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African American
Progress1890s-1910s
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The Nadir of Black Life
The New South Southern efforts to modernize Advocates say
strong, prosperous, industrial
South Black labor essential
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Race?
Assumption blacks=inferior
Informal segregation
By 1890, much harsher view of racerelations developed
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Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
Anticipating Southern attempts to remove blackvote, appealed to
white women:
I deem it a privilege to present the negro, not as amere
dependent asking for Northern sympathy orSouthern compassion, but
as a member of thebody politic who has a claim upon the nation
for
justice, simple justice
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Vulnerability
Civil Rights Acts on back burner
Defeat of Blair bill
Republican abandonment Supreme Court
Hall v DeCuir
United States v. Harris Civil Rights Cases
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Northerners
Increasingly supportive of negativestereotypes
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American Magazines
Atlanta Monthly
This lowly variety of man
Forum Too much liberty, combined with natural race
traits increased black crime
Corruption by independence andeducation
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Legal changes
Amendments to state constitutions
Poll tax, literacy test
Grandfather clause
Number of registered voters
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Legalized informal segregation
Jim Crow laws
Plessy v Ferguson(1896)
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Economic life
Dependence on whites
Agricultural labor
Skilled craftsmen Exclusion from industry
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Violence
Lynching and other violence increases
Harsh punishments for crimes to deter
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Black Response
Ida B Wells
Black Separatism Afro-American League
Black Nationalism
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Working within white society for equalityand justice
Citizens Equal Rights Association
Boycotts
Oklahoma Territory
International Migration Society
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Improve HERE
W.E.B. DuBois
The problem of the Twentieth Century
Booker T Washington
Tuskegee Institute
Economic self help and values lead tosuccess
Atlanta Compromise
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Souls of Black Folk
Du Bois
Equal civil rights, suffrage, higher education
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