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Review
• What is the role of material evidence in conclusions about the spread of ideas?
• What does evidence show about the spread of Buddhism and Christianity?
Objectives
• Describe the Arabian peninsula before Muhammad.
• Describe the importance of Mecca.• Describe Muhammad’s role in the founding of
Islam.• Describe the beliefs of Islam.• Evaluate how civil war within the umma
resulted in the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate.
Essential Questions
• What was the Arabian peninsula like before Muhammad?
• What is the significance of Mecca?• What was Muhammad’s role in the founding of
Islam?• What are the beliefs of Islam?• How did civil war within the umma resulted in
the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate?
Target: Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad
• Geography– More farmers than pastoral nomads• Spring monsoon
– Fishing and trading communities – southern coast– “Empty Quarter”
• Caravan trade– Nomads – camels, guides, and safe passage to
merchants– Camel saddles.– Arabs learned Sasanid and Byzantine cultures.– Mecca achieved prosperity.
Target: Muhammad in Mecca
• Major beliefs of Islam (will of god)– Muhammad (b. 570) – prophet of Islam– Monotheistic– Judgment at the end of time
– 5 Pillars of Faith• 1. Shahada - profession of faith
– made people Muslim, one who makes “submission”
• 2. Salat – prayer five times a day• 3. Zakat – charity to the poor (almsgiving)• 4. Sawm – fasting during the month of Ramadan• 5. Hajj– pilgrimage to Mecca
Target: Formation of the Umma
• Mecca’s leaders feared challenge to their power and prosperity– Hijra (622) – Muhammad and followers fled to
Medina.– Umma– community defined by acceptance of
Islam and of Muhammad as the “Messenger of God”
• New revelations – framework for regulating social and legal affairs, stirred Muslims to fight against Mecca.– Surrendered in 630.
• Muhammad stayed in Medina– Visiting Arabian delegations spread Islam.– Mission to spread God’s message = unchallenged
control of expanding state.
• Abu Bakr chosen as Muhammad’s successor (632).– Khalifa (“successor”). English – caliph.– Reestablished and expanded Muslim authority
throughout Arabia.– Muhammad’s revelations collected in book =
Quran.
• Umma disagreed over succession to the caliphate.– Ali, cousin of Muhammad, caliph in 656 after the
death of Uthman– Mu’awiya became caliph, then son Yazid.• Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate.
– Husayn, brother of Ali’s, revolted in 680. Family killed.
• Shi’ism– God’s choice as Imam, leader of the Muslim
community, has always been one of Ali’s descendants.
– Caliphal office is more secular than religious.
• Sunnis – community should select leadership– Consider the caliphs to be Imams.
• Kharijites – from Ali’s followers who hated his acceptance of arbitration.
Essential Questions
• What was the Arabian peninsula like before Muhammad?
• What is the significance of Mecca?• What was Muhammad’s role in the founding of
Islam?• What are the beliefs of Islam?• How did civil war within the umma resulted in
the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate?
Review
• What was the Arabian peninsula like before Muhammad?
• What is the significance of Mecca?• What was Muhammad’s role in the founding of
Islam?• What are the beliefs of Islam?• How did civil war within the umma resulted in
the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate?
Objectives
• Describe Arab conquests by 711.• Identify Umayyad accomplishments and
reasons for the fall of the caliphate.• Describe Abbasid accomplishments.• Evaluate the significance of the period of
political fragmentation from 850-1050.• Describe the situation of the caliphates from
1050-1258.
Essential Questions
• How had Arab conquests proceeded by 711?• What accomplishments were made by the
Umayyad? Why did the caliphate fall?• What accomplishments were made by the
Abbasid?• What occurred during the period of political
fragmentation from 850-1050?• What occurred from 1050-1258?
Target: Rise and Fall of the Caliphate
• Islamic Conquests (634-711)– Umar (r. 634-644) began Arab conquests outside
Arabia– Syria, Egypt, Sasanids, Tunisia, Spain, and Sind.– 11th century – India and Anatolia invaded. • Sub-Saharan Africa – trade and conversion.
– Arabs prohibited from assuming ownership of conquered territory
– No evidence of coherent missionary efforts to spread Islam during conquests.
• Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates (661-850)– Umayyads ruled from Damascus– Only gradually placed Muslims in office and
introduced Arabic in government– Muslim silver and gold coins in 8th century– Fell in 750• Resentment of Arab domination, Syrian domination of
caliphal affairs, secular behavior of caliphs• Shi’ites and Kharijites launched rebellions
• Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)– Religious law, scholars interpreted Quran,
compiled Arabic grammar– Cosmopolitan ruling elite– Somewhat of a golden age– Gradual conversion to Islam accelerated in the 9th
century.
• Political fragmentation (850-1050)– Abbasid empire too large.– Revolts against Muslim rule.• Mid-ninth century –Islamic community seized territory
and formed principalities– Cut flow of taxes to Baghdad, increasing local prosperity.
• Shi’ite Buyid family conquered western Iran and Iraq, commanders ruled own principalities– Buyid princes controlled Abbasid caliph– Hidden Imam – Dynamic growth in outlying provinces
• Sijilmasa and Tahert on northern fringe of Sahara– First gold/salt trade across Sahara• Ghana earliest known beneficiary
• Fatimid dynasty (Shi’ite) in Tunisia (909)– Governed from Cairo, economic power in the
Mediterranean
• Umayyad Spain – distinctive Islamic cultural blending (Roman, Germanic, Jewish, Arab, and Berber traditions)– Rapid conversion– Al-Andalus – Muslim territories in Iberia
• Assault from Within and Without (1050-1258)– 1030s – Seljuk family established Turkish Muslim
state based on nomadic power• Took title sultan• Cities shrank, irrigation suffered, tax revenues fell.• Economic decline by early 12th century
– Crusades had little lasting impact on Islamic lands– Mamluk period – succession of slave-soldier
sultans ruled Egypt and Syria until 1517– Mongol invasions shocked the Muslim world
Essential Questions
• How had Arab conquests proceeded by 711?• What accomplishments were made by the
Umayyad? Why did the caliphate fall?• What accomplishments were made by the
Abbasid?• What occurred during the period of political
fragmentation from 850-1050?• What occurred from 1050-1258?
Objectives
• Evaluate the significance of the Shari’a.• Describe how urbanization and conversion
prompted accomplishments.• Evaluate the role of women and slaves in
Islamic society.• Describe how migrations of Iranian scholars
centered Islam on the madrasa and contributed to the rise of Sufism.
Essential Questions
• What is the significance of the Shari’a?• How did urbanization and conversion prompt
accomplishments?• What was the role of women in Islamic
society? Slaves?• How did the migrations of Iranian scholars
center Islam on the madrasa and how did they contribute to the rise of Sufism?
Target: Islamic Civilization
• Law and Dogma– Hadith – words and deeds of Muhammad.• Dealt with ritual matters and legal questions.• Problem – some genuine, some invented.• Evolved into the Shari’a.
• Converts and Cities– Few could speak Arabic and read the Quran.• Spent time with Muslims, moved to Arab governing
centers.
– Arab dress and customs spread– Local variations of practice– Expanding consumer market– Advances in medicine, astronomy, algebra
• Women and slaves– Women • Secluded, covered when outside home.• Slaves – musicians and dancers.• Many inherited some money or real estate.• Could not initiate divorce.• Could testify in court and go on pilgrimage.• Men feared infidelity and involvement in politics.
• Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians (People of the Book) could not be enslaved– Exception – prisoner of war.– Steady supply from Africa and Central Asia.– Usually converted to Islam, many were freed.– Offspring born free.
• The Recentering of Islam– Competing interpretations in local communities.– Centrality of the caliphate diminished.– Immigrant scholars.• Madrasa – type of religious college.
– Sufi brotherhoods, mystic groups, appeared in 12th and 13th centuries.
– End of Abbasid Caliphate enhanced the religious centrality of Mecca.
Essential Questions
• What is the significance of the Shari’a?• How did urbanization and conversion prompt
accomplishments?• What was the role of women in Islamic
society? Slaves?• How did the migrations of Iranian scholars
center Islam on the madrasa and how did they contribute to the rise of Sufism?