• After World War 1, the Ottoman Empire fell, and the Middle East was up for grabs.

• Mark Sykes of Great Britain and Francois Georges-Picot of France started negotiations in November 1915.

• The negotiations took after the names of the two men.

• These negotiations were for what was going to happen to the Middle East.

• The agreement divided up the Fertile Crescent into zones of influence, recognizing Arab independence in part of the land.

• In this agreement the British and French set the foundations for what were to become Arab nations demarcating their borders and creating new nationalities.

• In the end, the agreement did not work out.

•Mark Sykes, the English

negotiator of the

agreement

The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine. It did not work because all these countries won their independence back.

The UN Resolution 181

The basic plan was to resolve the Arab-Israeli Conflict.

If the plan would have been followed through, it would have split Western Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.

The plan was made and discussed on November 29, 1947.

This map shows the presumed locations of Arab and Jewish states.

Unfortunately, the Arabs did not agree and was revoked.

Ultimately, the rejection of the accord by the Arabs led to the Arab-Israeli war.

It violated the rights of the majority of Arabs. Also, non-Jewish people would be stuck in the Jewish state of Israel.

approved: United States, Canada, France, Belgium, Russia, Australia, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, and Norway.

disapproved: Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Egypt, Cuba, Greece, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen, and Turkey.

Israeli War of IndependenceIsraeli War of IndependenceStarted on January 9, 1948.Started on January 9, 1948.1st attack - 1,000 Arabs attacked Jewish 1st attack - 1,000 Arabs attacked Jewish communities in N. Palestinecommunities in N. Palestine

The critical phase of the war was from mid-may toThe critical phase of the war was from mid-may to mid-july mid-july The purpose was to push the Jews into the The purpose was to push the Jews into the sea and get there land backsea and get there land back

Took place along the whole border of IsraelTook place along the whole border of Israel

Israel gained its independence on May 14, 1948

The ranks of the IDF grew rapidly to about 100,000 At the height of the warEnded on July 20, 1949

Victory caused more than 6,000 Israeli deaths

Involved the bordering countries of Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon

During war over 7,000 Palestinians fled leaving their Children and grandchildren behind

The Six Day WarThe Six Day War

•Involved: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Syria Involved: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Syria

•Went from June 5-10 1967

•June 5: Israel, and half of attacks Egypt, Syria, and Jordan and destroys the entire air force of Egypt, Jordan Syria’s

•June 7: Sharm el-sheikh is captured.

•June 8: Sinai Peninsula is under Israeli control

•June 10: Syria surrenders because Golan Heights comes under Israeli control.

•The Arab nations surrendered to the Israeli forces for two reasons:

•The lost territories had few inhabitants

•Israeli troops were less than 100 km from each countries capital

• Aftermath: Israel had gained possession of the West Bank, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula.

The war also resulted in a depression in the Arab World.

Palestinian RefugeesPalestinian Refugees

What left the Palestinians homeless?What left the Palestinians homeless?-the six day war -the six day war

-the Palestinians had to leave their homes to make room for -the Palestinians had to leave their homes to make room for invading Arab armies. invading Arab armies.

Registered refugees Jordan-1,758,274 West Bank-675,670 Gaza-938,531 Lebanon-396,890 Syria-417,346

Population

The population of 1967 displaced persons stands at approximately 1million(many of whom are 1948 refugees).

In the West Bank and Gaza, refugees are stateless & under a combination of limited Palestinian Authority administration & Israeli military occupation.

In Jordan most refugees are full citizens, and enjoy being equivalent to other Jordanians.

Middle east peace treaty

The multilateral track: the refugee working group.

•1st – bilateral negotiation between direct parties to the conflict( Israel-Syria, Israel-Lebanon, & Israel with what initially formed as a joint Palestinian/Jordan delegation).

•2nd- multilateral negotiations on those border issues whose solutions require coordinated action & the international community’s support.

The Oslo Process

New frame work for discussion of refugee issues were created by the Palestinian-Israeli Declaration of Independence of Principles of Sept. 1993.

May 1996- the final status negotiations were formally opened, but substantial negotiation was interrupted by Israeli elections, & the subsequent change in the Israeli govt.

May 1995- the Quadripartite committee first met in Amman.

Issues refugees deal

with today

Housing

Food

Jobs

Education

Health care

Power struggle between to Palestinian political factions.

PLO(Palestinian Liberation PLO(Palestinian Liberation Organization)Organization)

*Founded by the Arab League *Founded by the Arab League in 1964.in 1964.

*Goal: To destroy Israel through struggle and armed forces. To cease all violence and terrorism.

*Political and paramilitary.1960’s:Primary base in Jordan.1969:Organization of Islamic conference admits Palestine, represented by PLO.1970-1971:fight with Jordan drove PLO out ,relocated in Lebanon.1975: Lebanese civil war forcing PLO to relocate in Tunisia.1976: Admitted as a member of the Arab League.1988: Palestinian state on West Bank and Gaza Strip; PLO accepts Israel right to exist.

Yasser Arafat and Mahmound Abbas*Born: August 24,1929 in Cairo

*Chairman of the PLO from 1969-2004.*Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994.*Founding member of Fattah, political party that controls PLO.•President of the Palestinian National Authority• from 1993 to 2004.•*He dies in 2004. *Born: march 26,1935 in Safad.

*Founding member of Fattah.*Member of PNA since 1968.*Considered the brains behind PLO.*First official to visit Saudi Arabia after Gulf War.*He sighed the 1993 peace accord with Israel in September 13.* Took over Arafats position in PLO on Jan. 9, 2005 with 62% of the vote.

Also called Abu Mazen.

• Signed by: Muhammed Anwar Al-Sadat, Menachem Begin, and Jimmy Carter

• Signing of treaty occurs after 12 days of secret negotiations.

• Treaty defines future relations between Israel and Egypt.

•Treaty decides the future negotiations and establishment of the West Bank and Gaza.

•Treaty happened after 4 wars, and 30 yrs.

•Signed on Sept.17,1798

•Located 70 miles from White House, in Catcotin Mountains.

First and Second IntifadaFirst Intifada•Who: Palestinians

against Israelis

• When: Dec. 1987 in the Gaza Strip to West Bank and Eastern Jerusalem.

• Ended in 1993 with the signing of Oslo Accords

•What: Violent uprisings (“War of Stones”)

Causes

•Protest against Israeli’s harsh treatments to Palestinians

•Egypt withdraw claim of Gaza Strip

• Lack of progress for humanitarian and nationalistic claims

•Palestinians threw stones at Israeli soldiers, went on commercial strikes, and business boycotts.

•Palestinian community council lead uprisings

•1,162 Palestinians and 160 Israelis died

•“We should break their arms and legs”- Israeli Defense Minister Yitzhaz Rabin

Second IntifadaAl Aqsa Intifada

•Began in September 2000 and have ended at Sharm El Sheik Summit 2005

• Jewish Israeli policeman walked inside Al Aqsa Mosque caused problems with Muslim Palestinians.

•October 6, 2000 Hamas declared “a day of rage” and attacked Israeli army outpost in occupied territories.

• Jewish Israeli policeman walked inside Al Aqsa Mosque and caused problems with Muslim Palestinians.

•The intifada was an expression of disappointment over the disrespect and denial of basic rights to Palestinians.

• These were rights to free access to Jerusalem, security, development, and refugees right to return.

•Palestinians viewed the intifada as a war of national liberation against foreign occupation.

• Israelis thought it was a terrorist campaign and blamed Arafat for the cause.

HamasHamas

•Created in 1987

•Created at the time of the First Intifada, in Gaza and West Bank.

•Goal: to destroy Israel and create an Islamic Palestinian state.

•Methods: assassinations, raids, bombings, and suicide bombings.

•Runs a network of mosques and social services organizations like medical clinics.

•Connected to Iran and Syria.

•Also funded by Osama bin Laden.

•Against PLO’s acceptance of the UN’s resolutions saying that Israel has a right to exist.

•Against 1993 peace agreement.

•Means Party of God

•Hezbollah has close ties with Iran.

•From Iran they get diplomatic aid and weapons totaling about 100 million dollars a year.

•Syria is also a supporter.

•Created in 1982

•Formed after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

•Is a Shiite Muslim organization based in Lebanon.

•The main leader is Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah.

They own a satellite television station, which broadcasts training for suicide bombers

Like Hamas, Hezbollah donates to schools and mosques.

• It was a culmination of series of secrets and public agreements

•Negotiated between the Israeli gov’t and the Palenstine Liberation Organization

•Until a final status accord was est. West Bank and Gaza would be divided into three zones:

•Area A: full control of the Palestine Authority

•Area B: Palestinian civil control

•Area C: full Israeli control, except over Palestine civilians

Construction of the Security Barrier

What is the Security Barrier in Israel?

•A barrier that borders the entire country of Israel to keep terrorists

out.

•Most of it is near the northern border.

•Israelites wanted it to protect them from Palestinian terrorists.

•They wanted to protect the cities from the terrorism.

•It was built in July 2003.

Who are some of Israel’s enemies?

•The Palestinian Arabs are the main enemy.

Why did the Israelites want to put the barrier up?

•The small country is attacked constantly. •Palestinian Arabs come in to

attack and kill Israelites.

The red line represents the fence, which surrounds the border of Israel.

There are many ditches and fences that make up the security barrier.

Ariel SharonAriel SharonHistory

Appointed commander of Paratroop Crops (1956).

Served in IDF(Israel Defense Force) for 25 years

Commanded in War of Independence (1948)

Commander in the Six-Day War (1967)

Resigned for army (1972)

Elected for Knesset (1973)

Joined the Herut Party & Minister of Agriculture in Menachern Begin’s first Govt. (1977-1981)

Served as member of the Knesset (1992-1996)

Appointed Foreign Minister of the Palestianian Authority (1998)

Became Chairman of Likud (1999)

Disengagement Plan was created to ensure sercurity & improve Palestinian life (1999)

Formed new party called Kidima, due to people rebelling against the Disengagement Plan(Nov. 21 2005)

Likud Party symbol

Kadima Party

Ariel Sharon

Disengagement Plan

Purpose