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8/9/2019 AIR QUALITY AND POLLUTION (TKA 3301) LECTURE NOTES 12- Global Air P Problem
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TKA 3301:TKA 3301:
Global Air Pollution ProblemsGlobal Air Pollution Problems
Dr. Marzuki Hj. IsmailDr. Marzuki Hj. Ismail
Jabatan Sains KejuruteraanJabatan Sains Kejuruteraan
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Topics CoveredTopics Covered
1.1. HazeHaze
2.2. Ozone Layer DepletionOzone Layer Depletion
3.3. Acid RainAcid Rain
4.4. Global WarmingGlobal Warming
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TKA 3301:TKA 3301:Global Air Pollution ProblemsGlobal Air Pollution Problems
HazeHaze
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1. HAZE1. HAZE
1.11.1 What is haze?What is haze?
A kind of air pollution caused by the presenceA kind of air pollution caused by the presenceof a large number ofof a large number of fine particlesfine particles suspendedsuspended
in the atmosphere. These particles absorbin the atmosphere. These particles absorb
and scatter light, in the processand scatter light, in the process reducereduce
visibilityvisibility and render the air anand render the air an opalescent oropalescent or
hazy appearancehazy appearance..
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1. Haze (Contd)1. Haze (Contd)
1.21.2 Haze, fog or mistHaze, fog or mist ARE YOU CONFUSED?ARE YOU CONFUSED?
Haze: due to presence of suspension ofHaze: due to presence of suspension of dry and fine particulatesdry and fine particulates..
Relative humidity is normally < 95%.Relative humidity is normally < 95%.
Mist: due to presence ofMist: due to presence of water dropletswater droplets suspended in the air.suspended in the air.Relative humidity is normally > 95%.Relative humidity is normally > 95%.
Fog: due to presence ofFog: due to presence of water dropletswater droplets suspended in the air.suspended in the air.
Relative humidity is normally > 97%.Relative humidity is normally > 97%.
All of the above phenomena causeAll of the above phenomena cause reduced visibilityreduced visibility, but in the, but in the
Tropics, a mist or fog disappears a few hours after sunrise. As theTropics, a mist or fog disappears a few hours after sunrise. As the
ground heats up the water droplets evaporate. However, haze doesground heats up the water droplets evaporate. However, haze does
not disappear as a result of the warming up of the earths surface bynot disappear as a result of the warming up of the earths surface by
the sun. haze maythe sun. haze may persistpersist throughout the day and last for severalthroughout the day and last for several
days.days.
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1. Haze (Contd)1. Haze (Contd)
1.31.3 Conditions favoring the occurrence ofConditions favoring the occurrence of
haze:haze:Adverse meteorological conditionsAdverse meteorological conditions
Prolonged dry weatherProlonged dry weather
Very light windsVery light winds
Stable atmosphere (presence of inversionStable atmosphere (presence of inversion
layer)layer)
High particulate emissionHigh particulate emission
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1. Haze (Contd)1. Haze (Contd)
1.41.4 Sources of haze:Sources of haze:
L
ocal sourcesL
ocal sources Open burning (household refuse, disposal sites)Open burning (household refuse, disposal sites)
Biomass burning/forest firesBiomass burning/forest fires
Vehicular emission (diesel; 2 stroke engines)Vehicular emission (diesel; 2 stroke engines)
Industrial emissionIndustrial emission
External sourcesExternal sources
Biomass burning/forest firesBiomass burning/forest fires
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1. Haze (Contd)1. Haze (Contd)
1.51.5 Impact of haze on the economy:Impact of haze on the economy:
The haze that hit the ASEAN region in 1997The haze that hit the ASEAN region in 1997 1998 has1998 has
been particularly severe that the UNEP labeled the blazebeen particularly severe that the UNEP labeled the blaze
among the most damaging in recorded history.among the most damaging in recorded history.
The total economic losses in terms of agricultureThe total economic losses in terms of agriculture
production, destruction of forest lands, health,production, destruction of forest lands, health,transportation, tourism, and other economic activitiestransportation, tourism, and other economic activities
have been estimated at $ 9.3 billion.have been estimated at $ 9.3 billion.
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1. Haze (Contd)1. Haze (Contd)
1.61.6 Impact of haze on earth:Impact of haze on earth:
Short term: nose, throat & eye irritation; upperShort term: nose, throat & eye irritation; upper
respiratory infections (bronchitis & pneumonia);respiratory infections (bronchitis & pneumonia);
headaches; nausea; allergic reactions; aggravatesheadaches; nausea; allergic reactions; aggravates
conditions of asthmatic patients.conditions of asthmatic patients.
Long term: chronic lung disease; lung cancer;Long term: chronic lung disease; lung cancer;heart disease; damage to CNS, kidney and liver;heart disease; damage to CNS, kidney and liver;
aggravates medical conditions of the aged.aggravates medical conditions of the aged.
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1. Haze (Contd)1. Haze (Contd)
1.71.7 What ASEANs been doing to tackle theWhat ASEANs been doing to tackle the
problem?problem?
ASEAN has formulated theASEAN has formulated the Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP)Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP) toto
address its transboundary haze pollution problem.address its transboundary haze pollution problem. The RHAP has three major components:The RHAP has three major components: prevention, mitigationprevention, mitigation
and monitoringand monitoring. Different countries have been designated to. Different countries have been designated to
spearhead the activities that fall under each of the three RHAPspearhead the activities that fall under each of the three RHAP
components.components.
Malaysia takes the lead in prevention, Indonesia in mitigation, &Malaysia takes the lead in prevention, Indonesia in mitigation, &Singapore in monitoring of fires and haze. All member countriesSingapore in monitoring of fires and haze. All member countries
also undertake the nationalalso undertake the national--level actions that relate to the threelevel actions that relate to the three
RHAP components.RHAP components.
Malaysia has formulated her ownMalaysia has formulated her own National Haze Action PlanNational Haze Action Plan..
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TKA 3301:TKA 3301:Global Air Pollution ProblemsGlobal Air Pollution Problems
Ozone Layer DepletionOzone Layer Depletion
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2. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION2. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
2.12.1 Formation and destruction of ozoneFormation and destruction of ozone
Ozone (OOzone (O33) found both in) found both in tropospheretroposphere andand stratospherestratosphere..
OO22 formation:formation:
OO22 ++ hvhv ((
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2. Ozone Layer Depletion2. Ozone Layer Depletion
(Contd)(Contd) OO22 absorbs radiation of wavelength (absorbs radiation of wavelength () ~ 200nm. O) ~ 200nm. O33 absorbs in theabsorbs in the
range of 230 to 320 nm and converts it back to Orange of 230 to 320 nm and converts it back to O33..
Everyday OEveryday O22 is continually beingis continually being changedchanged to Oto O33 and Oand O33 is likewiseis likewiseconvertedconverted back to Oback to O22..
It is not completely correct to say natural process is OIt is not completely correct to say natural process is O22OO33 and thatand that
air pollution has destroyed ozone.air pollution has destroyed ozone.
What some air pollutants do is to speed up the rate of loss of OWhat some air pollutants do is to speed up the rate of loss of O33 soso
that itsthat its steady state concentrationsteady state concentration declines.declines.
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2. Ozone Layer Depletion2. Ozone Layer Depletion
(Contd)(Contd)2.22.2 The ozone layerThe ozone layer
-- The term ozone layer isThe term ozone layer is misleadingmisleading no distinct region ofno distinct region of
atmosphere in which Oatmosphere in which O33
is a major atmospheric constituent.is a major atmospheric constituent.
-- Main componentsMain components of atmosphere in the stratosphere are still Nof atmosphere in the stratosphere are still N22
(78%), O(78%), O22 (21%), and Ar (1%).(21%), and Ar (1%).
-- OO33 concentration isconcentration is very smallvery small, even in the stratosphere. Maximum, even in the stratosphere. Maximum
concentration is about 100 ppmv.concentration is about 100 ppmv.
-- If all atmospheric OIf all atmospheric O33 is compressed at STP, Ois compressed at STP, O33 layer ~ 3 mm thick.layer ~ 3 mm thick.
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2. Ozone Layer Depletion2. Ozone Layer Depletion
(Contd)(Contd)2.32.3 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
CFCs have been manufactured since theCFCs have been manufactured since the 1930s.1930s.
CFCCFC--12 (CF12 (CF22ClCl22) was introduced as the) was introduced as the refrigerantrefrigerant i.e. operatingi.e. operating
liquid (gaseous at room temperature, easily compressible, boilingliquid (gaseous at room temperature, easily compressible, boiling
point a little below 0point a little below 0 ooC) in refrigerators replacing the highly toxicC) in refrigerators replacing the highly toxic
SOSO22 and NHand NH33..
CFCs are alsoCFCs are also nontoxicnontoxic andand nonflammable.nonflammable.
other uses of CFCs:other uses of CFCs: blowing agentsblowing agents for foam industry andfor foam industry and
propellantspropellants for aerosol sprays (mainly CFCfor aerosol sprays (mainly CFC--113, CF113, CF22ClCFClClCFCl22););
refrigerantrefrigerant for mobile air conditioners (automobiles).for mobile air conditioners (automobiles).
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2. Ozone Layer Depletion2. Ozone Layer Depletion
(Contd)(Contd) CFCs have longCFCs have long atmospheric lifetimesatmospheric lifetimes andand ozone depletion potentialozone depletion potential
(ODP) as well as(ODP) as well as halocarbon global warming potentialhalocarbon global warming potential (HGWP).(HGWP).
ODP is the propensity of the substance toODP is the propensity of the substance to destroy stratosphericdestroy stratospheric
ozoneozone..
e.g.: CFCe.g.: CFC--11 (CFCl11 (CFCl33): lifetime = 60 years; ODP = 1.0, HGWP = 3.2;): lifetime = 60 years; ODP = 1.0, HGWP = 3.2;
CFCCFC--12 (CF12 (CF22ClCl22): 195, 0.95, and 3.1; CFC): 195, 0.95, and 3.1; CFC--113 (CF113 (CF22ClCFClClCFCl22): 90, 0.8,): 90, 0.8,
(HWDP(HWDP not available).not available).
CFCs alternatives should beCFCs alternatives should be ozone friendlyozone friendly as well as not act asas well as not act as
green house gasesgreen house gases..
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2. Ozone Layer Depletion2. Ozone Layer Depletion
(Contd)(Contd)2.4.2.4. How is ozone layer destroyed?How is ozone layer destroyed?
Reactions (e.g. CFCReactions (e.g. CFC--12, i.e. CF12, i.e. CF22ClCl22):):
CFCF22
ClCl22
++ hvhv ((
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2. Ozone Layer Depletion2. Ozone Layer Depletion
(Contd)(Contd)2.52.5 Why do CFCs have long atmospheric lifetimes?Why do CFCs have long atmospheric lifetimes?
CFCs areCFCs are long lived pollutantslong lived pollutants; some > 100 years.; some > 100 years.
They are almostThey are almost completely inertcompletely inert in the troposphere (< 15km) andin the troposphere (< 15km) andonly decompose throughonly decompose through photochemical reactionsphotochemical reactions once they reachonce they reach
the stratosphere (15km
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2. Ozone Layer Depletion2. Ozone Layer Depletion
(Contd)(Contd)2.6.2.6. Effects of ozone depletionEffects of ozone depletion
Greater penetration of highly energetic short wavedGreater penetration of highly energetic short waved ultraviolet sunlightultraviolet sunlight
radiationradiation to the earths surface:to the earths surface:
Change of the climate.Change of the climate. Lowering of stratosphere; lowering the altitude of the tropopause.Lowering of stratosphere; lowering the altitude of the tropopause.
Biological effectsBiological effects
Less efficient filtering of radiation in the range 290Less efficient filtering of radiation in the range 290 330 nm i.e. UV330 nm i.e. UV--B. This highB. This high
energy radiation will have adverse effects on planktons, plants, animals, humansenergy radiation will have adverse effects on planktons, plants, animals, humans
(skin cancer; photochemical reaction in DNA).(skin cancer; photochemical reaction in DNA).
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2. Ozone Layer Depletion2. Ozone Layer Depletion
(Contd)(Contd)2.7.2.7. International efforts to arrest ozone layer depletionInternational efforts to arrest ozone layer depletion TheThe
Montreal Protocol on substance that deplete the ozone layerMontreal Protocol on substance that deplete the ozone layer
(1987)(1987)
Complete phase out ofComplete phase out of hard CFCshard CFCs those with high ODP (such asthose with high ODP (such as
CFCCFC--11; CFC11; CFC--12). Developing countries are allowed a 1012). Developing countries are allowed a 10--year graceyear grace
for their phase out.for their phase out.
The pressure from the demands under the Protocol has spurredThe pressure from the demands under the Protocol has spurred
research into findingresearch into finding replacement for CFCsreplacement for CFCs. Today, several CFC. Today, several CFCalternatives should: be reactive in the lower atmosphere; containalternatives should: be reactive in the lower atmosphere; contain
less/no chlorine; have desirable properties in terms of volatility, lowless/no chlorine; have desirable properties in terms of volatility, low
flammability and low toxicity.flammability and low toxicity.
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TKA 3301:TKA 3301:Global Air Pollution ProblemsGlobal Air Pollution Problems
Acid RainAcid Rain
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Contents
Contents
DefinitionDefinition
CausesCauses
FormationFormationAffected AreasAffected Areas
EffectsEffects
Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures
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Definition of Acid RainDefinition of Acid Rain Precipitation that has a pH of less than that of natural rainwaterPrecipitation that has a pH of less than that of natural rainwater
(which is about 5.6 due to dissolved carbon dioxide).(which is about 5.6 due to dissolved carbon dioxide).
It is formed when sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides, as gasesIt is formed when sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides, as gases
or fine particles in the atmosphere, combine with water vapouror fine particles in the atmosphere, combine with water vapourand precipitate as sulphuric acid or nitric acid in rain, snow, orand precipitate as sulphuric acid or nitric acid in rain, snow, or
fog.fog.
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Natural Acidity of RainwaterNatural Acidity of Rainwater
Pure water has a pH of 7.0 (neutral);Pure water has a pH of 7.0 (neutral);
However, natural, unpolluted rainwater actually has a pH ofHowever, natural, unpolluted rainwater actually has a pH ofabout 5.6 (acidic)about 5.6 (acidic)
The acidity of rainwater comes from the natural presence ofThe acidity of rainwater comes from the natural presence of
three substances (COthree substances (CO22, NO, and SO, NO, and SO22) found in the troposphere.) found in the troposphere. COCO22 is present in the greatest concentration and thereforeis present in the greatest concentration and therefore
contributes the most to the natural acidity of rainwater.contributes the most to the natural acidity of rainwater.
Gas Natural Sources Concentration
Carbon dioxideCO2
Decomposition 375 ppm
Nitric oxide
NOElectric discharge 0.01 ppm
Sulfur dioxide
SO2
Volcanic gases 0-0.01 ppm
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Natural RainwaterNatural Rainwater
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid (Eqn.1).Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid (Eqn.1).
Carbonic acid then dissociates to give the hydrogen ion (HCarbonic acid then dissociates to give the hydrogen ion (H++) and the) and thehydrogen carbonate ion (HCOhydrogen carbonate ion (HCO33--) (Eqn. 2).) (Eqn. 2).
The ability of HThe ability of H22COCO33 to deliver Hto deliver H++ is what classifies this molecule as an acid,is what classifies this molecule as an acid,
thus lowering the pH of a solution.thus lowering the pH of a solution.
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Formation of Acid RainFormation of Acid Rain
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Formation of Acid RainFormation of Acid Rain
When water vapor condenses, or as the rain falls, they dissolve in the water toWhen water vapor condenses, or as the rain falls, they dissolve in the water toform Hform H22SOSO44 and HNOand HNO33..
Nitric oxide (NO), is formed during lightning storms by the reaction ofNitric oxide (NO), is formed during lightning storms by the reaction of
nitrogen and oxygen (Eqn. 3).nitrogen and oxygen (Eqn. 3). In air, NO is oxidized NOIn air, NO is oxidized NO22 (Eqn. 4), which in turn reacts with water to give(Eqn. 4), which in turn reacts with water to give
nitric acid (HNO3) (Eqn. 5).nitric acid (HNO3) (Eqn. 5).
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Formation of Acid RainFormation of Acid Rain
When water vapor condenses, or as the rain falls, they dissolve in the water toWhen water vapor condenses, or as the rain falls, they dissolve in the water toform Hform H22SOSO44 and HNOand HNO33..
Nitric oxide (NO), is formed during lightning storms by the reaction ofNitric oxide (NO), is formed during lightning storms by the reaction of
nitrogen and oxygen (Eqn. 3).nitrogen and oxygen (Eqn. 3). In air, NO is oxidized NOIn air, NO is oxidized NO22 (Eqn. 4), which in turn reacts with water to give(Eqn. 4), which in turn reacts with water to give
nitric acid (HNOnitric acid (HNO33) (Eqn. 5).) (Eqn. 5).
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Causes of Acid RainCauses of Acid Rain
The principal cause of acid rain is from humanThe principal cause of acid rain is from human
sourcessources
Industrial factories, powerIndustrial factories, power--generating plants andgenerating plants andvehiclesvehicles
Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are releasedSulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are releasedduring the fuel burning process (i.e. combustion)during the fuel burning process (i.e. combustion)
MSN Encarta
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Affected AreasAffected Areas
CanadaCanadaAcid rain is a problem in CanadaAcid rain is a problem in Canada
Water and soil systems lack natural alkalinity such asWater and soil systems lack natural alkalinity such as
lime baselime base Cannot neutralize acidCannot neutralize acid
Canada consists of susceptible hard rock such asCanada consists of susceptible hard rock such asgranitegranite
Do not have the capacity to effectively neutralize acid rainDo not have the capacity to effectively neutralize acid rain
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Affected AreasAffected Areas
Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China,Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China,Eastern Europe and Russia and areas downEastern Europe and Russia and areas down--wind fromwind fromthem.them.
Acid rain from power plants in the Midwest UnitedAcid rain from power plants in the Midwest UnitedStates has also harmed the forests of upstate New YorkStates has also harmed the forests of upstate New Yorkand New England.and New England.
This shows that the effects of acid rain can spread overThis shows that the effects of acid rain can spread over
a large area, far from the source of the pollutiona large area, far from the source of the pollution
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Effects of Acid RainEffects of Acid Rain
Harmful to aquatic lifeHarmful to aquatic life
Increased acidity in water bodiesIncreased acidity in water bodies
Stops eggs of certain organisms (e.g. fish) to stopStops eggs of certain organisms (e.g. fish) to stophatchinghatching
Changes population ratiosChanges population ratios
Affects the ecosystemAffects the ecosystem
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Effects of Acid RainEffects of Acid Rain
Harmful to vegetationHarmful to vegetation Increased acidity in soilIncreased acidity in soil
Leeches nutrients from soil, slowing plant growthLeeches nutrients from soil, slowing plant growth
Leeches toxins from soil, poisoning plantsLeeches toxins from soil, poisoning plants
Creates brown spots in leaves of trees, impedingCreates brown spots in leaves of trees, impedingphotosynthesisphotosynthesis
Allows organisms to infect through broken leavesAllows organisms to infect through broken leaves
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Effects of Acid RainEffects of Acid Rain
MSN Encarta
http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/bio270/clover_leaf_burns_pH2_30d.gif
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Effects of Acid RainEffects of Acid Rain
Accelerates weathering in metalAccelerates weathering in metal
and stone structuresand stone structures
Eg. Parthenon in Athens, Greece;Eg. Parthenon in Athens, Greece;Taj Mahal in Agra, IndiaTaj Mahal in Agra, India
http://www.lauraknauth.com/photos/france/thinker.jpgMSN Encarta
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Effects of Acid RainEffects of Acid Rain
Affects human healthAffects human health
Respiratory problems, asthma, dry coughs, headaches andRespiratory problems, asthma, dry coughs, headaches and
throat irritationsthroat irritations
Leeching of toxins from the soil by acid rain can be absorbedLeeching of toxins from the soil by acid rain can be absorbedby plants and animals. When consumed, these toxins affectby plants and animals. When consumed, these toxins affect
humans severely.humans severely.
Brain damage, kidney problems, and Alzheimer's disease hasBrain damage, kidney problems, and Alzheimer's disease has
been linked to people eating "toxic" animals/plants.been linked to people eating "toxic" animals/plants.
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Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures
Reduce amount of sulphur dioxide and oxides ofReduce amount of sulphur dioxide and oxides ofnitrogen released into the atomospherenitrogen released into the atomosphere Use less energy (hence less fuel burnt)Use less energy (hence less fuel burnt)
Use cleaner fuelsUse cleaner fuels
Remove oxides of sulphur and oxides of nitrogenRemove oxides of sulphur and oxides of nitrogenbefore releasingbefore releasing Flue gas desulphurizationFlue gas desulphurization
Catalytic ConvertersCatalytic Converters
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Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures
Use cleaner fuelsUse cleaner fuels
Coal that contains less sulphurCoal that contains less sulphur
"Washing" the coal to reduce sulphur content"Washing" the coal to reduce sulphur content
Natural GasNatural Gas
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Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures
Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)
Removes sulphur dioxide from flue gas (waste gases)Removes sulphur dioxide from flue gas (waste gases)
Consists of a wet scrubber and a reaction tower equippedConsists of a wet scrubber and a reaction tower equipped
with a fan that extracts hot smoky stack gases from a powerwith a fan that extracts hot smoky stack gases from a powerplant into the towerplant into the tower
Lime or limestone (calcium carbonate) in slurry form isLime or limestone (calcium carbonate) in slurry form is
injected into the tower to mix with the stack gases and reactsinjected into the tower to mix with the stack gases and reacts
with the sulphur dioxide presentwith the sulphur dioxide present
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Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures
(continued)(continued)
Produces pHProduces pH--neutral calciumneutral calciumsulphate that is physicallysulphate that is physically
removed from the scrubberremoved from the scrubber
Sulphates can be used forSulphates can be used forindustrial purposesindustrial purposes
Scrubber at workMSN Encarta
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Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures
Use other sources of electricity (i.e. nuclearUse other sources of electricity (i.e. nuclear
power, hydropower, hydro--electricity, wind energy,electricity, wind energy,geothermal energy, and solar energy)geothermal energy, and solar energy)
Issue of costIssue of cost
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Nuclear_Power_Plant_Cattenom.jpg
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Reducing the effects of Acid RainReducing the effects of Acid Rain
LimingLiming
Powdered limestone/limewater addedPowdered limestone/limewater addedto water and soil to neutralize acidto water and soil to neutralize acid
Used extensively in Norway andUsed extensively in Norway andSwedenSweden
Expensive, shortExpensive, short--term remedyterm remedy
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Problem ScenarioProblem Scenario
Suppose you worked in the government. ASuppose you worked in the government. A
company wants to set up a factory in yourcompany wants to set up a factory in yourcountry. It would bring jobs, but it would alsocountry. It would bring jobs, but it would also
bring about pollution, which would lead to acidbring about pollution, which would lead to acid
rain. Would you allow it? Justify your answer.rain. Would you allow it? Justify your answer.
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Acidic particles and vapours are deposited via two
processes - wet and dry deposition.
Wet deposition is acid rain, the process by which acids with
a pH normally below 5.6 are removed from the atmosphere
in rain, snow, sleet or hail.
Dry deposition takes place when particles such as fly ash,
sulphates, nitrates, and gases (such as SO2 and NO), aredeposited on, or absorbed onto, surfaces.
The gases can then be converted into acids when they
contact water.
[[ continued: ]]
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TKA 3301:TKA 3301:Global Air Pollution ProblemsGlobal Air Pollution Problems
Global Warming (GHG)Global Warming (GHG)
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Causes of Global WarmingCauses of Global Warming
Several GHG responsible for warming, andSeveral GHG responsible for warming, and
humans emit them in a variety of wayshumans emit them in a variety of ways
Combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories andCombustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories andelectricity productionelectricity production
The gas responsible for the most warmingThe gas responsible for the most warming -- COCO22 To understand the effects of all GHG together,To understand the effects of all GHG together,
scientists talk in terms of the equivalent amountscientists talk in terms of the equivalent amount
of CO2of CO2
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GasesGases
Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases
Carbon dioxide; COCarbon dioxide; CO22 Water; HWater; H22OO
CFCsCFCs
Nitrous Oxide; NNitrous Oxide; N22OO
Methane; CHMethane; CH44
NOT Greenhouse GasesNOT Greenhouse Gases
Nitrogen; NNitrogen; N22 Oxygen; OOxygen; O22 Argon; ArArgon; Ar
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Different Types ofElectromagnetic Radiation DoDifferent Types ofElectromagnetic Radiation Do
Different Things to MoleculeDifferent Things to Molecule
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For a bending or stretching motion toFor a bending or stretching motion to
absorb IR radiation; it must change theabsorb IR radiation; it must change thedipole moment of the moleculedipole moment of the molecule
+ --
Symmetric Stretch;
IR Inactive
Antisymmetric Stretch;
IR Active
+ -- - + -
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Infrared Spectrum ofCOInfrared Spectrum ofCO22
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Infrared Spectrum of Water (HInfrared Spectrum of Water (H22O) VaporO) Vapor
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Greenhouse Gas RequirementsGreenhouse Gas Requirements
Minimum of 2 atoms needed for stretchingMinimum of 2 atoms needed for stretching
bondsbonds
Two atoms must be different in order for vibrationTwo atoms must be different in order for vibrationto change the dipole moment of moleculeto change the dipole moment of molecule
Minimum of 3 atoms needed to bend a moleculeMinimum of 3 atoms needed to bend a molecule
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Why Argon, Ar, Can Not Be aWhy Argon, Ar, Can Not Be a
Greenhouse GasGreenhouse Gas
1.1. Argon is in atomic form. Thus, there is noArgon is in atomic form. Thus, there is no
bond to another atom. So it cant absorb IRbond to another atom. So it cant absorb IRto stretch a bond it doesnt have.to stretch a bond it doesnt have.
2.2. Argon cant absorb IR to bend a moleculeArgon cant absorb IR to bend a molecule
since a minimum of 3 atoms is needed and itsince a minimum of 3 atoms is needed and it
has only 1 atom.has only 1 atom.
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Global Warming PotentialGlobal Warming Potential Represents the Relative Contribution aRepresents the Relative Contribution a
Molecule Has in Global WarmingMolecule Has in Global Warming
1.1. HowLong a Molecule in the Troposphere/ IsHowLong a Molecule in the Troposphere/ Is
There a Way to Remove Molecule FromThere a Way to Remove Molecule FromTroposphere?Troposphere?
2.2. Does the Molecule Absorb in the WindowDoes the Molecule Absorb in the Window
Region?Region?3.3. Amount of Molecule in the TroposphereAmount of Molecule in the Troposphere
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Global Warming Potential (GWP)Global Warming Potential (GWP)
SubstanceSubstance GWPGWP TroposphericTropospheric
Abundance (%)Abundance (%)
COCO22 11 0.03750.0375
CHCH44 2323 0.00180.0018
NN22OO 296296 0.000310.00031
HH22OO 0.10.1 variablevariable
OO33 20002000 0.0000040.000004CClCCl33FF 2100021000 0.0000000280.000000028
CClCCl22FF22 2500025000 0.0000000260.000000026
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Increasing the GWP of aIncreasing the GWP of a
Greenhouse GasGreenhouse Gas When a different greenhouse gas absorbs inWhen a different greenhouse gas absorbs in
the window region of the IR spectrum; it willthe window region of the IR spectrum; it will
have a higher GW
Phave a higher GW
P *Biggest Effect*Biggest Effect
The higher the tropospheric abundance; higherThe higher the tropospheric abundance; higher
GWPGWP
The higher the lifetime of the molecule; higherThe higher the lifetime of the molecule; higher
GWPGWP
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Methane; CHMethane; CH44
Natural SourcesNatural Sources (~40%)(~40%)
Component of Natural GasComponent of Natural Gas
Decayed vegetable matterDecayed vegetable matterin wetlandsin wetlands
ManMan--made Sourcesmade Sources
Oil wellsOil wells
LandfillsLandfills
Rice paddiesRice paddies
Cattle and sheepCattle and sheep
Frozen methaneFrozen methanehydrate cageshydrate cages
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Methane Absorbs at the Edge ofMethane Absorbs at the Edge of
Window Region of IR SpectrumWindow Region of IR Spectrum
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Methane Absorbs at the Edge ofMethane Absorbs at the Edge of
Window Region of IR SpectrumWindow Region of IR Spectrum
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Nitrous Oxide, NNitrous Oxide, N22O; Laughing GasO; Laughing Gas
Manmade SourcesManmade Sources
Dental/medical UseDental/medical Use
FertilizersFertilizers
BurningBurningBiomass/catalyticBiomass/catalyticconvertersconverters
Production of nylon andProduction of nylon andnitric acidnitric acid
Absorbs in the WindowAbsorbs in the WindowRegion of IR SpectrumRegion of IR Spectrum
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Nitrous Oxide, NNitrous Oxide, N22O, Absorbs in theO, Absorbs in the
Window Region of the IR SpectrumWindow Region of the IR Spectrum
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Nitrous Oxide Absorbs in theNitrous Oxide Absorbs in the
Window Region of IR SpectrumWindow Region of IR Spectrum
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GasGas HumanHuman
Cont. toCont. toGlobalGlobal
WarmingWarming
18961896
Conc;Conc;ppbppb
19961996
Conc;Conc;ppbppb
2000Conc;2000Conc;
ppbppb
COCO22
55 %55 % 290,000290,000 360,000360,000 370,000370,000
CFCsCFCs 25 %25 % 00 33 77
CHCH44 15 %15 % 900900 17001700 18001800
NN22O, OO, O33 5 %5 % 285285 310310 315315
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Human Contribution of DifferentHuman Contribution of Different
Greenhouse Gases to Global WarmingGreenhouse Gases to Global Warming
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FeedbackFeedback
Positive; Amplifies/reinforces ongoing trendPositive; Amplifies/reinforces ongoing trend
Negative; Diminish/reverse trend to maintainNegative; Diminish/reverse trend to maintain
status quostatus quo
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Possible Impacts of Global WarmingPossible Impacts of Global Warming
Sea LevelsSea Levels
ForestsForests
BiodiversityBiodiversity
Food ProductionFood Production
WaterWater
WeatherWeather HealthHealth
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Climate Change and Sea LevelClimate Change and Sea Level
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Gl i N i l P kGl i N i l P k
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Glacier National ParkGlacier National ParkAll but 37 of 150 glaciers in the park haveAll but 37 of 150 glaciers in the park have
melted since 1850.melted since 1850.
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Glacier National Park1957 1998
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Global Climate Change
Melting
permafrost
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Coral BleachingCoral Bleaching
P ibl C f Gl b l W iP ibl C f Gl b l W i
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Possible Consequences of Global WarmingPossible Consequences of Global Warming
HighlyHighly
PlausiblePlausible
Global Av Surface WarmingGlobal Av Surface Warming
Global Avg. Precipitation IncreaseGlobal Avg. Precipitation IncreaseReduction in Sea IceReduction in Sea Ice
Surface Winter Warming at High AltitudesSurface Winter Warming at High Altitudes
PlausiblePlausible Global Sea Level RiseGlobal Sea Level Rise
More Summer MidMore Summer Mid--altitude Dryingaltitude Drying
High Latitude Precipitation IncreaseHigh Latitude Precipitation Increase
HighlyHighly
UncertainUncertain
Local Details of Climate ChangeLocal Details of Climate Change
Regional Distribution of PrecipitationRegional Distribution of PrecipitationRegional Vegetation ChangesRegional Vegetation Changes
Increase in Tropical Storm Intensity/FrequencyIncrease in Tropical Storm Intensity/Frequency
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Ways an Individual Can HelpWays an Individual Can Help
Reduce Global WarmingReduce Global Warming
Reduce use of fossil fuels; car pool, use massReduce use of fossil fuels; car pool, use mass
transit, walk, biketransit, walk, bike
Use energy efficient appliances and light bulbsUse energy efficient appliances and light bulbs
Plant trees (Cool house with shade trees)Plant trees (Cool house with shade trees)
Use solar energy to heat household as much asUse solar energy to heat household as much as
possiblepossible
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A major point of
disagreement of the
Kyoto Protocol isthat developing
countries do not have
to cut emissions as
much as developed
countries.
Greenhouse gas
emissions are
expected to increase
faster in developing
rather than
developed countries
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Global Warming vs. Ozone DepletionGlobal Warming vs. Ozone Depletion
Global WarmingGlobal Warming Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion
PossiblePossibleConsequences:Consequences:
Altered climate andAltered climate andagriculturalagriculturalproductivityproductivity
Increased sea levelIncreased sea level
Increased skinIncreased skincancer, damage tocancer, damage tophytoplanktonphytoplankton
PossiblePossibleResponses:Responses:
Use less fossil fuelUse less fossil fueland less deforestationand less deforestation
Eliminate use ofEliminate use ofCFCsCFCs
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Global Warming vs. Ozone DepletionGlobal Warming vs. Ozone Depletion
Global WarmingGlobal Warming Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion
Region of theRegion of theAtmosphere:Atmosphere:
Mostly troposhereMostly troposhere StratosphereStratosphere
MajorMajorSubstancesSubstancesInvolved:Involved:
COCO22, CH, CH44, N, N22OO OO33, O, O22, CFC, CFC
RadiationRadiationInvolved:Involved:
Infrared radiationInfrared radiationvibrates molecule &vibrates molecule &remit energy to Earthremit energy to Earth
UV Radiation breaksUV Radiation breaksapart Oapart O22 and Oand O33 & is& isfiltered in processfiltered in process
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Global Warming vs. Ozone DepletionGlobal Warming vs. Ozone Depletion
Global WarmingGlobal Warming Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion
Nature ofNature ofProblem:Problem:
More greenhouse gasesMore greenhouse gasesincrease avg globalincrease avg global
temptemp
Less ozone concLess ozone concincreases UV exposureincreases UV exposure
Source ofSource ofProblem:Problem:
COCO22 released fromreleased fromburning fossil fuels &burning fossil fuels &deforestationdeforestation
CHCH44 from agriculturefrom agriculture
CFCs (fromCFCs (fromrefrigerants, solvents,refrigerants, solvents,foaming agents)form Clfoaming agents)form Cl
free radical thatfree radical thatdestroys ozonedestroys ozone
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