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Aim: How can we Differentiate between Living and Non-living?
Do Now: Sewer Lice
• What were your thoughts about the sewer lice?
• Think of one question about the sewer lice.
Characteristics of Life
• All living things:
– Are made up of one or more cells
–Undergo metabolic processes
–Maintain homeostasis
–Perform the eight life functions
Metabolism
• ALL chemical reactions that occur in an organism to make and use energy.• Respiration, Regulation, Reproduction, Growth,
Excretion, Nutrition, Transport, Synthesis • 3R-GENTS
mitochondria
Homeostasis
•Maintaining a constant internal condition, regardless of the external environment.
•Example: Shivering, Sweating
Cellular Respiration
• Produces Energy ATP–Occurs in the mitochondria
a. Aerobic: needs oxygen
b. Anaerobic: does NOT need oxygen
R espiration
R
R
G
E
N
T
Smitochondria
Regulation• Control and coordination of
life processes
• Allows the body to maintain homeostasis
R espiration
R egulation
R
G
E
N
T
S
Reproduction
• Production of offspring
a. Asexual – 1 parent
b. Sexual – 2 parents
• NOT required for the survival of the individual
R espiration
R egulation
R eproduction
G
E
N
T
S
Growth and Repair
▪ To increase in size
▪ Change over an individual’s life time
◆ Gets bigger
◆ Matures
R espiration
R egulation
R eproduction
G rowth
E
N
T
S
Excretion
• Removal of metabolic waste
–CO2, water, urea, urine, sweat
R espiration
R egulation
R eproduction
G rowth
E xcretion
N
T
S
Nutrition
• All organisms get nutrients through food
– Autotrophic: Make their own food through photosynthesis
– Heterotrophic: Get nutrients from the environment
R espiration
R egulation
R eproduction
G rowth
E xcretion
Nutrition
T
S
Transport
• Organisms circulate and absorb materials through the cells
R espiration
R egulation
R eproduction
G rowth
E xcretion
N utrition
T ransport
S
Synthesis
• To build (make) from small to large
R espiration
R egulation
R eproduction
G rowth
E xcretion
N utrition
T ransport
S ynthesis
Your mission is to create your own alien and explain how it accomplishes ALL 8 of
the life functions
Alien from Mars - Twinkie
HeterotrophicNutrition
Kills rats with ears andfeeds using claws
SynthesisIt makes a poison which
kills its enemies
ReproductionIn order to reproduceit inserts antenna into
Female’s stinger
ExcretionRemoves waste from
cells that come outthrough stinger & eyes
Cell RespirationIt inhales nitrogen gas
through nostrils and it is transported to cells to
make ATP
RegulationIt maintains a constant
body temperature by sweating Gatorade
GrowthIncreases in size by eating
40 lbs of slime a day
Transport – Materials move around the body by tiny microorganisms
Aim: How was the Cell Theory Developed?
Do Now:
The Wacky History of Cell Theory
Directions: As you watch the video, answer the following questions.1. List the three parts of the cell theory.2. Briefly summarize the findings of each of
the scientists in the chart.• Anton Van Leeuwehoek• Robert Hooke• Matthias Schleiden• Theodore Schwann• Rudolph Virchow
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
3. New cells come from pre-existing cells
Exceptions to the Cell Theory
1. Viruses are NOT living
2. Where did the first cell come from?
3. Mitochondria & chloroplast have their own genetic material & can reproduce on their own (yet they are organelles NOT cells)
“History of the Cell”: Where Did it Begin?..\Unit 2 Life Functions and the Cell Wkst\04_Cell History Timeline Activity.pdf
Aim: How do cellular organelles perform the life functions?
Do Now: Life Functions Quiz
HW #3.2 – Plant Vs. Animal Cell
Levels of Tissue Organization
• Organelle – specialized structures that perform the 8 life functions in the cell
• Cell - unit of structure and function for all life
• Tissue - composed of groups of similar cells
• Organs - composed of groups of tissues functioning together
• Organ systems - composed of groups of organs functioning together
• Organism – composed of organ systems working together
Levels of Organization
Organelle
Tissue Organ
Organism
Organ
System
Cell
Quick Check
1. Which sequence represents the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?
(1) organism → cell → tissue → organelle → organ system → organ
(2) organ system → organ → organism → cell → tissue → organelle
(3) organelle → organ system → cell → organism → tissue → organ
(4) organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
Types of Cells
Ex. animal cells
Prokaryote- no organelles
Eukaryotes- organelles
Ex. Bacterial cells
Ex. plant cells
Cell Size Comparison
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
▪ micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
▪ diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
most bacteria (prokaryotes)
▪1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
▪10-100 microns
Cell Size and Scale
• Specialized structures in cells which perform cellular functions
• Only found in EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Organelles
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
• Separates cell from outside
• Functions:– Regulates what comes in and out of the cell
• Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water, Food, Wastes
– Recognizes chemical signals from other cells
• Allows for cell communication
Cytoplasm
• Jelly-like material holding organelles in place
Nucleus
• Function: CONTROL center
• Contains DNA – instructions for building proteins
• Structure
–Nuclear Membrane
–Nucleolus
• Makes ribosomes
–Chromosomes - DNA
RIBosomes
• Function: Site of protein synthesis
– Proteins are made here using the DNA code from the nucleus
• Found “free” in cytoplasm or attached t0 the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes on ER
• Function: Transportsproteins throughout the cell
• Rough ER – Ribosomes
• Smooth ER – NO Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
• Function: Finishes, sorts, labels and ships proteins
transport vesicles
vesiclescarrying proteins
small
food
particle
vacuole
digesting food
lysosomes
digesting brokenorganelles
Lysosome Functions:
• Digests food
• Cleans up and recycles worn-out organelles
Vacuole• Function: Serves as a
storage site
• Types:
–Food vacuole – stores and
digests food
–Contractile vacuole – pumps
out excess water to maintain homeostasis
Mitochondria
• Function: Site of Cellular Respiration
–"Powerhouse of the cell"
–Produces Energy (ATP)http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.mitochondria/
ATP
The Powerhouse of the Cellhttp://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.mitochondria
Discussion Questions
1. What are the differences in the muscles of a sprinter and a marathon runner?
2. How would you explain that skin cells have a lot fewer mitochondria than muscle cells?
3. If you looked at heart cells, would you expect to see a lot of mitochondria or only a few?
Centriole
• Function: Help coordinate cell division
–Found in only animal cells
PLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLY
Cell Wall
• Surrounds & supports the cell
Chloroplasts
• Function: Site of PHOTOSYNTHESIS–Uses the sun’s energy to
make food (sugar) for the plant
Quick Quiz
1. Which organelle is the site of cellular respiration?
2. Which organelle is considered the brain of the cell?
3. Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
4. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?
5. Which organelle controls what enters and exits the cell?
Aim: How does the function of a cell compare to a city?
Do Now: Regents Review Questions
HW:
The Cell is like a City
A wife was making a breakfast of fried eggs for her husband.
Suddenly, her husband burst into the kitchen.
"Careful, " he said, "CAREFUL! Put in some more butter! Oh my GOD! You're cooking too many at once. TOO MANY! Turn them! TURN THEM NOW! We need more butter. Oh my GOD! WHERE are we going to get MORE BUTTER? They're going to STICK! Careful . CAREFUL! I said be CAREFUL! You NEVER listen to me when you're cooking! Never! Turn them! Hurry up! Are you CRAZY? Have you LOST your mind? Don't forget to salt them. You know you always forget to salt them. Use the salt. USE THE SALT! THE SALT!"
The wife stared at him. "What in the world is wrong with you? You think I don't know how to fry a couple of eggs?!"
The husband calmly sat down and replied, "I just wanted to show you what it feels like when I'm driving."
Create Your Own Analogy