Age of the Reformation VAge of the Reformation V

Knox, the Catholic Reformation, Knox, the Catholic Reformation, and the Thirty Years Warand the Thirty Years War

John KnoxJohn Knox• Was born between 1505-1515 in ScotlandWas born between 1505-1515 in Scotland

• Grew up with a standard Catholic Grew up with a standard Catholic education, though was considered liberaleducation, though was considered liberal

• Studied at the University of Glasgow or Studied at the University of Glasgow or St. AndrewsSt. Andrews

• Was familiar with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Was familiar with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew but was not an exceptional scholarbut was not an exceptional scholar

• Worked as a priest and tutor until 1545 Worked as a priest and tutor until 1545 when he broke with the Catholic churchwhen he broke with the Catholic church

John KnoxJohn Knox• 1544 Protestant preacher George Wishart 1544 Protestant preacher George Wishart

came to Scotland and befriended Knoxcame to Scotland and befriended Knox• Knox followed Wishart learning from him Knox followed Wishart learning from him

and acting as his bodyguardand acting as his bodyguard• 1546 Wishart was martyred by Cardinal 1546 Wishart was martyred by Cardinal

BeatonBeaton• Knox preached his first sermon viciously Knox preached his first sermon viciously

defying Catholicismdefying Catholicism• Returned to St. Andrews and taught until Returned to St. Andrews and taught until

1547 when it was conquered by the French 1547 when it was conquered by the French CatholicsCatholics

John KnoxJohn Knox• Knox was captured by the French and Knox was captured by the French and

forced to row in the slave galleys for 18 forced to row in the slave galleys for 18 monthsmonths

• He refused to return to Catholicism He refused to return to Catholicism

• 1549-1559 Knox traveled between England 1549-1559 Knox traveled between England and Europe spending much time in and Europe spending much time in Geneva learning from CalvinGeneva learning from Calvin

• 1559 Knox returned to Scotland and led 1559 Knox returned to Scotland and led the church into Reformthe church into Reform

John KnoxJohn Knox• Iconoclasm ensued, not technically Iconoclasm ensued, not technically

inspired by Knox, but not discouragedinspired by Knox, but not discouraged

• 1560 Knox and others establish the 1560 Knox and others establish the Scottish Confession of Faith creating Scottish Confession of Faith creating Scottish Presbyterianism Scottish Presbyterianism

• He led a prolonged struggle against the He led a prolonged struggle against the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots Catholic Mary Queen of Scots

• Wrote a History of the ReformationWrote a History of the Reformation

• Died Nov. 24, 1572 without regretDied Nov. 24, 1572 without regret

JesuitsJesuits• Founded in 1537 by Don Inigo Lopez de Founded in 1537 by Don Inigo Lopez de

Recalde aka Ignatius of LoyolaRecalde aka Ignatius of Loyola

• Ignatius had been a Spanish soldier until Ignatius had been a Spanish soldier until he was wounded in defending Pampeluna he was wounded in defending Pampeluna

• During his long recovery he had nothing to During his long recovery he had nothing to read but Christ’s and saint’s livesread but Christ’s and saint’s lives

• He converted and immediately went to a He converted and immediately went to a monastery taking the three-fold vowmonastery taking the three-fold vow

• He lived ascetically, formed and wrote He lived ascetically, formed and wrote down the down the Spiritual ExercisesSpiritual Exercises

JesuitsJesuits• Ignatius traveled to Jerusalem with a Ignatius traveled to Jerusalem with a

desire to convert the Muslims, but was desire to convert the Muslims, but was told not to so returned to Spaintold not to so returned to Spain

• Began religious studies over the next Began religious studies over the next several years as well as beginning to several years as well as beginning to preachpreach

• He and followers were suspected, He and followers were suspected, investigated, and imprisoned by the investigated, and imprisoned by the Inquisition Inquisition

• Was told not to preach without 4 more Was told not to preach without 4 more years of studyyears of study

JesuitsJesuits• 1540 the “Society of Jesus” applied and 1540 the “Society of Jesus” applied and

received status as an order of the churchreceived status as an order of the church

• The Jesuits were not organized for The Jesuits were not organized for monastic life, rather for social interactionmonastic life, rather for social interaction

• Deemphasized individual monastic growth Deemphasized individual monastic growth rather endorsed preaching, changing rather endorsed preaching, changing society, hearing confessions and missionssociety, hearing confessions and missions

• Placed great emphasis on educationPlaced great emphasis on education

• A VERY hierarchical order, obedience is A VERY hierarchical order, obedience is everythingeverything

Jesuit HierarchyJesuit Hierarchy

GeneralGeneral

Assistants, Admonisher,Assistants, Admonisher,ConfessorConfessor

General AssemblyGeneral Assembly

ProvincialsProvincials

Rectors of CollegesRectors of CollegesSuperiors of houses of ProfessedSuperiors of houses of Professed

JesuitsJesuits• Jesuits also have a strict hierarchy of Jesuits also have a strict hierarchy of

initiation, 2 years as a novice => initiation, 2 years as a novice => Scholastic => Spiritual Coadjutor => Scholastic => Spiritual Coadjutor => Professed => Professed Fathers => Professed => Professed Fathers => Leadership of the OrderLeadership of the Order

• Jesuits attracted many recruits and were Jesuits attracted many recruits and were very popular by Loyola’s death in 1556very popular by Loyola’s death in 1556

• Attracted nobles because of educationAttracted nobles because of education

• Performed many missionary journeys, Performed many missionary journeys, notably Francis Xaviernotably Francis Xavier

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent• Initiated by Pope Paul III met in 25 Initiated by Pope Paul III met in 25

sessions, under 3 different popes, from sessions, under 3 different popes, from 1545-15631545-1563

• Was called largely as a result of Was called largely as a result of Protestantism requiring Catholicism to Protestantism requiring Catholicism to more strictly define itselfmore strictly define itself

• Emperor Charles V proposed many Emperor Charles V proposed many compromises in hopes of joining compromises in hopes of joining Protestant and CatholicProtestant and Catholic

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent• Trent affirmed and solidified Catholic Trent affirmed and solidified Catholic

doctrine providing a more stable faithdoctrine providing a more stable faith• It also cleared out many of the abuses It also cleared out many of the abuses

previously complained aboutpreviously complained about• They confirmed cup only communion, the They confirmed cup only communion, the

Apocrypha, necessity of baptism, Apocrypha, necessity of baptism, Inspiration of Vulgate, and the mediatory Inspiration of Vulgate, and the mediatory capacity of the churchcapacity of the church

• They curbed the abuse of Indulgences, They curbed the abuse of Indulgences, Image worship, absenteeism, and put age Image worship, absenteeism, and put age limits on clerical officeslimits on clerical offices

Thirty Years War 1618-1648Thirty Years War 1618-1648• The Peace of Augsburg 1555 had set rules The Peace of Augsburg 1555 had set rules

for German religious governance, but for German religious governance, but wasn’t enoughwasn’t enough

• France, Spain, Sweden and Denmark were France, Spain, Sweden and Denmark were all interested in German territoryall interested in German territory

• Reform was mixing with Lutheranism Reform was mixing with Lutheranism creating a mixed Protestantismcreating a mixed Protestantism

• 11stst spark in Donauw spark in Donauwöörth where protestants rth where protestants attacked a Catholic processionattacked a Catholic procession

• A Catholic Duke intervened and crushed A Catholic Duke intervened and crushed the Protestantsthe Protestants

Thirty Years War 1618-1648Thirty Years War 1618-1648• 1618 Duke of Bohemia appointed a 1618 Duke of Bohemia appointed a

Catholic heir, but the Calvinists rejected Catholic heir, but the Calvinists rejected himhim

• 1619 Duke dies resulting in full scale 1619 Duke dies resulting in full scale rebellion soon followed by much of rebellion soon followed by much of Austria and GermanyAustria and Germany

• The Catholics created the Catholic League The Catholics created the Catholic League and allied with Spainand allied with Spain

• The Protestants formed the Protestant The Protestants formed the Protestant Union with many factious alliesUnion with many factious allies

Thirty Years War 1618-1648Thirty Years War 1618-1648• 1623 Bohemia was pacified and 1623 Bohemia was pacified and

CatholicisedCatholicised

• Danish Period 1625-1629Danish Period 1625-1629

• Denmark invaded fearing threat to its Denmark invaded fearing threat to its protestant rule and was soundly defeatedprotestant rule and was soundly defeated

• The king converted to catholicism in order The king converted to catholicism in order to save his territory to save his territory

• The Catholics confiscated much property The Catholics confiscated much property using the rules of Augsburgusing the rules of Augsburg

Thirty Years War 1618-1648Thirty Years War 1618-1648• Swedish InterventionSwedish Intervention 1630-16361630-1636

• The Swedes invade to protect their The Swedes invade to protect their ProtestantismProtestantism

• They are semi-successful and make a They are semi-successful and make a treaty that favors the Hapsburgstreaty that favors the Hapsburgs

• Swedish/French Intervention 1636-1648Swedish/French Intervention 1636-1648

• France allied with Denmark and Sweden to France allied with Denmark and Sweden to fight for the Protestantsfight for the Protestants

• Spain unsuccessfuly invaded FranceSpain unsuccessfuly invaded France

Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia• The alliance fought well and confined the The alliance fought well and confined the

Hapsburgs to Austria resulting in PeaceHapsburgs to Austria resulting in Peace

• Treaty of Westphalia was signed Oct. 27, Treaty of Westphalia was signed Oct. 27, 1648 cementing many physical boundries 1648 cementing many physical boundries between Protestant and Catholic nationsbetween Protestant and Catholic nations

• Symbol of the end of the world wide reign Symbol of the end of the world wide reign of Roman Catholicismof Roman Catholicism

• Gave general religious freedom except in Gave general religious freedom except in Hapsburg territoriesHapsburg territories