Artificial Intelligence

Artificial IntelligenceWhat is intelligence? What do you think makes a person intelligent? Some ideas: being able to do lotsof math in your headbeing able to memorizelots of names and datesgrandiloquence (a fancyword for using fancy words)having a photographicmemoryknowing how to say wordsin different languagesknowing everythingin the encyclopediaCan you think of any others?Getting As in all your classes?

2Intelligence is complicatedThese things make you smart, but not necessarily intelligentIntelligence is more than just book smartsA computer can solve massive equations in less than a second but it still isnt intelligent like you areHumans have many different types of intelligence; computers only really have one.Intelligence: logic, understanding, self-awareness, communication, learning3Gardeners Theory of Multiple IntelligencesBodily-kinesthetic InterpersonalVerbal-linguisticLogical-mathematical Naturalistic (*)IntrapersonalSpatialMusical

http://www.literacyworks.org/mi/assessment/index.htmlHoward Gardner believed that IQ tests should not have one aspect of intelligence, rather an overall view with multiple categories.4Computers and IntelligenceHow well do you think a computer would do in your math class?What about your English class?How did you learn to be good at these things?Practice, practice, practiceCan a computer think?The question of whether Machines Can Think... is about as relevant as the question of whether Submarines Can Swim.Edsger W. Dijkstra

Is thinking the same thing as learning?Lets find out

More on thinking"Can machines fly?" This is true, since airplanes fly."Can machines swim?" This is false, because submarines don't swim."Can machines think?" Is this question like the first, or like the second?Drew McDermott: "Saying Deep Blue doesn't really think about chess is like saying an airplane doesn't really fly because it doesn't flap its wings.John Searle: A thinking machine can only be a simulationDeep Blue is a chess-playing robotSearle: Chinese Room7How do we know if something is intelligent? We know how to judge intelligence in humans, so how can we test for intelligence in machines? We compare them to humans! Alan Turing thought up a test to see if a machine is as intelligent as a human. It goes like this:

The Turing Test

Turing Test Put a person at a computer. Hook this computer up to 2 other computers in a chat program:One has a person on the other end, the other has a computerIf the 1st person cant tell which is the machine and which is human, its true Artificial Intelligence

HoweverNot one single computer has ever passed the Turing test!Heres an example of one trying, and failing miserably

So much for intelligenceA chat with CleverbotHi, how are you?Im fine.What are you going to do with your day?What are you going to do with yours?I'm learning about artificial intelligence.I have none.You have no intelligence?You have no chocolate.I didnt say anything about chocolate.Did you know the ocean is orange?Im pretty sure its blue.What is me?

More unintelligent robotshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnzlbyTZsQYSiri?Autocorrect?What next?So weve established that so far, no computer has ever managed to pass as a humanWhy do you think this is?What do you think its learning algorithms look like?How did you learn to speak when you were a kid, or learn what were the right and wrong things to say in a certain situation? ObservationComputers will need code to store information and use it to respond in future situations: this is hard!14Uncanny ValleyDo we need or want robots that are human-like?

Human likeness vs. familiarityThe valley refers to the dip in the graph of comfort levels as subjects move towards natural human likeness.

As the appearance of a robot is made more human, a human observers reactions will be more positive and empathic, until the point where the robot is too human-like and the human observer is disgusted.

Dotted line is movement, so moving robots amplifies the emotional response of human observers.15Social RobotsKismet, Leo, and social robots:http://www.ted.com/talks/cynthia_breazeal_the_rise_of_personal_robots.html

Kismet: made by Cynthia Breazeal at MIT to simulate emotion through facial expressions, sounds, and movement.video was showing in the MIT Museum.

Leo: also made by Cynthia at MIT to mimic human expression and interact with and track objects. Learns by mimicry, just like human infants.

16DiscussionThe moving camera robot seems to be like having a hologram, but physical. What do you think of this over taking a plane to go visit family overseas?Is it creepy or cool to have a robo-friend? Do you think these will replace real friends? Strong vs. weak AIStrong AI means intelligence in the way we humans think of it: being able to act and think like usWeak AI, also applied or narrow AI, is made to respond to specific situations intelligently, though not necessarily with human intelligenceWeak: just like the cleverbot conversation in the videothe robots could respond with sentences, but they werent necessarily connected to anything/intelligent.

Strong: no real examples: why no computer has passed the turing test.18Is strong AI possible?Computers fail the Turing Test because it tests for general intelligent action or strong AIStrong AI encompasses everything a human can do, which is a lot.Some robots, however, can be programmed to learn, so even if they cant do something now, they can write their own programs for themselves.Some philosophers dont even think strong AI is possible. You can react to something without understanding it, so how can we expect robots to react and understand things for future use (to learn from)19

Computer is alive, but once it is unplugged from the wall, it is useless.20Synthetic IntelligenceAnother term for AI that emphasizes the idea that computer intelligence doesnt need to imitate human intelligenceWeve come up with many weak AI and calculating programs that are much more efficient than humansCalculatorsSuch as programs you learned to write in Python for converting temperatures and the Pythagorean theorem.

Applications of AISpeech recognitionHandwriting recognitionNatural language translation (harder than it seems; thats why you should never use FreeTranslation.com to do your Spanish homework)Video game virtual opponentsDiagnostics (WebMD, anyone?)

WebMD note: is not necessarily good because it can tell you horrible diagnoses, when you really just have a cold.

Speech recognition: problem if you use this as identifier (security purposes): you might be sick and your voice changes.22Philosophy of AIYouve all seen sci-fi movies with evil robots or machines that can thinkIs it even possible to program something to think for itself?

The Future of AIWe may only have weak AI now, but people are still doing research to make strong AI in the futurePerfecting learning algorithms Theres research in using neural networks to build better AIPredictive modeling, adaptive control (like neurons in the brain)24What are people doing right now?Robots that fly, cooperate, and map rooms:http://www.ted.com/talks/vijay_kumar_robots_that_fly_and_cooperate.htmlVijay Kumar and his team build flying, small, agile robots that swarm, sense each other, and form specialized teams -- for construction, surveying disasters and far more.

Play video only if there is enough time.25Games!Intelligent Piece of Paper Game20 Questionshttp://www.20q.net/Akinator (20 Questions for people/characters)http://en.akinator.com/