

ashi

ngto

n, D

C a

nd w

as a

ppoi

nted

DC

Rec

orde

r of

Dee

ds a

nd R

egis

trar o

f the

U. S

. Tre

asur

y.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0020

46.p

df


































































































































































































http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/dc/howard.pdf
































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Mar

y A

nn S

hadd

C

ary

Hou

se

1421

W S

treet

, NW

W

ashi

ngto

n, D

C

Edu

catio

n; L

aw; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Mar

y A

nn S

hadd

C

ary;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Wom

en's

Suf

frage

, Civ

il R

ight

s

In 1

850,

Mar

y A

nn S

hadd

Car

y fo

unde

d a

raci

ally

in

tegr

ated

sch

ool i

n C

anad

a an

d fo

ught

aga

inst

ex

ploi

tive

antis

lave

ry a

gent

s kn

own

as "b

eggi

ng

agen

ts."

In 1

852,

she

wro

te "N

otes

on

Can

ada

Wes

t" w

hich

per

suad

ed A

mer

ican

Bla

cks

to c

ome

to

Can

ada.

In

1853

, Car

y fo

unde

d C

anad

a's

first

ant

i-sl

aver

y ne

wsp

aper

, the

Pro

vinc

ial F

reem

an, a

lso

beco

min

g th

e fir

st A

frica

n A

mer

ican

fem

ale

new

spap

erpe

rson

in N

orth

Am

eric

a. D

urin

g th

e C

ivil

War

, Mar

y S

hadd

Car

y w

as a

ppoi

nted

a R

ecru

iting

O

ffice

r for

the

Uni

on A

rmy.

Lat

er, C

ary

mov

ed to

W

ashi

ngto

n, D

C a

nd e

stab

lishe

d a

scho

ol fo

r bla

ck

child

ren

and

atte

nded

How

ard

Uni

vers

ity L

aw

Sch

ool.

She

bec

ame

the

first

bla

ck, f

emal

e la

wye

r in

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

whe

n sh

e gr

adua

ted

in 1

870

and

was

one

of t

he fe

w w

oman

to re

ceiv

e th

e rig

ht

to v

ote

in fe

dera

l ele

ctio

ns.

Car

y or

gani

zed

the

Col

ored

Wom

en's

Pro

gres

sive

Fra

nchi

se.

Dec

. 8, 1

976

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0021

28.p

df

Cha

rlotte

For

ten

Grim

ke H

ouse

16

08 R

Stre

et, N

W

Was

hing

ton,

DC

E

duca

tion;

Lite

ratu

re;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-C

harlo

tte F

orte

n G

rimke

; S

ocia

l His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s an

d R

econ

stru

ctio

n

Cha

rlotte

For

ten

was

the

first

Afri

can

Am

eric

an to

te

ach

in S

alem

, Mas

sach

uset

ts s

choo

ls.

She

was

al

so th

e fir

st, d

ocum

ente

d, n

orth

ern

Afri

can-

Am

eric

an s

choo

lteac

her t

o go

sou

th to

teac

h fo

rmer

sl

aves

, tea

chin

g on

St.

Hel

ena

Isla

nd fo

r tw

o ye

ars.

In

186

4, s

he p

ublis

hed

"Life

on

the

Sea

Isla

nds"

in

The

Atla

ntic

Mon

thly

.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0021

29.p

df

Gen

eral

Oliv

er O

tis

How

ard

Hou

se

607

How

ard

Pla

ce,

How

ard

Uni

vers

ity,

NW

Was

hing

ton,

DC

Edu

catio

n; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-G

en. O

liver

Otis

H

owar

d; S

ocia

l His

tory

-C

ivil

War

, Rec

onst

ruct

ion

Gen

eral

How

ard

was

the

first

Com

mis

sion

er o

f the

Fr

eedm

an’s

Bur

eau

and

third

pre

side

nt o

f How

ard

Uni

vers

ity, a

priv

ate

hist

oric

ally

-bla

ck c

olle

ge a

nd h

is

nam

esak

e. T

he h

ouse

is lo

cate

d on

the

cam

pus

of

the

univ

ersi

ty.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0021

63.p

df

N

atio

nal T

rain

ing

Sch

ool f

or W

omen

an

d G

irls

(Tra

des

Hal

l)

601

50th

Stre

et,

NE

W

ashi

ngto

n, D

C

Edu

catio

n; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-N

anni

e H

. B

urro

ughs

; Soc

ial H

isto

ry

The

Nat

iona

l Tra

inin

g S

choo

l was

foun

ded

by

educ

ator

Nan

nie

H. B

urro

ughs

to e

duca

te y

oung

bl

ack

wom

en a

nd g

irls

in th

e do

mes

tic a

rts,

acad

emic

s, a

nd re

ligio

us in

stru

ctio

n.

Jul.

17, 1

991

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/91

0020

49.p

df

St.

Luke

’s

Epi

scop

al C

hurc

h 15

th a

nd C

hurc

h S

treet

s, N

W

Was

hing

ton,

DC

Edu

catio

n; R

elig

ion-

Epi

scop

al C

hurc

h;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

ns-

Ale

xand

er C

rum

mel

l and

C

alvi

n T.

S. B

rent

; Soc

ial

His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s, P

an

Afri

cani

sm

Ale

xand

er C

rum

mel

l was

a s

chol

ar, c

olle

ge

prof

esso

r, E

pisc

opal

pre

ache

r, ad

voca

te fo

r the

em

igra

tion

of B

lack

s to

Afri

ca a

nd a

dvoc

ate

of

Afri

can

self-

help

. Th

e ch

urch

was

foun

ded

in 1

880

by C

rum

mel

l (w

ho a

lso

foun

ded

the

Am

eric

an N

egro

A

cade

my)

and

des

igne

d by

Cal

vin

T. S

. Bre

nt,

Was

hing

ton’

s fir

st A

frica

n A

mer

ican

arc

hite

ct, i

n th

e 18

70s.

Fro

m th

is lo

catio

n, C

rum

mel

l org

aniz

ed

blac

k cl

ergy

men

to fi

ght r

acis

m in

the

Epi

scop

al

Chu

rch.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0021

31.p

df

John

Phi

llip

Sou

sa

Juni

or H

igh

Sch

ool

3650

Ely

Pla

ce, S

E

Was

hing

ton,

DC

E

duca

tion;

Law

-Bol

ling

v.

Sha

rpe

(195

1), B

row

n v.

B

oard

of E

duca

tion

(195

4); P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent

(Des

egre

gatio

n)

The

John

Phi

lip S

ousa

Jun

ior H

igh

Sch

ool (

now

the

John

Phi

lip S

ousa

Mid

dle

Sch

ool)

is a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

the

stru

ggle

to d

eseg

rega

te s

choo

ls in

the

natio

n’s

capi

tol a

s pa

rt of

the

Bol

ling

v. S

harp

e (1

951)

cou

rt ca

se. T

he U

.S. S

upre

me

Cou

rt de

cide

d th

is c

ase

on

the

sam

e da

y as

the

publ

ic s

choo

l seg

rega

tion

case

s in

Kan

sas,

Virg

inia

, Del

awar

e, a

nd S

outh

C

arol

ina

com

bine

d in

Bro

wn

v. B

oard

of E

duca

tion.

Th

e B

ollin

g ca

se w

as a

n in

tegr

al p

art o

f the

U.S

. S

upre

me

Cou

rt’s

deci

sion

that

nei

ther

the

fede

ral o

r st

ate

gove

rnm

ents

cou

ld m

aint

ain

raci

ally

se

greg

ated

sch

ools

.

Jul.

7, 2

001

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/01

0010

45.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/h

isto

ry/s

choo

l.pdf


































































































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Mar

y C

hurc

h Te

rrel

l Hou

se

326

T S

treet

, NW

W

ashi

ngto

n, D

C

Edu

catio

n; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-M

ary

Chu

rch

Terr

ell;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts,

Wom

en's

Rig

hts

(Nat

iona

l Ass

ocia

tion

of

Col

ored

Wom

en)

Terr

ell w

as a

pro

min

ent e

duca

tor a

nd a

civ

il an

d w

omen

’s ri

ghts

lead

er w

ho w

as th

e fir

st p

resi

dent

of

the

Nat

iona

l Ass

ocia

tion

of C

olor

ed W

omen

(N

AC

W).

The

NA

CW

was

the

larg

est o

rgan

izat

ion

of A

frica

n A

mer

ican

wom

en in

the

late

19th

cen

tury

an

d ea

rly 2

0th c

entu

ry.

She

als

o w

as a

n ac

com

plis

hed

writ

er a

nd th

e fir

st b

lack

wom

an to

se

rve

on a

n A

mer

ican

sch

ool b

oard

(189

5).

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0020

55.p

df

Twel

fth S

treet

YM

CA

Bui

ldin

g 18

16 1

2th

Stre

et, N

W

Was

hing

ton,

DC

S

ocia

l His

tory

-YM

CA

, P

rogr

essi

ve M

ovem

ent

Bui

lt be

twee

n 19

08 a

nd 1

912,

this

was

the

hom

e of

th

e fir

st A

frica

n A

mer

ican

cha

pter

of t

he Y

oung

M

en's

Chr

istia

n A

ssoc

iatio

n (Y

MC

A).

The

bui

ldin

g w

as d

esig

ned

by A

frica

n A

mer

ican

arc

hite

ct, W

illia

m

Sid

ney

Pitt

man

.

Oct

. 12,

199

4

http

://w

ww

.nps

.go

v/nh

l/des

igna

tio

ns/s

ampl

es/d

c/Y

MC

A.p

df

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

Firs

t and

Eas

t Cap

itol

Stre

ets,

NE

W

ashi

ngto

n, D

C

Law

-Bro

wn

v. B

oard

, B

row

n II

and

Ple

ssy

v.

Ferg

uson

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-Th

urgo

od

Mar

shal

l; S

ocia

l His

tory

-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t (D

eseg

rega

tion)

The

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Sup

rem

e C

ourt

is s

igni

fican

t as

the

site

of m

ultip

le p

ivot

al c

ivil

right

s de

cisi

ons

incl

udin

g P

less

y v.

Fer

guso

n (1

896)

, Bro

wn

v. B

oard

of

Edu

catio

n (1

954)

, and

Bro

wn

II (1

955)

. M

ay 4

, 198

7

ht

tp://

ww

w.n

ps.

gov/

hist

ory/

his

tory

/sch

ool.p

df

Car

ter G

. Woo

dson

H

ouse

15

38 N

inth

Stre

et,

NW

, W

ashi

ngto

n D

C

Edu

catio

n; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-C

arte

r G.

Woo

dson

; Soc

ial H

isto

ry

Dr.

Woo

dson

is th

e fo

unde

r of A

frica

n A

mer

ican

hi

stor

y an

d B

lack

Stu

dies

as

acad

emic

dis

cipl

ines

an

d fo

unde

r of N

egro

His

tory

Wee

k, w

hich

has

ev

olve

d in

to th

e cu

rren

tly th

e fe

dera

lly-r

ecog

nize

d

prog

ram

, Bla

ck H

isto

ry M

onth

. W

oods

on a

lso

esta

blis

hed

the

Ass

ocia

tion

for t

he S

tudy

of N

egro

Li

fe a

nd H

isto

ry, T

he J

ourn

al o

f Neg

ro H

isto

ry, a

nd

The

Neg

ro H

isto

ry B

ulle

tin. T

he W

oods

on H

ouse

w

as d

esig

nate

d a

Nat

iona

l His

toric

Site

by

Con

gres

s an

d be

cam

e a

unit

of th

e N

atio

nal P

ark

Sys

tem

on

Dec

. 19,

200

3.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0021

35.p

df

Flor

ida

Mar

y M

cLeo

d B

ethu

ne H

ome

Bet

hune

-Coo

kman

C

olle

ge,

640

Mar

y M

cLeo

d B

ethu

ne B

oule

vard

, D

ayto

na B

each

, V

olus

ia C

ount

y,

Flor

ida

Edu

catio

n; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Mar

y M

cLeo

d B

ethu

ne; S

ocia

l His

tory

-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mar

y M

cLeo

d B

ethu

ne w

as a

n ed

ucat

or, c

ivil

right

s ac

tivis

t, pr

esid

entia

l Cab

inet

Mem

ber f

or F

rank

lin

Del

ano

Roo

seve

lt’s

adm

inis

tratio

n, a

pre

side

ntia

l ad

viso

r, an

d a

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

con

sulta

nt.

Bet

hune

fo

unde

d B

ethu

ne-C

ookm

an C

olle

ge, a

his

toric

ally

-bl

ack

colle

ge lo

cate

d in

Day

tona

, Flo

rida,

and

the

Nat

iona

l Cou

ncil

of N

egro

Wom

en.

Dec

. 2, 1

974

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0006

55.p

df

Fort

Mos

e S

ite

St.

John

s C

ount

y,

Flor

ida

A

rche

olog

y-H

isto

ric N

on-

abor

igin

al; S

ocia

l His

tory

-U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad

Fort

Mos

e is

a p

recu

rsor

site

of t

he U

nder

grou

nd

Rai

lroad

, dem

onst

ratin

g th

at re

sist

ance

to s

lave

ry

was

bot

h ea

rly a

nd fi

erce

, and

that

it a

rose

dec

ades

be

fore

abo

litio

nism

bec

ame

orga

nize

d an

d in

fluen

tial.

Est

ablis

hed

durin

g th

e m

id-1

8th

cent

ury

as a

Spa

nish

mili

tary

pos

t, it

was

the

earli

est-k

now

n,

lega

lly-s

anct

ione

d fre

e bl

ack

com

mun

ity in

the

pres

ent U

nite

d S

tate

s. F

ort M

oses

was

des

igna

ted

in c

onju

nctio

n w

ith th

e U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad T

hem

e S

tudy

.

Oct

. 12,

199

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/94

0016

45.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/n

r/tra

vel/u

nder

gro

und/

thho

me.

htm

Zora

Nea

le H

urst

on

Hou

se

1734

Ave

nue

L,

Fort

Pie

rce,

S

aint

Luc

ie C

ount

y,

Flor

ida

Lite

ratu

re; S

cien

ce-

Ant

hrop

olog

y*; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-Zo

ra N

eal H

urst

on

Hur

ston

was

a s

emin

al H

arle

m R

enai

ssan

ce w

riter

, A

frica

n A

mer

ican

folk

loris

t, an

d an

thro

polo

gist

tra

ined

und

er F

ranz

Boa

z at

Bar

nard

Col

lege

. H

er

mos

t fam

ous

wor

ks w

ere

Mul

es a

nd M

en (1

935)

, Th

eir E

yes

Wer

e W

atch

ing

God

(193

7), a

nd D

ust

Trac

ks o

n th

e R

oad

(194

2).

Dec

. 4, 1

991

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/91

0020

47.p

df

Map

le L

eaf

Add

ress

rest

ricte

d,

Man

darin

, D

uval

Cou

nty,

Flo

rida

Mili

tary

; Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Civ

il W

ar

This

Uni

on a

rmy

trans

port

ship

was

sun

k by

the

Con

fede

racy

on

Apr

il 11

, 186

4, w

hich

kill

ed 5

bla

ck

crew

mem

bers

. Thi

s sh

ip c

omm

emor

ates

the

hist

ory

of A

frica

n A

mer

ican

nav

al p

artic

ipat

ion

in A

mer

ican

m

ilita

ry h

isto

ry a

nd th

e C

ivil

War

.

Oct

. 12,

199

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/94

0016

50.p

df


































































http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/dc/YMCA.pdf
































































































































































































































































http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/94001645.pdfhttp:/www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/underground/thhome.htm
































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Geo

rgia

Dor

ches

ter

Aca

dem

y B

oys'

D

orm

itory

GA

38/U

S 8

2 M

idw

ay,

Libe

rty C

ount

y,

Geo

rgia

Edu

catio

n; L

aw-V

otin

g R

ight

s A

ct; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Sep

tima

Poi

nset

ta

Cla

rke;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t

Dor

ches

ter A

cade

my

Boy

s’ D

orm

itory

is n

atio

nally

si

gnifi

cant

as

the

prim

ary

train

ing

site

for t

he C

itize

n E

duca

tion

Pro

gram

spo

nsor

ed b

y th

e S

outh

ern

Chr

istia

n Le

ader

ship

Con

fere

nce,

whi

ch e

duca

ted

thou

sand

s of

mos

tly ru

ral S

outh

ern

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

abou

t the

ir le

gal r

ight

s an

d re

spon

sibi

litie

s, a

nd ta

ught

them

the

skills

nee

ded

to

pass

raci

ally

-mot

ivat

ed v

oter

regi

stra

tion

test

s. T

he

Citi

zen

Edu

catio

n P

rogr

am fu

rther

ed th

e go

als

of th

e ci

vil r

ight

s m

ovem

ent a

nd u

ltim

atel

y le

d to

the

pass

age

of th

e V

otin

g R

ight

s A

ct o

f 196

5. T

he

Dor

ches

ter A

cade

my

build

ing

is a

lso

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

civi

l rig

hts

activ

ist S

eptim

a P

oins

etta

Cla

rk, w

hose

vi

sion

and

gra

ssro

ots

orga

nizi

ng m

ade

the

Citi

zen

Edu

catio

n P

rogr

am s

ucce

ssfu

l. M

s. C

lark

dev

elop

ed

the

citiz

en e

duca

tion

mod

el a

nd o

vers

aw th

e pr

ogra

m fr

om it

s in

cept

ion

in 1

956

in th

e S

outh

C

arol

ina

Sea

Isla

nds,

and

car

ried

it w

ith h

er fr

om th

e H

ighl

ande

r Fol

k S

choo

l to

the

Sou

ther

n C

hris

tian

Lead

ersh

ip C

onfe

renc

e.

Jun.

1, 2

006

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/86

0013

71.p

df

Hen

ry W

. Gra

dy

Hou

se

(Tay

lor-

Gra

dy

Hou

se)

634

Prin

ce A

venu

e,

Ath

ens,

Cla

rke

Cou

nty,

Geo

rgia

Pol

itics

/ Gov

ernm

ent,

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-H

enry

W

. Gra

dy; S

ocia

l His

tory

-R

econ

stru

ctio

n

The

Gra

dy h

ouse

was

the

hom

e (1

863-

72) o

f a

maj

or p

ropo

nent

of n

atio

nal r

econ

cilia

tion

durin

g th

e po

st-C

ivil

War

era

, who

del

iver

ed h

is fa

mou

s "N

ew

Sou

th" s

peec

h in

186

6 in

New

Yor

k C

ity.

As

a m

embe

r of t

he A

tlant

a R

ing

of D

emoc

ratic

pol

itica

l le

ader

s, G

rady

use

d hi

s of

fice

and

influ

ence

to

prom

ote

a N

ew S

outh

pro

gram

of n

orth

ern

inve

stm

ent,

sout

hern

indu

stria

l gro

wth

, div

ersi

fied

farm

ing,

and

whi

te s

upre

mac

y. G

rady

typi

fied

the

retu

rn to

“Whi

te H

ome

Rul

e” a

fter t

he d

emis

e of

R

econ

stru

ctio

n.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0006

13.p

df

Her

ndon

Hom

e 58

7 U

nive

rsity

Pla

ce,

Atla

nta,

Ful

ton

Cou

nty,

G

eorg

ia

Com

mer

ce; E

cono

mic

s;

Indu

stry

; Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Alo

nzo

Fran

klin

H

ernd

on; S

ocia

l His

tory

-ea

rly 2

0th

c.

Bui

lt in

191

0, th

is is

the

hom

e of

foun

der o

f the

A

tlant

a Li

fe In

sura

nce

Com

pany

, Alo

nzo

Fran

klin

H

ernd

on, a

nd h

is fa

mily

. Th

e co

mpa

ny b

ecam

e on

e of

the

larg

est b

lack

-ow

ned

insu

ranc

e co

mpa

nies

in

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes.

A fo

rmer

ens

lave

d pe

rson

, H

ernd

on's

life

refle

cts

the

idea

l of t

he A

mer

ican

dr

eam

, tha

t any

one

can

be s

ucce

ssfu

l in

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

with

har

d w

ork

and

dete

rmin

atio

n. A

drie

nne

Her

ndon

, Alo

nzo’

s w

ife, d

esig

ned

the

resi

denc

e bu

t pa

ssed

aw

ay a

few

mon

ths

afte

r its

com

plet

ion.

Th

eir s

on N

orris

was

influ

entia

l in

the

fam

ily’s

en

terp

rises

and

he

succ

eede

d hi

s fa

ther

in ru

nnin

g th

e A

tlant

a Li

fe In

sura

nce

Com

pany

. Th

eir h

ome

illus

trate

s th

e fa

mily

’s a

spira

tions

and

life

styl

e, a

nd

also

repr

esen

ts th

e cu

lture

of w

ealth

y A

frica

n A

mer

ican

s du

ring

the

first

hal

f of t

he 2

0th

cent

ury.

Feb.

16,

200

0

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/00

0002

61.p

df

Mar

tin L

uthe

r Kin

g,

Jr. H

isto

ric D

istri

ct

Bou

nded

by

Irwin

, R

ando

lph,

Edg

ewoo

d,

Jack

son,

and

Aub

urn

Ave

nues

, Atla

nta,

Fu

lton

Cou

nty,

G

eorg

ia

Arc

hite

ctur

e; C

omm

erce

; C

omm

unity

Pla

nnin

g an

d D

evel

opm

ent;

Edu

catio

n;

Indu

stry

; Lan

dsca

pe

Arc

hite

ctur

e; R

elig

ion;

S

igni

fican

t Per

son-

Mar

tin

Luth

er K

ing,

Jr.;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent;

Tran

spor

tatio

n

This

his

toric

dis

trict

con

tain

s ci

vil r

ight

s le

ader

Mar

tin

Luth

er K

ing,

Jr.’

s bi

rthpl

ace,

the

first

chu

rch

he

min

iste

red,

and

his

gra

vesi

te.

The

dist

rict i

s pa

rt of

th

e M

artin

Lut

her K

ing,

Jr.

Nat

iona

l His

toric

Site

and

P

rese

rvat

ion

Dis

trict

, a N

atio

nal P

ark

Sys

tem

uni

t. M

ay 5

, 197

7

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0006

77.p

df


































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

S

tone

Hal

l,

Atla

nta

Uni

vers

ity

Mor

ris B

row

n C

olle

ge,

Atla

nta,

Ful

ton

Cou

nty,

G

eorg

ia

Edu

catio

n S

tone

Hal

l is

the

mai

n cl

assr

oom

and

adm

inis

tratio

n bu

ildin

g of

Atla

nta

Uni

vers

ity, b

uilt

in 1

882.

Atla

nta

Uni

vers

ity is

one

of t

he o

ldes

t his

toric

ally

-bla

ck

colle

ges

in th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s.

Dec

. 2, 1

974

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0006

80.p

df

Sw

eet A

ubur

n H

isto

ric D

istri

ct

Aub

urn

Ave

nue,

A

tlant

a, F

ulto

n C

ount

y,

Geo

rgia

Com

mer

ce; E

cono

mic

s;

Ent

erta

inm

ent/

Rec

reat

ion;

Exp

lora

tion/

S

ettle

men

t-Urb

aniz

atio

n;

Indu

stry

; Rel

igio

n; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-R

econ

stru

ctio

n

This

his

toric

dis

trict

was

an

impo

rtant

cen

ter o

f bla

ck

econ

omic

, soc

ial,

relig

ious

, and

cul

tura

l life

from

the

Civ

il W

ar to

the

1930

s.

Dec

. 8, 1

976

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0006

31.p

df

Illin

ois

Rob

ert S

. Abb

ott

Hou

se

4742

Mar

tin L

uthe

r K

ing,

Jr.

Driv

e,

Chi

cago

, C

ook

Cou

nty,

Illin

ois

Com

mun

icat

ions

; E

xplo

ratio

n/S

ettle

men

t-U

rban

izat

ion;

Lite

ratu

re;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-R

ober

t S

. Abb

ot;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Civ

il R

ight

s, G

reat

M

igra

tion

Abb

ott w

as th

e fo

unde

r and

pub

lishe

r of t

he C

hica

go

Def

ende

r new

spap

er, t

he la

rges

t Afri

can

Am

eric

an

circ

ular

of i

ts ti

me

durin

g th

e 19

10s

to th

e 19

40s.

A

bbot

t’s n

ewsp

aper

is c

redi

ted

with

spu

rrin

g th

e Fi

rst G

reat

Mig

ratio

n of

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

from

the

Sou

th to

nor

ther

n ci

ties

afte

r Wor

ld W

ar I.

The

“G

reat

Nor

ther

n M

igra

tion,

” as

it w

as c

alle

d in

the

Def

ende

r, re

sulte

d in

mor

e th

an o

ne m

illio

n bl

acks

m

igra

ting

north

war

d, a

bout

100

,000

of t

hem

mov

ing

to C

hica

go.

Dec

. 8, 1

976

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0006

86.p

df

Osc

ar S

tant

on

DeP

riest

Hou

se

4536

-453

8 M

artin

Lu

ther

Kin

g, J

r. D

rive,

C

hica

go,

Coo

k C

ount

y, Il

linoi

s

Com

mer

ce; E

xplo

ratio

n/

Set

tlem

ent-U

rban

izat

ion;

La

w; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Gre

at M

igra

tion

In 1

928,

DeP

riest

was

ele

cted

to th

e U

.S. H

ouse

of

Rep

rese

ntat

ives

from

the

Firs

t Con

gres

sion

al D

istri

ct

of Il

linoi

s. H

e w

as th

e fir

st A

frica

n A

mer

ican

C

ongr

essm

an s

ince

190

1 an

d w

as th

e fir

st A

frica

n A

mer

ican

eve

r ele

cted

from

a n

orth

ern

stat

e. A

st

rong

adv

ocat

e fo

r rac

ial j

ustic

e, h

is 1

933

amen

dmen

t bar

ring

raci

al d

iscr

imin

atio

n in

the

fede

ral C

ivili

an C

onse

rvat

ion

Cor

ps w

as a

ttach

ed to

th

e m

easu

re th

at e

stab

lishe

d th

e C

CC

.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0006

46.p

df

Jean

Bap

tist P

oint

D

u S

able

Hom

esite

40

1 N

orth

Mic

higa

n A

venu

e, C

hica

go,

Coo

k C

ount

y, Il

linoi

s

Com

mer

ce;

Exp

lora

tion/

Set

tlem

ent-

Urb

aniz

atio

n; In

dust

ry;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-C

olon

ial

His

tory

Du

Sab

le w

as a

pio

neer

set

tler,

fur t

rade

r, an

d en

trepr

eneu

r who

se e

stab

lishm

ent o

f a tr

adin

g po

st

mar

ked

the

1779

beg

inni

ng o

f the

city

of C

hica

go.

Du

Sab

le b

uilt

his

first

hou

se o

n th

e la

nd n

ow k

now

n as

Pio

neer

Cou

rt, th

irty

year

s be

fore

For

t Dea

rbor

n w

as e

stab

lishe

d on

the

bank

s of

the

Chi

cago

Riv

er.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0006

90.p

df

Abr

aham

Lin

coln

H

ome

(L

inco

ln H

ome

NH

S)

Eig

hth

and

Jack

son

Stre

ets,

Spr

ingf

ield

, S

anga

mon

Cou

nty,

Ill

inoi

s

Pol

itics

/ Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-A

brah

am L

inco

ln; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-A

bolit

ioni

sm, C

ivil

War

This

NH

L w

as th

e ho

me

of L

inco

ln b

efor

e be

com

ing

Pre

side

nt in

186

1. F

rom

this

hom

e, L

inco

ln

cam

paig

ned

for t

he R

epub

lican

Par

ty n

omin

atio

n,

esta

blis

hing

an

anti-

slav

ery

plat

form

that

lead

to

succ

essi

on b

y so

uthe

rn s

tate

s.

Dec

. 19,

196

0

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

RH

P/T

ext/7

100

0076

.pdf

Ow

en L

ovej

oy

Hou

se

Eas

t Per

u S

treet

, P

rince

ton,

B

urea

u C

ount

y, Il

linoi

s

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

; P

oliti

cs/ G

over

nmen

t

Ow

en L

ovej

oy, a

n in

fluen

tial a

bolit

ioni

st p

oliti

cian

, liv

ed h

ere

from

183

8 un

til h

is d

eath

in 1

864.

He

used

this

hom

e to

har

bor f

ugiti

ve s

lave

s on

thei

r way

no

rth a

nd s

ever

al ti

mes

he

face

d pr

osec

utio

n in

the

cour

ts fo

r his

role

in th

e U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad.

Ele

cted

to C

ongr

ess

in 1

856,

he

gain

ed a

nat

iona

l re

puta

tion

thro

ugh

his

cong

ress

iona

l and

par

ty

lead

ersh

ip a

nd h

is fi

ery

anti-

slav

ery

spee

ches

on

the

floor

of t

he H

ouse

. The

Lov

ejoy

Hou

se w

as

desi

gnat

ed in

con

junc

tion

with

the

Und

ergr

ound

R

ailro

ad T

hem

e S

tudy

.

Feb.

18,

199

7

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/73

0006

90.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/n

r/tra

vel/u

nder

gro

und/

thho

me.

htm

Old

Mai

n

Kno

x C

olle

ge, f

acin

g S

outh

Stre

et,

Gal

esbu

rg, K

nox

Cou

nty,

Illin

ois

Pol

itics

/ Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-A

brah

am L

inco

ln; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

War

, A

bolit

ioni

sm, S

lave

ry

Old

Mai

n w

as th

e si

te o

f the

Lin

coln

-Dou

glas

de

bate

s of

185

8 th

at e

stab

lishe

d Li

ncol

n’s

stan

ce o

n th

e qu

estio

n of

sla

very

and

furth

er le

d to

war

d su

cces

sion

of s

outh

ern

stat

es a

nd th

e C

ivil

War

. Ju

l. 4,

196

1

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0003

23.p

df


































































































































































































































































































































http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/71000076.pdf
















































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Lym

an T

rum

ball

Hou

se

1105

Hen

ry S

treet

, A

lton,

Lak

e C

ount

y,

Illin

ois

Law

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

War

, E

man

cipa

tion

and

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

Trum

ball

was

a R

epub

lican

sen

ator

that

cha

ired

the

Judi

ciar

y C

omm

ittee

from

186

1 to

187

1. D

urin

g th

at

time,

he

spon

sore

d an

d se

cure

d pa

ssag

e of

muc

h R

econ

stru

ctio

n le

gisl

atio

n th

at im

pact

ed th

e rig

hts

and

cond

ition

of n

ewly

free

d A

frica

n A

mer

ican

s,

incl

udin

g th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f the

Fre

edm

an's

B

urea

u an

d th

e C

ivil

Rig

hts

Act o

f 186

6.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0006

67.p

df

Ida

B. W

ells

-B

arne

tt H

ouse

36

24 S

. MLK

, Jr.

Dr.

C

hica

go, C

ook

Cou

nty,

Illin

ois

Com

mun

icat

ions

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-Id

a B

. Wel

ls-

Bar

nett;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Ant

i-Lyn

chin

g C

ampa

ign,

C

ivil

Rig

hts

This

was

the

hom

e of

edu

cato

r, jo

urna

list,

civi

c ac

tivis

t, an

d w

omen

’s a

nd c

ivil

right

s le

ader

, Ida

B.

Wel

ls-B

arne

tt. F

rom

this

loca

tion,

Wel

ls-B

arne

tt co

nduc

ted

a fie

ry in

tern

atio

nal c

ampa

ign

agai

nst

raci

ally

-mot

ivat

ed ly

nchi

ng in

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

and

was

a fo

unde

r of t

he N

atio

nal A

ssoc

iatio

n of

Col

ored

W

omen

’s C

lubs

and

the

Nat

iona

l Ass

ocia

tion

for t

he

Adv

ance

men

t of C

olor

ed P

eopl

e (N

AA

CP

).

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0007

57.p

df

D

anie

l Hal

e W

illiam

s H

ouse

44

5 E

ast 4

2nd

Stre

et,

Chi

cago

, Coo

k C

ount

y, Il

linoi

s

Hea

lth/ M

edic

ine;

Sci

ence

D

r. W

illia

ms

was

an

Afri

can

Am

eric

an p

hysi

cian

who

pe

rform

ed th

e fir

st s

ucce

ssfu

l ope

n he

art s

urge

ry o

n Ju

ly 9

, 189

3, a

t Chi

cago

’s P

rovi

dent

Hos

pita

l.

Will

iam

s liv

ed in

this

hou

se fr

om 1

905

to 1

929.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0006

55.p

df

Indi

ana

Ele

uthe

rian

Col

lege

C

lass

room

and

C

hape

l Bui

ldin

g

Sta

te R

oute

250

, La

ncas

ter,

Jeffe

rson

C

ount

y, In

dian

a

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

; R

elig

ion

Con

stru

cted

bet

wee

n 18

54 a

nd 1

856,

this

bui

ldin

g is

th

e on

ly s

urvi

ving

site

with

inte

grity

ass

ocia

ted

with

on

e of

the

first

col

lege

s w

est o

f the

Alle

ghen

y M

ount

ains

to p

rom

ote

colle

ge-le

vel e

qual

ed

ucat

iona

l opp

ortu

nitie

s pr

ior t

o th

e C

ivil

War

. Fa

mili

es a

ffilia

ted

with

the

Nei

l's C

reek

Abo

litio

nist

B

aptis

t Chu

rch

wer

e re

spon

sibl

e fo

r the

foun

ding

an

d ad

min

istra

tion

of E

leut

heria

n C

olle

ge a

nd w

ere

invo

lved

in th

e cl

ande

stin

e ac

tiviti

es o

f the

U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad.

As

a ho

tbed

of a

bolit

ioni

sm,

Lanc

aste

r was

wel

l-kno

wn

as a

sto

ppin

g po

int f

or

ensl

aved

peo

ple

seek

ing

refu

ge o

n th

eir e

scap

e to

fre

edom

.

Feb.

18,

199

7

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/93

0014

10.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/n

r/tra

vel/u

nder

gro

und/

thho

me.

htm

Levi

Cof

fin H

ouse

11

5 N

orth

Mai

n S

treet

, Fo

unta

in C

ity, W

ayne

C

ount

y, In

dian

a

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-Le

vi

Cof

fin; S

ocia

l His

tory

-A

bolit

ioni

sm,

Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

Orig

inal

ly fr

om N

ew G

arde

n, N

orth

Car

olin

a,

Qua

kers

Lev

i Cof

fin a

nd h

is w

ife C

athe

rine

wer

e pi

vota

l Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

con

duct

ors

who

are

do

cum

ente

d to

hav

e he

lped

an

estim

ated

2,0

00

ensl

aved

peo

ple

to fr

eedo

m in

to C

anad

a fro

m th

is

loca

tion.

One

of t

he m

any

slav

es w

ho h

id in

the

Cof

fin h

ome

was

"Eliz

a", w

hose

sto

ry is

told

in th

e in

fluen

tial 1

9th c

entu

ry n

ovel

, Unc

le T

om's

Cab

in.

Jun.

23,

196

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0000

09.p

df

Mad

ison

His

toric

D

istri

ct

Bou

nded

by

Mic

higa

n R

oad,

Cra

ven

Stre

et,

Mad

ison

Cou

ntry

Clu

b,

City

Bou

ndar

y an

d th

e O

hio

Riv

er, M

adis

on,

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

In

dian

a

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

nism

, U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad

The

Mad

ison

His

toric

Dis

trict

con

tain

s im

pres

sive

nu

mbe

rs o

f sig

nific

ant b

uild

ings

from

the

19th

and

ea

rly 2

0th

cent

urie

s, m

any

in th

e Fe

dera

l, G

reek

R

eviv

al, a

nd It

alia

nate

sty

les.

The

rang

e of

do

mes

tic, c

omm

erci

al, p

ublic

, rel

igio

us, a

nd

indu

stria

l bui

ldin

gs re

flect

sm

all-t

own

Am

eric

a. T

he

dist

rict i

nclu

des

hous

es id

entif

ied

with

Und

ergr

ound

R

ailro

ad a

ctiv

ities

.

Mar

. 20,

200

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/73

0000

20.p

df

Mad

ame

C. J

. W

alke

r M

anuf

actu

ring

Com

pany

617

Indi

ana

Ave

nue,

In

dian

apol

is, M

ario

n C

ount

y, In

dian

a

Arc

hite

ctur

e; C

omm

erce

; E

duca

tion;

Eco

nom

ics;

E

nter

tain

men

t/ R

ecre

atio

n; E

xplo

ratio

n/

Set

tlem

ent-

Urb

aniz

atio

n;

Indu

stry

; Inv

entio

n;

Lite

ratu

re; P

erfo

rmin

g A

rts; S

igni

fican

t Per

son-

Mad

ame

C. J

. Wal

ker;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-G

reat

M

igra

tion

Com

plet

ed in

192

7, th

is w

as th

e m

ain

hub

of

Mad

ame

C. J

. (S

arah

Bre

edlo

ve) W

alke

r's

cosm

etol

ogy

com

pany

whi

ch m

ade

her t

he n

atio

n's

first

bla

ck, f

emal

e m

illio

naire

and

, at t

he ti

me,

the

owne

r of t

he m

ost s

ucce

ssfu

l bla

ck-o

wne

d bu

sine

ss

in th

e co

untry

. A

t its

hei

ght,

Wal

ker’s

com

pany

em

ploy

ed s

ome

3,00

0 A

frica

n-A

mer

ican

wom

en a

nd

men

to m

anuf

actu

re a

nd s

ell h

air p

rodu

cts

and

cosm

etic

s. H

er te

chni

que

of s

ellin

g pr

oduc

ts d

oor-

to-d

oor b

y em

ploy

ing

field

age

nts

beca

me

a m

odel

fo

r oth

er w

ell-k

now

n A

mer

ican

bus

ines

ses.

Jul.

17, 1

991

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/80

0000

62.p

df


















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Iow

a

Fort

Des

Moi

nes

Pro

visi

onal

Arm

y O

ffice

r Tra

inin

g S

choo

l

Fort

Des

Moi

nes

Mili

tary

Res

erva

tion,

D

es M

oine

s, P

olk

Cou

nty,

Iow

a

Mili

tary

; Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Wor

ld W

ar I

This

site

bec

ame

a tra

inin

g ca

mp

for b

lack

offi

cers

du

ring

WW

I. O

n O

ct. 1

5, 1

917,

639

bla

ck m

en

grad

uate

d fro

m th

e sc

hool

and

a y

ear l

ater

ser

ved

in

the

Eur

opea

n th

eate

r as

the

92nd

Div

isio

n, o

ne o

f th

e m

ost s

ucce

ssfu

l uni

ts o

f the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Arm

y.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0008

05.p

df

Rev

. Geo

rge

B.

Hitc

hcoc

k H

ouse

63

788

567t

h La

ne,

Lew

is, C

ass

Cou

nty,

Io

wa

Exp

lora

tion/

Set

tlem

ent-

Wes

tern

Exp

ansi

on;

Rel

igio

n; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-G

eorg

e B

. H

itchc

ock;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

nism

, U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad

The

Hitc

hcoc

k H

ouse

is s

igni

fican

t for

its

asso

ciat

ion

with

the

abol

ition

ist r

efor

m m

ovem

ent,

and

as a

link

in

the

netw

ork

that

cam

e to

be

know

n as

the

Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

. The

hou

se re

pres

ents

the

dive

rsity

of l

ocal

ized

ant

i-sla

very

effo

rts a

nd th

e w

este

rn e

xpan

sion

of t

he a

bolit

ioni

st m

ovem

ent.

G

eorg

e B

. Hitc

hcoc

k w

as p

rom

inen

t am

ong

the

mili

tant

ant

i-sla

very

lead

ersh

ip o

f the

Con

greg

atio

n C

hurc

h m

issi

on in

Iow

a, a

nd it

is b

elie

ved

he u

sed

his

hom

e ou

tsid

e of

Lew

is to

ass

ist i

n th

e sa

fe

pass

age

of fu

gitiv

e en

slav

ed p

eopl

e ea

st a

nd n

orth

th

roug

h so

uthw

este

rn Io

wa.

Nov

. 9, 1

977

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/77

0005

00.p

df

Kan

sas

Fort

Sco

tt To

wn

of F

ort S

cott,

B

ourb

on C

ount

y,

Kan

sas

Eth

nic

Her

itage

-Nat

ive

Am

eric

an; E

xplo

ratio

n/

Set

tlem

ent-W

este

rn

Exp

ansi

on; M

ilita

ry; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

War

Est

ablis

hed

in 1

842

as a

fron

tier o

utpo

st, F

ort S

cott

beca

me

a C

ivil

War

gar

rison

and

trai

ning

cen

ter f

or

the

units

of t

he U

S C

olor

ed T

roop

s. T

he fo

rt be

cam

e a

base

of o

pera

tions

for t

he U

SC

T to

figh

t N

ativ

e A

mer

ican

s fo

r con

trol o

f wes

tern

land

, fro

m

1869

to 1

873.

Jul.

4, 1

961

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0001

06.p

df

LeC

ompt

on

Con

stitu

tion

Hal

l E

lmor

e S

treet

bet

wee

n W

oods

on a

nd T

hird

S

treet

s, L

ecom

pton

, D

ougl

as C

ount

y,

Kan

sas

Law

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t- K

ansa

s N

ebra

ska

Act

of 1

854;

S

ocia

l His

tory

-"B

leed

ing

Kan

sas"

, Civ

il W

ar

As

a co

nseq

uenc

e of

the

Kan

sas-

Neb

rask

a A

ct o

f 18

54 w

hich

allo

wed

Kan

sans

to d

eter

min

e w

heth

er

thei

r ter

ritor

y w

ould

bec

ome

a fre

e or

sla

ve s

tate

, pr

o-sl

aver

y su

ppor

ters

met

her

e an

d dr

afte

d a

cons

titut

ion

ensu

ring

slav

ery.

The

con

stitu

tion

was

re

ject

ed b

y C

ongr

ess,

des

pite

Pre

side

nt B

ucha

nan'

s su

ppor

t, an

d by

Kan

sas

citiz

ens

who

vot

ed to

out

law

sl

aver

y in

Aug

ust1

858.

The

term

“Ble

edin

g K

ansa

s”

refe

rs to

the

viol

ent p

oliti

cal c

lash

ed th

at to

ok p

lace

in

Kan

sas

betw

een

pro-

slav

ery

and

anti-

slav

ery

fact

ions

.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/71

0003

12.p

df

Mar

ais

des

Cyg

nes

Mas

sacr

e S

ite

5 m

iles

north

east

of

Trad

ing

Pos

t, Li

nn

Cou

nty,

Kan

sas

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-A

nti-

Sla

very

, Civ

il W

ar,

"Ble

edin

g K

ansa

s";

Pol

itics

/ Gov

ernm

ent

On

May

19,

185

8, 3

0 pr

o-sl

aver

y sy

mpa

thiz

ers

cros

sed

into

Kan

sas

from

Mis

sour

i, ca

ptur

ed 1

1 fre

e-st

ate

settl

ers,

and

sho

t the

m in

this

ravi

ne n

ear

the

stat

e lin

e. T

his

epis

ode

help

ed to

nat

iona

lize

the

fight

of "

Ble

edin

g K

ansa

s" a

nd d

efea

t the

pro

-sla

very

fa

ctio

n.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/71

0003

17.p

df

Nic

odem

us H

isto

ric

Dis

trict

U

S R

oute

24,

N

icod

emus

, Gra

ham

C

ount

y, K

ansa

s

Exp

lora

tion/

Set

tlem

ent-

Urb

aniz

atio

n, W

estw

ard

Exp

ansi

on; S

ocia

l His

tory

- C

ivil

Rig

hts,

pos

t-R

econ

stru

ctio

n; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Com

mer

ce,

Rel

igio

n

Foun

ded

on S

ept.

17, 1

877,

it is

the

only

rem

aini

ng

tow

n es

tabl

ishe

d by

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

in th

e po

st-

Civ

il W

ar "E

xodu

ster

" Mov

emen

t, w

hich

occ

urre

d in

re

spon

se to

the

dem

ise

of R

econ

stru

ctio

n an

d in

crea

sed

raci

al v

iole

nce

agai

nst A

frica

n A

mer

ican

s.

The

all-b

lack

tow

n w

as la

unch

ed b

y B

enja

min

"Pap

" S

ingl

eton

, who

foun

ded

11 s

uch

colo

nies

bet

wee

n 18

73 a

nd 1

880.

Jan.

7, 1

976

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0008

20.p

df

Sum

ner

Ele

men

tary

Sch

ool

(all-

whi

te) a

nd

Mon

roe

Ele

men

tary

S

choo

l (al

l-bla

ck)

330

Wes

tern

Ave

nue

and

1515

Mon

roe

Stre

et, T

opek

a,

Sha

wne

e C

ount

y,

Kan

sas

Law

; Edu

catio

n; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent-B

row

n v.

B

oard

of E

duca

tion;

S

ocia

l His

tory

- Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent

(Des

egre

gatio

n)

Thes

e tw

o sc

hool

s w

ere

the

parti

es in

the

lead

cas

e un

der w

hich

Bro

wn

v. B

oard

of E

duca

tion

was

na

med

. B

row

n co

nsol

idat

ed fi

ve d

eseg

rega

tion

case

s in

ord

er to

def

eat t

he "s

epar

ate

but e

qual

" do

ctrin

e es

tabl

ishe

d by

Ple

ssy

v. F

ergu

son

in 1

896.

Sum

ner-

May

4,

1987

; M

onro

e- O

ct. 2

6,

1992

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/87

0012

83.p

df


































































































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Ken

tuck

y

Linc

oln

Hal

l B

erea

Col

lege

, M

adis

on C

ount

y,

Ken

tuck

y

Edu

catio

n; L

aw-B

erea

C

olle

ge v

. Ken

tuck

y;

Pol

itics

/ Gov

ernm

ent;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry- C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t (D

eseg

rega

tion)

;

A p

rivat

e sc

hool

foun

ded

in 1

855,

Ber

ea C

olle

ge

was

the

first

col

lege

est

ablis

hed

in th

e U

.S. f

or th

e sp

ecifi

c pu

rpos

e of

edu

catin

g bl

ack

and

whi

te

stud

ents

toge

ther

. In

1904

, the

Ken

tuck

y st

ate

legi

slat

ure

man

date

d th

at b

lack

and

whi

te s

tude

nts

coul

d on

ly b

e ta

ught

sim

ulta

neou

sly

if th

ey w

ere

taug

ht tw

enty

-five

mile

s ap

art.

The

U.S

. Sup

rem

e C

ourt

uphe

ld th

e st

ate’

s rig

ht to

pas

s la

ws

to

regu

late

sta

te c

harte

red

priv

ate

inst

itutio

ns o

n th

e ba

sis

of ra

ce, t

hus

lend

ing

addi

tiona

l cre

denc

e to

do

the

sam

e fo

r pub

lic s

choo

ls.

This

is th

e on

ly

inst

ance

in w

hich

the

U.S

. Sup

rem

e C

ourt

uphe

ld

scho

ol s

egre

gatio

n in

hig

her e

duca

tion.

Dec

. 2, 1

974.

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0008

92.p

df

Loui

sian

a E

verg

reen

P

lant

atio

n Lo

uisi

ana

Hig

hway

18,

W

alla

ce, S

t. Jo

hn th

e B

aptis

t Par

ish,

Lo

uisi

ana

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-S

lave

ry a

nd

Dom

estic

Sla

ve T

rade

, A

nteb

ellu

m S

outh

Eve

rgre

en is

a p

rese

rved

sug

ar c

ane

plan

tatio

n w

hich

incl

udes

22

slav

e ca

bins

and

arti

fact

s ow

ned

by th

e si

te’s

Afri

can

Am

eric

an la

bore

rs.

Apr

. 27,

199

2

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/91

0013

86.p

df

Jam

es H

. Dill

ard

Hom

e 57

1 A

udub

on S

treet

, N

ew O

rlean

s, O

rlean

s P

aris

h, L

ouis

iana

Edu

catio

n; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-Ja

mes

H. D

illar

d;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

This

is th

e ho

me

of e

duca

tor a

nd p

hila

nthr

opis

t Ja

mes

Dill

ard,

who

bec

ame

a tru

stee

at X

avie

r U

nive

rsity

and

Dill

ard

Uni

vers

ity, w

hich

was

nam

ed

in h

is h

onor

. B

oth

univ

ersi

ties

are

hist

oric

ally

-bla

ck

univ

ersi

ties

foun

ded

in th

e la

te 1

9th c

entu

ry.

Dill

ard

built

a li

brar

y an

d se

vera

l phi

lant

hrop

ic fo

unda

tions

to

sup

port

Afri

can

Am

eric

an e

duca

tion

and

teac

her

train

ing.

Dec

. 2, 1

974

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0009

29.p

df

Por

t Hud

son

Alo

ng U

S 6

1, P

ort

Hud

son,

Eas

t Fe

licia

na P

aris

h,

Loui

sian

a

Mili

tary

O

n M

ay 2

7, 1

863,

the

Firs

t (fre

e bl

acks

led

by b

lack

of

ficer

s) a

nd T

hird

(ex-

ensl

aved

bla

cks

led

by w

hite

of

ficer

s) R

egim

ents

of t

he L

ouis

iana

Nat

ive

Gua

rds

laid

sie

ge to

this

Con

fede

rate

stro

ngho

ld.

Por

t H

udso

n su

rren

dere

d on

Jul

y 8,

196

3 to

the

Uni

on

Arm

y, w

hich

mar

ked

the

dem

ise

of th

e la

st

Con

fede

rate

stro

ngho

ld o

n th

e M

issi

ssip

pi R

iver

.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0023

49.p

df

Yucc

a P

lant

atio

n (c

omm

only

Mel

rose

P

lant

atio

n)

Inte

rsec

tion

of

Loui

sian

a R

oute

s 11

9 an

d 49

3, M

elro

se,

Nat

chito

ches

Par

ish,

Lo

uisi

ana

Arc

hite

ctur

e; In

dust

ry*;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry;

Yucc

a P

lant

atio

n w

as e

stab

lishe

d by

form

er

ensl

aved

wom

an M

arie

The

rese

Coi

n-C

oin,

who

be

cam

e a

wea

lthy

busi

ness

wom

an in

the

late

18t

h ce

ntur

y. T

he p

lant

atio

n ha

s so

me

of th

e ol

dest

bu

ildin

gs o

f Afri

can

desi

gn a

nd A

frica

n A

mer

ican

co

nstru

ctio

n in

the

U.S

., es

peci

ally

the

Afri

can

Hou

se.

June

13,

197

2

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/72

0005

56.p

df

Mai

ne

Har

riet B

eech

er

Sto

we

Hou

se

63 F

eder

al S

treet

, B

runs

wic

k,

Cum

berla

nd C

ount

y,

Mai

ne

Lite

ratu

re; S

ocia

l His

tory

- A

bolit

ioni

sm, C

ivil

Rig

hts,

S

ocia

l Ref

orm

Mov

emen

ts

Sto

we

auth

ored

the

influ

entia

l ant

i-sla

very

nov

el,

Unc

le T

om's

Cab

in.

Man

y hi

stor

ians

arg

ue th

at th

e po

pula

r and

wid

ely-

dist

ribut

ed n

ovel

pro

vide

d th

e fin

al s

ocia

l cat

alys

t for

the

Civ

il W

ar.

Dec

. 29,

196

2

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0000

91.p

df

Mar

ylan

d K

enne

dy F

arm

(J

ohn

Bro

wn'

s H

eadq

uarte

rs;

Sam

ples

Man

or)

Che

stnu

t Gro

ve R

oad,

S

ampl

es M

anor

, W

ashi

ngto

n C

ount

y,

Mar

ylan

d

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-Jo

hn

Bro

wn;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-th

e C

ivil

War

, Abo

litio

nism

Ant

i-sla

very

act

ivis

t Joh

n B

row

n us

ed K

enne

dy F

arm

as

a h

eadq

uarte

rs to

laun

ch h

is fa

iled

Oct

ober

185

9 ra

id o

n H

arpe

r's F

erry

Arm

ory

and

Ars

enal

. N

ov. 7

, 197

3

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/73

0009

41.p

df

Mas

sach

uset

ts

Afri

can

Mee

ting

Hou

se

(Firs

t Afri

can

Bap

tist)

8 S

mith

Cou

rt,

Bos

ton,

Suf

folk

C

ount

y,

Mas

sach

uset

ts

Rel

igio

n-A

frica

n B

aptis

t C

hurc

h; S

ocia

l His

tory

- A

bolit

ioni

sm; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-W

illia

m L

loyd

G

arris

on

This

180

6 m

eetin

ghou

se o

f the

Afri

can

Bap

tist

Chu

rch,

whi

ch w

as fo

unde

d in

180

5, w

as th

e fir

st

Afri

can

Am

eric

an c

hurc

h in

Bos

ton.

It i

s th

e ol

dest

ex

tant

bla

ck c

hurc

h bu

ildin

g in

the

U.S

. and

the

1832

foun

ding

pla

ce o

f Will

iam

Llo

yd G

arris

on's

New

E

ngla

nd A

nti-S

lave

ry S

ocie

ty, w

hich

bec

ame

the

lead

ing

abol

ition

ist o

rgan

izat

ion

of th

e 19

th c

entu

ry.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/71

0000

87.p

df

Mar

ia B

aldw

in

Hou

se

196

Pro

spec

t Stre

et,

Cam

brid

ge, M

iddl

esex

C

ount

y,

Mas

sach

uset

ts

Edu

catio

n; S

ocia

l His

tory

A

ppoi

nted

Prin

cipa

l of C

ambr

idge

's p

redo

min

atel

y-w

hite

Aga

ssiz

Gra

mm

ar S

choo

l in

1889

, Bal

dwin

be

cam

e th

e on

ly A

frica

n A

mer

ican

sch

ool m

aste

r in

New

Eng

land

in 1

916.

She

rem

aine

d a

mas

ter f

or

over

30

year

s.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0002

72.p

df


































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Bea

con

Hill

His

toric

D

istri

ct

Bou

nded

by

Bea

con

Stre

et, t

he C

harle

s R

iver

Em

bank

men

t, an

d P

inck

ney,

Rev

ere,

an

d H

anco

ck S

treet

s,

Bos

ton,

Suf

folk

C

ount

y,

Mas

sach

uset

ts

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

nism

, Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Will

iam

Llo

yd

Gar

rison

Des

igna

ted

a N

atio

nal H

isto

ric L

andm

ark

in 1

962,

th

e ex

istin

g no

min

atio

n ha

s re

ceiv

ed n

ew

docu

men

tatio

n th

at e

xpan

ds it

s si

gnifi

canc

e as

a

Nat

iona

l His

toric

Lan

dmar

k. T

he o

rigin

al

desi

gnat

ion

incl

uded

a b

ound

ary

that

focu

sed

on th

e so

uth

slop

e of

the

Hill

. In

197

2, th

e bo

unda

ry w

as

exte

nded

to in

clud

e th

e no

rth s

lope

. The

orig

inal

no

min

atio

n pr

ovid

ed re

cogn

ition

for t

he d

istri

ct’s

Fe

dera

l and

Gre

ek R

eviv

al a

rchi

tect

ure

and

its e

arly

ur

ban

desi

gn.

Add

ed d

ocum

enta

tion

inco

rpor

ates

re

cent

sch

olar

ship

and

ext

ends

its

perio

d of

si

gnifi

canc

e to

incl

ude

late

19t

h ce

ntur

y an

d ea

rly

20th

cen

tury

arc

hite

ctur

al s

tyle

s as

see

n in

sm

all

apar

tmen

t bui

ldin

gs.

It al

so d

ocum

ents

Bea

con

Hill

’s A

frica

n A

mer

ican

his

tory

and

role

in th

e ab

oliti

on m

ovem

ent.

NH

L, D

ec. 1

9,

1962

; Rev

ised

N

HL,

Apr

. 4,

2007

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0001

30.p

df

Pau

l Cuf

fe F

arm

15

04 D

rift R

oad,

W

estp

ort,

Bris

tol

Cou

nty,

M

assa

chus

etts

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-P

aul

Cuf

fe; S

ocia

l His

tory

-Pan

A

frica

nism

, Bac

k to

Afri

ca

Mov

emen

t, C

ivil

Rig

hts

Pau

l Cuf

fe w

as a

n in

fluen

tial b

lack

righ

ts a

dvoc

ate,

ph

iloso

pher

, wea

lthy

mer

chan

t, an

d le

ader

of t

he

early

18th

cen

tury

Afri

can

Rep

atria

tion

Mov

emen

t th

at a

dvoc

ated

the

rese

ttlem

ent o

f Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

to th

e A

frica

n co

ntin

ent.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0003

94.p

df

W. E

. B. D

uBoi

s B

oyho

od H

omes

ite

Rou

te 2

3, G

reat

B

arrin

gton

vic

inity

, B

erks

hire

Cou

nty

Mas

sach

uset

ts

Edu

catio

n; L

itera

ture

; P

hilo

soph

y*; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-W

. E. B

. DuB

ois;

S

ocia

l His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s

Will

iam

E. B

. DuB

ois

was

a p

hilo

soph

er, w

riter

, civ

il rig

hts

activ

ist,

soci

olog

ist,

and

co-fo

unde

r of t

he

NA

AC

P.

DuB

ois

is th

e fir

st A

frica

n A

mer

ican

aw

arde

d a

Ph.

D. d

egre

e fro

m H

arva

rd a

nd h

is T

he

Phi

lade

lphi

a N

egro

is c

onsi

dere

d on

e of

the

foun

datio

nal t

exts

in th

e fie

ld o

f Am

eric

an s

ocio

logy

.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0009

47.p

df

Gor

e P

lace

* 52

Gor

e S

treet

, W

alth

am, M

iddl

esex

C

ount

y,

Mas

sach

uset

ts

Edu

catio

n; In

dust

ry;

Lite

ratu

re

Gor

e P

lace

was

des

igna

ted

for i

ts a

ssoc

iatio

n of

si

gner

of t

he C

onst

itutio

n, U

.S. S

enat

or, a

nd

gove

rnor

of M

assa

chus

etts

, Chr

isto

pher

Gor

e.

Afri

can

Am

eric

an R

ober

t Rob

erts

, the

Gor

e fa

mily

bu

tler,

wro

te T

he H

ouse

Ser

vant

's D

irect

ory,

one

of

the

few

gui

debo

oks

in th

e w

orld

writ

ten

by a

do

mes

tic w

orke

r for

oth

er d

omes

tic w

orke

rs.

Dec

. 30,

197

0

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/70

0005

42.p

df

S

amue

l Grid

ley

and

Julia

War

d H

owe

Hou

se

13 C

hest

nut S

treet

, B

osto

n, S

uffo

lk

Cou

nty,

M

assa

chus

etts

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

nism

, Soc

ial

Ref

orm

Mov

emen

ts

Whi

le th

e H

owe

fam

ily li

ved

here

(186

3-18

66),

they

w

ere

key

figur

es in

Bos

ton

abol

ition

ist c

ircle

s, a

nd

purs

ued

othe

r ref

orm

and

hum

anita

rian

inte

rest

s.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0020

44.p

df

Nat

han

and

Mar

y (P

olly

) Joh

nson

P

rope

rties

17, 1

9 an

d 21

Sev

enth

S

treet

, New

Bed

ford

, B

risto

l Cou

nty,

M

assa

chus

etts

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

ns-

Fred

eric

k D

ougl

ass

and

Nat

han

John

son;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Abo

litio

nism

, U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad

Thes

e pr

oper

ties

are

sign

ifica

nt fo

r the

ir as

soci

atio

n w

ith re

now

ned

civi

l and

wom

en’s

righ

ts a

ctiv

ist

Fred

eric

k D

ougl

ass

and

for t

he in

fluen

tial r

ole

long

time

owne

r, N

atha

n Jo

hnso

n, p

laye

d in

D

ougl

ass’

s lif

e. J

ohns

on w

as in

fluen

tial i

n th

e an

tebe

llum

effo

rt to

era

dica

te A

mer

ican

sla

very

and

in

ass

istin

g en

slav

ed p

eopl

e es

capi

ng fr

om th

e S

outh

. The

21

Sev

enth

Stre

et p

rope

rty w

as th

e fir

st

hom

e of

Fre

deric

k D

ougl

ass

afte

r his

183

8 es

cape

fro

m s

lave

ry. N

atha

n Jo

hnso

n an

d th

e N

ew B

edfo

rd

abol

ition

ist c

omm

unity

pro

vide

d D

ougl

ass

with

the

exam

ple

and

oppo

rtuni

ty to

bec

ome

one

of th

e m

ost

reno

wne

d ab

oliti

onis

ts o

f his

tim

e. I

n ad

ditio

n, th

e 21

Sev

enth

Stre

et h

ome

is d

ocum

ente

d to

hav

e ho

used

at l

east

one

oth

er fu

gitiv

e sl

ave,

and

from

w

hat i

s kn

own

of N

atha

n Jo

hnso

n’s

antis

lave

ry w

ork

it is

like

ly th

at it

, and

pos

sibl

y 17

-19

Sev

enth

Stre

et,

harb

ored

oth

er fu

gitiv

e sl

aves

.

Feb.

2, 2

000

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/00

0002

60.p

df


































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Libe

rty F

arm

11

6 M

ower

Stre

et,

Wor

ches

ter,

Wor

ches

ter C

ount

y,

Mas

sach

uset

ts

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

nism

, U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad

Libe

rty F

arm

was

the

hom

e of

ant

i-sla

very

and

w

omen

's ri

ghts

refo

rmer

s A

biga

il K

elly

and

Ste

phen

S

ymon

ds F

oste

r. K

elly

and

Fos

ter e

stab

lishe

d a

stat

ion

on th

e U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad a

t thi

s lo

catio

n.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0020

46.p

df

Will

iam

C. N

ell

Res

iden

ce

3 S

mith

Cou

rt, B

osto

n,

Suf

folk

Cou

nty,

M

assa

chus

etts

Edu

catio

n-Fi

eld

of H

isto

ry;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-W

illia

m

C. N

ell;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

n

Will

iam

C. N

ell w

as th

e le

adin

g ab

oliti

onis

t and

civ

il rig

hts

advo

cate

from

the

1830

s to

the

end

of th

e C

ivil

War

. H

e pu

blis

hed

the

first

his

tory

of A

frica

n A

mer

ican

s w

ritte

n by

an

Afri

can

Am

eric

an, T

he

Col

ored

Pat

riots

of t

he A

mer

ican

Rev

olut

ion,

in

1855

.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0019

79.p

df

Cha

rles

Sum

ner

Hou

se

20 H

anco

ck S

treet

, B

osto

n, S

uffo

lk

Cou

nty,

M

assa

chus

etts

Law

-Rob

erts

v. C

ity o

f B

osto

n (1

849)

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-C

harle

s S

umne

r

Cau

casi

an a

bolit

ioni

st a

nd a

ttorn

ey C

harle

s S

umne

r, al

ong

with

Bos

ton’

s fir

st b

lack

atto

rney

, Rob

ert

Mor

ris, a

rgue

d fo

r equ

al e

duca

tion

in R

ober

ts v

. City

of

Bos

ton.

Sum

ner c

oncl

uded

that

sep

arat

e co

uld

neve

r be

inhe

rent

ly e

qual

and

that

seg

rega

tion

mar

ked

a ra

ce a

s in

ferio

r. T

he R

ober

ts c

ase

prov

ided

a p

ivot

al le

gal p

rece

dent

for o

vertu

rnin

g de

ju

re’ r

acia

l seg

rega

tion

in th

e w

ater

shed

Bro

wn

v.

Boa

rd o

f Edu

catio

n ca

se.

Nov

. 7, 1

973

Will

iam

Mon

roe

Trot

ter H

ouse

97

Saw

yer A

venu

e,

Bos

ton,

Suf

folk

C

ount

y,

Mas

sach

uset

ts

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-W

illia

m

Mon

roe

Trot

ter;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s, p

ost-

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

Will

iam

Mon

roe

Trot

ter w

as a

wea

lthy

jour

nalis

t and

ci

vil r

ight

s ad

voca

te a

t the

turn

of t

he 1

9th

cent

ury,

w

hose

mili

tant

stra

tegy

to o

btai

n A

frica

n A

mer

ican

ci

vil r

ight

s op

pose

d B

ooke

r T. W

ashi

ngto

n's

acco

mm

odat

ion

with

raci

al s

egre

gatio

n an

d A

frica

n A

mer

ican

dis

enfra

nchi

sem

ent.

A c

lass

mat

e of

ac

tivis

t W. E

. B. D

uBoi

s, T

rotte

r gra

duat

ed fr

om

Har

vard

in 1

895

and

foun

ded

the

wee

kly

new

spap

er, T

he G

uard

ian,

in 1

901.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0020

03.p

df

Mic

higa

n

Col

umbi

a (e

xcur

sion

st

eam

er)

Ste

. Cla

ire

(pas

seng

er

stea

mbo

at)*

Nic

hols

on T

erm

inal

an

d D

ock

Com

pany

's

Sou

th S

lip, E

cors

e,

Mic

higa

n

Com

mer

ce; L

aw-B

ob-L

o E

xcur

sion

Com

pany

v.

Mic

higa

n (1

948)

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t-Civ

il R

ight

s A

ct o

f 196

4, S

ocia

l H

isto

ry- C

ivil

Rig

hts

Mov

emen

t (P

ublic

A

ccom

mod

atio

ns);

Tran

spor

tatio

n

In J

une

1945

, Afri

can

Am

eric

an s

tude

nt S

arah

E

lizab

eth

Ray

was

den

ied

pass

age

from

Det

roit

to

priv

atel

y-ow

ned

Boi

s B

lanc

Isla

nd in

Ont

ario

, C

anad

a on

the

two

stea

mer

shi

ps d

ue to

her

race

. R

ay s

ued

the

Bob

-Lo

Exc

ursi

on C

ompa

ny w

hich

op

erat

ed th

e sh

ips.

In

the

1948

Bob

-Lo

Exc

ursi

on

Com

pany

v. M

ichi

gan,

the

U.S

. Sup

rem

e C

ourt

rule

d th

at ra

cial

dis

crim

inat

ion

in fo

reig

n co

mm

erce

was

ill

egal

. Th

e cu

rren

t nom

inat

ion

need

s re

visi

on to

m

ore

fully

doc

umen

t the

Afri

can

Am

eric

an h

isto

rical

si

gnifi

canc

e as

soci

ated

with

the

prop

ertie

s.

July

6, 1

992

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/79

0011

71.p

df

Mis

siss

ippi

Isai

ah T

. M

ontg

omer

y H

ouse

W

est M

ain

Stre

et,

Mou

nd B

ayou

, Alc

orn

Cou

nty,

Mis

siss

ippi

Exp

lora

tion/

Set

tlem

ent-

Urb

aniz

atio

n, P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Isai

ah T

horn

ton

Mon

tgom

ery;

Soc

ial

His

tory

- Bla

ck T

owns

hip

Mov

emen

t, po

st-

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

Isai

ah T

horn

ton

Mon

tgom

ery

and

his

cous

in

Ben

jam

in G

reen

, for

mer

ens

lave

d pe

ople

of t

he

Jeffe

rson

Dav

is fa

mily

, fou

nded

the

tow

n of

Mou

nd

Bay

ou in

Jul

y 18

87.

Mon

tgom

ery

is re

pres

enta

tive

of th

e po

st-R

econ

stru

ctio

n B

lack

Tow

nshi

p M

ovem

ent.

The

hom

e w

as b

uilt

in 1

910.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0010

92.p

df

Oak

land

Mem

oria

l C

hape

l A

lcor

n S

tate

U

nive

rsity

, Alc

orn,

C

laib

orne

Cou

nty,

M

issi

ssip

pi

Edu

catio

n; P

oliti

cs a

nd

Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Hira

m R

evel

s;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-p

ost-

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

Initi

ally

bui

lt in

183

8 fo

r the

all-

whi

te O

akla

nd

Col

lege

, the

Cha

pel i

s th

e on

ly e

xtan

t bui

ldin

g fro

m

the

foun

ding

of h

isto

rical

ly-b

lack

Alc

orn

Sta

te

Uni

vers

ity in

187

1. A

lcor

n w

as th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s'

first

land

-gra

nt c

olle

ge fo

r Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

and

had

first

Afri

can

Am

eric

an U

.S. S

enat

or, H

iram

R

evel

s, a

s its

firs

t pre

side

nt.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0010

57.p

df


































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Old

Mis

siss

ippi

S

tate

Cap

itol

Eas

t sid

e of

Sta

te

Stre

et a

t the

hea

d of

C

apito

l Stre

et,

Jack

son,

Hin

ds

Cou

nty,

Mis

siss

ippi

Law

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-S

egre

gatio

n, C

ivil

Rig

hts,

pos

t-R

econ

stru

ctio

n

Pas

sage

of t

he 1

890

Con

stitu

tion

at th

e O

ld

Mis

siss

ippi

Sta

te C

apito

l dis

enfra

nchi

sed

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

and

codi

fied

segr

egat

ion

on a

sta

te le

vel.

Th

is a

ctio

n by

the

Mis

siss

ippi

Sta

te le

gisl

atur

e be

gan

the

stat

e-le

vel,

cons

titut

iona

l di

senf

ranc

hise

men

t of A

frica

n A

mer

ican

s af

ter

Rec

onst

ruct

ion.

Sou

ther

n di

sfra

nchi

sem

ent o

f bla

ck

citiz

ens

cont

inue

d un

til p

assa

ge o

f the

Vot

ing

Rig

hts

Act

of 1

964.

Dec

. 14,

199

0

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/69

0000

87.p

df

Mis

sour

i

Jeffe

rson

Nat

iona

l E

xpan

sion

M

emor

ial

11 N

. 4th

Stre

et,

S

t. Lo

uis

(Inde

pend

ent

City

), M

isso

uri

Law

-Dre

d S

cott

Dec

isio

n (1

857)

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t-Mis

sour

i C

ompr

omis

e of

182

0;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-S

lave

ry a

nd

Dom

estic

Sla

ve T

rade

The

Cou

rthou

se c

onta

ined

in th

is m

emor

ial w

as th

e si

te o

f low

er c

ourt

rulin

g in

Dre

d S

cott

v. S

andf

ord

(185

7) in

whi

ch th

e S

upre

me

Cou

rt ru

led

that

the

Mis

sour

i Com

prom

ise

of 1

820,

whi

ch li

mite

d th

e ex

pans

ion

of s

lave

ry in

to w

este

rn U

.S. t

errit

orie

s,

was

unc

onst

itutio

nal.

The

Cou

rthou

se w

as a

lso

the

site

of p

rope

rty a

uctio

ns o

f ens

lave

d pe

ople

for

paym

ent o

f sla

veho

lder

s’ p

erso

nal d

ebts

.

Oct

. 15,

196

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

RH

P/T

ext/6

600

0941

.pdf

Ros

wel

l Fie

ld

Hou

se

634

Sou

th B

road

way

, S

t. Lo

uis,

Mis

sour

i La

w-D

red

Sco

tt D

ecis

ion

(185

7); P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent-M

isso

uri

Com

prom

ise

of 1

820;

S

ocia

l His

tory

-Sla

very

and

D

omes

tic S

lave

Tra

de

This

is th

e ho

me

of R

osw

ell F

ield

, the

atto

rney

who

fo

rmul

ated

the

lega

l stra

tegy

that

pla

ced

ensl

aved

la

bore

r Dre

d S

cott’

s la

wsu

it fo

r fre

edom

bef

ore

the

U.S

. Sup

rem

e C

ourt.

In

Sco

tt v.

San

dfor

d, th

e C

ourt

decl

ared

that

no

pers

on o

f Afri

can

ance

stry

cou

ld b

e a

U.S

. citi

zen

and

that

the

Mis

sour

i Com

prom

ise

of

1820

(tha

t pro

hibi

ted

slav

ery

in th

e w

este

rn

terr

itorie

s) w

as u

ncon

stitu

tiona

l. Th

e 18

57 d

ecis

ion,

au

thor

ed b

y C

hief

Jus

tice

Rog

er B

. Tan

ey, w

iden

ed

the

polit

ical

gap

bet

wee

n th

e N

orth

and

the

Sou

th

and

help

ed p

reci

pita

te th

e C

ivil

War

. A

nger

ove

r the

D

red

Sco

tt D

ecis

ion

ener

gize

d th

e R

epub

lican

Par

ty

and

led

the

natio

n’s

first

ant

isla

very

pol

itica

l par

ty to

pr

esid

entia

l vic

tory

in 1

860.

It t

ook

the

Civ

il W

ar a

nd

pass

age

of th

e 13

th, 1

4th, a

nd 1

5th

post

-war

co

nstit

utio

nal a

men

dmen

ts to

ove

rturn

the

Dre

d S

cott

Dec

isio

n.

Mar

. 29,

200

7

ht

tp://

ww

w.n

ps.

gov/

hist

ory/

nr/t

rave

l/und

erg

roun

d/th

hom

e.ht

m

Mut

ual M

usic

ians

' Fo

unda

tion

Bui

ldin

g

1823

Hig

hlan

d A

venu

e, K

ansa

s C

ity,

Jack

son

Cou

nty,

M

isso

uri

Eth

nic

Her

itage

-Bla

ck;

Per

form

ing

Arts

; Soc

ial

His

tory

This

bui

ldin

g w

as th

e ho

me

of th

e A

mer

ican

Fe

dera

tion

of M

usic

ians

Loc

al 6

27 fr

om th

e 19

20s

to

the

1940

s. I

t be

cam

e th

e tra

inin

g gr

ound

and

se

cond

hom

e to

reno

wne

d A

mer

ican

jazz

arti

sts

such

as

Cou

nt B

asie

, Cha

rlie

"Bird

" Par

kers

, Hot

Li

ps P

age,

and

oth

ers.

Tod

ay, t

he F

ound

atio

n B

uild

ing

cont

inue

s as

a p

ract

ice

and

conc

ert h

all f

or

jazz

mus

icia

ns.

Dec

. 21,

198

1

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/79

0013

72.p

df

Sco

tt Jo

plin

R

esid

ence

26

85-A

Mor

gan

Stre

et,

St.

Loui

s, S

t. Lo

uis

Cou

ntry

, Mis

sour

i

Per

form

ing

Arts

-Jaz

z;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-S

cott

Jopl

in

Sco

tt Jo

plin

was

the

foun

ding

com

pose

r of p

opul

ar

Rag

time

mus

ic, w

hich

was

the

fore

runn

er to

A

mer

ican

jazz

. D

ec. 8

, 197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0022

35.p

df

She

lly H

ouse

46

00 L

abad

ie A

venu

e,

St.

Loui

s, S

t. Lo

uis

Cou

ntry

, Mis

sour

i

Eth

nic

Her

itage

-Bla

ck;

Law

-She

lly v

. Kra

emer

; P

oliti

cs a

nd G

over

nmen

t; S

ocia

l Rig

hts-

Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent (

Hou

sing

)

This

site

was

hom

e to

the

plai

ntiff

s in

She

lly v

. K

raem

er in

whi

ch th

e U

.S. S

upre

me

Cou

rt st

ruck

do

wn

the

lega

lity

of ra

cial

ly-r

estri

ctiv

e ho

usin

g co

vena

nts,

mak

ing

de ju

ré h

ousi

ng s

egre

gatio

n ill

egal

.

Dec

. 14,

199

0

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/88

0004

37.p

df


















































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

New

Jer

sey

T. T

hom

as F

ortu

ne

Hou

se

Red

Ban

k,

Mon

mou

th C

ount

y,

New

Jer

sey

Com

mun

icat

ions

; S

igni

fican

t Per

son-

T.

Thom

as F

ortu

ne; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts

From

190

1 to

191

5, th

is w

as th

e ho

me

of th

e cr

usad

ing

blac

k jo

urna

list a

nd c

ivil

right

s ac

tivis

t T.

Thom

as F

ortu

ne, w

ho a

dvoc

ated

the

caus

e of

civ

il rig

hts

in h

is n

ewsp

aper

s at

the

turn

of t

he 2

0th

cent

ury.

For

tune

was

co-

owne

r and

edi

tor o

f The

N

ew Y

ork

Age

, the

mos

t wid

ely-

read

, bla

ck-o

wne

d ne

wsp

aper

dur

ing

the

late

19th

cen

tury

. H

e al

so

beca

me

edito

r of t

he N

egro

Wor

ld, t

he o

ffici

al

new

slet

ter o

f the

Uni

vers

al N

egro

Impr

ovem

ent

Ass

ocia

tion,

in 1

923.

Dec

. 8, 1

976

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0011

71.p

df

New

Mex

ico

Haw

ikuh

Zu

ni In

dian

R

eser

vatio

n,

Val

enci

a C

ount

y,

New

Mex

ico

Eth

nic

Her

itage

-Nat

ive

Am

eric

an; E

xplo

ratio

n/

Set

tlem

ent-S

pani

sh

Col

onia

l Exp

lora

tion

the

Sou

thw

est;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Col

onia

l His

tory

One

of t

he le

gend

ary

"Sev

en C

ities

of G

old"

, the

firs

t no

n-N

ativ

e A

mer

ican

to s

ee it

was

a M

oor (

a bl

ack

Afri

can

Mus

lim) n

amed

Est

evan

ico

(als

o ca

lled

Est

éban

or E

stev

an).

Est

evan

ico

expl

ored

the

Am

eric

as w

ith S

pani

sh c

onqu

ista

dors

and

was

one

of

onl

y th

ree

surv

ivor

s of

the

Nar

vaez

Exp

editi

on o

f 15

27-2

8. H

e w

as k

illed

in 1

539

afte

r lea

ding

a

Spa

nish

exp

editi

on in

a re

turn

to th

e N

ew M

exic

o ar

ea.

Oct

. 9, 1

960

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0005

02.p

df

New

Yor

k

Afri

can

Bur

ial

Gro

und

Nat

iona

l M

onum

ent

Bro

adw

ay a

nd R

eade

S

treet

s,

New

Yor

k C

ity,

New

Yor

k

Arc

heol

ogy;

E

xplo

ratio

n/S

ettle

men

t-U

rban

izat

ion;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Col

onia

l Am

eric

a,

Sla

very

The

Afri

can

Bur

ial G

roun

d’s

seve

n ac

re lo

catio

n co

ntai

ns th

e gr

aves

of a

n es

timat

ed 2

0,00

0 fre

e an

d en

slav

ed A

frica

ns d

atin

g fro

m 1

712.

The

rem

ains

of

at le

ast 4

00 p

erso

ns w

ere

reco

vere

d an

d th

en

rebu

ried

in 2

003.

The

site

was

des

igna

ted

a N

atio

nal M

onum

ent b

y P

resi

dent

Geo

rge

W. B

ush,

Jr

. on

Feb.

26,

200

6.

NH

L- A

pr. 1

9,

1993

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/93

0015

97.p

df

Loui

s A

rmst

rong

H

ouse

34

56 1

07th

Stre

et,

Cor

ona,

Que

ens

Cou

nty,

New

Yor

k

Per

form

ing

Arts

-Jaz

z;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-Lo

uis

Arm

stro

ng

Arm

stro

ng w

as a

lege

ndar

y co

mpo

ser,

arra

nger

, an

d m

usic

ian

that

hel

ped

crea

te a

nd p

opul

ariz

e A

mer

ican

jazz

and

blu

es fr

om th

e 19

20s

to h

is d

eath

in

197

1. D

urin

g hi

s in

tern

atio

nal t

ours

, he

also

act

ed

as a

goo

dwill

am

bass

ador

for t

he U

.S. S

tate

D

epar

tmen

t.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

65.p

df

John

Bro

wn

Farm

an

d G

rave

site

Jo

hn B

row

n R

oad,

La

ke P

laci

d, E

rie

Cou

nty,

New

Yor

k

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-Jo

hn

Bro

wn;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Ant

i-sla

very

, Abo

litio

nism

, C

ivil

War

This

pro

perty

is th

e ch

ildho

od h

ome

and

grav

esite

of

radi

cal a

bolit

ioni

st, J

ohn

Bro

wn.

Bro

wn’

s bo

dy w

as

retu

rned

her

e fo

r int

ernm

ent a

fter h

is e

xecu

tion

in

Har

per's

Fer

ry, W

est V

irgin

ia a

fter b

eing

con

vict

ed

of tr

easo

n fo

r his

raid

on

the

Arm

y A

rsen

al in

an

atte

mpt

to b

egin

an

insu

rrec

tion

agai

nst A

mer

ican

sl

aver

y.

Aug

. 5, 1

998

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/72

0008

40.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/n

r/tra

vel/u

nder

gro

und/

thho

me.

htm

Ral

ph J

ohns

on

Bun

che

Hou

se

115-

125

Gro

sven

or

Roa

d, K

ew G

arde

ns,

Que

ens

Cou

nty,

New

Yo

rk

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-R

alph

J.

Bun

che;

Law

; Pol

itics

an

d G

over

nmen

t, S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts,

D

iplo

mat

ic H

isto

ry

As

Und

erse

cret

ary

Gen

eral

to th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns,

Bun

che

was

the

high

est r

anke

d pe

rson

of A

frica

n de

scen

t in

the

UN

unt

il th

e as

cend

ancy

of K

ofi

Ann

on to

UN

Sec

reta

ry-G

ener

al o

n D

ecem

ber 1

9,

1996

. B

unch

e ne

gotia

ted

the

Isra

eli-A

rab

Trea

ty o

f 19

49 fo

r whi

ch h

e w

on th

e N

obel

Priz

e, th

e fir

st

Afri

can

Am

eric

an to

do

so.

Bun

che

help

ed s

ettle

the

Sue

z C

anal

Cris

is a

nd w

as g

iven

the

Med

al o

f Fr

eedo

m b

y P

resi

dent

Ken

nedy

in 1

956.

He

lived

he

re fr

om 1

952

to 1

971.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

66.p

df

Will

Mar

ion

Coo

k H

ouse

22

1 W

est 1

38th

Stre

et,

New

Yor

k C

ity, N

ew

York

Per

form

ing

Arts

-Jaz

z;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n- W

ill

Mar

ion

Coo

k

Coo

k w

as a

vio

linis

t, co

mpo

ser,

song

writ

er, a

nd

orch

estra

con

duct

or w

ho h

elpe

d po

pula

rize

ragt

ime

and

gosp

el m

usic

, esp

ecia

lly th

roug

h hi

s fir

st N

ew

York

Bro

adw

ay p

rodu

ctio

n, T

he O

rigin

of t

he

Cak

ewal

k. C

akew

alk,

sta

ged

at th

e C

asin

o Th

eate

r R

oof G

arde

n, w

as th

e fir

st A

frica

n A

mer

ican

thea

ter

prod

uctio

n on

Bro

adw

ay.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

38.p

df


















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Coo

per U

nion

7th

Stre

et a

nd 4

th

Ave

nue,

N

ew Y

ork

City

, New

Yo

rk

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-A

brah

am L

inco

ln; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

War

, A

bolit

ioni

sm,

Em

anci

patio

n

Coo

per U

nion

was

the

site

of t

he p

ivot

al s

peec

h by

th

en p

resi

dent

ial c

andi

date

Abr

aham

Lin

coln

on

the

slav

ery

ques

tion

that

hel

ped

him

gai

n th

e 18

60

Rep

ublic

an p

resi

dent

ial n

omin

atio

n. I

n th

e sp

eech

Li

ncol

n ex

amin

ed th

e 39

sig

ners

of t

he C

onst

itutio

n an

d ex

plai

ned

that

21

of th

e si

gner

s, a

maj

ority

, had

vo

ted

at le

ast o

nce,

som

e m

ore

than

onc

e, fo

r the

re

stric

tion

of s

lave

ry in

Nat

iona

l Ter

ritor

ies.

Jul.

4, 1

961

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0005

40.p

df

Edw

ard

Ken

nedy

"D

uke"

Elli

ngto

n R

esid

ence

935

St.

Nic

hols

A

venu

e, A

pt #

4A

New

Yor

k C

ity, N

ew

York

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-D

uke

Elli

ngto

n; P

erfo

rmin

g A

rts-

Jazz

Elli

ngto

n is

one

of t

he g

reat

est A

mer

ican

com

pose

rs

and

arra

nger

s of

the

20th

cen

tury

. H

e an

d hi

s or

ches

tra d

evel

oped

and

exp

ande

d ja

zz a

s a

mus

ic

form

, esp

ecia

lly th

roug

h ra

dio

broa

dcas

ts o

f his

pe

rform

ance

s as

lead

er o

f the

hou

se b

and

of th

e fa

mou

s C

otto

n C

lub

in H

arle

m.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

39.p

df

Lem

uel H

ayne

s H

ouse

R

oute

149

S

outh

Gra

nvill

e,

Was

hing

ton

Cou

nty,

N

ew Y

ork

Rel

igio

n-C

ongr

egat

iona

l C

hurc

h; M

ilita

ry; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Lem

uel H

ayne

s;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-C

olon

ial

Am

eric

a

Hay

nes

was

a m

embe

r of t

he G

reen

Mou

ntai

n B

oys

durin

g th

e R

evol

utio

nary

War

. In

1785

, he

beca

me

the

first

Afri

can

Am

eric

an, o

rdai

ned

min

iste

r of t

he

Con

greg

atio

nal C

hurc

h an

d th

e fir

st to

min

iste

r an

all-w

hite

con

greg

atio

n. I

n 18

01, h

e pu

blis

hed

a tra

ct

calle

d "T

he N

atur

e an

d Im

porta

nce

of T

rue

Rep

ublic

anis

m...

" whi

ch c

onta

ined

his

onl

y pu

blic

st

atem

ent o

n th

e su

bjec

t of r

ace

or s

lave

ry. I

n 18

04,

he re

ceiv

ed a

n ho

nora

ry M

aste

r of A

rts d

egre

e fro

m

Mid

dleb

ury

Col

lege

, the

firs

t eve

r bes

tow

ed u

pon

an

Afri

can

Am

eric

an. T

he h

ouse

was

bui

lt in

179

3.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0012

35.p

df

Mat

thew

Hen

son

Res

iden

ce (D

unba

r A

partm

ents

)

246

W. 1

50th

Stre

et,

A

pt. 3

F,

New

Yor

k C

ity, N

ew

York

Arc

hite

ctur

e; E

xplo

ratio

n/

Set

tlem

ent*;

Sci

ence

O

n A

pril

6, 1

909,

Hen

son

was

the

first

kno

wn

man

to

reac

h th

e N

orth

Pol

e as

par

t of t

he R

ober

t Per

ry

expe

ditio

n. H

e liv

ed in

this

apa

rtmen

t, pa

rt of

the

Dun

bar A

partm

ents

, the

firs

t lar

ge m

ajor

ity-b

lack

ho

usin

g co

oper

ativ

e in

the

city

, fro

m 1

929

to h

is

deat

h in

195

5.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0012

07.p

df

Hur

ley

His

toric

D

istri

ct

Bou

nded

by

Hur

ley

Stre

et, H

urle

y M

ount

ain

Roa

d, a

nd

Sch

oonm

arke

r Lan

e,

Hur

ley,

Uls

ter C

ount

y,

New

Yor

k

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-S

ojou

rner

Tru

th; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-A

bolit

ioni

sm,

Wom

en's

Rig

hts

This

dis

trict

con

tain

s th

e ea

rly c

hild

hood

hom

e,

loca

ted

at 1

750

Har

denb

erg

Hou

se, o

f 19th

cen

tury

ab

oliti

onis

t, w

omen

’s ri

ghts

act

ivis

t, an

d or

ator

, S

ojou

rner

Tru

th (I

sabe

lla B

aum

free)

. Tr

uth

was

bo

rn to

ens

lave

d pa

rent

s E

lizab

eth

and

Jam

es

Bau

mfre

e, o

ne o

f 13

child

ren,

on

the

Cha

rles

Har

denb

erg

plan

tatio

n.

Nov

. 5, 1

961

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0005

77.p

df

Jam

es W

eldo

n Jo

hnso

n 18

7 W

est 1

35th

Stre

et,

N

ew Y

ork

City

, New

Yo

rk

Lite

ratu

re; P

erfo

rmin

g A

rts-M

usic

; P

oliti

cs/G

over

nmen

t; S

igni

fican

t Per

son-

Jam

es

Wel

don

John

son;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s,

Har

lem

Ren

aiss

ance

Jam

es W

eldo

n Jo

hnso

n w

as a

writ

er, c

ompo

ser,

civi

l rig

hts

activ

ist,

and

field

sec

reta

ry fo

r the

N

atio

nal A

ssoc

iatio

n fo

r the

Adv

ance

men

t of

Col

ored

Peo

ple

until

his

dea

th in

193

8. H

e w

rote

th

e hy

mn,

Lift

Ev’

ry V

oice

and

Sin

g, w

hich

was

ad

opte

d by

the

NA

AC

P in

191

9 an

d ca

lled

the

“Neg

ro N

atio

nal A

nthe

m,”

as it

is s

till k

now

n to

day.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

41.p

df

Cla

ude

McK

ay

Res

iden

ce

180

Wes

t 135

th S

treet

, N

ew Y

ork

City

, New

Yo

rk

Lite

ratu

re; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-C

laud

e M

cKay

; S

ocia

l His

tory

-New

Neg

ro

Mov

emen

t, H

arle

m

Ren

aiss

ance

McK

ay w

as a

n in

fluen

tial p

oet a

nd w

riter

larg

ely

cred

ited

with

beg

inni

ng th

e H

arle

m R

enai

ssan

ce

liter

ary

mov

emen

t afte

r WW

I. H

e w

rote

Hom

e to

H

arle

m, t

he fi

rst b

ook

by a

n A

frica

n A

mer

ican

to

reac

h na

tiona

l bes

tsel

ler l

ists

.

Dec

. 8, 1

976

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0021

43.p

df

Flor

ence

Mill

s H

ouse

22

0 W

est 1

35th

Stre

et,

N

ew Y

ork

City

, New

Yo

rk

Per

form

ing

Arts

-The

ater

; S

igni

fican

t Per

son-

Flor

ence

Mill

s; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-H

arle

m

Ren

aiss

ance

Mill

es w

as a

n ac

tress

who

rece

ived

nat

iona

l acc

laim

fo

r her

role

in th

e B

road

way

pro

duct

ion

of S

huffl

e A

long

, the

firs

t mus

ical

com

pose

d, d

irect

ed, a

nd

perfo

rmed

by

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans.

It h

as b

een

brou

ght t

o th

e N

HL

Pro

gram

's a

ttent

ion

that

this

bu

ildin

g m

ight

not

hav

e be

en M

rs. M

ill's

act

ual

resi

denc

e. F

urth

er re

sear

ch is

nec

essa

ry to

ass

ess

this

cla

im.

Dec

. 8, 1

976

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

44.p

df


































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

New

Yor

k A

mst

erda

m N

ews

Bui

ldin

g

2293

Sev

enth

Ave

nue,

N

ew Y

ork

City

, New

Yo

rk

Com

mun

icat

ions

, E

xplo

ratio

n/S

ettle

men

t-U

rban

izat

ion;

Soc

ial

His

tory

-Gre

at M

igra

tion

One

of t

he la

rges

t Afri

can

Am

eric

an n

ewsp

aper

s of

its

tim

e, th

e N

ew Y

ork

Am

ster

dam

New

s w

as

foun

ded

in 1

909

and

hous

ed in

this

bui

ldin

g fro

m

1916

to 1

938.

M

ay 1

1, 1

976

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

47.p

df

P

lym

outh

Chu

rch

of th

e P

ilgrim

s 75

Hic

ks S

treet

, B

rook

lyn,

Kin

gs

Cou

nty,

New

Yor

k

Rel

igio

n; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-H

enry

War

d B

eech

er; S

ocia

l His

tory

-U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad

The

Ply

mou

th C

hurc

h of

the

Pilg

rims,

foun

ded

in

1847

, was

a m

ajor

cen

ter f

or th

e ab

oliti

onis

t m

ovem

ent i

n th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s be

twee

n its

foun

ding

an

d th

e ou

tbre

ak o

f the

Civ

il W

ar.

Its m

inis

ter,

Rev

. H

enry

War

d B

eech

er, w

as a

n an

ti-sl

aver

y ad

voca

te

and

stat

ionm

aste

r on

the

Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

. B

eech

er u

sed

his

skill

s as

an

orat

or, t

hink

er, a

nd

show

man

to p

ut P

lym

outh

at t

he m

oral

and

phy

sica

l ce

nter

of t

he U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad.

Jul.

4, 1

961

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0005

25.p

df

Pau

l Rob

eson

R

esid

ence

55

5 E

dgec

ombe

A

venu

e, N

ew Y

ork

City

, New

Yor

k

Ent

erta

inm

ent/

Rec

reat

ion-

Mov

ies;

P

erfo

rmin

g A

rts-T

heat

er

and

Mus

ic; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-P

aul R

ober

son;

S

ocia

l His

tory

-Civ

il R

ight

s

Pau

l Rob

eson

was

a le

gend

ary

inte

rnat

iona

l civ

il rig

hts

activ

ist,

law

yer,

acto

r, si

nger

, and

ath

lete

. R

obes

on s

poke

out

aga

inst

raci

al d

iscr

imin

atio

n an

d vi

olen

ce a

gain

st A

sian

and

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans.

In

1946

, he

foun

ded

the

Am

eric

an C

rusa

de A

gain

st

Lync

hing

to c

halle

nge

Pre

side

nt T

rum

an to

ena

ct

anti-

lync

hing

law

s. T

he o

rgan

izat

ion

had

man

y pr

omin

ent i

ntel

lect

uals

as

mem

bers

suc

h as

sci

entis

t A

lber

t Ein

stei

n an

d W

. E. B

. DuB

ois.

Rob

eson

’s

portr

ayal

of O

thel

lo, f

or w

hich

he

won

a D

onal

dson

A

war

d an

d th

e 19

45 S

ping

arn

Med

al, c

ontin

ues

to

be th

e lo

nges

t run

ning

of a

ny S

hake

spea

re p

lay

on

Bro

adw

ay.

Dec

. 8, 1

976

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

48.p

df

John

Roo

seve

lt "J

acki

e" R

obin

son

Hou

se

5224

Tild

en S

treet

, B

rook

lyn,

Kin

gs

Cou

nty,

New

Yor

k

Ent

erta

inm

ent/

Rec

reat

ion-

Bas

ebal

l; S

igni

fican

t Per

son-

Jack

ie

Rob

inso

n; S

ocia

l His

tory

-C

ivil

Rig

hts

In 1

947,

Rob

inso

n w

as th

e fir

st A

frica

n A

mer

ican

to

play

on

a M

ajor

Lea

gue

Bas

ebal

l tea

m, t

he B

rook

lyn

Dod

gers

, dur

ing

the

mod

ern

era.

Whi

le n

ot th

e fir

st

Afri

can

Am

eric

an p

rofe

ssio

nal b

aseb

all p

laye

r in

U.S

. his

tory

, his

deb

ut e

nded

alm

ost e

ight

y ye

ars

of

base

ball

segr

egat

ion.

Dur

ing

his

care

er, R

obin

son

was

a m

embe

r of s

ix W

orld

Ser

ies

team

s an

d ea

rned

six

con

secu

tive

All-

Sta

r Gam

e no

min

atio

ns.

In 1

947,

Rob

inso

n w

on T

he S

porti

ng N

ews

Roo

kie

of th

e Ye

ar A

war

d an

d th

e fir

st M

LB R

ooki

e of

the

Year

Aw

ard.

Tw

o ye

ars

late

r, he

was

aw

arde

d th

e N

atio

nal L

eagu

e M

VP

Aw

ard.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

26.p

df

Ger

rit S

mith

Est

ate

Mai

n an

d N

elso

n S

treet

s, P

eter

boro

, M

adis

on C

ount

y, N

ew

York

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-G

errit

S

mith

; Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

nism

, U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad

The

Ger

rit S

mith

Est

ate

is s

igni

fican

t for

its

asso

ciat

ion

with

Ger

rit S

mith

(179

7-18

74),

a fig

ure

of

natio

nal p

rom

inen

ce in

pol

itics

and

soc

ial r

efor

m

mov

emen

ts. S

mith

eng

aged

in th

e ab

oliti

on

mov

emen

t thr

ough

act

ive

invo

lvem

ent i

n na

tiona

l an

ti-sl

aver

y so

ciet

ies,

refo

rm th

roug

h po

litic

al

invo

lvem

ent,

the

Free

Chu

rch

mov

emen

t, ed

ucat

ion

refo

rm, a

nd la

nd re

form

. He

open

ly d

efie

d th

e Fu

gitiv

e S

lave

Act

or 1

850,

pro

vidi

ng a

wid

ely-

reco

gniz

ed s

afe

have

n in

Pet

erbo

ro fo

r ref

ugee

s fro

m e

nsla

vem

ent e

n ro

ute

to C

anad

a. T

he e

stat

e w

as a

lso

an im

porta

nt g

athe

ring

plac

e fo

r ab

oliti

onis

ts in

tere

sted

in d

iscu

ssin

g th

e is

sues

of

the

day

and

plan

ning

pol

itica

l act

ion.

Jan.

31,

200

1

http

://w

ww

.nps

.go

v/nh

l/des

igna

tio

ns/s

ampl

es/n

y/g

errit

.pdf


































































































































































































































































http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/ny/gerrit.pdf
































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Har

riet T

ubm

an

Hom

e fo

r the

Age

d ---

-----

-----

-----

----

Har

riet T

ubm

an

Res

iden

ce; a

nd

------

-----

-----

-----

- Th

omps

on A

ME

Zi

on C

hurc

h (M

PS

)

Hom

e fo

r the

Age

d:

180

Sou

th S

treet

---

-----

-----

-----

- R

esid

ence

: 18

2 S

outh

Stre

et

------

-----

-----

---

Thom

pson

Chu

rch:

33

Par

ker S

treet

,

Aub

urn,

Cay

uga

Cou

nty,

New

Yor

k

Mili

tary

; Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

Har

riet T

ubm

an;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry- A

nti-

slav

ery,

Und

ergr

ound

R

ailro

ad, C

ivil

War

Civ

il rig

hts

activ

ist,

Uni

on g

ener

al a

nd s

py, a

nd

Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

con

duct

or, H

arrie

t Tub

man

us

ed h

er A

ubur

n re

side

nce

to re

settl

e fa

mily

m

embe

rs th

at s

he le

d ou

t of e

nsla

vem

ent i

n M

aryl

and’

s E

aste

rn S

hore

are

a. T

he C

hurc

h w

as

her p

rimar

y pl

ace

of w

orsh

ip a

nd T

ubm

an

esta

blis

hed

the

hom

e fo

r "ag

ed a

nd in

dige

nt A

frica

n A

mer

ican

s” in

190

8. T

ubm

an d

ied

at th

e H

ome

in

1913

at a

ge 9

3.

NH

L- M

ay 3

0,

1974

NR

-Apr

. 2, 1

999

as p

art o

f the

H

arrie

t Tub

man

in

Aub

urn,

New

Yo

rk M

PS

)

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0012

22.p

df

Sai

nt G

eorg

e's

Epi

scop

al C

hurc

h Th

ird A

venu

e an

d E

ast

16th

Stre

et,

New

Yor

k C

ity, N

ew

York

Per

form

ing

Arts

-Gos

pel;

Rel

igio

n-E

pisc

opal

; S

igni

fican

t Per

son-

Har

ry

Thac

ker B

urle

igh

Com

pose

r and

arr

ange

r Har

ry T

hack

er B

urle

igh

deve

lope

d an

d po

pula

rized

the

genr

e of

Neg

ro

spiri

tual

s in

Am

eric

a m

usic

as

the

barit

one

solo

ist f

or

this

chu

rch.

D

ec. 8

, 197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

49.p

df

Vill

a Le

war

o

Nor

th B

road

way

, Irv

ingt

on-o

n-th

e-H

udso

n,

Wes

tche

ster

Cou

nty,

N

ew Y

ork

Arc

hite

ctur

e; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-V

ertn

er W

oods

on

Tanc

y, M

adam

e C

. J.

Wal

ker,

Leila

Wal

ker.

Com

plet

ed in

Aug

ust 1

818,

Vill

a Le

war

o w

as th

e la

st

hom

e of

ent

repr

eneu

r, ac

tivis

t, an

d ph

ilant

hrop

ist

Mad

ame

C. J

. (S

arah

Bre

edlo

ve) W

alke

r and

her

oh

ilant

hrop

ist d

augh

ter,

Leila

Wal

ker.

Dur

ing

the

1890

s, M

adam

e W

alke

r beg

an s

ellin

g he

r hai

r car

e pr

oduc

ts a

cros

s th

e co

untry

usi

ng in

nova

tive

sale

s te

chni

ques

and

bec

ame

on o

f the

wea

lthie

st w

omen

in

the

coun

try. W

alke

r dev

elop

ed a

n en

orm

ous

mar

ketin

g ne

twor

k, h

eadq

uarte

red

in In

dian

apol

is,

that

em

ploy

ed th

ousa

nds

of A

frica

n-A

mer

ican

w

omen

and

was

the

larg

est A

frica

n-A

mer

ican

ow

ned

busi

ness

in th

e na

tion.

Afri

can

Am

eric

an a

rchi

tect

V

ertn

er W

oods

on T

andy

, a 1

909

grad

uate

of C

orne

ll U

nive

rsity

, des

igne

d th

e ho

me.

Tan

dy w

as N

ew

York

's fi

rst l

icen

sed

blac

k ar

chite

ct.

May

11,

197

6

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/76

0012

89.p

df

Nor

th C

arol

ina

Hin

ton

Row

an

Hel

per H

ouse

U.S

. 64

off I

-40

vici

nity

of M

ocks

ville

D

avie

Cou

nty,

N

orth

Car

olin

a

Lite

ratu

re; S

ocia

l His

tory

-A

bolit

ioni

sm

Hel

per,

a S

outh

ern

auth

or o

f an

influ

entia

l ant

i-sl

aver

y tra

ct T

he Im

pend

ing

Cris

is (1

857)

, liv

ed h

ere

for t

he fi

rst 2

0 ye

ars

of h

is li

fe a

nd re

turn

ed in

late

r ye

ars.

In

the

book

, Hel

per a

rgue

d th

at s

lave

ry h

urt

the

econ

omic

sta

tus

of n

on-s

lave

hold

ing

whi

tes

and

impe

ded

the

gene

ral g

row

th o

f the

Sou

th a

s a

regi

on.

The

book

rais

ed fe

ars

amon

g sl

aveh

oldi

ng

Sou

ther

ners

that

land

less

Sou

ther

n w

hite

s m

ight

tu

rn a

gain

st th

em o

n th

e is

sue

of s

lave

ry.

The

book

w

as s

ubse

quen

tly b

anne

d an

d bu

rned

by

auth

oriti

es.

Nov

. 7, 1

973

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/73

0013

36.p

df

Nor

th C

arol

ina

Mut

ual L

ife

Insu

ranc

e C

ompa

ny

114-

116

Wes

t Par

ish

Stre

et, D

urha

m, N

orth

C

arol

ina

Com

mer

ce; E

cono

mic

s;

Indu

stry

; Soc

ial H

isto

ry

The

Nor

th C

arol

ina

Mut

ual L

ife In

sura

nce

Com

pany

w

as fo

unde

d in

189

8 an

d is

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

mut

ual b

enef

it/ai

d so

ciet

y tra

ditio

n of

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

in th

e ea

rly 2

0th

cent

ury.

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

form

ed m

utua

l ben

efit/

aid

orga

niza

tions

to

com

bat r

acis

m in

the

Am

eric

an in

sura

nce

and

bank

ing

indu

strie

s.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0012

58.p

df

Uni

on T

aver

n (T

hom

as D

ay

Hou

se)

Mai

n S

treet

, M

ilton

, Cas

wel

l C

ount

y, N

orth

Car

olin

a

Arc

hite

ctur

e; C

omm

erce

; In

dust

ry; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-Th

omas

Day

Uni

on T

aver

n w

as th

e w

orks

hop

of T

hom

as D

ay, a

fre

e bl

ack

cabi

netm

aker

reco

gniz

ed fo

r the

sup

erio

r qu

ality

of h

is c

rafts

man

ship

. B

y th

e m

id-1

9th

cent

ury,

his

wor

ksho

p ha

d th

e la

rges

t pro

duct

ion

rate

and

gre

ates

t num

ber o

f app

rent

ices

in N

orth

C

arol

ina.

Day

als

o be

cam

e a

maj

or s

tock

hold

er in

th

e lo

cal b

ranc

h of

the

Nor

th C

arol

ina

Ban

k an

d ow

ned

prop

erty

bey

ond

Milt

on.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0012

45.p

df


































































































































































































































































































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

Ohi

o

Wils

on B

ruce

E

vans

Hou

se

33 E

ast V

ine

Stre

et,

Obe

rlin,

Lor

ain

Cou

nty,

Ohi

o

Law

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t- Fu

gitiv

e S

lave

Act

of 1

850;

S

igni

fican

t Per

sons

-W

ilson

Bru

ce E

vans

and

H

enry

Eva

ns; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-A

bolit

ioni

sm,

Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

Eva

ns w

as a

n in

fluen

tial A

frica

n Am

eric

an

abol

ition

ist a

nd m

embe

r of O

berli

n's

com

mer

cial

and

ed

ucat

iona

l com

mun

ities

. H

e an

d br

othe

r Hen

ry

parti

cipa

ted

in th

e 18

58 O

berli

n-W

ellin

gton

Res

cue,

in

def

ianc

e of

the

Fugi

tive

Sla

ve A

ct o

f 185

0. T

he

resc

ue p

rovi

ded

anot

her i

mpo

rtant

impe

tus

to th

e C

ivil

War

. Th

e E

vans

Hou

se w

as d

esig

nate

d in

co

njun

ctio

n w

ith th

e U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad T

hem

e S

tudy

.

Dec

. 9, 1

997

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/80

0031

43.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/n

r/tra

vel/u

nder

gro

und/

thho

me.

htm

Josh

ua R

. Gid

ding

s La

w O

ffice

11

2 N

orth

Che

stnu

t S

treet

, Jef

fers

on,

Ash

tabu

la C

ount

y,

Ohi

o

Pol

itics

/ Gov

ernm

ent;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

nism

A w

hite

abo

litio

nist

and

a m

embe

r of t

he W

hig

Par

ty,

Gid

ding

s w

as e

lect

ed to

Ohi

o's

Hou

se o

f R

epre

sent

ativ

es in

182

6. E

lect

ed to

the

25th

C

ongr

ess

in 1

838,

Gid

ding

s w

as fo

rced

to re

sign

in

Mar

ch 1

842,

afte

r he

was

cen

sure

d w

hen

he

defe

nded

sla

ve m

utin

eers

. H

owev

er, h

e w

as

prom

ptly

re-e

lect

ed, s

ervi

ng 1

7 m

ore

year

s as

a

Rad

ical

Rep

ublic

an.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0013

96.p

df

John

Mer

cer

Lang

ston

Hou

se

207

Eas

t Col

lege

S

treet

,

Obe

rlin,

Lor

ain

Cou

nty,

Ohi

o

Edu

catio

n; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Sig

nific

ant

Per

son-

John

Mer

cer

Lang

ston

Lang

ston

was

the

first

Afri

can

Am

eric

an k

now

n to

be

elec

ted

to p

ublic

offi

ce, a

s th

e to

wns

hip

cler

k in

B

row

nhel

m, O

hio

in 1

855.

He

serv

ed in

the

Free

dman

's B

urea

u an

d be

cam

e H

owar

d U

nive

rsity

's o

rgan

izer

and

firs

t dea

n of

its

Law

S

choo

l. L

angs

ton

was

app

oint

ed m

inis

ter t

o H

aiti

in

1877

and

was

vot

ed a

mem

ber o

f Con

gres

s fro

m

Virg

inia

upo

n hi

s re

turn

, the

firs

t Afri

can

Am

eric

an to

be

ele

cted

from

that

sta

te.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0014

64.p

df

Ben

jam

in L

undy

U

nion

and

Thi

rd S

treet

M

ount

Ple

asan

t, Je

ffers

on C

ount

y, O

hio

Exp

lora

tion/

Set

tlem

ent-

Mex

ican

Tex

as;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-B

enja

min

Lun

dy; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-A

bolit

ioni

sm

Lund

y w

as a

pre

mie

r abo

litio

nist

of t

he 1

820s

. H

e es

tabl

ishe

d th

e an

ti-sl

aver

y ne

wsp

aper

, Gen

ius

of

Uni

vers

al E

man

cipa

tion,

and

was

an

avid

sp

okes

pers

on a

gain

st th

e Te

xas

Rev

olut

iona

ry

War

's g

oal t

o ex

pand

sla

very

in o

ppos

ition

to

Mex

ican

law

.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0015

37.p

df

Mou

nt P

leas

ant

His

toric

Dis

trict

U

nion

Stre

et b

etw

een

Cem

eter

y an

d M

arke

t S

ts.,

Mou

nt P

leas

ant,

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

Ohi

o

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

nism

, U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad;

Com

mer

ce; E

duca

tion

Mou

nt P

leas

ant w

as e

stab

lishe

d in

180

3 an

d is

im

porta

nt fo

r its

role

in th

e an

tisla

very

mov

emen

t an

d th

e U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad. T

he p

rom

inen

t Q

uake

r pop

ulat

ion

in M

t. P

leas

ant p

reac

hed

and

prac

ticed

its

abol

ition

ist v

iew

s an

d pu

blis

hed

antis

lave

ry li

tera

ture

, suc

h as

Ben

jam

in L

undy

's

Gen

ius

of U

nive

rsal

Em

anci

patio

n. A

sta

tion

on th

e U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad, t

he to

wn

was

a re

fuge

for

fugi

tive

slav

es a

nd a

wel

com

ed h

ome

for f

ree

blac

ks.

Loca

l res

iden

ts b

uilt

and

adm

inis

tere

d a

scho

ol fo

r fre

e bl

ack

child

ren,

and

in 1

848

esta

blis

hed

a Fr

ee L

abor

Sto

re w

hich

sol

d no

pr

oduc

ts th

at w

ere

prod

uced

by

slav

e la

bor.

Apr

. 5, 2

005

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0015

36.p

df

Obe

rlin

Col

lege

Ta

ppan

Squ

are

Obe

rlin,

Lor

ain

Cou

nty,

Ohi

o

Edu

catio

n Fo

unde

d in

183

3, O

berli

n C

olle

giat

e In

stitu

te

adm

itted

free

Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

(and

wom

en) o

n th

e sa

me

basi

s as

Cau

casi

an s

tude

nts.

Obe

rlin

is

cons

ider

ed th

e fir

st d

ocum

ente

d A

mer

ican

inst

itutio

n of

hig

her l

earn

ing

to h

ave

a no

n-di

scrim

inat

ory

adm

issi

on p

olic

y.

Dec

. 21,

196

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/66

0006

15.p

df

John

P. P

arke

r H

ouse

30

0 Fr

ont S

treet

, R

iple

y, B

row

n C

ount

y,

Ohi

o

Com

mer

ce; I

ndus

try;

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n- J

ohn

P. P

arke

r; S

ocia

l His

tory

-C

ivil

War

, Rec

onst

ruct

ion,

U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad

A fo

rmer

ens

lave

d pe

rson

, Par

ker b

ecam

e a

cond

ucto

r on

the

Und

ergr

ound

Rai

lroad

and

hel

ped

ensl

aved

per

sons

esc

ape

over

the

bord

er o

f the

O

hio

Riv

er.

He

also

ope

rate

d a

succ

essf

ul ir

on

foun

dry

at th

is s

ite fr

om 1

853

to h

is d

eath

in 1

900.

Feb.

18,

199

7

http

://w

ww

.nps

.go

v/nr

/trav

el/u

nde

rgro

und/

oh2.

htm

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/n

r/tra

vel/u

nder

gro

und/

thho

me.

htm


















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/oh2.htm
















































































































































STA

TE

NA

ME

LOC

ATI

ON

A

REA

OF

SIG

NIF

ICA

NC

E H

ISTO

RIC

CO

NTE

XT

DES

IGN

ATE

D

NO

MIN

ATI

ON

TH

EME

STU

DY

John

Ran

kin

Hou

se

6152

Ran

kin

Roa

d,

Rip

ley,

Bro

wn

Cou

nty,

O

hio

Sig

nific

ant P

erso

n-Jo

hn

Ran

kin;

Soc

ial H

isto

ry-

Abo

litio

nism

, U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad

The

Ran

kin

fam

ily h

elpe

d th

ousa

nds

of e

nsla

ved

peop

le e

scap

e ov

er th

e O

hio

Riv

er a

s on

e of

the

first

an

d m

ost i

mpo

rtant

mid

-wes

tern

sto

ps o

n th

e U

nder

grou

nd R

ailro

ad.

Ran

kin

wro

te L

ette

rs o

n A

mer

ican

Sla

very

in 1

829,

whi

ch b

ecam

e a

stan

dard

te

xt fo

r abo

litio

nist

s.

Feb.

18,

199

7

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/70

0004

85.p

df

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/n

r/tra

vel/u

nder

gro

und/

thho

me.

htm

Col

onel

Cha

rles

Youn

g H

ouse

C

olum

bus

Pik

e be

twee

n C

lifto

n an

d S

teve

nson

Roa

ds,

Wilb

erfo

rce,

G

reen

e C

ount

y, O

hio

Edu

catio

n; M

ilita

ry; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-C

ivil

Rig

hts

Th

e 3r

d A

frica

n A

mer

ican

gra

duat

e of

Wes

t Poi

nt,

Youn

g be

cam

e th

e hi

ghes

t ran

king

Afri

can

Am

eric

an

offic

er in

WW

I and

the

first

bla

ck m

ilita

ry a

ttach

é.

Als

o a

mus

icia

n an

d lin

guis

t, Yo

ung

taug

ht a

t W

ilber

forc

e U

nive

rsity

from

189

4 to

189

8.

May

30,

197

4

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/74

0015

06.p

df

Okl

ahom

a

Biz

zell

Libr

ary

Uni

vers

ity o

f O

klah

oma,

401

W.

Bro

oks

Stre

et,

Nor

man

, Cle

vela

nd

Cou

nty,

Okl

ahom

a

Edu

catio

n; L

aw-M

cLau

rin

v. O

klah

oma

Boa

rd o

f R

egen

ts; P

oliti

cs/

Gov

ernm

ent;

Soc

ial

His

tory

- Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent

(Des

egre

gatio

n)

The

Uni

vers

ity o

f Okl

ahom

a’s

Boa

rd o

f Reg

ents

vo

ted

to a

dmit

Geo

rge

McL

aurin

, but

on

a ra

cial

ly-

segr

egat

ed b

asis

. He

was

mad

e to

sit

isol

ated

from

ot

her s

tude

nts

in h

is c

lass

room

s an

d in

the

cafe

teria

. In

Biz

zell

Libr

ary,

he

sat a

t a s

epar

ate

desk

on

the

mez

zani

ne le

vel a

way

from

the

whi

te s

tude

nts

in th

e m

ain

read

ing

room

. R

ulin

g in

McL

aurin

v. O

klah

oma

Boa

rd o

f Reg

ents

, the

U.S

. Sup

rem

e C

ourt

foun

d th

at u

nder

the

equa

l pro

tect

ion

clau

se o

f the

Fo

urte

enth

Am

endm

ent,

“sep

arat

e bu

t equ

al”

cond

ition

s w

ere

not f

easi

ble

in g

radu

ate

and

prof

essi

onal

edu

catio

n ba

sed

on in

tang

ible

fact

ors.

Th

e M

cLau

rin c

ase

esta

blis

hed

one

of th

e pi

vota

l le

gal p

rece

dent

s on

whi

ch B

row

n v.

Boa

rd o

f E

duca

tion

was

dec

ided

.

Jan.

3, 2

001

http

://w

ww

.nps

.go

v/hi

stor

y/nh

l/the

mes

/Sca

nned

%20

Nom

inat

ion

s/D

eseg

rega

tion

/biz

zell.

pdf

http

://w

ww

.np

s.go

v/hi

stor

y/h

isto

ry/s

choo

l.pdf

Bol

ey H

isto

ric

Dis

trict

R

ough

ly b

ound

ed b

y S

ewar

d A

venu

e,

Ced

ar S

treet

, Wal

nut

Stre

et, a

nd th

e or

igin

al

sout

hern

bou

ndar

y of

th

e ci

ty li

mits

O

kfus

kee

Cou

nty,

O

klah

oma

Com

mer

ce; C

omm

unity

P

lann

ing/

Dev

elop

men

t; E

xplo

ratio

n/S

ettle

men

t-W

este

rn E

xpan

sion

; In

dust

ry; L

aw-G

uinn

and

B

eal v

. Uni

ted

Sta

tes

(191

5), L

ane

v. W

ilson

(1

939)

; Pol

itics

/ G

over

nmen

t; S

ocia

l H

isto

ry-B

lack

Tow

nshi

ps,

Civ

il R

ight

s (V

otin

g)

Foun

ded

in 1

903

as a

cam

p fo

r Afri

can

Am

eric

ans

empl

oyed

in c

onst

ruct

ing

Fort

Sm

ith a

nd W

este

rn

Rai

lway

, Bol

ey b

ecam

e on

e of

the

larg

est a

ll-bl

ack

tow

nshi

ps in

Okl

ahom

a. I

t had

alm

ost 4

,000

re

side

nts

by 1

911

but d

eclin

ed d

ue to

cro

p fa

ilure

s an

d th

e G

reat

Dep

ress

ion

in th

e 19

20s.

The

dis

trict

is

ass

ocia

ted

with

two

case

s: G

uinn

and

Bea

l v.

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

(191

5), w

hich

rule

d O

klah

oma'

s lit

erac

y te

st, a

s a

requ

irem

ent f

or b

lack

s to

vot

e,

unco

nstit

utio

nal;

and

Lane

v. W

ilson

(193

9),

whi

ch

requ

ired

that

all

pers

ons

who

wer

e pr

evio

usly

den

ied

the

franc

hise

by

a di

scrim

inat

ory

1916

sta

tute

, be

regi

ster

ed to

vot

e.

May

15,

197

5

http

://pd

fhos

t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

HLS

/Tex

t/75

0015

68.p

df

Fort

Sill

H

wy

62

Com

anch

e C

ount

y,

Okl

ahom

a

Eth

nic

Her

itage

- Nat

ive

Am

eric

an; E

xplo

ratio

n/

Set

tlem

ent-W

este

rn

Exp

ansi

on; I

nven

tion;

M

ilita

ry; S

igni

fican

t P

erso

n-H

enry

O. F

lippe

r

Con

stru

ctio

n on

the

fort

was

beg

un o

n Ja

n. 8

, 186

9,

by th

e al

l-bla

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vary

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t (“B

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lo

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nder

the

char

ge o

f Gen

. Phi

llip

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ridan

. Fo

rt S

ill is

als

o as

soci

ated

with

Hen

ry

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ian

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per,

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can

Am

eric

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oint

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ry a

cade

my

grad

uate

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e de

sign

ed a

dra

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stem

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led

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per's

Ditc

h) th

at a

llevi

ated

a

deva

stat

ing

outb

reak

of m

alar

ia a

t the

fort.

Dec

. 19,

196

0

http

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t.fo

cus.

nps.

gov/

doc

s/N

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, 13

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s so

uthw

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f P

onca

City

, K

ay C

ount

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a

Agr

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ture

; Com

mer

ce;

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erta

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ent/

Rec

reat

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Rod

eo;

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nific

ant P

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n-B

ill

Pic

kett

Onc

e th

e ho

me

base

of t

he 1

01 W

ild W

est S

how

fro

m 1

904

to 1

916

and

1925

to 1

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the

dist

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s as

soci

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with

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the

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all o

f Far

mer

and

rode

o st

ar th

at in

vent

ed

"bul

ldog

ging

" (st

eer w

rest

ling)

.

May

15,

197

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gov/

doc

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Penn

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Adv

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ocia

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tory

-C

ivil

Rig

hts,

Soc

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Ref

orm

Mov

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ts

In th

e la

te 2

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cent

ury,

the

Chu

rch

beca

me

an

advo

cate

for s

ocia

l ref

orm

s an

d em

brac

ed c

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right

s. I

t was

the

site

of t

he th

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nnua

l Nat

iona

l C

onfe

renc

e on

Bla

ck P

ower

in 1

968.

Jun.

19,

199

6

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ww

.nps

.go

v/nh

l/des

igna

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ampl

es/p

a/a

dvoc

ate.

pdf


















































































































































































































http://www.nps.gov/history/nhl/themes/Scanned%20Nominations/Desegregation/bizzell.pdf
































































































































































































































































































































































http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/pa/advocate.pdf
































































Documents

African American NHL Assessment Study