agama dan kepercaaan - religion as eufunctional, events that lead towards mourning

8/7/2019 agama dan kepercaaan - religion as eufunctional, events that lead towards mourning

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RELIGION AS EUFUNCTIONAL

Piacular Rites And The

Ambiguity Of The Notion

Of Sacredness

-Emile Durkheim-

Prepared by :

Abdul Hakim Ali bin Abdul Aziz

Wan Zhafirah binti Wan Zainudin

Najwa Elia binti Mohamad Fauzi


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Positive Rites

Common characteristics

perform in a state of confidence

joyfully anticipating the happy

event

enthusiasm


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Sad celebrations

To meet a calamity

To commemorate

To deplore

Have special aspects for example

the funeral rites


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PIACULAR

These ceremonies are called piacular.

Term piaculum suggests the idea of expiation

and also extended signification. Misfortune, evil omen, sentiments of sorrow

or fear necessitates a piaculum and therefore

called piacular.

Celebrated in a state of uneasiness or sadness.

Piaculum = misfortune


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Piacular rites

Mourning but with abstention like:

Forbidden to pronounce the name of the dead

Forbidden to remain near the place where thedeath occurred

Relatives especially female must abstain from

all communication with strangers


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Funeral rites Change according to tribes

Vary with the age, sex and social importance ofthe individual

Repeat the same them everywhere.

Father beats and cuts his head with tomahawk,utter bitter groans

Mother Burn her breasts and abdomen with asmall fire stick.

Shedding of blood


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Scene in a funeral rites

Loud, continuous wail

Rushing about, cutting themselves with knife andsharp pointed sticks.

Women battering one anothers head withfighting clubs.

Slashes their thighs

Cut their whiskers and hair, smear their scalp withpipe-clay

Kissing and holding to each other


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Reasons for the rites

Ritual attitudes that they are forced to adopt

out of respect for custom.

Sanctioned by mythical or social penaltiesthey believe if a relative does not mourn, the

soul of the dead man will follow upon his

steps and kills him.


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Warramunga Tribes


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Preparation and Final Ceremony around the Ground

Painting in Connection with the Wollunqua Totem


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WARRAMUNGA BURIAL IN WHITE ANT-HILL FOR

REINCARNATION


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Some Australian tribes eat their dead as a

sacred duty, to ensure reincarnationamong kinsmen. The tribes of the

Northern Territory have a shorter way of

burial. Having collected the bones from

the tree-grave, they knock off the top of a

white ants' mound, slide the remains

down the centre, and replace the top of

the hill. Only an arm-bone is kept


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THE MYSTIC ARM-BONE IS

PREPAREDF

OR TOTEM RITES


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Here opens the grand ceremony over thedetached arm-bone of the dead man. The

oldest tribesman carefully wraps it inpaper-bark and ties it with opossum furstring, decorating one end with feathers.He places it in the hollow trunk of a gum-tree, and all the burial party then hunt inthe scrub for a day. They have to get thefuneral meats for the totem ceremonies

http://ian.macky.net/secretmuseum/page_5.37.html


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Other events that leads

towards

the mourning rituals


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Treasures lost Aruna tribes

Treasures had been stolen by their

enemies

Men will smear their bodies with white

pipe-clay and remain in camp weeping

and lamenting for two weeks


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Body smearing


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Aruna tribes


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Insufficient harvest

Lake Eyre natives

Prolonged fastDances persisted in up to the

exhaustion of the dancersPhysically pain


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Lake Eyre


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Drought Kaitish tribe

Pull out an incisor from one man and hang it on a

tree

Dieri tribe

bloody incisions made in the skin of the chest and

arms

They will assemble and groan and cry

Beg the Mura-mura to give rain


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Kaitish tribe


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Excessive rainfall

Dieri tribes

Old men enter into a veritable

frenzy

While the crowd cries in a very

painful voice to be heard


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To multiply the animal species

Urubunna tribes Want to multiply the Wadnun gadnithat are used

as totem

One man will kneels down on the ground, holding

is arm straight out and the assistant will pinchesthe skin of his right arm and forces a pointed bonefive inches long.

Dieri tribes To make wild hens lay, they pierce their scrotums

Lake Eyre people To make yams reproduce, they will pierce their

ears


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Believes The Kurnai people

Believe in fire lighted in the heavens by the

great god Mungan-ngaua

Whenever they think they see it, they afraid

that it may spread to the earth

Thus, they shake hand and utter cries as

Send it away, do not let us burned

At the same time, the old men order an

exchanges of wives


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Curing maladies

Dieri peoples

Beat their head with clubs or

boomerang until the blood flows downover their faces

They believe that this will relieve the

child of the suffering


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Science of religious


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Pure powers

Impure powers


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Pure powers


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Religious forces

Beneficent

Guardians of the physical and moral order

Dispensers of life and health All the quality which men esteem

Eg: mythical ancestor, the animal-protector,

the civilizing heroes, tutelar gods of every kinddegree


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Holy things

Things or persons that relatesor have the

same charcters as the religious forces.

Eg: priest, objects that serve in the regularrites, ascetics


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Impure powers


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Evil

Productive of disorders

Causes of death and sickness

Instigators Sacrilege

Arise from corspe or menstrual blood


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Death and the Reintegration of theGroup.


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Primitive attitudes towards death.

Extremely complex emotions

Love for the dead and loathing for the corpse

This reflects in rituals at death


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This reflects in rituals at death

In the tending of the corpse

In the mdoes of its disposal

In the post-funerary and commemorativeceremonies

The mother mourning for her son

The widow for her husband. All show horror and fear with pious love.


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Mortuary proceeding

Body is washed, anointed and adorned

Arms and legs tied together.

Mourning begin: Grief and wailing in sorrow,bodily laceration and tearing of hair.


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Forms of disposal

Open or closed grave inhumation,in hollow

trees.

Burn Set adrift in canoes.

Mummification.


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agama dan kepercaaan - religion as eufunctional, events that lead towards mourning