Air Quality in Pakistan

7/29/2019 Air Quality in Pakistan

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PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM

(PCAP)


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Sources of Air Pollution in Pakistan

Vehicles

Brick Kilns

Natural Dust

Stone

Crushers

Industry

Transboundary

PollutionDomestic

BurningBio-mass Burning

Garbage

Burning


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Pakistans Energy SuppliesTotal: 40.4 toe/y (825,000 toe/d)

Nuclear

Coal

Indigenous Oil

LPG

Gas

Hydro

Imported Oil

37.3%

0.2%

13.0%

5.1% 37.1%

6.8%0.4%

Fossil Fuels

87%


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QUALITY OF FUEL OIL

Pakistan Other Countries

ofRegion Sulphur in Diesel oil 0.5% 0.05-0.5%

Sulphur in Furnace oil 3% 0.5-1%


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million

1980 0.682

1985 1.288

1990 1.990

1995 2.8762000 3.997

2004 4.973

RISE SINCE 1980 > 600%

PRESENT ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH: 12%

Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan

National Transport Research Centre

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004

Growth of Vehicles (Millions)

VEHICLE POPULATION


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Growth of Vehicles

(1980-2003)

Type of vehicle Nos (000) % increase

1980 2003

Motorcycles 287 2401 837 %Motor cars 148 1035 699 %

Jeeps 16 41 256 %

Rickshaws 32 80 250 %

Delivery vans 8 75 938 %Buses 25 98 392 %

Trucks 34 138 406 %

Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2003-2004


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Level of Suspended Particulate MattersMajor Cities

g/m3Microgram per Cubic Meter

Multan 1030

Faisalabad 870

Lahore 895

Karachi 230

Rawalpindi 709

Islamabad 520

Peshawar 834

Source: EPD/SUPARCO/NWFP EPA/PAK-EPAStudies carried out in 1993-2003

WHO Guidelines:120 g/m3

Japanese Standards:200 g/m3


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A Typical PM10 DistributionBaghbanpura, Gujranwala Year 2003

0.36%3.58%

5.30%

8.71%

36.27%45.78%

Soil Paricles

Small Comb

non-Fe

vehicle

mineral

unknown


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AIR EMISSION TRENDSALL SOURCES

0

100

200300

400

500

600

700

800

900

000

tonnes

1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 2003year

Sulphur Dioxide

Particulate Matter

Oxides of Nitrogen

Source:Country Report on Male Declaration 2000


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Effects of Air Pollution

Haze (fades out colors, affecting tourism and public health)

High suspended particulate matters facilitate

formation of fog

Less Blue Sky Days

Respiratory Diseases (Cough and irritation of throat are very common)

Increased deaths due to Heart Attack

Less agricultural yield

Suspended particulate matters facilitate spreading

of airborne bacteria and viruses

Deposition of dust on surface


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A uniform haze degrades visibility evenly across the horizon and from theground to a height well above the highest features of the landscape. Uniform

haze often travels long distances and covers large geographic areas, in which

case it is called a regional haze.


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In a layered haze, you can see the top edge of the pollution layer.This is often the case when pollution is trapped near the ground

beneath a temperature inversion.


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Plume hazeresult from local sources. Plumes and plume-like layers ofelevated pollution take their shape under certain meteorological condition

where the air is stable or constrained.

H t R d SPM d H ?


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How to Reduce SPM and Haze ?

Five types of fine particles contribute to SPM andhaze formation: Sulphates, Nitrates, OrganicCarbon, Elemental Carbon, and Crustal Material(loose dust).

We must reduce emissions across broadareas of the country

COS S O O G


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COSTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

Cost to Pakistan Economy

InsixEnvironmental AreasUS $ 1.8 billion

Annual Damage in US$

Municipal Solid & Liquid Waste 883 million

Urban Air Pollution 369 millionSoil in Cropland Degradation 357 million

Rangeland Degradation 125 million

Deforestation 28 million

Destruction of Mangrove Forests 15.7 million

Total 1777.7 million

Source: Dr. Brandon-World Bank 1992-93/Mathew Addison 1997


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NEED FOR A NATIONAL PROGRAM

Federal and Provincial Governments have taken anumber of steps to control air pollution but given

the magnitude of the problem, a systematic andcoordinated approach is needed through anational program to improve air quality


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PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM

PCAP


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Pakistan Clean Air ProgramPCAP

Phasing out 2-stroke and diesel public service vehicles in urban centers

Establishment of Continuous Air Monitoring stations

Raising Awareness

Fuel Improvement and balanced fuel mix

Vehicle Inspection System

Promotion of CNG and Alternate Fuels Fuel efficiency in road transport anddomestic appliances

Fuel Adulteration Management

Industrial Zoning

Traffic Management

Waste Management

Mass Transit Adoption of EURO standards at manufacturing stage

Promotion of pollution control technology (including catalyticconverters,

exhaustrecirculation devices,

Particulate Matterarresters )

Industrial Emission Monitoring Paving alongside major roads

Plantation to stabilize loose dust


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PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTINGPUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti

Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke

Rickshaws

By End

Banning 2-

Stroke Vans

Plying for

Fare

By End

Banning Entry of

Public Service Diesel

Buses and vans in City

By EndSet of 1st Largest Cities

1. Karachi 9269265 2006 2007 2008

2. Lahore 5143495 2006 2007 2008

3. Faisalabad 2008861 2007 2009 2009

4. Rawalpindi 1409768 2006 2007 2009

5. Multan 1197384 2008 2009 2009


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PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING

PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti


Rickshaws

By End

Banning 2-

Stroke Vans

Plying for

Fare

By End

Banning Entry of



By End

Set of 2nd Largest Cities

6. Hyderabad 1166894 2009 2009 2010

7. Gujranwala 1042509 2008 2009 2010

8. Peshawar 988005 2006 2007 2008

9. Quetta 565137 2006 2007 2008

10. Islamabad 529180 2006 2007 2008


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Rickshaws

By End

Banning 2-

Stroke Vans

Plying for

Fare

By End

Banning Entry of



By End

Set of 3rd Largest Cities

11. Sargodha 553604 2008 2009 2010

12. Sialkot 421502 2008 2009 2010

13. Bahawalpur 408395 2008 2009 2010

14. Sukkur 335551 2010 2010 2010

15. Jhang 293366 2010 2010 2010


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Rickshaws

By End

Banning 2-

Stroke Vans

Plying for

Fare

By End

Banning Entry

of Public

Service Diesel

Buses and vans

in City

By End

Set of 4th Largest Cities

16. Sheikhupura 280263 2008 2009 2010

17. Larkana 270283 2011 2010 2010

18. Gujrat 251792 2008 2009 2010

19. Mardan 244511 2011 2010 2010

20. Rahim Yar Khan 233537 2011 2011 2010

21. Sahiwal 207388 2011 2010 2010

22 Okara 201815 2011 2010 2011


E d Shif i f 2 k di l d


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Islamabad Rawalpindi to nearby small cities

Gujranwala

Lahore Sialkok

Sargodha to nearby small cities

SahiwalOkara

Faisalabad Sheikhupura to nearby small cities

Multan Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan to nearby small cities

Jahang

Karachi Hyderabad Sukhar to nearby small cities

Peshawar Mardan to other small cities

Quetta to nearby small cities

Expected Shifting of 2-stroke, diesel andold vehicles


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Fitness inspection shall be made compulsory for all private vehicles.

Production of 2-stroke vehicles of any sort shall be banned within

five years.

To facilitate implementation of PCAP, special incentives including

soft loans and credit line shall be provided

PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PORGRAMME


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Ministry of Environment will coordinate

with concerned Federal and ProvincialGovernments to implement PCAP


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Recommendation

Pakistan Clean Air Program may beapproved for implementation

Documents

Air Quality in Pakistan