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Agrobiodiversity Agrobiodiversity, Market Developmentp
and Poverty Reduction
Alessandra GiulianiPhD Thesis
PhD Supervisor: Prof. Dr. H. HurniCDE, Institute of Geography
Bern, 17 December 2009
Outline of the presentation
• Introduction
• Concepts and methods
• Results
• Discussion
The role of agrobiodiversity (ABD) i i i li lih d
Intro
in improving livelihoods
• ABD is important to poor people
• ABD is declining
• Focus on
Neglected andNeglected and Underutilised
Species (NUS)Species (NUS)
The role of markets (for NUS) f ll i i
Intro
for poverty alleviation
• R&D on market access
• Market chain analysis
• Market development for NUS
Challenges Opportunities
Motivation for the studyIntro
• Approach to address market lacking for NUSppof ABD to INCOME
ABD MAINTENANCE
g
• Knowledge gaps on NUSNUS close to the
poor
• Multidisciplinary approach tradition, culture, environmentenvironment
Research goal Intro
Better understanding of market development of ABD products (NUS) anddevelopment of ABD products (NUS) and
interventions to exploit their potential
In-situ conservation f ABD
Support rural li lih d of ABDlivelihoods
Research objectives Intro
R h ti
• What are the livelihoods assets of people involved in Importance of
NUS to localResearch questionsp p
the production of target NUS?
NUS to local livelihoods
• How are the market chains f t t NUS i d?
Market chain of NUS d d of target NUS organised?
Who are the actors involved?
NUS products and actors involved
• What is the economic value• What is the economic value of NUS? What are their market constraints in
Conceptualisation of market value of
NUS general?NUS
Research case studies Intro
Research sites and traditional geographical distribution of the species studied
Emmer Fig CaperJujube Mallow PurslaneLaurelSpecies:
Outline
• Introduction
• Concepts and methods
• Results
• Discussion
NUS studied in Syria C&M
Fi J j bFig Jujube
(SicilyC
MallowPurslane
(Sicily, Italy)Caper
MallowPurslane
Laurel
Study sites in Syria C&M
Study site in Turkey, on emmer C&M
Research framework C&M
MARGINAL AREAS
Specificities of the
MARGINAL AREAS
Natural
M k
p(natural) environment
age
ABDNUS
Market chain actors
TK
-cu
lt h
erit
a
Financial Human
In-situImproveli lih d M k t
Physical
Bio
-
Social
livelihoodsSust. use
Market re-org
INSTITUTIONAL ENV.
Market (chain) development
Trade-offsImpact Activities/interventions
Research approaches C&M
2. SLF (livelihood asset survey )
1. Value chain approach (market chain analysis)
NaturalProducers
Financial HumanProcessors
TradersPhysical Social
Traders
Consumers
3. Market Map (constraints /opportunities, enabling environment)
4. PMCA (involvement of chain actors)
Research tools C&M
Focus Group DiscussionsKey Informant interviews
Household interviews with structured questionnaires
Market chain actors,
Key Informant interviewsMulti-stakeholder workshop
Market chain actors
structured questionnaires using purpose sampling
,researchers, govn’t officers
Livelihood assets, income/labour share
Species uses, market chain functions, actors’ roles
Outline
• Introduction
• Concepts and methods
1 Th i t f NUS t li lih d
• Results1. The importance of NUS to livelihoods
2. Market chain of NUS and actors
• Discussion3. Conceptualising the value of NUS
Some livelihood assets per actors i l d i NUS S i di
R 1
involved in NUS, Syrian case studies80 Illiteracy rate Market actors:
40
60
e acy a eCOLLECTORS
GROWERS
0
20
0
PROCESSORS
TRADERS
100 Average ratio to total of workers
0PC TG
60
80
g
20
40 Ratio family/tot
Ratio Women/tot
0
20Ratio Child/tot
PC TG
Destination of product per market S i di
R 1
actor, Syrian case studies
% Household consumption versus sale Market actors:p
80100
COLLECTORS
GROWERS
20406080
PROCESSORS
TRADERS
0% HH consumption
S
PC TG
% Sale
Income and labour share, Syrian case di
R 1
studies
Market actors:
25 22%23%
COLLECTORS
GROWERS
1520
25
10%
22%23%20% 18%
18%11 3%
13.4%PROCESSORS
TRADERS
510
% income share
% labour share
10%11.3%
0% labour share
PC TG
Laurel soap market chain in Syria R 2
SYRIAN COLLECTORS/OIL PROCESSORS
TURKISH OIL PROCESSORS
TRADERSIMPORT TRADERS
HERBALIST/ RETAILERSTRADERS
SOAP MAKERS
LOCAL CONSUMERS
Final price2 6 $/ K
IMPORTERS, DISTRIBUTORS
FOREIGN HERBALIST
2-6 $/ Kg
FOREIGN CONSUMERS Final price
20-24 $ / Kg
Laurel soap market in Syria R 2
Caper market chain in Syria R 2
COLLECTORS from the wild1USD= 50 SYP
CHIEF COLLECTOR
30 SYP/kg
MANAGER55 SYP/kg
35 SYP/kg
TURKISH TRADERS
LOCAL TRADERS
90 SYP/kg
g
TURKISH FACTORY
300 SYP/kg
FINAL CONSUMERS IN EUFINAL PRICE up to 30 $/Kg
Caper market in Syria R 2
Multi-stakeholders workshop: Caper market in Syria
R 2
Caper market in Syria
• Participatory approach to develop a market • Focus on poor region• Focus on poor region• Collaboration with a developing agency• Collaboration and trust among actors• Validation of the research results
Emmer bulgur market chain in T k
R 2
TurkeyFarmers-traders 1USD= 1 5 YTLa e s ade s
10% of product
Hulled grains0.4 YTL/Kg
1USD= 1.5 YTL
Millers
p
2 YTL/Kg
1.5 YTL/Kg1.5 YTL/Kg
2 YTL/Kg
Retailers
2 YTL/Kg 2 YTL/Kg
Consumers
Enabling environment: examples from Italy on caper and emmer
R 2
from Italy on caper and emmer• Selection of cultivar throughSelection of cultivar through generations
• Farmers’ cooperatives• Farmers cooperatives• Traditional know-how and modern technologiesmodern technologies
• Promotion and marketing istrategies
• National and EU certification (GIs)
Conceptualising the market value of NUS
R 3
NUS
Identify the species’
Define appropriate Increase the
li lih dspecies current and
potential
appropriate policy/ market
livelihoods of primary producersvalue response producers
Concept: Economic value of NUSprivate
R 3
Private / Public value
private
Private / Public valuepublic
Temporal value
No more valued today Currently rising Always been undervaluedUnderdevelopedNew or nicheOld or traditional
Concept: NUS Market constraints R 3
Missing markets Market imperfections
No access to the market - quantity produced < capacity- price < full valueprice < full value- rent not fairly distributed
- high transaction costs - lack of credits
- freshness constraints - weak demand
- lack of economic incentives
- inefficient supply (processing, quality cultivar, market chain organization)market chain organization)
Addressing market constraints with 3 diti
R 3
3 necessary conditionsExpansion of the demandExpansion of the demand
i.e. PromotionProduct differentiation
Increase the efficiency in ythe market chain
i.e. Information sharing
C l f h l
gVertical/horizontal integration
Control of the supply
i.e. Specification of quality attributes
Concept: ABD maintenance versusi i
R 3
income improvement
A F0
arm
A
ty o
n fa
AiiEmmer Italy
F2
dive
rsit y
grob
iod
F1Ai
I Household income
Ag
Ii
Kokum India Emmer Turkey
I Household incomeI
Outline
• Introduction
• Concepts and methods
• Results
• Discussion
Conclusions Dis
• Adaptability to harsh environments
• Accessibility to the poor
• Strategic role of market of NUS on• Strategic role of market of NUS on livelihoods (10-20% income)
• Limited research on NUS
Conclusions (cont.) Dis
• Development of markets involves family members
• Market is mainly based on the link between local natural resources and traditional knowledgeg
• Many constraints hamper the development of market potentialmarket potential
Recommendations Dis
• Consumer demand: research and awareness
• Production/collection: capacityProduction/collection: capacity building/knowledge sharing
• Processing/value adding: technology
• Reorganisation of market: improve market• Reorganisation of market: improve market functioning
Public-private interventionPublic private intervention
Research implications Dis
• Multidisciplinary approachy
• Discuss the findings with the stakeholders
• Market chain - livelihoods analysis
• Collaboration with local researchers• Collaboration with local researchers
• Effort to convert results into developmentp
My personal experience Dis
• Life trainingg
• Collaboration and exchange experience
• Frustration: development results?
Research and work skills• Research and work skills
• Interest and passion in ABD and TKInterest and passion in ABD and TK
Thank youy