air journal week 4

Qin

yang zh

u 380214

ADS 3: A

IR

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion

Guggenheim Museum

Responsive surface structures

Wangjing SoHo

FAZ Pavilion

SCIArc Gallery

New Czech National Library

Town center of ivry-sur-seine

Content:

Part A: The Case of Innovation

01 Architecture as Discourse02. Introduction to Computing in Architecture03. Intorduction to Parametric Modeling

Part B: The Cut Project

01. Biomimicry

Part C: The Gateway Project

Part A: The Case of Innovation

01. Architecture as Discourse

‘Computers must be achknowledged not only as machines for imitating what is understood, but also as vehicles for exploring what is not understood.’

-Kostas Terzidis

Accessibility movement Circulation:

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Passive space enclosure:visually partially enclosed, physically openvisually partially enclosed, physically limited


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Good Access Is Good Design:


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Green corridor connecting greater surround-ings


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Small Scale Diversity, Active Edges:

High Point Extensive View:

Focal point, events:


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Making Focal Points-Articulate Public Events:

Green Corridor As A Ecological Freeway:


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Quiet place- noise place active spaceVisually open, physically open

human nature human human spacePRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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Green Corridor As A Ecological Freeway:

Tranquillizing Space, Enclosure:

Refreshing Space, Interactivity:


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Qinyang zhu 380214

I am the third year environments student ,majoring urban design and planning. Landscape studio urban open space was the last studio i did. In this studio, the major project was the university lawn redevelopment. Apart from this, the inter-relationships between university lawn, campus and city scale were also examined holistically, and the vision for whole campus was discussed.

Design Psychology:UNIVERSITY IS NOT THE ‘CITY’, UNIVERSITY IS A HUMBLE PLACE:

Cities possess major influence on human society. The university also does so. However different from the way that city does, university changes the society more unobtrusively and imperceptibly.

The university’s identity differs from global metropolis like Tokyo, New York, Singapore and Melbourne, which is outward, broadcasting, showing off and fashionable, the university is more inward, sedimentary, subtle and academic.

If Melbourne is ‘flower’, then, the university is ‘leaf’, if the city is ‘tree’ , then the university is ‘soil’. Although the soil is never eye-catching, it nests all sorts of life. Thus the soil is ‘humble’. The university’s characteristics is just like the soil, because it enlightens beings and nests human civilization. University is a humble place.

Two major themes that connect the sense of humbleness are the rich spatial experience and multi-purpose use. By addressing these, the street life and inter-person interactions can be greatly stimulated.

Before this course, in my mind, there is no clear boundary between ‘computerization‘ and ‘computational design’. I consider all the software as a tool that help us to ‘design‘ objects. Within all of them, Grasshopper is also a tool ,a time-saver. It just does better than others. However, I did consider that Grasshopper may be helpful for designing an object or a building that beyond people’s imagination. It allows exploration on more structural and geometrical complexity in architecture sphere.

In the developing country, such as China, efficiency is the key. Large quantity of buildings are constructed every day. My parent’s colleague once said, ‘There is nearly no time for designing process. No chance is given to test even few options. ‘ (CAD drafting are mostly used in China)They understand that sometimes, the ventilation is not energy-efficient; or if design properply, less columns will be used. However, their is no time to start everything again. Both aesthetic value and energy performance of constructed buildings are constrained. Revit by comparison, is more efficient than normal CAD dafting. Sections can be automatically generated whenever 3D model is modified. The top-down approach is partially achieved through this program. In terms of geometry flexibility, however, the restriction is still substantial. Probablely, I have ever considered the sphere of computer aided ‘design‘. The discourse of ‘Digital Architecture’ is still a new field for me.

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion Kensington Gardens, London, Toyo Ito & Associates with Arup AGU2002

The Serpentine Gallery Pavilion is constituted of simple line network (lines connect half point to the third point of each side of the square). The major breakthough of Serpentine gallery pavilion was empolying the recursive algorithms. This mathematic method helps to regulate the order of interlocking chaotic lines system. Thus the geometric genesis can be easily percevied by users without losing its spatial dynamism.

The initmate relationships between formation and materialisation is also achieved in this project. In organism system, the material and structure serves dual functions, produce mass and support the structure. The combination use of glass and aluminum panels here serves the puspose of structural supporting, defining interior space and control solar peneration. These functions are all reached through the facades design.

In this pavilion, the habitable space, circulation, solar gain, structure and pattern are integrated and considered as one entity (system), which shows the great potential of computational design during the early period (2002).

However, it is manifest to see the limited use of computation in this project. The scripting essentially is facades based(2D oriented). Because its function was set as a pavilion, the complexity of internal movement and functions is at a very low level. This makes early experiment of computational design possible.

The computater aided design did not exist at the time, that ivry-sur-seine was in construction. However regardless of computation, the essence of computational design thinking are found in this project. In another word, it can be defined as ‘system thinking’ or ‘top-down approach‘, just like Antoni Gaudi. Top down approach in Renaudie’s mind was considering the building among the urban context, social context and finally down to architectural sphere.

Although this building project was set as public housing. Enormous efforts on addressing social and urban issues can be seen. The dazzling gemotrical form becomes a sharp contrast with the surrounding dull housing blocks (public housing as well). This proves that the building with high aesthetic value can also be afforadble housing for lower class, which can not be realized without constant exploration on creating novel possiblitities (e.g.the requirements for solar gain, dense housing units, sloping terrian).

My study area is urban design and planning. By contrast with form, i am more care about if the building stimulate street life. How much interaction with public space that each building has. Because the way that city works is encouraging information exchange and envoking new ideas. As an fine grain element, faciliting interaction should be one basic function for architecture.

The ivry-sur-seine does relate building to urbanism. The active frontage with mixed commurical use at ground levels , numerous semi-privative yard and centralcourt yard shared by community ehanace the public domain and human-human activities both interrnally (within the public housing) and externally (intimate experience between building and street as well as mountain). This, in fact, is worthwhile to study, especially for those who are able to master scripting but lack ‘computational design thinking’.

Town center of ivry-sur-seine Credac

Jean Renaudie1970-75

Reference:

Ahlquist, S and Menges, 2011, A Computational design thinking, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: West sussex, United Kindom.

Hyde, J., 2004, Jean Renaudie, ART IN AMERICA; JAN, 92; 1; p113-p113

Legendre, L,G,2011, Mathematics of space, Architectural design; v. 81, no. 4, London : John Wiley & Sons

Richard Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 16

Patrik Schumacher, ‘Introduction : Architecture as Autopoietic System’, in The Autopoiesis of Architecture (Chichester: J. Wiley, 2011), pp. 1 - 28

Summery:

The key idea that I intend to bring here is ‘systems thinking’. Aristotle’s defination of Holism gives the first understanding of system, which is more that the sum of part. In the discourse of architecture, this is defined as ‘Computational Design Thinking‘ by Achim Menges and Sean Ahlquist. It has been argued that computational approach is required to play considerable role in connecting to adjacent fields, including histrorical context and relating to local culture. This in fact, can be major chanllege in todays computational design. How to set a system, that consideraing all the related elements. In serpentine gallery pavilion, computation is probablely integrated with structue, solar gain and architectural language. In ivry-sur-seine, its success approved by 37 years use, show that his architecture dose archieve the social and cultural requirements. This demonstrate the importance of system thinking in architecture. Computational design is seen as a great breakthough in the architectural sphere. However, beyond testing more methaticically complex form a lot of aspects should be further explored for the sake of a holistic design. Because 1+1>2 is one of the major driving force in conputational design.

02. Introduction to Computing in Architecture

Architecture (parametric architecture) nowadays is transforming from the ‘making of forms’ to the ‘finding of forms‘.

-Branko Kolarevic

Architecture’s New Media:

Computing in architecture field are featured with its superior ‘analytical’ and ‘creative’ functions. As long as certain program is input. Computers is able to doing repeatively work in a short amount of time and make no mistake. It generates more accurate information of site environment (wind, solar, precipitation, moisture.etc) and cost-prediction, loads calculation. Computers also have certain problem solving ability. By providing a database, it can draw rational conclusions through comparing various precedents. The rationality and inner logic (e.g. architectural function and performance) of design, thereby, are enhanced. The term ‘creative’ is more advanced. In building industry this can be referred to structure modeling, and paratermic design, which evaluate the whole system rather than individuals independentlely. In the ground of digital architectural , Infinite possibility of results can be tested which maxmize the final results. Furthermore, computing force and also allows multi-disciplinary collaboration. Common languages are shared in computers, Such as NURBS 3D modeling system. thus buildings with greater geometrical complexity can be constructed by builders. This easy-to-understand shared language further encourages the engagement of general public. In fact, architecture sphere are becoming more inclusive and holistic though this collaboration.

Responsive surface structures HfG, Offenbach, Germany,

Achim Menges 2006-2007

The project use 'smart' object, pine tree wood as the tool to create a veneer surface. The veneer changes surface shape in response to an increase level of relative humidity.The key design parameters, fiber orientation, the ratio of thickness, length and width were tested in relation to the moisture change and intensity(time interval) of moisture change. The parametric setup at the same time also incorporates the constraints of manufacturing, construction, cutting patterns and assembling. This allows seamless procedure from designing to fabrication and manufacturing.

Architecture in the Digital Age :

In the digital architecture age, the issue of embodied meaning of contemporary architecture is discussed. In contemporary architecture, the notion of urbanism and structural typology, continuity and morphology of historic style are rejected. In turns, digital architectural tend to represent an ideological, conceptual and a new formal language. However, in many ways, it actually have reference to history. The Einteinturn (1921) by Erich Mendelsohn and Chapel at Ronchamp (1955) by Le Corbusier are two expressive precedents. The only different from history is that this curvilinear is transforming from a minor group to the mainstream architecture. Personally, internally, it also maintains tight link to current social trends. From Mis van der rhon’s point, that architecture should be a true reflection to the human civilization. According to his logic he always choose the latest materials (glass and steel) to impose the modern age. From this aspect, digital architecture, itself essential is the reflection of the digital age. The computer-aided design software largely originated from ship, vehicle and plane manufactory(e.g. CATIA). Similarly, the form of vehicles and planes are also with ‘blobby’ form. Thus, technically speaking, digital architecture is a reflection of human civilization.In spite of this, in fact, this with social and history are too weak to perceived by general public. In fact, among many architecture design, the site context are totally ignored. Some of them are becoming pure mathematic practice. Issues like this are necessary to be considered in digital architecture discourse.

Guggenheim MuseumBilbao, Spain Frank Gehry

1997

Guggenheim Museum, regardless of its technology breakthrough and inter-configuration. As a city’s landmark, Bilbao became well-known after its construction. It attracts numerous tourist annually and generates significant amount of income (Bilbao effect). However, because this building, an entirely new image is imposed to the city- the image of an architect’s signature, the original local identity is disappearing.

Genetics:

Driven from nature evolution, the concept of genetics is applying this rule into architecture, a generative process for architecture for development. It is also described as all about search. Large number of architecture prototype are evaluated. After this process, the common traits of ‘fit’ form are recoded and passing to the new generation. Essentionally, Genetics is focosing the internal design pross and logic.

From my personal understanding, Genetics develops a more intelligent ideology, in which computation not only engages the ‘creation’ process, but also the selection process. This discourse shows potential of developing large amount of architectural forms and reducing the time of manually selection and evaluation process. However, the scripting that defines ‘fitness criteria’ is crucial, which need to be considered holistically beforehand.

AA Strawberry Bar Achim Menges

2003

Based on population selection (fitness criteria), and reproduction, Genetric algorthm generates a form across multiple generations. The algorithm evolves evaluating complex relationships between distribution of program allocations, voids and overall articulated massing.

Reference:Ahlquist, S and Menges, 2011, A Computational design thinking, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: West sussex, United Kindom.

Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003), pp. 3 - 28

Menges ,A, 2008, Material Performance Castle, Architectural Design, Vol 72, no 2, London, Artmedia Press, pp 34-41.

Yehuda E. Kalay, Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 - 25.

03. Introduction to ParametricModelling

‘Our interest is in how an algorithm, loaded with design intent, emerges from the design problem rather than simply the architecture emerging from a known algorithm.’ -Roland Snooks, Kokkugia

Parametric Architecture:

‘If architecture wants to survive as a discipline, it needs to engage the culture of innovation and computing. ‘ (Mark Collins & Toru Hasegawa, Proxy) Similar ideology can be dated back to modern architecture movement, the zeitgeist. Many architects nowadays are too eager to follow the ‘Spirit of time’(latest technology) but forget what should architecture be. Many architects are using parametric modeling without understanding its real meaning in the architecture sphere.

According to scripting culture, ‘The architectural field’s current use of the parametric modeling has been superficial and skin-deep, maybe importantly so, lacking of a larger framework of referents, narratives, history, and forces.’ Partially, this is because, in the economy driven society, architecture is dropping to the fashion-look and skin-deep form to suit the market demand. Because it is quick and looks cool. Many parametric design today, indeed, tend to be free from the parameters of culture, free from the parameters of environment and free from the tectonic. The only parameter is the rational logic and cold mathematic functions behind the design. Many parametric works becomes a kind of self-indulgence in those Bloblike form. In fact, even in those finest modern architectures’ work, rich materiality, spatial experience and sense of integration with local environment can be detected. As an illustration, Farnsworth house reflects the ideology of total reductionism and minimalist. However, its integration with the nature is, at the same time, fully expressed. I guess the ‘time of spirit’,

?

?

Wangjing SoHoBeijing, China, Zaha Hadid architects2009-2014

The design analogy of Wanjing is trying to link a commercial block with traditional Chinese brush drawing. Its form from my eye, is way too simple. As an traditional Chinese, I don't feel this has any inner link with the classic arts and culture. In fact it's essentially, very similar with zaha's other works. From the public perception this extreme fluid and continuity of planes and surfaces can only be categorized as an international 'style' and a signature architecture, but with little embedded local meaning.

indeed, should include two parts; the ‘time’, technology and the ‘spirit’, locality, experience and meaning. And ‘spirit’ should always go first. Personally, according to this, top-down design process must be kept to maintain the stylistic consistency (form that driven by meaning) Otherwise, we will lose ourselves into the endless dizzy graphic ‘possibilities’.

Currently, most professionals that use parametric design, today, are restricted in the ‘image of complexity’. This is far short of the digital modeling’s actual potential. It needs to be understand, that the capacity of parametric modeling allow us to work with very large data sets and proceed in many directions at the same time. It has rich potential to correlate multiple aspects simultaneously and optimize complex functional requirements, site-specific problems, architecture meanings and cross-disciplinary collaboration.

‘Surprisingly a lot of the scripting work looks similar to me’, Michael Meredith’s view brings an issue of contemporary parametric modeling. Most work done by parametric modeling are visually similar. Because, currently, this tool is used by professionals in limited areas. Some designers rely too much on others’ work (scripting) and some just develop a bit form others. However, on the other hand, this reveals the rich potential of parametric modeling. CAD tool has capacity to free human’s mind and enables the possibility of creating any kind form. It can be used for complexification but also simplification. It has huge potential to encourage Diversism(pluralism) and fully express individual’s own identity. But before we letting our computer generate creative form, we ourselves must develop a creative mind (also strong logic).

(continuous...)

New Czech National LibraryOCEAN and Scheffler Prague, 2006

Driven by the ideology of ‘Morpho-ecology’, New Czech National Library by OCEAN and Scheffler + Partner integrate the notion of morphology with logic from the ecology. This project explores the possibilities of gradually shifting exclusive program and hard threshold alignments (at the center) to heterogeneous spatial arrangements and environmental gradients (at the edge). The gradient, from collective environment(high level of organizational control in central library building) and individualized environment (reading rooms) is achieved through the branching structure. At the same time the spatial and visual link between interior and external environment is gradually increased by changing opacity and permeability of the building envelope. Demonstrated in this project, the sense ‘form defined by function’ is carried within the whole process. The social dynamic is maximized. Both material, structure, tectonic and interior environment is considered holistically in order to articulate the design ideology. The generative system is utilized to seek a best outcome according to the parameters(criteria) such as stress distribution, incident of sunlight, view axes and spatial characteristics. Although, parametric design approach is utilized in this project, the top down approach can clearly be noticed which keep the consistence between from, function and meaning.

Morpho-ecology:

Part B: The Cut Projects

0.1 Biomimicry

‘Nature always doubles up on functions, think of a feather – waterproof, airfoil, self-cleaning, insulating, beauty for sexual reproduction. What can we expect from our buildings?’

-Janine Benyus

Reflections on Digital Design:

After 4 weeks’ study, I start to get more deep understanding on the digital architecture and parametric architecture. Initially, parametric design was simply about playing geometry and fancy forms. It was then, transforming to the stage of ‘understanding and exploration’. During this stage, more designers begin to use parametric modeling as a tool to maximize the outcome, such as structure, solar gain. And, at the same time the parametric design processes are refined and embedded with stronger logic. The collaboration between different professions is also becoming more effective. This, I would like to call ‘process optimization.’ After this, I believe, there will be a more exciting stage approaching. As computer becomes more intelligent, the ‘design ideology’, ‘meaning of architecture’ could also be integrated within one whole system, the system embracing design analogy, performance analysis, fabrication and installation. In facts, I feel parametric architecture actually undergoes a very similar way with modernism-post modernism periods.

This transformation:

STARTED WITH ‘we create it because we can’(e.g. early 20th skyscrapers)

TO ‘use new technology to maximize performance’(e.g. structure optimization and spatial flexibility)->

TO The ‘soul of architecture and the sense of place’(human interactions and enhance the meaning of locality, i.e. postmodernism)

Modernism emphasize the maximum efficiency, universal and flexible design, latest construction technology and new materials. Beginning with American journalist, Jean Jacob, who criticized that the Modern urban planning and the dehumanizing architecture lead to human isolation and make those no one’s places, professions then started to rethinking, the sense of ‘people’s place’, the ‘locality’ and the meaning embedded in architectural ornament. And from my perspective, this is the intent to this subject, however under the context of parametric architecture.

The potential for biomimicry lies far beyond the direct imitation from natural forms. Numerous performance metrics of the designing are benefited from the natural ‘technologies’. In addition to ever increasing emphasis on ecological and sustainable development. It is worthwhile to revitalized the biomimicry within the architecture sphere.Among the parametric architecture discourse. Three major advantages that Biomimicry has are:

• It possess close relationships with performance architecture.

• It always allows designing to integrate with the locality. for example, all plants develop their own technology to survive in certain environment; it can either be forms, traits or physiology. By extracting and developing these from the nature, Architecture will be able to reflect the sense of locality.

• Optimization of the design and construction process could also potentially derived from logic inside nature. The ‘evolutionary’ or ‘Generative process’ is one illustration.

Although in terms of fully expressing local identity, there should have multiple factors to consider (natural, social and culture), especially as a gateway which is supposed to represent the whole Weerribe region. However, biomimicry can still be a good way to start with.

Biomimicry:

SCIArc Gallery Voussoir Cloud, Line Array projectIwamotoScott Architecture + BuroHappold Engineers, Los Angeles, 2008

This project open up a new horizon of structural design technique which enables material system to address variable, localized and non-symmetrical loading conditions(give more chance for the expression of locality). Meanwhile the structure and material performance is optimized.

The design analogy of structure can be refer to the protocells inside the bone. As the stress increase, normally at the joints part (where loads transferred together), protocell become more ‘solid’(less porous ratio). This logic is fully transforming into the line array project. As shown in the photo, the void space in-between the individual panel reduce as down to the bottom. This therefore allows bottom part to carry more loads.

Protocell:

FAZ Pavilion Achim Menges, Steffen Reichert andScheffler+Partner, Frankfurt,2010

The system of envelope integrate structure and climate-responsive material. As the responsive capacity is embedded in the material itself, no additional technical equipment or supply of energy is required(the dual functions of natural form). The increase in relative humidity (e.g. rainfalls) in air triggers the structure to closes and form a weatherproof skin.The responsiveness of this material system is programmed(through parametric modeling) so that the elements can be either open or close. This manifest the effect of spatial experience and function performance.

Currently, most attempts on climate-responsive architecture rely heavily on technical equipment superimposed on inert materials. In contrast, natural systems embed all the responsive ability in the structure of the material itself. The development of biomimetic responsive material systems explains a possibility of truly ecologically embedded architecture.

Morphogenesis:

Modifications:• Image change• RGBA colours channel

Modifications:• Image change• colour brightness channel

Modifications:• Image change• Rarrange pattens into a 3D

space according to 2 mathmatic functions

Modifications:• Image change• Reference patterns onto a

deformed 3-D surface

Case Study Project 1.0

Frames - on planner surface

Extract information from image sample - brightnessEcoordinate in the frame is given localized character.

Base geomtry - curves

coordinates- data List

Pattern on the frame

Specify the curve gemotry on each coordinate - generic data

Parametric Diagrams:

Documents

air journal week 4