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Introduction:
Man has always strived to know himself and his environment.
Subjects such as psychology and
other basic and applied sciences have been instrumental in this
task. Psychology, especially has
helped in the study of human behavior in relatio0n to the
environment resulting in a better
adjustment and adequate development of the individual for happy
and contended life.(Miller 2006).
Psychology is a specialized field dealing with personality
disturbance and behavior disorders.
Personality is an individual is an individuals habitual way of
thinking, feeling, perceiving and
reacting to the world. Some psychologists that personality is
stable and immutable, others view as a
more fluid concept. Emotions, behavior etc are also concerned
with personality and character and
understanding the basic forces within all human beings.
There are three fundamental or basic emotions: love, fear, and
anger. These are present even at
birth. However some emotions such as hatred, jealousy etc
develop later. Emotions of anger may
last for only a few seconds or minutes. Darwin(2002) defined
anger as a harmful and damaging
attack upon other people. When anger gets out of control,
however, it becomes destructive then
this condition leads to aggression. According to Deeming(2004),
aggressive behavior to simply the
personality disorder. Aggression is only one of many possible
instruments responses to frustration
that is because it often leads to reinforcement. Moreover, while
our present interest is in aggression
that is stimulated by frustration, it is important to note that
aggression can also occur with
frustration antecedent.
Aggression is an overt behavior intended to inflict damage on
another individual. Human
aggression is relatively rare - when was the last time you
inflicted damage on someone, or were the
victim of a physical assault? But it is very likely that you
have been at the receiving end of a
person's dominance behavior. Humans use threats and violence to
dominate, but we also resort to
cheating, deceit or negotiation to obtain status and valued
resources. In fact a lot of our behaviorinvolves strategies for
existing with each other without causing or risking actual physical
damage.
In psychology, as well as other social and behavioral sciences,
aggression refers to behavior
between members of the same species that is intended to cause
pain or harm. Predatory or
defensive behavior between members of different species is not
normally considered "aggression."
Aggression takes a variety of forms among humans and can be
physical, mental, or verbal.
Aggression should not be confused with assertiveness, although
the terms are often used
interchangeably among laypeople, e.g. an aggressive
salesperson.*(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertiveness
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Categories of aggression:
According to Behar, et al (1990),Berkowitz, L. (1993), Bushman,
B.J.; Anderson, C.A. (2001).
McElliskem, (2004).There are two broad categories of aggression.
These include hostile, affective,or retaliatory aggression and
instrumental, predatory, or goal-oriented aggression. Empirical
research indicates that there is a critical difference between
the two, both psychologically and
physiologically. Some research indicates that people with
tendencies toward "affective" aggression,
defined in this study as being "impulsive, unplanned, overt, or
uncontrolled" have lower IQs than
those with tendencies toward "predatory" aggression, defined
here as being "goal-oriented, planned,
hidden, or controlled".In moral theories, such as argumentation
ethics and the non-aggression
principle, physical aggression is distinguished from violence.
Aggression is considered the
initiation of violence. Often, retaliatory violence and
defensive violence is not considered
aggression, because it is a responsive action.
Types and sources of aggression:
According to Bano & Woolfolk(2004) there are ten main types
of aggression such as Displayed
aggression, Scapegoating, Self aggression, Free floating
aggression, Fear motivated aggression,
Redirected aggression, Intrumental aggression, Hostile
aggression, Overt aggression and relational
aggression, how ever according to Coker (2002), Maslow(2000),
Block(2004), Dum(2003),
Woolfolk (2004) the sources of aggression are Unfulfilled human
needsand desires, Neorosis,
Despiration, Greed, Collectivevism, Attack, Frustarion and
compettion. Brain (1981), divided
aggression into: predatory attack , self-defensive behaviours ,
parental-defensive behaviours, social
conflict .
What triggers aggressive behavior in children?
Physical fear of others, Family difficulties, Learning,
neurological, or conduct/behavior
disorders, Psychological trauma*(Taylor CA, Manganello JA, Lee
SJ, Rice JC (May 2010).
"Mothers' spanking of 3-year-old children and subsequent risk of
children's aggressive behavior".
Pediatrics125 (5): e105765.)
Theories of aggression;
Thomas (2005) gave many theories about the causes of aggression.
The first and most
omportant is Frustration-aggression theory, proposing thart
agggression is a response to the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_trauma
