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AircraftVN

ContentsArticles

Sukhoi Su-37 1Sukhoi Su-27 5Sukhoi PAK FA 16De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 28

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 46Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 47

Article LicensesLicense 50

Sukhoi Su-37 1

Sukhoi Su-37

Su-37

Role Multirole fighter technology demonstrator

National origin Russia

Design group Sukhoi

Built by KnAAPO

First flight 2 April 1996

Status Development ceased

Number built 2 (conversions from Su-35)

Developed from Sukhoi Su-35

The Sukhoi Su-37 (NATO reporting name: Flanker-F) is an experimental single-seat, supermaneuverable multirolejet fighter, designed by Sukhoi. A further development of the original Su-27 "Flanker", it was modified from thefirst-generation Su-35 (formerly "T10M") prototypes. The Su-37 features an upgraded avionic suite and fire-controlsystem, but its most notable additions are the thrust-vectoring nozzles. Only two prototypes were converted.During the Su-35 flight test programme, active controls during dogfighting maneuvers could not be attained. At thesame time, Sukhoi was exploring the application of thrust-vectoring nozzles for fighter jets, giving it betterdogfighting attributes. The first Su-37, converted from the eleventh Su-35, made its maiden flight in April 1996 atZhukovsky. It was joined by a second prototype in 1998. Throughout the entire program, the Su-37 demonstrated itspotential to prospective operators at numerous air shows, performing maneuvers which were previously thought asimpossible, among which was a 360° somersault. Despite its potential tactical advantage, the Su-37 did not enterproduction, and instead remained as a technology demonstrator for updated Su-27 family aircraft such as the exportSu-30 and the Su-35BM.

Sukhoi Su-37 2

Design and developmentThe earliest records on thrust-vectoring technology research within Sukhoi began in 1983. The design bureau studiedtwo-dimensional (3D) vector nozzle, which was believed by the West to be the best way of controlling thrust. Sukhoimodified an Su-27UB-PS twin-seater with a 2D nozzle to verify the feasibility of this kind of nozzle. However, thedesign bureau's General Designer, Mikhail Simonov, believed asymmetrical nozzles (3D) to be more suitable. At therequest of Sukhoi, experiments on both types of nozzles were carried out by the Siberian Aeronautical ResearchInstitute (SibNIA).Meanwhile, Sukhoi was busy with the T10M (later renamed Su-35 in 1993) program, which was a comprehensiveupgrade over the Su-27. The T10M would incorporate aerodynamic modifications, improved avionics andarmament, and have a better propulsion system, designed to give it greatly enhanced agility. The first Su-27Mprototype (T-10S-70) made its maiden flight on 28 June 1988. Changes from the Su-27 include canards, upgradedengines, new radar, and a digital fly-by-wire flight-control system. Later Su-35 prototypes featured glass cockpitsand modified vertical stabilizers. The Su-35's construction made significant use of composites, includingaluminium-lithium (Al-Li) alloy. The aircraft, like the Su-27, could perform the previously unattainable "Pugachev'sCobra" and tailslide, but during these low-speed maneuvers, active controls could not be achieved because the flightcontrol surfaces were ineffective.

The Su-37 could perform the 180° "FrolovChakra", demonstrating its supermaneuverability

In 1995, the eleventh T10M prototype, T10M-11, was delivered toSukhoi's experimental workshop to be outfitted with exclusive systems.Built by KnAAPO, its structure has increased carbon-fibre and Al-Licontent. Installed was the 2D thrust-vectoring Lyulka AL-31FP, aninterim measure pending the availability of the AL-37FU (ForsazhUpravleniye, "afterburner-controlled"). The Al-31FP, in fact, is ahybrid version combining the Al-31F and the vectoring nozzle of theAl-37FU. Being fitted with a 2D vector nozzle, the Al-31FU is onlyvariable in pitch, plus or minus 15°. The engine not only incorporates anew-generation 2D TVC nozzle but also is resistant to engine surgeeven during inverted and flat spins, giving better reliability andmaneuverability even when the angle of attack is 180°.

The fire-control system was also improved. An upgraded Phazotron N-011M Zhuk-M pulse-Doppler radar wasfitted. It can scan 180° horizontally and 55° up and down, and is capable of tracking 20 aerial targets and guidingeight air-to-air missiles. In the aircraft's tail sting is an N-011M rearward facing radar, which has a 120° viewhorizontally and in elevation. The Su-37 also features an upgraded electronic warfare support measures package. Itcan carry air-to-air and air-to-surface weapons on 12 hardpoints. The vast range of weapons, of which the Su-37 cancarry 8,000 kg (17,600 lb), is supplemented by the 150-round 30 mm GSh-301 cannon.

Instead of traditional analogue instruments, the cockpit has four T-form Sextan Avionique (Thales) LCDmulti-function displays (MFD). These display air data/navigation, systems status, weapons/systems selection andtactical situation information. The pilot, who is provided with a head-up display (HUD), sits on the K-36DM ejectionseat inclined 30° to help counter the effects of high g-forces. The pilot steers with a side-stick and pressure-sensingthrottles. The two-grip flying control configuration was designed to prevent the pilot from losing contact with thecontrols when the aircraft is engaged in fast vectored-thrust maneuvers. Both the fixed throttle and the side-stickcontroller provide secure points for the pilot to brace his hands.

Sukhoi Su-37 3

Operational historyPainted in a disruptive sand and brown scheme, the aircraft was given the code 711 Blue, later changed to 711 White.It's maiden flight occurred at Zhukovsky on 2 April 1996, with Yevgeni Frolov at the controls. The nozzle waslocked fully aft throughout the flight, and it was not until the sixth flight that tests on the thrust-vector nozzlescommenced. Frolov was joined by Igor Votintsev, and for the next twelve days, the two had amassed twelve flightsbetween them.

An Su-35BM performing at the MAKS Airshowin 2009. This aircraft features thrust-vectoring

technology, similar to the Su-37

The 711 Blue was demonstrated to the press at Zhukovsky in spring1996, by which time it was re-designated Su-37. Its debut to thegeneral public came in September that year at theFarnborough Airshow, piloted by Sukhoi test pilot Yevgeni Frolov. Abig talking point of the show was its performance of the "SuperCobra", when the aircraft pitched up to 180°, literally flying tail first,albeit for only a few seconds; this maneuver evolved into the 360°"Frolov Chakra" somersault. The following year, the aircraft arrived onthe fifth and last day of the Paris Air Show to perform five aerialdisplays, the fourth of which was marred by a minor incident when theemergency undercarriage extension handle was moved, preventing gearretraction. It appeared at that year's MAKS Airshow and Dubai

International Defence Exhibition, as well as the 1998 FIDAE air show in Chile; for the latter two the Su-37 appearedunder the enigmatic designation, "Su-37MR".

In 1998, a second Su-37 (T10M-12) was similarly converted before making its first flight on 23 March the sameyear. Flight tests and demonstrations at air shows continued until 2000. In 2001, 711 was outfitted with AL-31Fengines and updated fly-by-wire flight control system and avionics. In December 2002, 711 crashed during a ferryflight, effectively bringing an end to the programme; the fault was later traced to a software malfunction. The Su-37did not reach the production stage, although by mid-2000, Sukhoi introduced several modernizations of Su-27, suchas Su-30MKI and second generation Su-35, the Su-35BM, which feature similar improvements such as improvedavionics and radar systems, and thrust vectoring engines.

Specifications (Su-37)Data from Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker: Air Superiority Fighter, Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker

General characteristics• Crew: 1• Length: 21.935 m (72 ft 9 in)• Wingspan: 14.698 m (48 ft 3 in)• Height: 5.932 m (21 ft 1 in)• Wing area: 62.0 m² (667 ft²)• Empty weight: 18,500 kg (40,790 lb)• Max. takeoff weight: 35,000 kg (77,160 lb)• Powerplant: 2 × Lyulka AL-37FU afterburning turbofans

• Dry thrust: 7,600 kgf (74.5 kN, 16,750 lbf) each• Thrust with afterburner: 145 kN (32,000 lbf) each

Performance• Maximum speed: Mach 2.35• Range: 3,300 km (1,833 nmi)• Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,055 ft)

Sukhoi Su-37 4

• Maximum g-loading: +10/−3 g[1]

Armament• 1 × 30 mm GSh-30 cannon with 150 rounds•• 12 × wing and fuselage stations for up to 8,000 kg (17,636 lb) of ordnance

Citations[1] http:/ / www. aeromagazin. rs/ arhiva/ aero01/ c10. htm

References• Eden, Paul, ed. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books.

ISBN 1-904687-84-9.• Gordon, Yefim (1999). Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker: Air Superiority Fighter. London: Airlife Publishing.

ISBN 1-84037-029-7.• Gordon, Yefim; Davison, Peter (2006). Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker. Warbird Tech 42. North Branch, Minnesota:

Specialty Press. ISBN 1-58007-091-4.• Tartar, Easy (18 August 1997). "Sukhoi Su-37" (http:/ / www. sci. fi/ ~fta/ Su-27. htm). Fighter Tactics Academy.

Retrieved 14 July 2011.• Williams, Mel, ed. (2002). "Sukhoi 'Super Flankers'". Superfighters: The Next Generation of Combat Aircraft.

London: AIRtime Publishing. ISBN 1-880588-53-6.• Wilson, Stewart (2000). "Sukhoi Su-35/37". Combat aircraft: since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace

Publications. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.

External links

External images

Su-37 image (http:/ / www. kitsune. addr. com/ Robotech/ Robotech-Vehicles/ EBSIS_Su-37. jpg)

• Su-37 (http:/ / www. enemyforces. com/ aircraft/ su37. htm) at EnemyForces.com• Su-37 (http:/ / www. warfare. ru/ ?lang=& catid=255& linkid=1607) at Russian Military Analysis• Su-37 (http:/ / www. airforce-technology. com/ projects/ su37/ ) at Airforce-technology.com

Sukhoi Su-27 5

Sukhoi Su-27

Su-27

Su-27SKM at MAKS-2005 airshow

Role Air superiority fighter

National origin Soviet UnionRussia

Manufacturer Sukhoi

First flight 20 May 1977

Introduction 1985

Status In service

Primary users Russian Air ForcePeople's Liberation Army AirForceUkrainian Air ForceSee operators for others

Produced 1982–current

Number built 809

Unit cost US$30 million

Variants Sukhoi Su-30Sukhoi Su-33Sukhoi Su-34Sukhoi Su-35Sukhoi Su-37Shenyang J-11

The Sukhoi Su-27 (Russian: Сухой Су-27) (NATO reporting name: Flanker) is a twin-engine supermanoeuverablefighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi. It was intended as a direct competitor for the large United States fourthgeneration fighters, with 3,530-kilometre (1,910 nmi) range, heavy armament, sophisticated avionics and highmanoeuvrability. The Su-27 most often flies air superiority missions, but is able to perform almost all combatoperations. Complementing the smaller MiG-29, the Su-27's closest US counterpart is the F-15 Eagle. The Su-27entered service with the Soviet Air Force in 1985.

Sukhoi Su-27 6

There are several related developments of the Su-27 design. The Su-30 is a two-seat, dual-role fighter forall-weather, air-to-air and air-to-surface deep interdiction missions. The Su-33 ‘Flanker-D’ is a navy fleet defenceinterceptor for use on aircraft carriers. Further versions include the side-by-side 2-seat Su-34 ‘Fullback’ strike variantand the Su-35 ‘Flanker-E’ improved air defence fighter.

Development

BackgroundIn 1969, the Soviet Union learned of the U.S. Air Force's "F-X" program, which resulted in the F-15 Eagle. TheSoviet leadership soon realised that the new American fighter would represent a serious technological advantageover existing Soviet fighters. What was needed was a better-balanced fighter with both good agility and sophisticatedsystems. In response, the Soviet General Staff issued a requirement for a Perspektivnyy Frontovoy Istrebitel (PFI,literally "Prospective Frontline Fighter", roughly "Advanced Frontline Fighter").[1] Specifications were extremelyambitious, calling for long range, good short-field performance (including the ability to use austere runways),excellent agility, Mach 2+ speed, and heavy armament. The aerodynamic design for the new aircraft was largelycarried out by TsAGI in collaboration with the Sukhoi design bureau.When the specification proved too challenging and costly for a single aircraft in the number needed, the PFIspecification was split into two: the LPFI (Lyogkyi PFI, Lightweight PFI) and the TPFI (Tyazholyi PFI, Heavy PFI).The LPFI program resulted in the Mikoyan MiG-29, a relatively short-range tactical fighter, while the TPFI programwas assigned to Sukhoi OKB, which eventually produced the Su-27 and its various derivatives.

Design phaseThe Sukhoi design, which was altered progressively to reflect Soviet awareness of the F-15's specifications, emergedas the T-10 (Sukhoi's 10th delta wing design), which first flew on 20 May 1977. The aircraft had a large delta wing,clipped, with two separate podded engines and a twin tail. The ‘tunnel’ between the two engines, as on the F-14Tomcat, acts both as an additional lifting surface and hides armament from radar.

Su-27 (T-10) in front of a Mil Mi-12

The T-10 was spotted by Western observers and assigned the NATOreporting name 'Flanker-A'. The development of the T-10 was markedby considerable problems, leading to a fatal crash on 7 May 1978.Extensive redesigns followed, and a heavily revised version, the T-10S,made its first flight on 20 April 1981.

Soviet Su-27 in-flight

The production Su-27 (sometimes Su-27S, NATO designation'Flanker-B') began to enter VVS operational service in 1985, althoughmanufacturing difficulties kept it from appearing in strength until1990.[2] The Su-27 served with both the V-PVO and Frontal Aviation.

Sukhoi Su-27 7

DesignThe Su-27's basic design is aerodynamically similar to the MiG-29, but it is substantially larger. The swept wingblends into the fuselage at the leading edge extensions and is essentially a cropped delta (the delta wing with tipscropped for missile rails or ECM pods). The Su-27 is also an example of a tailed delta wing configuration, retainingconventional horizontal tailplanes, though it is not a true delta.

Sketch of Su-27 performing Pugachev's Cobra manoeuvre

The Su-27 had the Soviet Union’s firstoperational fly-by-wire control system,developed based on Sukhoi OKB’sexperience in the Sukhoi T-4 bomberproject. Combined with relatively lowwing loading and powerful basic flightcontrols, it makes for an exceptionally

agile aircraft, controllable even at very low speeds and high angles of attack. In airshows the aircraft hasdemonstrated its manoeuvrability with a Cobra (Pugachev’s Cobra) or dynamic deceleration – briefly sustained levelflight at a 120° angle of attack.

The naval version of the 'Flanker', the Su-27K (or Su-33), incorporates canards for additional lift, reducing take-offdistances. These canards have also been incorporated in some Su-30s, the Su-35, and the Su-37.

Su-27 carrying R-27 missiles

The Su-27 is armed with a single 30 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1cannon in the starboard wingroot, and has up to 10 hardpoints formissiles and other weapons. Its standard missile armament forair-to-air combat is a mixture of Vympel R-73 (AA-11 Archer),Vympel R-27 (AA-10 'Alamo') weapons, the latter including extendedrange and IR guided models.

Radar and sensors

The Su-27 is equipped with a Phazotron N001 Myech coherentpulse-Doppler radar with track-while-scan and look-down /shoot-down capability. The fighter also has an OLS-27 infrared search and track (IRST) system in the nose justforward of the cockpit with a 80–100 km range.[3]

Operational history

RussiaThe Su-27 has seen limited action since it first entered service.In the morning of 13 September 1987, a fully armed Soviet Su-27, Red 36, intercepted a Norwegian Lockheed P-3Orion maritime patrol aircraft while flying over the Barents Sea. The Soviet fighter jet performed different closepasses, colliding with the reconnaissance aircraft on the third pass. The Su-27 disengaged and both aircraft landedsafely at their bases.[4]

These aircraft were used by the Russian Air Force during the 1992–1993 war in Abkhazia against Georgian forces.One fighter, piloted by Major pilot Vaclav Alexandrowich Shipko (Вацлав Александрович Шипко) was reportedshot down by an S-75M Dvina on 19 March 1993 while intercepting Georgian Su-25's performing Close AirSupport.[5][6]

Sukhoi Su-27 8

Su-27SM3 RuAF

In the 2008 South Ossetia War, Russia used Su-27s to gain airspacecontrol over Tskhinvali, the capital city of South Ossetia.[7][8]

On 7 February 2013, two Su-27s briefly entered Japanese airspace offRishiri Island near Hokkaido, flying south over the Sea of Japan beforeturning back to the north. Four Mitsubishi F-2 fighters were scrambledto visually confirm the Russian planes, warning them by radio to leavetheir airspace. A photo taken by a JASDF pilot of one of the twoSu-27s was released by the Japan Ministry of Defense. Russia deniedthe incursion, saying the jets were making routine flights near thedisputed Kuril Islands.

Russia plans to replace the Su-27 along with the Mikoyan MiG-29 eventually by the Sukhoi PAK FA stealthfifth-generation multi-role twin-engine fighter.

Ukrainian Air Force Su-27UB in July 2011

Ethiopia

Ethiopian Su-27s reportedly shot down two Eritrean MiG-29s anddamaged another one[9] in February 1999 and destroyed another two inMay 2000. The Su-27s were also used in CAP (Combat Air Patrol)missions, suppression of air defense, and providing escort for fighterson bombing and reconnaissance missions.[10]Wikipedia:Verifiability Inthe War in Somalia (2006-present), the EtAF used their Su-27s todeadly effect, bombing Islamist garrisons and patrolling the airspace.The Su-27 has replaced the aging Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 asEthiopia's main air superiority fighter.

AngolaThe Su-27 entered Angolan service in mid-2000 during the Angolan Civil War. It is reported that one Su-27 in theprocess of landing, was shot down by SA-14 MANPADs fired by UNITA forces on 19 November 2000.

IndonesiaFour Indonesian Flanker type fighters including Su-27s participated for the first time in the annual Pitch Blackexercise in Australia on 27 July 2012. Arriving at Darwin, Australia the Indonesian fighters two Su-27s and twoSu-30s were escorted by two Australian No. 77 Squadron F/A-18 Hornets.[11] Exercise Pitch Black is a majormulti-national biennial exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force, involving Offensive Counter Air andOffensive Air Support missions being flown at training ranges across the Northern Territory. Exercise Pitch Black 12conducted from 27 July through 17 August 2012, and participated 2,200 personnel and up to 94 aircraft fromAustralia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, New Zealand and the United States. [12]

Sukhoi Su-27 9

Variants

Soviet-era

Left side scheme of a Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker B,first production series

• T10 ("Flanker-A"): Initial prototype configuration.• T10S: Improved prototype configuration, more similar to

production spec.• P-42: Special version built to beat climb time records. The aircraft

had all armament, radar and paint removed, which reduced weightto 14,100 kg. It also had improved engines.

• Su-27 Pre-production series built in small numbers with AL-31 engine• Su-27S (Su-27 / "Flanker-B"): Initial production single-seater with improved AL-31F engine. The "T10P"• Su-27P (Su-27 / "Flanker-B"): Standard version but without air-to-ground weapons control system and wiring

and assigned to Soviet Air Defence Forces units. Often designated Su-27 without -P.[13]

• Su-27UB ("Flanker-C"): Initial production two-seat operational conversion trainer.• Su-27SK: Export Su-27 single-seater.• Su-27UBK: Export Su-27UB two-seater.

Russian fighter Su-27K (later designated Su-33)on the deck of Admiral Kuznetsov

• Su-27K (Su-33 / "Flanker-D"): Carrier-based single-seater withfolding wings, high-lift devices, and arresting gear, built in smallnumbers. They followed the "T10K" prototypes and demonstrators.

• Su-27M (Su-35/Su-37, Flanker-E/F): Improved demonstrators foran advanced single-seat multi-role Su-27S derivative. These alsoincluded a two-seat "Su-35UB" demonstrator.

• Su-32 (Su-27IB): Two-seat dedicated long-range strike variant withside-by-side seating in "platypus" nose. Prototype of Su-32FN andSu-34 'Fullback'.

Post-Soviet era

• Su-27PD: Single-seat demonstrator with improvements such as inflight refuelling probe.• Su-27PU (Su-30): Two-seat limited production machine with improvements such as inflight refuelling probe,

fighter direction avionics, new flight control system, and so on.• Su-30M / Su-30MK: Next-generation multi-role two-seater. A few Su-30Ms were built for Russian evaluation in

the mid-1990s, though little came of the effort. The Su-30MK export variant was embodied as a series of twodemonstrators of different levels of capability. Versions include Su-30MKA for Algeria, Su-30MKI for India,Su-30MKK for the People's Republic of China, and Su-30MKM for Malaysia.

• J-11: Version of Su-27 built under licence in China.• Su-27SM (Flanker-B Mod. 1): Mid-life upgraded Russian Su-27S, featuring technology evaluated in the

Su-27M demonstrators.• Su-27SKM: Single-seat multi-role fighter for export. It is a derivative of the Su-27SK but includes upgrades such

as advanced cockpit, more sophisticated self-defense electronic countermeasures (ECM) and an in-flightrefuelling system.[14]

• Su-27UBM: Comparable upgraded Su-27UB two-seater.• Su-27SM2: 4.5-gen block upgrade for Russian Su-27, featuring some technology of the Su-35BM; it includes

Irbis-E radar, and upgraded engines and avionics.• Su-27SM3: The same as the Su-27SM but in contrast is newly-built rather than a mid-life upgrade.[15]

Sukhoi Su-27 10

• Su-27KUB: Essentially an Su-27K carrier-based twin-seater with a side-by-side cockpit, for use as a naval carriertrainer or multi-role aircraft.

• Su-35BM/Su-35S: Also dubbed the "Last Flanker" is latest development from Sukhoi Flanker family. It featuresnewer avionics and new radar.

Operators

Operators of the Su-27

Around 680 Su-27s were manufacturedby the Soviet Union and Russia. Thistotal includes only Su-27s and not laterderivative aircraft.

 AngolaPeople's Air and Air DefenceForce of Angola - 7 Su-27s inservice as of January 2013[16]

Three were bought from Belarusin 1998.

 People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) - 59 Su-27 fighters, consisting of 33 Su-27SKs and 26Su-27UBKs as of January 2013 The Flankers were produced under three separate contracts by the RussianKnAAPO and IAPO plants. Delivery of the aircraft began in February 1991 and finished by September 2009.The first contract was for 18 Su-27SK and 6 Su-27UBK aircraft. The deal, known as '906 Project' withinChina, saw the Su-27 exported to a foreign country for the first time. In February 1991, an Su-27 performed aflight demonstration at Beijing's Nanyuan Airport. The official induction to service with the PLAAF occurredshortly thereafter. Chinese Su-27 pilots described its performance as "outstanding" in all aspects and flightenvelopes. Differences over the payment method delayed the signing of the second, identical contract. For thefirst batch, 70% of the payment had been made in barter transactions with light industrial goods and food.Russian Federation argued that future transactions should be made in US dollars. In May 1995, ChineseCentral Military Commission Vice Chairman, Liu Huaqing visited Russia and agreed to the term, on acondition that the production line of Su-27 be imported. The contract was signed the same year. Delivery ofthe final aircraft from the second batch, occurred in July 1996. In preparation for the expanding Su-27 fleet,the PLAAF sought to augment its trainer fleet. On December 3, 1999, a third contract was signed, this time for28 Su-27UBKs. All 76 of the aircraft featured strengthened airframe and landing gear - result of the PLAAFdemands that the fighter has a "usable" air-ground capability. As a result, the aircraft are capable of employingmost of the conventional Air-to-Ground ordnance produced by Russia. Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW)increased to 33,000 kg (72,750 lb). As is common for Russian export fighters, the active jamming device wasdowngraded- Su-27's L005 ECM pod was replaced with the L203/L204 pod. Furthermore, there were slightavionics differences between the batches. The first batch had N001E radar, while the later aircraft had N001Pradar, capable of engaging two targets at the same time. Additionally, ground radar and navigational systemswere upgraded. Of some note is that none of the aircraft are capable of deploying the R-77 "Adder" missiledue to a downgraded fire control system.

At the 2009 Farnborough Airshow, Alexander Fomin- Deputy Director of Russia's Federal Service forMilitary-Technical Co-operation, confirmed the existence of an all-encompasing contract and an on-goinglicensed production of the Su-27 variant by the Chinese. The aircraft are being produced as the Shenyang J-11.

 Eritrea

Sukhoi Su-27 11

Eritrean Air Force - 9 Su-27s in service as of January 2013. It received about 8 Su-27SK/27UBs in 2003.  Ethiopia

Ethiopian Air Force - 12 Su-27s, including 8 Su-27SKs in use as of January 2013  Indonesia

Indonesian Air Force (Tentara Nasional Indonesia: Angkatan Udara) - 5 Su-27SK fighters in service as ofJanuary 2013

 KazakhstanMilitary of Kazakhstan - 30 Su-27s as of December 2010[17] It had another 12 on order.

 RussiaRussian Air Force - 355 Su-27 aircraft, including 225 Su-27s, 74 Su-27SMs, 4 Su-27SM3s, and 52 Su-27UBsin service as of January 2013 A modernisation program began in 2004.[18][19][20] Half of the fleet has beenmodernized by 2012.[21] The Russian Air Force received 12 Su-27SM3 aircraft in 2011.[22]

 UkraineUkrainian Air Force - 70 Su-27s[23] It has 50 Su-27s in inventory as of January 2013.

 UzbekistanMilitary of Uzbekistan - 34 Su-27s in use as of January 2013

 VietnamVietnam People's Air Force - 9 Su-27SKs and 3 Su-27UBKs in use as of January 2013

 United StatesTwo Su-27s were delivered to the United States in 1995.[24] Two more were bought from Ukraine in 2009 by aprivate company to use for warbird exhibition.[25]

Former operators  Belarus

Belarusian Air Force received 23-28 Su-27s from the former Soviet Union. They had 22 in service as ofDecember 2010. Belarus had 17 Su-27P and 4 Su-27UBM1 aircraft remaining when they were retired inDecember 2012.

 Soviet UnionSoviet Air Force and Soviet Anti-Air Defence

[citation needed]

Private ownershipAccording to the FAA there are 2 privately owned Su-27s in the U.S.[26]

Two Su-27s from the Ukrainian Air Force were demilitarised and sold to Pride Aircraft of Rockford, Illinois, USA.Pride Aircraft modified some of the aircraft to their own desires by remarking all cockpit controls in English andreplacing much of the Russian avionics suite with Garmin, Bendix/King, and Collins avionics. The aircraft were bothsold to private owners for approximately $5 million each.[27]

The Dutch private training support company ECA Program placed an order with Belarus for 15 unarmed Su-27s(with an option on 18 more) for use in dissimilar air combat training. Deliveries are to be completed by the end of2012.[28]

See Sukhoi Su-30, Sukhoi Su-33, Sukhoi Su-34, and Sukhoi Su-35 for operators of Su-27 derivatives.

Sukhoi Su-27 12

Notable accidents

Russian Knights paying tribute to IgorTkachenko, leader of the group who died during

practice a week earlier.

• 9 September 1990: a Soviet Su-27 crashed at the Salgareda airshowin 1990 due to pulling a loop at too low an altitude. The pilot, RimasA.A. Stankevičius and a spectator were killed.[29]

• 12 December 1995: two Su-27s and an Su-27UB of the Russianflight demonstration team Russian Knights were lost, crashing intofoggy, hilly terrain outside of Cam Ranh, Vietnam, killing 4 teampilots. The team of six Su-27s and an Ilyushin Il-76 support aircraftwere en route home from an airshow in Malaysia, with a stop atCam Ranh for fuel, led by the Il-76 and flying echelon right and leftto it. After being vectored for approach, the lead Il-76 took a wrongcourse too close to terrain, which the three right-echelon Su-27simpacted. The remaining aircraft landed safely at Cam Ranh. Cause of accident was controlled flight into terrain;contributing factors were pilot error, mountainous terrain and poor weather.

•• December 1998: An Ethiopian Su-27 crashed during a night-flying exercise, killing a pilot.• 6 January 1999: An Ethiopian Air Force Su-27, piloted by a Russian pilot, crashed during test flights. The pilot

ejected safely.• 27 July 2002: A Ukrainian Su-27 crashed while performing an aerobatics presentation. It crashed into the crowd

and an Il-76 on static display, killing 85 spectators. Both pilots ejected and suffered only minor injuries.•• 15 September 2005: A Russian Air Force Su-27P crashed in Lithuania after it strayed out of its air corridor while

it was flying from St. Petersburg to Russia's Baltic enclave of Kaliningrad due to a mechanical failure. The Su-27was armed with at least 4 air-to-air missiles. The pilot ejected and was taken in Lithuanian custody. The incidentled to an international debate between Lithuania, Russia and NATO.

• 29 July 2008: an Su-27UB crashed on a training flight in Primorye Territory, Russia. 1 pilot was killed but theother survived.

• 16 August 2009: While practising for an airshow, two Su-27s of the Russian Knights collided in mid-air during atest flight 5 km from Zhukovsky Airfield, south-east of Moscow, killing the Knights' leader, Igor Tkachenko. Oneof the jets crashed into a house and started a fire. The pilots were training for the 2009 MAKS Airshow. A probeinto the crash has been launched; it is thought the accident may have been caused by a "flying skill error",according to the Russian Defense Ministry.

• 30 August 2009: A Belarus Air Force Su-27UBM crashed at the 2009 Radom Air Show in Poland. The Su-27crashed after exiting a loop, possibly due to an engine failure from a bird strike. Both pilots died after opting tostay with the aircraft to steer it away from spectators.

• 6 April 2011: A Russian Air Force Su-27SM crashed during a training drill near the city of Vladivostok inRussia's Far East. The pilot ejected unhurt.[30]

• 28 June 2012: A Russian Air Force Su-27UB crashed in Karelia, Russia. Both pilots ejected unhurt.[31]

• 31 March 2013: A Chinese PLA Air Force Su-27UBK crashed during a drill in Shangdong, China. Both pilotsdied.[32]

Sukhoi Su-27 13

Aircraft on display

Su-27 Red 27 at Central Armed Forces Museumin Moscow

• A Su-27, Red 27 is on display at the Central Armed Forces Museumin Moscow[33][34]

• A former Ukrainian Air Force Su-27 is on display at the EstonianAviation Museum, Haaslava, Tartu County[35]

Specifications (Su-27SK)Data from Gordon and Davison,[36]

KNAAPO Su-27SK page,[37] SukhoiSu-27SK page,[38]

General characteristics• Crew: 1• Length: 21.9 m (72 ft)• Wingspan: 14.7 m (48 ft 3 in)• Height: 5.92 m (19 ft 6 in)• Wing area: 62 m² (667 ft²)• Empty weight: 16,380 kg (36,100

lb)• Loaded weight: 23,430 kg (51,650

lb)• Max. takeoff weight: 30,450 kg (67,100 lb)• Powerplant: 2 × Saturn/Lyulka AL-31F turbofans

• Dry thrust: 7,670 kgf (75.22 kN, 16,910 lbf) each• Thrust with afterburner: 12,500 kgf (122.6 kN, 27,560 lbf) each

• Leading edge sweep: 42°

Performance• Maximum speed: Mach 2.35 (2,500 km/h, 1,550 mph) at altitude• Range: 3,530 km (2,070 mi) at altitude; (1,340 km / 800 mi at sea level)• Service ceiling: 19,000 m (62,523 ft)• Rate of climb: 300 m/s[39] (54,000 ft/min)• Wing loading: 371 kg/m² (76 lb/ft²)• Thrust/weight: 1.07

Armament• 1 × 30 mm GSh-30-1 cannon with 150 rounds• 4,430 kg (17,600 lb) on 10 external pylons[40]

• Up to 6 × medium-range AA missiles R-27, 2 × short-range heat-seeking AA missiles R-73

Sukhoi Su-27 14

Su-27S armament•• 30 mm GSH-30 Cannon, 150 rounds• 6 × Medium-Range R-27R, R-27ER, R-27T, R-27ET• 4 × Short-Range R-73E•• FAB-250•• FAB-500•• RBK-250•• RBK-500•• S-8•• S-13•• S-24•• S-25•• SMKB

Su-27SM armament• 8 x Vympel R-77 advanced medium-range missile• 6 x KAB-500KR and KAB-500L Guided Bombs• 4 x Kh-29T/L• 4 x Kh-31P/A anti-radar/ship missiles• 4 x Kh-35 anti-ship missile

Popular cultureThe Su-27 is in a starring role in the SSI flight simulator game "Su-27 Flanker" and sequel "Lock On: Modern AirCombat".

ReferencesReferences

[1] Spick, Mike, ed. "MiG-29 'Fulcrum'". "The Flanker". Great Book of Modern Warplanes. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing, 2000. ISBN0-7603-0893-4.

[2] http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ planes/ military/ su27sk/ history/[3] Sukhoi Su-27SK FLANKER-B (http:/ / www. uscc. gov/ researchpapers/ 2004/ 04fisher_report/ 7airforcesystems. htm)[4] http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ publish/ article_287. shtml[5] Moscow Defense Brief (http:/ / mdb. cast. ru/ mdb/ 3-2008/ item3/ article3/ )[6] http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ publish/ article_282. shtml[7] Lenta.Ru: Georgian army forces falling back from Tskhinvali (http:/ / lenta. ru/ news/ 2008/ 08/ 08/ stopsheling/ )[8] Lenta.Ru: Russian airplanes are bombing Georgian army positions (http:/ / lenta. ru/ news/ 2008/ 08/ 08/ strikes/ )[9] Claims with No Names (http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ publish/ article_192. shtml), Air Aces page.[10] "ke bahru be chilfa" (Ethiopian Air Force 2007 graduation publication, May 2007), pp. 72–3[11] http:/ / defense-update. com/ 20120727_pitch_black_fencers. html[12] http:/ / www. airforce-technology. com/ news/ newsexercise-pitch-black-2012-concludes[13] (http:/ / www. milavia. net/ aircraft/ su-27/ su-27_variants. htm) "Su-27P"[14] Production – Defense – Su-27SKM (http:/ / www. knaapo. ru/ eng/ products/ military/ su27SKM. wbp). KNAAPO[15] Sukhoi Company has performed the state contract on delivery of new multi-role Su-27SM3 fighters to the Russian air forces - News -

Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM (http:/ / www. ruaviation. com/ news/ 2011/ 12/ 23/ 699/ )[16] "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2013 Aerospace: Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 2013.[17] "Directory: World Air Forces". Flight International, 14–20 December 2010.[18] Су-27 предлагают списать (http:/ / www. samara-airlines. ru/ su-27-predlagayut-spisat/ )[19] Lenta.ru: Оружие: ВВС России получат восемь новых истребителей Су-27СМ (http:/ / lenta. ru/ news/ 2011/ 11/ 03/ su27sm/ )[20][20] AirForces Monthly, Dec 2010[21] http:/ / www. armstrade. org/ includes/ periodics/ news/ 2012/ 0313/ 100511974/ detail. shtml

Sukhoi Su-27 15

[22] http:/ / www. ruaviation. com/ news/ 2011/ 12/ 23/ 699/[23] Су-27 - Український мілітарний портал - Український мілітарний портал (http:/ / mil. in. ua/ vynyschuvachi/ su-27)[24][24] Gordon and Davison 2006, p. 101.[25] U.S. buys Su-27 fighters from Ukraine for 'aggressor' training (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ world/ 20090512/ 121553649. html). RIA Novosti[26] FAA Registry - Aircraft - Make / Model Inquiry (http:/ / registry. faa. gov/ aircraftinquiry/ AcftRef_Inquiry. aspx)[27] Pride Aircraft: Sukhoi SU-27 Flankers (http:/ / www. prideaircraft. com/ flanker. htm)[28] Air International October 2010, p.9.[29] 9 September 1990 crash of Su-27 (http:/ / aviation-safety. net/ wikibase/ wiki. php?id=54531). aviation-safety.net, 11 January 2011.[30] ASN Aircraft accident 06-APR-2011 Su-27SM Flanker 08 blue (http:/ / aviation-safety. net/ wikibase/ wiki. php?id=121564)[31] Su-27 Fighter Jet Crashes in Karelia (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20120628/ 174283286. html)[32] http:/ / www. ibtimes. com/ pla-fighter-jet-crash-two-die-chinese-military-air-drill-video-1164303[33] http:/ / www. bestrussiantour. com/ military/ central_museum_armed_forces[34] http:/ / forum. scramble. nl/ viewtopic. php?p=594553[35] http:/ / www. lennundusmuuseum. ee/ index. php?lang=2[36] Gordon and Davison 2006, pp. 91–92, 95–96.[37] Sukhoi Su-27SK (http:/ / www. knaapo. ru/ eng/ products/ military/ su-27sk. wbp). KNAAPO.[38] Su-27SK Aircraft performance page (http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ planes/ military/ su27sk/ lth/ ). Sukhoi.[39] Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker (http:/ / www. fighter-planes. com/ info/ su27. htm)[40] http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ planes/ military/ su27sk/ lth/

Bibliography• "ECA Program Su-27 Flankers Destined for Iceland". Air International. October 2010, Vol. 79 No. 4. p. 9. ISSN

0306-5634.• Gordon, Yefim. Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker: Air Superiority Fighter. Airlife Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-84037-029-7.• Gordon, Yefim and Peter Davison. Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker, Specialty Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-58007-091-1.• Modern Combat Aircraft: Reference guide, pp. 50–51. Minsk, "Elida", 1997. ISBN 985-6163-10-2. (Russian)

External links• Su-27SК Sukhoi (http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ planes/ military/ su27sk/ )• Su-27 page on knaapo.ru (http:/ / www. knaapo. ru/ eng/ )• ECA Program BV Website (http:/ / www. ecaprogram. com/ iopfor/ iopfor_air. html)• Su-27SК Russia Military Analysis (http:/ / www. warfare. ru/ ?catid=255& linkid=1604)• Su-27 page GlobalSecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ su-27. htm)• Sukhoi Flankers – The Shifting Balance of Regional Air Power (http:/ / www. ausairpower. net/ APA-Flanker.

html)• Asia's Advanced Flankers (http:/ / www. ausairpower. net/ TE-Flankers-Aug03. pdf)• The Su-27SKM (http:/ / www. zacharz. com/ lebourget/ su27/ photos. htm)• Su-27 free walkaround (37 shots) (http:/ / scalemodels. ru/ modules/ photo/ viewcat_cid_2. html)• Su-27UB walkaround photos (http:/ / www. prideaircraft. com/ flanker. htm)

Sukhoi PAK FA 16

Sukhoi PAK FA

PAK FA

PAK FA T-50

Role Stealth multirole fighter

National origin Russia

Manufacturer Sukhoi

First flight 29 January 2010

Introduction 2016

Status Test flight/pre-production

Primary users Russian Air ForceRussian Navy

Number built 5 prototypes[1]

Program cost US$8–10 billion (est.)[2][3][4]

Unit cost T-50: US$50+ million[5]<FGFA: US$100 million[6]

Variants Sukhoi/HAL FGFA

The Sukhoi PAK FA (Russian: Сухой ПАК ФА, Russian: Перспективный авиационный комплекс фронтовойавиации, Perspektivny Aviatsionny Kompleks Frontovoy Aviatsii, literally "Prospective Airborne Complex ofFrontline Aviation") is a twin-engine jet fighter being developed by Sukhoi for the Russian Air Force. The SukhoiT-50 is the prototype for PAK FA.[7] The PAK FA is one of only a handful of stealth jet programs worldwide.[8]

The PAK FA, a fifth generation jet fighter, is intended to be the successor to the MiG-29 and Su-27 in the Russianinventory and serve as the basis of the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA being developed with India.[9][10] The T-50 prototypeperformed its first flight 29 January 2010.The Russian Defence Ministry will purchase the first 10 evaluation example aircraft after 2012 and then 60production standard aircraft after 2016.[11][12][13] The first batch of fighters will be delivered with current technologyengines. The PAK-FA is expected to have a service life of about 30–35 years.

Sukhoi PAK FA 17

Development

OriginsIn the late 1980s, the Soviet Union outlined a need for a next-generation aircraft to replace its MiG-29s and Su-27sin front line service. Two projects were proposed to meet this need – the Sukhoi Su-47 and the Mikoyan Project1.44. In 2002, Sukhoi was chosen to lead the design for the new combat aircraft.[14] The Novosibirsk AircraftProduction Association is manufacturing the new multirole fighter at Komsomol'sk-on-Amur along withKomsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association. Final assembly is to take place atKomsomol'sk-on-Amur.[citation needed]

The Tekhnokompleks Scientific and Production Center, Ramenskoye Instrument Building Design Bureau, theTikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design, the Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant(Yekaterinburg), the Polet firm (Nizhny Novgorod) and the Central Scientific Research Radio Engineering Institute(Moscow) were pronounced winners in the competition held in early 2003 for the development of the avionics suite.NPO Saturn is the lead contractor for the engines.[citation needed]

In 2007, Russia and India agreed to jointly develop the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft Programme (FGFA) forIndia.[15][16][17] In September 2010, it was reported that India and Russia had agreed on a preliminary designcontract where each country invests $6 billion; development of the FGFA fighter was expected to take8–10 years.[18] The agreement on the preliminary design was to be signed in December 2010.[19]

On 8 August 2007, Russian Air Force Commander-in-Chief (CinC) Alexander Zelin was quoted by Russian newsagencies that the development stage of the PAK FA program was complete and construction of the first aircraft forflight testing would begin.[20] Zelin also said that by 2009 there would be three fifth-generation aircraft ready. "Allof them are currently undergoing tests and are more or less ready," he said.[21] In mid-2009 the design was approved.

Flight testingThe T-50's maiden flight had been repeatedly postponed since early 2007 as the aircraft encountered unspecifiedtechnical problems. Alexander Zelin admitted as recently as August 2009 that problems with the engine and intechnical research remained unsolved.[22] On 28 February 2009, Mikhail Pogosyan announced that the airframe forthe aircraft was almost finished and that the first prototype should be ready by August 2009.[23] On 20 August 2009,Pogosyan said that the first flight would be by year's end. Konstantin Makiyenko, deputy head of the Moscow-basedCentre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies said that "even with delays", the aircraft would likely make itsfirst flight by January or February, adding that it would take five to ten years for commercial production.[24]

PAK FA T-50 with landing gear down, April2010

On 8 December 2009, Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanovannounced that the first trials with the fifth-generation aircraft wouldbegin in 2010.[25] The first taxi test was successfully completed on 24December 2009.[26][27][28] Piloted by Hero of the Russian FederationSergey Bogdan, the aircraft's 47-minute maiden flight took place on 29January 2010 at KnAAPO's Dzemgi Airport in the Russian FarEast.[29][30][31]

By 31 August 2010, it had made 17 flights and by mid-November, 40in total. The second T-50 was to start its flight test by the end of 2010,but this was delayed until March 2011.[32][33][34][35][36]

A second prototype was first planned to join the flight testing in the fourth quarter of 2010 but was postponed. On 3 March 2011, it was reported that the second aircraft had made a successful 44-minute test flight. These first two aircraft will lack radar and weapon control systems. The third and fourth aircraft, to be added in 2011, will be fully functional test aircraft.[37] On 14 March 2011, the aircraft achieved supersonic flight at a test range near

Sukhoi PAK FA 18

Komsomolsk-on-Amur in Siberia.[38]

T-50 flying at MAKS 2011

The T-50 was displayed publicly for the first time at the 2011 MAKSAirshow. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin was inattendance.[39][40] In June 2011, an unauthorized video was made ofthe Sukhoi PAK FA in flight displaying a variety of aerobaticmoves.[41] On 3 November 2011, the PAK FA program achieved its100th flight.[42] More than 20 test flights were made in the next ninemonths.[43]

The third prototype, T-50-3, was the first prototype to fly with anAESA radar. Originally scheduled for the end of 2011, these flightsoccurred in August 2012, and showed performance comparable to

existing radars.[44][45] On 22 November 2011, T-50-3 took its first flight from KnAAPO's airfield inKomsomolsk-on-Amur, piloted by Sergey Bogdan. The aircraft spent over an hour in the air, and was subjected tobasic stability and powerplant checks.[46] It differs from the other prototypes in the way it lacks a pitot tube. All 14test aircraft are scheduled to fly by 2015.[47]

The fourth prototype had its first flight on 12 December 2012[48] and joined the other three aircraft in testing nearMoscow a month later.[49][50]

Design

Overview

Prototype T-50 in flight

Although most information about the PAK FA is classified, sourceswithin in the Russian Air Force and Defense Ministry have openlystated that it features stealth technology and has the capability tosupercruise, and incorporate advanced avionics such as an ActiveElectronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar and an artificialintelligence system.[51] It is to be outfitted with the next generation ofair-to-air, air-to-surface, and air-to-ship missiles.[52]

Video from the PAK FA's first flight shows that it has no conventionalrudders; its vertical tails are fully movable.[53] This special tail findesign is mechanically similar to V-tails used by the Northrop YF-23in 1990s,[54] but is supplemented by dedicated horizontal stabilators (as on the F-22). The T-50 has wingleading-edge devices above the jet engine intakes that may pose a challenge for signature control.[55]

Composites are used extensively on the T-50 and comprise 25% of its weight and almost 70% of the outer surface. Itis estimated that titanium alloy content of the fuselage is 75%. Sukhoi's concern for minimizing radar cross-section(RCS) and drag is also shown by the provision of two tandem main weapons bays in the centre fuselage, between theengine nacelles. Each is estimated to be between 4.9-5.1 m long. The main bays are augmented by bulged,triangular-section bays at the wing root.[56]

The Moskovsky Komsomolets reported that the T-50 has been designed to be more maneuverable than the F-22Raptor, at the cost of making it less stealthy than the F-22.[57] One of the design elements that have such an effect isthe Leading Edge Vortex Controller (LEVCON).

Sukhoi PAK FA 19

CockpitLife support systems will enable pilots to sustain 9 g in maneuvers. New pressure suits will allow safe ejection ataltitudes of up to 23 km.[58]

StealthRussian sources indicate the PAK FA lacks the very-low-observable (VLO) stealth of the F-22. Instead, reducingobservability with composite materials, aerodynamic configuration, and engine signature reduction measures toachieve low (but not very-low) levels of radar, optic and infrared signatures.[59] Carlo Kopp has said that once thePAK FA is fully developed into a stealthy design, it should be a rough match for the F-35 in low observability, butaerodynamically superior.[60] Sources claim that the PAK FA may incorporate "Plasma stealth" although no solidevidence of this has been shown.[citation needed]

ArmamentThe PAK FA has a reported maximum weapons load of 7,500 kg. It has an apparent provision for a cannon (mostlikely GSh-301), and could possibly carry two 30 mm cannons.[] The PAK FA has two internal bays estimated at4.6-4.7 metres by 1-1.1 metres.[61] The expected initial armaments include Kh-35UE (AS-20 "Kayak"), Kh-38ME,Kh-58UShKE (AS-11 "Kilter"), and RVV-MD (AA-11 "Archer") missiles.[62]

Two Izdeliye 810 Extended beyond visual range missiles per weapons bay. Multiple Izdeliye 180 / K77M beyondvisual range missiles. K74 and K30 within visual range missiles can also be carried. Two KH38M or KH58 USHKair-to-ground missiles per weapons bay. Multiple 250–500 kg precision guided bombs per weapons bay, with amaximum of 10 bombs in internal bays.[] Other possible loads include one 1,500 kg bomb per weapons bay or two400 km+ range anti-AWACS weapons (such as the RVV-BD) on external hardpoints.[63][64]

PAK FA chief designer Alexander Davydenko has said that there is a possibility of the installation of BrahMossupersonic missile on the PAK FA and its FGFA derivative. However, it is unclear how these missiles will beinstalled, though it can be one or two missiles only due to heavy weight of the BrahMos.

Avionics

NIIP's AESA radar for the PAK FA on display atthe 2009 MAKS airshow

The PAK FA's SH121 radar complex includes three X-band AESAradars located at the front and sides of the aircraft. These will beaccompanied by L-band radars on the wing leading edges.[65][66]

L-band radars are proven to have increased effectiveness against verylow observable, or stealthy, targets which are optimized only againstX-band frequencies, but their longer wavelengths reduce theirresolution. However the initial prototypes will use legacy passiveelectronically scanned array radar.[67]Wikipedia:VerifiabilityAccording to Sukhoi, the radar will reduce pilot load and make use of anew data link to share information between aircraft.[68] In 2012 groundtests began on the third aircraft of the Tikhomirov Scientific ResearchInstitute of Instrument Design's AESA radar.[69]

The PAK FA will feature an OLS-50M infra-red search and track optical/IR search and tracking system. TheOLS-50M is an upgrade to the previous OLS-35 infra-red search and track system due to advanced QWIPtechnology now being available. The OLS-50M will most likely have upgraded efficiency in identifying VLO (verylow observability) aircraft at greater ranges.[citation needed]

Sukhoi PAK FA 20

EnginesOn its first flights, the PAK FA was expected to use a pair of conventional Saturn 117S engines, but a new engine117 (AL-41F1) powered its first flight.[70] The new engine features a digital control system (FADEC), and isreportedly capable of producing 33,000 lbs (147 kN) of thrust in afterburner, has a dry weight of 1420 kilogram anda thrust to weight ratio of 10.5:1.According to Sukhoi director Mikhail Pogosyan, the 117 (AL-41F1) is a new fifth generation engine builtspecifically for the PAK-FA. Pogosyan has clarified that claims of the use of an older engine are incorrect. Thoughthe specifics of the new engine remain classified, information provided has included: increased engine thrust by 2.5tonnes over the AL-31 engine, a reduction in engine weight by 150 kilograms (330 lb). These changes allow theaircraft to supercruise, sustaining supersonic flight speeds without using afterburners.[] Mikhail Pogosyan furthermentioned that this engine (117) meets the Russian Air Force's requirements and will be installed in productionPAK-FA aircraft.The engine generates a larger thrust and has a complex automation system, to facilitate flight modes such asmaneuverability. It is expected that each engine will be able to independently vector its thrust upwards, downward orside to side. Vectoring one engine up with the other one down can produce a twisting force, which would enable thePAK FA to be the first fifth generation fighter with full 3-D thrust vectoring along all three aircraft axes: pitch, yawand roll. These engines will incorporate infrared and RCS reduction measures.[71][72]

There is little information about the new engine of T-50. According to preliminary facts, the engine will haveincreased thrust and fuel efficiency as compared to AL-41F1. Allegedly, the powerplant will have a thrust of about107 kN in cruise mode and 176 kN in full afterburner mode.[73]

Operational history

PAK FA compressor stall at MAKS-2011

In August 2011, the Russian Air Force said that the new Sukhoi fighteris to enter service in 2014–2015. "We will receive a T-50 prototype in2013," CinC Zelin told reporters. "Mass produced aircraft will notarrive until 2014–2015." Former deputy defense minister VitalyShlykov has questioned Russia's industrial capacity to produce thefighter in significant numbers.[74]

In March 2013, the first aircraft is to be delivered for two years of statetrials.[75][76] As of June 2012, construction of modernized testingfacilities and a new runway to accommodate the next phase of the PAKFA program is underway at the 929th State Flight Test Center inAkhtubinsk.[77][78]

On 6 August 2013, the Russian Air Force announced they will take delivery of their first T-50 "in the third quarter ofthis year," with final state test flights starting in the fourth quarter. The aircraft will enter service in 2016.[79]

Sukhoi PAK FA 21

ExportsSukhoi claims that the main export advantage of the PAK FA consists in it being cheaper than current US fifthgeneration jet fighters, though it will be considerably more expensive than previous Russian fourth generation jetfighters.[80]

Russia was said to be interested in offering the PAK FA for South Korea's next generation jet fighter.[81] SouthKorea's defence procurement agency confirmed that the Sukhoi PAK FA was a candidate for the Republic of KoreaAir Force's next-generation fighter (F-X Phase 3) aircraft;[82] however, Sukhoi failed to enter the biddingcompetition by the January 2012 deadline.[83]

Russia's Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade predicts that the PAK FA will be available for export in 2025;[84]

though this may include the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA,[85] the primary export version of the base T-50 platform.[86]

Ruslan Pukhov, director of the Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, has projected that Vietnam willbe the second export customer for the fighter.[87]

In 2012, Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov said that Russia and India would jointly build the exportversion of the T-50 starting in 2020.[88]

In 2013 United Aircraft Corporation president Mikhail Pogosyan said that the Russian PAK FA would use the"identical onboard systems and avionics" of the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA.[89]

Variants

FGFAThe completed joint Indian/Russian versions of the single-seat or two-seat FGFA will differ from the current T-50flying prototypes in 43 ways with improvements to stealth, supercruise, sensors, networking, and combatavionics.[90]

Sukhoi director Mikhail Pogosyan has projected a market for 1,000 fighter aircraft over the next four decades, whichwill be produced in a joint venture with India, 200 each for Russia and India and 600 for other countries.[91] He hasalso said that the Indian contribution would be in the form of joint work under the current agreement rather than as ajoint venture.[92] The Indian Air Force is to receive 50 of the single-seat "Russian version" before receiving thetwo-seat FGFA.[93]

Naval and other versionsNavalized Sukhoi T-50 PAK FAs will be deployed on the Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov and futureRussian aircraft carriers.[94] There will be a competition between the Sukhoi, Mikoyan and Yakovlev design bureausto choose the new naval aircraft.Alexei Fedorov has said that any decision on applying fifth-generation technologies to produce a smaller fighter(comparative to the F-35) must wait until after the heavy fighter, based on the T-50, is completed.[95]

Sukhoi PAK FA 22

UCAVOn 30 August 2013, the United Aircraft Corporation said they were developing an unmanned combat air vehiclebased on the T-50 fighter. The drone is currently at a preliminary research stage. Once the fundamentalspecifications are agreed upon, creating it should be simple with the technology provided by the T-50 program.[96]

Specifications

Because the aircraft is in development,these specifications are preliminaryand are taken as estimates from theavailable images.Data from warfare.ru,[97] pravda.ru[98]

General characteristics• Crew: 1• Length: 19.8 m (65.9 ft)• Wingspan: 14 m (46.6 ft)• Height: 6.05 m (19.8 ft)• Wing area: 78.8 m2 (848.1 ft2)• Empty weight: 18,500 kg (40,785 lb)• Loaded weight: 29,772 kg[99] (65,636 lb)• Useful load: 7,500 kg (combat load) (16,534 lb)• Max. takeoff weight: 37,000 kg (81,570 lb)• Powerplant: 2 × AL-41F1 for prototypes[100][101] turbofan, 147 kN (33,047 lb) for prototypes;[102] over 175 kN

(39,340 lbf) for definitive engine version each• Fuel capability: 10,300 kg (22,711 lb)

Performance• Maximum speed: Mach 2+, 2,135 km/h [103] (1,327 mph)• Cruise speed: 1,300-1,800 km/h (808-1,118 mph)• Ferry range: 5,500 km[104] (3,417 mi)• Service ceiling: 20,000 m (65,000 ft)• Rate of climb: 350 m/s (68,900 ft/min)• Wing loading: 330-470 kg/m2 (67-96 lb/ft2)• Thrust/weight: 1.01 (1.20 for new engines)• Maximum g-load: 9 g

Armament• Guns: None on prototype. Apparent provision for a cannon (most likely GSh-301). Possible two 30 mm cannon.• Hardpoints: Currently 6 internal hardpoints and up to 6 external hardpoints: two internal bays running

longitudinally on the fuselage supporting a total of 4 RVV-BD AAMs (R-37 derived), plus 2 small internal wingbays for 2 RVV-SD AAMs and up to six external hardpoints.[105] Including the advanced X-38 air to surfacemissile.[106]

Avionics• AESA N036 built by Tikhomirov NIIP. Presumably T-50 radar is a development of Irbis-E designed for

Su-35BM[107]

•• Speculated specifications: Radar complex Sh-121 comprising five elements, namely

Sukhoi PAK FA 23

• Main X-band AESA radar, size of 900 by 700 mm and with 1522 T/R modules• 2 Side facing smaller X-band AESA radars, to increase angular coverage• 2 L-band AESA on the Leading-edge extension for good vlo detection• Possible rear facing X-band AESA for the Indian Sukhoi/HAL FGFA

•• OEIS (opto-electronic integrated system) 101KS: Consists of 4 parts•• 101KC-D: Anti-IR seeker•• 101KC-B: Quantam optical radar system•• 101KC-Y: Optical system for issuing HQ to COP-O•• 101KC-H: Air to ground mode

References

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28069553_1_india-and-russia-anatoly-serdyukov-admiral-gorshkov) Times of India, 10 October 2009.[3] Shukla, Ajai. "India, Russia close to PACT on next generation fighter." (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/

india-russia-close-to-pactnext-generation-fighter/ 381718/ ) Business Standard, 5 January 2010.[4] Shukla, Ajai. "India to develop 25% of fifth generation fighter/" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/

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Sukhoi PAK FA 24

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[43] Karnozov, Vladimir. "Sukhoi T-50 Moves to Radar, In-flight Refueling Tests" (http:/ / www. ainonline. com/ aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/ 2012-08-31/ sukhoi-t-50-moves-radar-flight-refueling-tests). Aviation International News, 31 August 2012.

[44] Trimble, Stephen. "Third PAK-FA prototype breaks cover" (http:/ / www. flightglobal. com/ blogs/ the-dewline/ 2011/ 11/ third-pak-fa.html). Flight Global, 21 November 2011.

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[47] Sysoev, Grigoriy. "Russia to Increase Number of 5G Fighters in Test Flights" (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20120213/ 171286237.html). RIA Novosti, 13 February 2012.

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vahtubinske, 1 February 2010.[79] Russian Air Force will take delivery this year of first fifth-generation T-50 fighter aircraft (http:/ / www. airrecognition. com/ index.

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html). Korea Times, 20 July 2011.[82] Grevatt, Jon. "South Korea confirms Sukhoi T-50's surprise entry into FX fighter contest" (http:/ / www. janes. com/ products/ janes/

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[88] "India to Build Export T-50 Stealth Fighter by 2020" (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20121010/ 176529011. html). RIA Novosti, 10October 2012.

[89] "Russia, India Describe Next-Gen Fighter Plans" (http:/ / www. ainonline. com/ aviation-news/ ain-defense-perspective/ 2013-03-01/russia-india-describe-next-gen-fighter-plans).

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[92] Mikhail. Kutuzov. "Russian-Indian work on 5G fighter to go ahead without extra deal." (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20100611/159390947. html) rian.ru, 11 June 2010. Retrieved: 26 January 2011.

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[94] Kramnik, Ilya. "Moscow set to upgrade Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier." (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ analysis/ 20100406/ 158454665. html)rian.ru. Retrieved: 26 January 2011.

[95] "Легкий истребитель 5-го поколения будет создан на базе технологий тяжелого перспективного истребителя (in Russian)". (http:/ /arms-tass. su/ ?page=article& aid=53759& cid=25) arms-tass.su. Retrieved: 26 January 2011.

[96] Russia Developing Attack Drone From T-50 Fighter Jet (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ military_news/ 20130830/ 183068603/Russia-Developing-Attack-Drone-From-T-50-Fighter-Jet--UAC. html) - Rian.ru, 30 August 2013

[97] "PAK-FA Sukhoi T-50." (http:/ / warfare. be/ ?lang=& linkid=2280& catid=255) warfare.ru. Retrieved: 26 January 2011.[98] "Russia's Fifth Generation Jet Tested Successfully." (http:/ / english. pravda. ru/ russia/ economics/ 29-01-2010/ 111923-fifth_generation-0)

pravda.ru, 29 January 2010. Retrieved: 26 January 2011.[99] Loaded weight= 18500 kg (empty weight) + 10300 kg (fuel) + 4*190 kg (RVV-SD) + 2*106 kg (RVV-MD)[citation needed]

[100][100] New engine by NPO Saturn and FNPTS MMPP Salyut to be rated at 175 kN (39,341 lbf).[101] "PAK-FA T-50." (http:/ / www. vostokstation. com. au/ aircraft/ Sukhoi_PAK-FA_T-50. htm) vostokstation.com.au. Retrieved: 10 April

2012.[102][102] Butowski 2010, p. 35.[103] http:/ / www. aviaport. ru/ digest/ 2006/ 01/ 18/ 99775. html[104] "T-50 / Project 701 / PAK FA specifications." (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ pak-fa-specs. htm)

GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved: 18 January 2013.[105] "PAK FA R-73 bay concept image" (http:/ / s56. radikal. ru/ i151/ 1009/ 28/ b35f40d5a8f6. jpg) Photograph. Retrieved: 26 January 2011.[106] "Russian air force puts X-38 air-to-surface missile into service." (http:/ / english. ruvr. ru/ 2013_01_18/

Russian-air-force-puts-X-38-air-to-surface-missile-into-service/ )[107] "T-50 / Project 701 / PAK FA." (http:/ / paralay. com/ pakfasu. html) paralay.com. Retrieved: 11 August 2011.

Citations

Bibliography• Butowski, Piotr. "Raptorski's Maiden Flight". Air International, Vol. 78, No 3, March 2010, pp. 30–37. Stamford,

UK: Key Publishing.• Lake, Jon. "Sukhoi T-50 - Russia's Raptor?" Combat Aircraft, Vol. 11, No.4, April 2010.

External linksGeneral information• PAK FA - Global Security.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ pak-fa. htm)• The T-50's Flight to the Future - GrandeStrategy (http:/ / www. grandestrategy. com/ 2010/ 02/

russian-are-coming-t-50s-flight-to. html)• PAK FA info & pictures - Paralay.com (http:/ / www. paralay. com/ pakfasu. html) (Russian)

• PAK FA - Russian Military Analysis (http:/ / warfare. be/ ?catid=255& linkid=2280)• Sukhoi PAK FA - Redstar.gr (http:/ / www. redstar. gr/ Foto_red/ Eng/ Aircraft/ Su_T50. html)• Т-50: технологии взлёта - Technical development video (http:/ / newstube. ru/ media/ t-50-texnologii-vzlyota)

(Russian)

News reports and articles

Sukhoi PAK FA 27

• FARNBOROUGH 2008: Russian air force to receive Sukhoi PAK FA - to be equivalent of the F-22 Raptor (http:// www. flightglobal. com/ articles/ 2008/ 07/ 15/ 225495/farnborough-2008-russian-air-force-to-receive-sukhoi-pak-fa-to-be-equivalent-of-the-f-22-raptor. html)

• Article from India Times (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2007-10-30/ europe/27951348_1_generation-fighter-maiden-flight-indo)

• Article on Flight International website with artistic image of PAK FA from NPO Saturn (April 04 2007) (http:/ /www. flightglobal. com/ articles/ 2007/ 04/ 24/ 213364/ picture-russian-sukhoi-t-50-fighter-images-emerge. html)

• Brazil, Russia to build jet fighter, Associated Press (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ wires/ 2008Apr15/0,4670,BrazilRussia,00. html)

• Australian Analysis of PAK-FA (http:/ / www. ausairpower. net/ APA-2010-01. html)Flight videos and photos:

• Sukhoi PAK FA - Prospective Airborne Complex of Frontline Aviation (https:/ / www. youtube. com/watch?v=q5DczexaufY) on YouTube

• Maiden flight video (https:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=qxWZiSdWvns) on YouTube• Photos of the first and second prototype of PAK FA (Т-50) in flight (2010-2011). (http:/ / www. airliners. net/

search/ photo. search?aircraft_genericsearch=& airlinesearch=& countrysearch=& specialsearch=& daterange=&keywords=foxbat+ "T-50-"+ -35+ -30& range=& sort_order=photo_id+ desc& page_limit=30&thumbnails=noinfo)

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 28

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter

DHC-6 Twin Otter

A WinAir DHC-6 Twin Otter landing at St Barthelemy Gustaf III Airport.

Role Utility aircraft

Manufacturer de Havilland CanadaViking Air - (400 series)

First flight May 20, 1965

Introduction 1966

Produced 1965–1988 (Series 100-300)2008–present (Series 400)

Number built 850+

Unit cost $7,000,000 USD[1]

Developed from DHC-3 Otter

Developed into de Havilland Canada Dash 7

The DHC-6 Twin Otter is a Canadian 19-passenger STOL (Short Takeoff and Landing) utility aircraft developedby de Havilland Canada and currently produced by Viking Air. The aircraft's fixed tricycle undercarriage, STOLabilities and high rate of climb have made it a successful cargo, regional passenger airliner and MEDEVAC aircraft.In addition, the Twin Otter has been popular with commercial skydiving operations, and is used by the United StatesArmy Parachute Team and the United States Air Force's 98th Flying Training Squadron.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 29

Design and development

Aerovías DAP DHC-6 Series 300 at PuertoWilliams

A Twin Otter making a normal landing approachin Queensland.

First flight of the Series 400 technicaldemonstrator by Viking Air, October 1, 2008

Development of the aircraft began in 1964, with the first flight on May20, 1965. A twin-engine replacement for the single-engine Otterretaining DHC's renowned STOL qualities, design features includeddouble slotted trailing edge flaps and ailerons that work in unison withthe flaps to boost STOL performance. The availability of the 550 shp(410 kW) Pratt and Whitney Canada PT6A-20 propeller turbine enginein the early 1960s made the concept of a twin more feasible. To bushoperators, the improved reliability of turboprop power and theimproved performance of a twin-engine configuration made it animmediately popular alternative to the single engine, piston-poweredOtter which had been flying since 1951.

The first six aircraft produced were designated Series 1, indicating thatthey were prototype aircraft. The initial production run consisted ofSeries 100 aircraft, serial number seven to 115 inclusive. In 1968,Series 200 production began with serial number 116. Changes made atthe beginning of Series 200 production included improving the STOLperformance, adding a longer nose that was equipped with a largerbaggage compartment (except to aircraft fitted with floats) and fitting alarger door to the rear baggage compartment. All Series 1, 100 and 200aircraft and their variants (110, 210) were fitted with the 550 shafthorsepower PT6A-20 engines.

In 1969, the Series 300 was introduced, beginning with serial number231. Both aircraft performance and payload were improved by fittingmore powerful PT6A-27 engines. This was a 680 hp (510 kW) enginethat was flat-rated to 620 hp (460 kW) for use in the Series 300 TwinOtter. The Series 300 proved to be the most successful variant by far,with 614 Series 300 aircraft and their sub-variants (Series 310 forUnited Kingdom operators, Series 320 for Australian operators, etc.)sold before production ended in 1988.

New production

After Series 300 production ended, the remaining tooling waspurchased by Viking Air of Victoria, British Columbia, whomanufacture replacement parts for all of the out of production de Havilland Canada aircraft. On February 24, 2006,Viking purchased the type certificates from Bombardier Aerospace for all the out of production de Havilland DHC-1through DHC-7 aircraft.[2] The ownership of the certificates gives Viking the exclusive right to manufacture newaircraft.

On July 17, 2006, at the Farnborough Air Show, Viking Air announced its intention to offer a Series 400 Twin Otter.On April 2, 2007, Viking announced that with 27 orders and options in hand, it was restarting production of the TwinOtter, equipped with a more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34/35 engine.[3] As of November 2007, 40firm orders and 10 options had been taken and a new final assembly plant established in Calgary, Alberta.[4][5]

Zimex Aviation of Switzerland received the first new production aircraft, serial number 845, in July 2010.[6]

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 30

Major changes introduced with the Series 400 include Honeywell Primus Apex fully integrated avionics, deletion ofthe AC electrical system, deletion of the beta backup system, modernization of the electrical and lighting system, anduse of composites for non-load-bearing structures such as doors.[7]

Announced orders• Peruvian Air Force (12)• Air Loyaute (2)• Air Moorea (2)• Air Seychelles (2)• Airfast Indonesia (4)[8]

• European Coastal Airlines (6)• Global Aerospace Logistics (GAL) (10), Order placed June 16, 2009• Loch Ard Otters (6 plus 6 options)• Montenegro Charter Company (1)[9]

• Maldivian Air Taxi (2)• Petro Air (1)• Trans Maldivian Airways (5)• United States Army Parachute Team (3)[10]

• Vietnamese People's Navy (6)[11]

• Vityaz Avia Corporation (2)• Zimex Aviation (1)

Operational history

de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter onBeechey Island at seamen's graves of John

Franklin expedition (Nunavut, Canada) c. 1997.Note the tundra tires.

Twin Otters could be delivered directly from the factory with floats,skis or tricycle landing gear fittings, making them adaptable bushplanes for remote and northern areas including Canada and the UnitedStates, specifically Alaska. Many Twin Otters still serve in the farnorth, but they can also be found in Africa, Australia, Antarctica andother regions where bush planes are the optimum means of travel.Their versatility and maneuverability have made them popular in areaswith difficult flying environments, including Papua New Guinea. InNorway, the Twin Otter paved the way for the network of short-fieldairports, connecting the rural areas with the larger towns withoutstanding reliability, and remained in service until 2000 on certainroutes. Widerøe of Norway was, at one time, the world's largestoperator of Twin Otters. During one period of its tenure in Norway, theTwin Otter fleet achieved over 96,000 cycles (takeoff, flight and landing) per year.

A number of commuter airlines in the United States got their start by operating Twin Otters in scheduled passengeroperations. Houston Metro Airlines (which later changed its name to Metro Airlines) constructed their ownSTOLport airstrip with passenger terminal and maintenance hangar in Clear Lake City, Texas near the NASAJohnson Space Center. The Clear Lake City STOLport was specifically designed for Twin Otter operations.According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), at one point Houston Metro operated 22 round trip flights everyweekday between Clear Lake City (CLC) and Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH, now Houston George BushIntercontinental Airport) in a scheduled passenger airline shuttle operation. Houston Metro had agreements in placefor connecting passenger feed services with Continental Airlines and Eastern Airlines at Houston Intercontinental,

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 31

with this major airport having a dedicated STOL landing area at the time specifically for Twin Otter flightoperations. The Clear Lake City STOLport is no longer in existence.The Walt Disney World resort in Florida was also served with scheduled airline flights operated with Twin Otteraircraft. The Walt Disney World Airport (WDS), also known as the Lake Buena Vista STOLport, was a privateairfield constructed by the Walt Disney Company with Twin Otter operations in mind. In the early 1970s, ShawneeAirlines operated scheduled Twin Otter flights between the Disney resort and nearby Orlando Jetport (MCO, nowOrlando International Airport). This STOL airfield is no longer in use.Another commuter airline in the U.S., Rocky Mountain Airways, operated Twin Otters from the Lake CountyAirport in Leadville, CO. At an elevation of 9,927 feet above mean sea level, this airport is the highest airfield in theU.S. ever to have received scheduled passenger airline service, thus demonstrating the wide ranging flightcapabilities exhibited by the Twin Otter. Rocky Mountain Airways went on to become the worldwide launchcustomer for the larger, four engine de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7 STOL turboprop but continued to operatethe Twin Otter as well.Larger airlines in the U.S. and Canada also flew Twin Otters. Alaska Airlines, the original Frontier Airlines(1950-1986) and Wien Air Alaska were air carriers that flew Boeing 727 jetliners as well as earlier versions of theBoeing 737 jetliner at the time. All three airlines also operated Twin Otter aircraft. Ozark Airlines was primarily aDouglas DC-9 jetliner operator that also flew Twin Otters. In addition, Pacific Western Airlines (PWA) andTransair, Canadian air carriers that operated Boeing 737s, both flew Twin Otter aircraft as well. Two other Canadianairlines that flew Twin Otters, Time Air and Norcanair, also operated Fokker F28 Fellowship passenger jets. In manycases, the excellent operating economics of the Twin Otter allowed airlines large and small to provide scheduledpassenger flights to communities that most likely would otherwise never have received air service.Twin Otters are also a staple of Antarctic transportation.[12] Four Twin Otters are employed by the British AntarcticSurvey on research and supply flights, and several are employed by the United States Antarctic Program via contractwith Kenn Borek Air. On April 24–25, 2001, two Twin Otters performed the only winter flight to Amundsen-ScottSouth Pole Station to perform a medical evacuation.[13][14][15][16]

The Argentine Air Force has used them in Antarctica[17] since the 1970s with at least one of them deployed thewhole year at Marambio Base[18] The Chilean Air Force has operated the type from 1980, usually having an examplebased at Presidente Frei Antarctic base of the South Shetland islands.

Air Greenland uses one of its Twin Otters forwinter supply flights to the Summit Camp polar

research station

As of August 2006, a total of 584 Twin Otter aircraft (all variants)remain in service worldwide. Major operators include: Libyan ArabAirlines (16), Maldivian Air Taxi (22), Trans Maldivian Airways (23),Kenn Borek Air (42)[19] and Scenic Airlines (11). Some 115 airlinesoperate smaller numbers of the aircraft including Yeti Airlines inNepal, Malaysia Airlines which uses the Twin Otter exclusively forpassenger and freight transportation to the Kelabit Highlands region inSarawak, and in the United Kingdom the FlyBe franchise operatorLoganair which uses the aircraft to service the island of Barra in theHebrides islands. This scheduled service is unique as the aircraft landson the beach and the schedule is partly influenced by the tide tables. The Twin Otter is also used for landing at theworld's shortest commercial runway on the Caribbean island of Saba, Netherlands Antilles.

Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources is also a long-time operator of the Twin Otter.Transport Canada still owns three DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft, but they now see very limited flying time, as their rolein Coastal Surveillance has been assumed by a fleet of DHC-8s.[citation needed]

The Twin Otter has been popular with commercial skydiving operations. It can carry up to 22 skydivers to over 13,500 ft[20] (a large load compared to most other aircraft in the industry); presently, the Twin Otter is used in

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 32

skydiving operations in many countries. The United States Air Force operates three Twin Otters for the United StatesAir Force Academy's skydiving team.On 26 April 2001, the first ever air rescue during polar winter from the South Pole occurred with a ski-equippedTwin Otter operated by Kenn Borek Air.On September 25, 2008, the Series 400 Technology Demonstrator achieved "power on" status in advance of anofficial rollout.[21][22] First flight of the Series 400 technical demonstrator, C-FDHT, took place October 1, 2008, atVictoria Airport.[23][24] Two days later, the aircraft departed Victoria for a ferry flight to Orlando, Florida, site of the2008 National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) Conference and exhibition. The first new build Series 400Twin Otter (SN 845) made its first flight on February 16, 2010, in Calgary, Alberta.[25] Transport Canada presentedViking Air Limited with an amended DHC-6 Type Certificate including the Series 400 on July 21, 2010.

Variants

Air Seychelles de Havilland Canada DHC-300Twin Otter on Bird Island, Seychelles.

DHC-6 Series 100Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two550 shp (432 kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A20 turbopropengines.

DHC-6 Series 110Variant of the Series 100 built to conform to BCAR (BritishCivil Air Regulations)

DHC-6 Series 200Improved version.

DHC-6 Series 300Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 620 shp (462 kW) Pratt & Whitney CanadaPT6A-27 turboprop engines.

DHC-6 Series 300MMulti-role military transport aircraft. Two of these were produced as "proof-of-concept" demonstrators

DHC-6 Series 310Variant of the Series 300 built to conform to BCAR (British Civil Air Regulations)

DHC-6 Series 320Variant of the Series 300 built to conform to Australian Civil Air Regulations

DHC-6 Series 300SSix demonstrator aircraft fitted with 11 seats, wing spoilers and an anti-skid braking system.

Viking Air built Series 400 in 2010

DHC-6 Series 400First delivered in July 2010, powered by two Pratt & WhitneyCanada PT6A-34 or optional PT6A-35 Hot & High Performanceengines, and available on standard landing gear, straight floats,amphibious floats, skis, wheel skis, or intermediate flotationlanding gear.

CC-138Twin-engined STOL utility transport, search and rescue aircraftfor the Canadian Forces.

UV-18A

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 33

Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft for the U.S. Army Alaska National Guard. Six built. It has beenreplaced by the C-23 Sherpa in US Army service.

UV-18BParachute training aircraft for the United States Air Force Academy. The United States Air Force Academy's98th Flying Training Squadron maintains three[26] UV-18s in its inventory as freefall parachuting trainingaircraft,[27] and by the Academy Parachute Team, the Wings of Blue, for year-round parachuting operations.

UV-18CUnited States Army designation for three Viking Air Series 400s ordered in 2012.[28]

Operators & Former Operators

Civil operators

Loganair Twin Otter in British Airways Livery atBarra Airport

Former operators are listed where possible.• Aeronaves Alimentadoras - Former operator, now defunct.•• Aviastar Mandiri•• Presidencia de la República del Paraguay•• Volcanic Air Safaris

 Algeria•• Star Aviation

 Antigua and Barbuda•• Carib Aviation• Leeward Islands Air Transport (LIAT) - Former operator.

 Australia• Aeropelican - Former operator.• Air Queensland - Former operator.• Ansett Australia - Former operator.• East-West Airlines (Australia) - Former operator.• Flight West Airlines - Former operator.• MacRobertson Miller Airlines - Former operator.• Trans Australia Airlines - Former operator.

Trans Maldivian

•• Transtate Airlines - Former operator.•• Macair Airlines - Former operator.•• Regional Pacific Airlines - Former operator.

 Canada•• Adlair Aviation• Air BC - Former operator.•• Air Inuit•• Air Labrador•• Air Tindi

• Airtransit (defunct)•• Alkan Air•• Arctic Sunwest Charters• Bradley Air Services Ltd - Former operator.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 34

• First Air - Former operator.• Harbour Air (current operator of the seaplane version)•• Kenn Borek Air•• Manitoba Government Air Services• Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario) - forest firefighting•• Nakina Air Service• Norcanair - Former operator.• NorOntair - Former operator.•• North-Wright Airways• North Cariboo Air - Former operator.• Pacific Western Airlines (PWA) - Former operator.•• Provincial Airlines• Sander Geophysics[29]

• Time Air - Former operator.• Transair - Former operator.• Transport Canada[citation needed]

•• Transwest Air•• Viking Air• West Coast Air - Former operator acquired by Harbour Air

 Cape Verde• TACV Cabo Verde Airlines - Former Operator

 Cayman Islands•• Cayman Airways

 Chile• Aerocord -operates former Los Cedros Aviacion Vistaliner•• Barrick•• Aerovías DAP• LAN-Chile -former operator, passed aircraft onto Chilean AF• Varmontt Air never operated though painted aircraft at Los Cerrillos during the early 2000 years.

 People's Republic of China•• China Flying Dragon Aviation• Civil Aviation Administration of China - Former operator.

 Colombia•• Aerolínea de Antioquia•• Policia Nacional Colombiana• Sociedad Aeronautica de Medellin - Former operator.

 Congo• Lina Congo - Former operator

 Costa Rica•• Nature Air

 Croatia•• European Coastal Airlines

 Djibouti•• Air Djibouti

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 35

 Dominican Republic•• SAP Air GroupEast African Community• East African Airways - Former operator.

 Finland•• Kar-Air•• Malmilento•• Skydiving Club of Finland - Former operator

 Fiji•• Pacific Sun

 France•• Air Antilles Express• Air Caraïbes (a DHC-6-300 crashed in March 2001 near Saint Barthélemy airport,[30]

•• Air Loyauté  Greece

• AirSea Lines - Former operator  Greenland

•• Air Greenland  Guyana

• Guyana Airways - Former operator.  Iceland

•• Air Iceland•• Norlandair

 Indonesia•• Airfast Indonesia•• Merpati Nusantara Airlines•• Susi Air

 Iran•• Iranian Naft Airlines

 Israel• SkyKef[31]

• Ayit Aviation and Tourism[32]

 Jamaica• Air Jamaica Express - Former operator

 Kenya•• Air Kenya•• KAL Aviation (KALAIR)•• Skytrail Air Safaris

 Laos• Lao Air[33]

 Madagascar

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 36

•• Air Madagascar  Malaysia

• MASWings a subsidiary of Malaysia Airlines  Maldives

•• Maldivian Air Taxi•• Trans Maldivian Airways

 Mali•• Air Mali

 Malta•• Harbourair (Malta)

 Mauritius•• Air Mauritius

 Mexico•• Aeronaves Alimentadora

 Myanmar•• Hevilift

   Nepal•• Nepal Airlines•• Yeti Airlines Netherlands Antilles• ALM Antillean Airlines - Former operator• Dutch Caribbean Airlines - Former operator•• Windward Islands Airways

 New Zealand• Mount Cook Airline - Former operator

 Norway• Widerøe - Former operator• NFK - Former operator•• Hoppfly AS

 Pakistan• Pakistan International Airlines - Former operator

 Panama• Aeroperlas - Former operator•• Air Panama

 Papua New Guinea•• Airlines PNG•• Hevilift PNG•• Mission Aviation Fellowship

 Portugal• TAP Portugal - Former operator

 Puerto Rico

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 37

•• Crown Air•• Dorado Wings

 São Tomé and Príncipe•• Air São Tomé and Príncipe Seychelles•• Air Seychelles

 Solomon Islands•• Solomon Airlines

 Sri Lanka•• Sri Lankan Airlines

 Suriname•• Blue Wing Airlines•• Gum Air• Surinam Airways - Former operator

 Turkey•• Seabird Airlines

 Turks and Caicos Islands•• Air Turks and Caicos

 Sweden•• Crownair - Former operator•• Stockholm Fallskärmsklubb• Swedair - Former operator•• Swedewings - Former Operator•• Syd Aero - Former operator

 Uganda• East African Airways - former operator

 United Kingdom• Aurigny Air Services (Channel Islands) - Former operator• British Airways (operated by Loganair) - Former operator (for British Airways)•• British Antarctic Survey• Jersey European Airways on some services from the Channel Islands in the 1980s - former operator•• Isles of Scilly Skybus• Loganair operating a franchise from FlyBe.•• North London Skydiving Centre

 United States• Air Illinois - Former operator.• Air Pacific (commuter airline based in California) - Former operator.•• Air Serv International• Air Wisconsin - Former operator.•• Alaska Aeronautical Industries (AAI) (scheduled passenger services in Alaska) - Former operator.• Alaska Airlines - Former operator.• Allegheny Commuter (operated by Southern Jersey Airways) - Former operator.• Aloha Island Air - Former operator.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 38

•• Bald Mountain Air Service• Continental Express (operated by Rocky Mountain Airways) - Former operator.• Crown Airways (Falls Creek, PA) - Former operator.• Eastern Express (Metro Airlines divisions with Caribbean and U.S. domestic routes that provided passenger feed

for Eastern Airlines at the San Juan International Airport (SJU) in Puerto Rico and also at HoustonIntercontinental Airport (IAH) in Texas) - Former operator.

• Era Aviation (operated code share services for Alaska Airlines in Alaska) - Former operator.• Frontier Airlines (original Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) - Former operator.• Golden West Airlines - Former operator.•• Grand Canyon Airlines•• Hammond Air Service - Former operator.•• Hawaii Jet-Air - Former operator.• Herman's Air (operating as MarkAir Express in Alaska) - Former operator.• Houston Metro Airlines / Metro Airlines / Metroflight Airlines (wholly owned Metro holding company divisions)

- Former operators.• Mackey Airlines (also known as Mackey International) - Former operator.• MarkAir Express - Former operator•• NewAir (Formally New Haven Air) - Former operator.• Northern Airways - Former operator (subsequent name changes to Air North and then Brockway Air).• Northern Consolidated Airlines (NCA) - Former operator (acquired by Wien Air Alaska which continued to

operate these DHC-6 aircraft).• Ozark Airlines - Former operator.•• Pilgrim Airlines - Former operator.• Princeville Airways (acquired by Aloha Island Air) - Former operator.• Rio Airways - Former operator.• Rocky Mountain Airways - Former operator.•• Ross Aviation - Former operator.• Royale Airlines - Former operator (aircraft acquired from Metro Airlines).•• Scenic Airlines•• Shawnee Airlines•• Southern Jersey Airlnes• Sun Valley Airlines (name changes to Sun Valley Key Airlines and then Key Airlines) - Former operator.• WestAir / WestAir Commuter Airlines - Former operator.• Wien Air Alaska - Former operator.

 United States Virgin Islands• Seaborne Airlines (current fleet includes landplane and seaplane versions)

 Vanuatu•• Air Vanuatu

 Venezuela• Aeropostal - Former operator.• Aereotuy - Former operator.

 Yemen•• Yemenia Airlines

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 39

Military and police operators

Twin Otter taking off from a gravel airstrip nearSila Lodge at Wager Bay (Ukkusiksalik National

Park, Nunavut, Canada)

 Afghanistan  Argentina

• Argentine Air Force (Marambio Base) / LADE•• Argentine Army•• Argentine Navy

 Australia•• Australian Army

•• Australian Army Aviation  Benin

•• Military of Benin  Canada

• Royal Canadian Air Force - CC-138 (DHC-6-300) - Operated by 440 Transport Squadron in Yellowknife, NT•• Royal Canadian Mounted Police

 Chile•• Chilean Air Force

 Colombia•• Colombian National Police

 Ecuador•• Ecuadorian Air Force

 Ethiopia•• Ethiopian Air Force

 France•• French Air Force•• French Army

 Haiti•• Armed Forces of Haiti

 Jamaica•• Jamaica Defence Force

 Malaysia  Mexico

• Mexican Air Force - Former operator.• Mexican Navy - Former operator.

   Nepal• Nepalese Army Air Service - Former operator.

 Nicaragua•• Nicaraguan Air Force

 Norway• Royal Norwegian Air Force (Retired from active service)

 Panama

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 40

• Panamanian Air Force (until 1988)  Philippines

•• Philippine Air Force  Paraguay

•• Paraguayan Air Force  Peru

• Peruvian Air Force (12 series-400 recently purchase + 5 legacy series)•• Peruvian Navy

 Sudan•• Sudanese Air Force

  Switzerland•• Swiss Air Force

 Uganda•• Ugandan Air Force• Uganda Police Force Air Wing

 United States•• United States Air Force•• United States Army•• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

 Vietnam• Ordered by Vietnamese Navy, delivery expected 2012-2014[34]

Notable accidents and incidents• On March 20, 1973, a DHC-6 operated by the Saudi government crashed into a mountain in Italy, killing all 18

people on board.• On June 29, 1972, a DHC-6 operating as Air Wisconsin Flight 671 with eight people on board collided in mid-air

over Lake Winnebago near Appleton, Wisconsin, with North Central Airlines Flight 290, a Convair CV-580carrying five people. Both aircraft crashed into the lake, killing all 13 people on board.[35]

• On July 11, 1972, a Norwegian Air Force DHC-6 crashed into a mountain on Grytøya, killing all 17 people onboard. The pilot was later discovered to have been drunk.

• December 21, 1972, a Air France DHC-6 crashed into the ocean en route from Guadeloupe to Princess JulianaInternational Airport, killing all 11 passengers on board along with both pilots.

• On January 18, 1978, a Frontier Airlines DHC-6 crashed during a training flight in Pueblo, Colorado killing allthree crew members.[36]

• On November 18, 1978, a DHC-6 flown to Guyana to rescue Americans from the Jonestown cult was shot up bycultists and abandoned on the Port Kaituma airstrip.

• On July 31, 1981, a Panamanian Air Force (FAP-205) DHC-6 crashed during flight, killing all seven people onboard including President Omar Torrijos (see Panamanian Air Force FAP-205 crash).[37]

• On February 21, 1982, Pilgrim Airlines Flight 438, a schedule 2 commuter passenger flight, made an emergencylanding on the northwest branch of the Scituate Reservoir near Providence, Rhode Island. One passenger waskilled, eight passengers had serious injuries.

• On March 11, 1982, Widerøe Flight 933 crashed into the Barents Sea near Gamvik, Norway killing all 15 people on board. Despite allegations of a mid-air collision with a military aircraft, a total of four official different investigations over 25 years all concluded the cause to be severe clear-air turbulence. The incident remains highly

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 41

controversial in Norway.•• On June 14, 1986, while on a search mission, a Canadian Armed Forces Twin Otter (Serial number cc13807),

crashed in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada, resulting in the deaths of the military crew of three and five civilianspotters of CASARA.

• On June 18, 1986, a Grand Canyon Airlines DHC-6 collided with a Bell 206 helicopter, resulting in the death ofall 20 people on board the DHC-6 and all five people on board the helicopter.

• On October 28, 1989, Aloha Island Air Flight 1712 crashed in a mountain on approach to Hoolehua Airport atMolokai, Hawaii. The crash killed all 20 on board.[38]

• On April 12, 1990, Widerøe Flight 839 crashed in the ocean outside Værøy, Norway due to wind, killing all thefive people on board. Værøy Airport was closed following the accident.

• On February 14, 1991, an Ecuadorian Air Force DHC-6 crashed into a mountain, killing the pilot and all 21passengers on board.

• On April 22, 1992, a Perris Valley Skydiving DHC-6 lost power at Perris Valley Airport in California, crashing200 feet (61 m) past the runway, killing 14 skydivers and two crew on board; six skydivers survived.[39]

• On 27 October 1993, Widerøe Flight 744, operated by a Twin Otter, crashed while approaching Namsos Airport,Høknesøra en route from Trondheim Airport, Værnes, killing the crew and four passengers. A total of 13 survivedthe crash.

• On 10 January 1995, a Merpati Nusantara Airlines Twin Otter (Flight 6715) disappeared on a scheduled flightfrom Bima Airport to Satartacik Airport, Ruteng, Indonesia with the loss of 4 crew and 10 passengers. It appearsto have crashed in the Molo Strait in bad weather.[40]

• On November 30, 1996, an Aces DHC-6 crashed in the cerro el Barcino mountains 8 km. from AeropuertoEnrique Olaya Herrera in Medellin, Colombia, resulting in the death of 15 people, two crew and thirteenpassengers on the ground.[41]

• On March 24, 2001, an Air Caraïbes DHC-6 crashed in the mountains near Gustaf III Airport on SaintBarthélemy in the French West Indies, resulting in the death of 17 passengers, two crew and one person on theground.[42]

• On August 9, 2007, Air Moorea Flight 1121 crashed shortly after taking off from Moorea Temae Airport inFrench Polynesia; the plane was bound for Tahiti. All 20 occupants, including 19 passengers and one crewmember, were killed.[43]

• On May 6, 2007, a French Air Force DHC-6 in support of the Multinational Force and Observers in the SinaiPeninsula crashed, killing one Canadian and eight French peacekeepers.[44]

• On October 8, 2008, a Yeti Airlines DHC-6 was destroyed on landing at Lukla in Nepal; 16 passengers and twocrew died in the incident, only the pilot survived.[45]

• On August 2, 2009, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 9760 crashed in Indonesia about 22 kilometres (14 mi)north of Oksibil. All 16 people on board were killed.[46]

• On August 11, 2009, Airlines PNG Flight 4684 crashed whilst en route from Port Moresby to Kokoda in PapuaNew Guinea, killing all 13 on board.[47]

• On December 15, 2010, a DHC-6 Crashed in Nepal. All 22 passengers and crew on board were killed.[48]

• On January 20, 2011, a Twin Otter Crashed in Ecuador. Six military passengers died.[49]

•• On August 24, 2011, a DHC-6 Twin Otter (9M-MDM), operating as MH3516 from Miri to Lawas crash landed 5meters short off the river at the end of the Lawas Airport runway; however, all 18 persons on board the aircraftsurvived, with no serious injuries.

• On September 22, 2011, a DHC-6 float plane crashed in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, clipping acondominium and crashing in the street killing two and injuring seven.[50]

• On 23 January 2013, C-GKBC (c/n:650), a Kenn Borek Air DHC-6 Twin Otter skiplane went missing over the Queen Alexandra Range in Antarctica. On board the plane were 3 Canadians. The plane had been en route from the South Pole to Terra Nova Bay. Wreckage was found on Mount Elizabeth on the 25th, the crash was said to be

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 42

unsurvivable.• On 16 May 2013, Nepal Airlines Flight 555 from Pokhara (PKR) to Jomsom (JMO) veered left off of the runway

after touching down at Jomsom and went down the slope to the Kaligandaki river. The aircraft stopped at the bankof the river, with the left wing in the water. Three crew and four passengers received serious injuries, and 15passengers received minor or no injuries. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.

Specifications

Source:[51]

DHC-6 Series 100 DHC-6 Series 300 DHC-6 Series 400

Flight deck crew 1-2

Seating 19 20

Length 51 ft 9 in (15.77 m)

Wingspan 65 ft 0 in (19.8 m)

Wing area 420 sq ft (39 m2)

Empty weight 5,850l lb(2,653 kg)

7,415l lb(3,363 kg)

6,880 lb(3,121 kg)

Height 19 ft 4 in (5.9 m)

Maximum takeoff weight(MTOW)

10,500 lb(4,763 kg)

12,500 lb(5,670 kg)

Maximum landing weight 10,500 lb(4,763 kg)

12,300 lb(5,579 kg)

Maximum speed 160 knots (297 km/h at cruisealtitude)

170 knots (314 km/h at cruise altitude)

Cruise speed 150 knots (278 km/h at cruise altitude)

Stall speed 58 knots (107 km/h at cruise altitude) (landing configuration)

Range (Max fuel, nopayload)

771 nmi (1,427 km) 775 nmi (1,434 km) 799 nmi (1480 km)989 nmi (1832 km)with long range tankage

Maximum fuel capacity 382 US gal (1,447 L) 375 US gal (1421 L) 378 US gal (1466 L)478 US gal (1811 L) with long range tankage

Service ceiling 25,000 ft (7,620 m) 26,700 ft (8138 m)

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 43

Powerplants (×2) Pratt & Whitney PT6A-20 Pratt & WhitneyPT6A-27

Pratt & Whitney PT6A-34 / PT6A-35turboprop

Rate of climb 1,600 ft/min (8.1 m/s)

Power/mass 0.12 hp/lb (0.20 kW/kg)

ReferencesNotes[1] Series 400 Twin Otter Sales Expand Worldwide (http:/ / www. aero-news. net/ index. cfm?do=main. textpost&

id=67ead195-8fcb-4d66-8fd9-8d34d84f0af1)[2] "Viking Acquires De Havilland Type Certificates." (http:/ / aiabc. com/ artman/ publish/ printer_47. shtml) aiabc.com, February 24, 2006.

Retrieved: May 15, 2010.[3] "Viking restarts Twin Otter production." (http:/ / www. flightglobal. com/ Articles/ 2007/ 04/ 02/ 212989/

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De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 44

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Bibliography• Hotson, Fred W. The de Havilland Canada Story. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1983. ISBN 0-07-549483-3.• Rossiter, Sean. Otter & Twin Otter: The Universal Airplanes. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1998. ISBN

1-55054-637-6.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 45

External links• Viking Air (http:/ / www. vikingair. com)• Bush planes (http:/ / www. bush-planes. com)• Ambient cabin audio of a skydiver load in a Twin Otter to 15,000 feet and back again (http:/ / media. libsyn. com/

media/ airspeed/ AirspeedListenOtter. mp3)• Cockpit intercom audio of a skydiver load in a Twin Otter, including demonstration of flight characteristics (http:/

/ media. libsyn. com/ media/ airspeed/ AirspeedOtter2. mp3)• Viking Twin Otter 400 (http:/ / www. vikingair. com/ content2. aspx?id=276)• stockholm Fallskärmsklubb (Stockholm Skydive Club) (http:/ / www. skydive. se)

Article Sources and Contributors 46

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De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572998868  Contributors: 2Q, 777sms, Abd747, AdrianArcher, Againme, Ahunt, Alai, Alers,Algkalv, Andrwsc, Angusmclellan, Ansgar Walk, Antonio Luis Sapienza, AntonioMartin, Appraiser, Apskelett, Arcandam, Archer8849, Ardfern, Attilios, Auntof6, BD2412, Ben Ben, Bigforrap,BilCat, Bill-on-the-Hill, Bloggins762, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Bombardierq300, Bonzi, Browning ave, Brutaldeluxe, Bzuk, CambridgeBayWeather, Cattac, Ceancata, Change1211, Cheesy mike,Chesipiero, Chris j wood, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Chrislk02, ClamDip, Cornellrockey, Correctemundo, Croacting77, Crwesq@gmail.com, Dan6hell66, Dawkeye, Degen Earthfast, Delta51, Delta407, Denni, Dewritech, Diego alfa2, Dj6969, Douglas dss, Duositex, Elclavicula, Eli1995qpqp, Emt147, Ericg, Erjik, EugeneZelenko, FDrummondH, Fawcett5, Flyguy649, Flying727,Flyingkanga, Fnlayson, Fudoreaper, GPS73, Gaius Cornelius, GangstaEB, Gene Nygaard, Geo Swan, Gertjan R., GraemeHerbert, GraemeLeggett, Grandmartin11, GreatWhiteNortherner, GregSalter, Greyengine5, Gsarwa, HU Pilot, Harryzilber, Hayabusa future, Hemlokk, Hossen27, Hpskiii, Hu, Ilikepie2221, Isaacada1, James "Doc" Crabtree, Jamilz, Jcmurphy, Jetstreamer,JohnSheppard25, Jor70, Kapesin, Kelisi, Klunz, Krellis, Ktotam, Leonard G., Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Ljwobker, Lommer, Los688, M.nelson, Mahudhy, Marc Lacoste, Markus094, MauryMarkowitz, Maximus Rex, MbahGondrong, McSly, Mdewit, Mdnavman, Meggar, MelioraCogito, Mexcellent, MilborneOne, Milstuffxyz, Mogism, Moochooser, Motopictet, Mtpaley, Mtruch,Narayansg, Nardisoero, Ncarfra, Ndunruh, Netopyr-e, Ng.j, Niaz, Nick Number, Nimbus227, Nmac-YK, NorthnBound, Ntroncos, NummerSechs, Nyttend, O-Man613, OhanaUnited, Olh,Optimist on the run, Ori, OverlordQ, PWilkinson, PanEuropean, Per80, Pietrow, Pmpat, Punjabi90210, Raymondwinn, Reedy, Reinhard Kraasch, Rklawton, Rlandmann, RobNS, Robfwoods,Romeotango, Russavia, RuthAS, Saigon punkid, Salamurai, Samuell, Searcher 1990, ShipFan, Skyduster, Skyraider1, Slysplace, Snowmanradio, Soxr, Sparkignitor, Spinningspark, Stahlkocher1,Stifle, Sun Creator, Sylvain Mielot, Tamizi ts, Tedd, Textorus, The Bushranger, The Rambling Man, TheCesspit, Thebuisnessman, Thewalrus, Tim macready, Timbouctou, Tntdj, Tobsterz58,Toddlamb, Todowd, Tom L-C, Tom MacPherson, Tomyip123, Toredidsined, Toubletap, Trevor MacInnis, Trotterjt, Ts91, Vclaw, ViperPilot, Wakemp, Wangi, WhisperToMe, Will Beback,William M. Connolley, WilliamJE, Witan, Wodawik, YSSYguy, Yuriybrisk, Zaidpjd, Zakumi2010ful, Zyxw, 573 ,55דגיג, דוד anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 47

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Sukhoi Su-37 at Farnborough 1996 airshow.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_Su-37_at_Farnborough_1996_airshow.jpg  License: unknown Contributors: Mike FreerFile:Su-37 Kulbit.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-37_Kulbit.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Henrickson aten.wikipediaFile:Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-35 Belyakov.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Russian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_Su-35_Belyakov.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors:Oleg BelyakovFile:Nuvola apps kview.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nuvola_apps_kview.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ch1902, Saibofile:Searchtool.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Searchtool.svg  License: GNU Lesser General Public License  Contributors: AnomieFile:Sukhoi Su-27SKM at MAKS-2005 airshow.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_Su-27SKM_at_MAKS-2005_airshow.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors:Dmitriy PichuginFile:Sukhoi T-10 701 and Mil V-12.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-10_701_and_Mil_V-12.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Dammit, Hohum,Jno, Nockson, Sp33dyphil, UstasFile:Su-27 05.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_05.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UnknownFile:Su-27 Cobra 2b.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_Cobra_2b.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: en:User:HenricksonFile:Su-27 armament.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_armament.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Victor12 at en.wikipediaFile:Su-27SM3 flight, Celebration of the 100th anniversary of Russian Air Force.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27SM3_flight,_Celebration_of_the_100th_anniversary_of_Russian_Air_Force.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Vitaly V. KuzminFile:Sukhoi Su-27UB Belyakov.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_Su-27UB_Belyakov.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Oleg BelyakovFile:Su-27 Red 36.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_Red_36.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: SapphiresoulFile:Su27K (Su33) DD-SD-99-06153.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su27K_(Su33)_DD-SD-99-06153.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ardfern, Dammit,Droni4ch, High Contrast, Joshbaumgartner, Megapixie, Nockson, PibwlFile:Sukhoi Su-27 operators.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_Su-27_operators.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NocladorFile:Flag of Angola.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Angola.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors)File:Flag of Eritrea.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, Bukk, Counny, Fry1989, Homo lupus,Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Moipaulochon, Neq00, Nightstallion, Ninane, Persiana, Ratatosk, Rodejong, SiBr4, ThomasPusch, Vzb83, WikipediaMaster, Zscout370, 3 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Aaker, Anime Addict AA, Antemister, Cycn, Djampa, Fl a n k e r, Fry1989, GoodMorningEthiopia, Happenstance, Homo lupus, Huhsunqu, Ixfd64, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, MartinThoma, Mattes, Mozzan, Neq00, OAlexander, Pumbaa80,Rainforest tropicana, Reisio, Ricordisamoa, SKopp, Smooth O, Spiritia, ThomasPusch, Torstein, Wsiegmund, Xoristzatziki, Zscout370, 16 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Indonesia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten byUser:GabbeFile:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: -xfi-File:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370File:Flag of Ukraine.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Created by: Jon Harald Søby, colors by Zscout370File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370File:Flag of Vietnam.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lưu Ly vẽ lại theo nguồn trênFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Belarus.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: A1, Ahmadi, Alex Smotrov,Alvis Jean, Art-top, BagnoHax, Beetsyres34, Brandmeister, Counny, Cycn, Denniss, Dynamicwork, ELeschev, Endless-tripper, Ericmetro, EugeneZelenko, F l a n k e r, Fred J, Fry1989,G.dallorto, Garynysmon, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Jake Wartenberg, MaggotMaster, MrAustin390, Ms2ger, Nightstallion, Palosirkka, Patrickpedia, PeaceKeeper97, Pianist, R-41, Rainforesttropicana, Sebyugez, Skeezix1000, Solbris, Storkk, Str4nd, Tabasco, ThomasPusch, Toben, Twilight Chill, Xgeorg, Zscout370, Серп, Тоны4, 65 anonymous editsFile:Russian Knights Tkachenko tribute flight Mishin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Russian_Knights_Tkachenko_tribute_flight_Mishin.jpg  License: unknown Contributors: Alexander MishinFile:Su-27 Red 27 at Central Armed Forces Museum 09.09.2012.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_Red_27_at_Central_Armed_Forces_Museum_09.09.2012.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Mt hgFile:SUKHOI Su-27 FLANKER.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SUKHOI_Su-27_FLANKER.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:SUKHOI_Su-27_FLANKER.png: USA army derivative work: Malyszkz (talk)File:Sukhoi T-50 Beltyukov.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-50_Beltyukov.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Alex BeltyukovFile:Sukhoi T-50 Pichugin 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-50_Pichugin_2.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Dmitry PichuginFile:Sukhoi T-50 MAKS'11 Zherdin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-50_MAKS'11_Zherdin.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Dmitry ZherdinFile:Sukhoi T-50 Pichugin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-50_Pichugin.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Dmitry PichuginFile:PAK FA AESA maks2009.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PAK_FA_AESA_maks2009.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: AllocerFile:PAK FA T 50 compressor stall on MAKS 2011.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PAK_FA_T_50_compressor_stall_on_MAKS_2011.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:RulexipFile:Т-50 3 views.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Т-50_3_views.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:XaHyMaHFile:WinAir De Havilland Canada DHC-6-300 Twin Otter Breidenstein.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WinAir_De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6-300_Twin_Otter_Breidenstein.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Timo BreidensteinFile:Aerovías DAP-TWIN otter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aerovías_DAP-TWIN_otter.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Butterfly austral, Chesipiero, Duch.seb, Jorgebarrios, NyttendFile:This is a perfectly normal approach for a Twin Otter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:This_is_a_perfectly_normal_approach_for_a_Twin_Otter.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Phillip Capper from Wellington, New ZealandFile:First Flight Twin Otter Series 400 C-FDHT.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:First_Flight_Twin_Otter_Series_400_C-FDHT.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: PaneuropeanFile:Twin Otter 4 1997-08-02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Twin_Otter_4_1997-08-02.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:Ansgar WalkFile:Kangerlussuaq-airport-air-greenland-dhc6.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kangerlussuaq-airport-air-greenland-dhc6.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Algkalv (talk)File:DHC-300 Twin Otter 300 Air Seychelles.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DHC-300_Twin_Otter_300_Air_Seychelles.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Tribalninja

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 48

File:C-FMJO-VikingTwinOtter-845.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:C-FMJO-VikingTwinOtter-845.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: MilborneOneFile:Plane arrival at Barra Airport.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plane_arrival_at_Barra_Airport.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0Generic  Contributors: Sue JacksonFile:Flag of Algeria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:DbenbennFile:Flag of Australia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Aircraft at Kuredu.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aircraft_at_Kuredu.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:TransMaldivianFile:Flag of Canada.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKoppFile:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Collard, Denelson83,Duduziq, Finavon, Fry1989, Guy0307, Krun, Lokal Profil, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, Permjak, SiBr4, Spesh531, Theda, Zscout370, 8 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Chile.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Chile.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, B1mbo, Cycn, David Newton, Dbenbenn,Denelson83, ElmA, Er Komandante, Fibonacci, Fry1989, Fsopolonezcaro, Herbythyme, Huhsunqu, Kallerna, Kanonkas, Klemen Kocjancic, Kyro, MAXXX-309, Mattes, McZusatz, Mozzan,Nagy, Nightstallion, Piastu, Pixeltoo, Pumbaa80, SKopp, Sarang, SiBr4, Srtxg, Sterling.M.Archer, Str4nd, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Xarucoponce, Yakoo, Yonatanh, Zscout370, 49 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Colombia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:2A01:E34:EE87:33C0:D48A:1BA2:4755:F83B, Anime Addict AA, Antemister, Courcelles, Denelson83, Erlenmeyer, Estrilda, FischersFritz, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, LA2,Madden, Mattes, Moyogo, Neq00, Nightstallion, Persiana, Ratatosk, Romaine, SiBr4, ThomasPusch, Thuresson, 4 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten byUser:GabbeFile:Flag of Croatia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83,Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament)File:Flag of Djibouti.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ElmA, EugeneZelenko, Fry1989, George Animal,Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Martin H., Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, Nishkid64, Pymouss, Ratatosk, Str4nd, TFCforever, ThomasPusch, Thyes, Tomasdd, Zscout370, Ö, Владимиртурчанинов, 8 anonymous editsFile:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:User:NightstallionFile:Flag of Finland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Finland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKoppFile:Flag of Fiji.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Fiji.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Avala, ButterStick, Denelson83, Fred theOyster, Fry1989, Greentubing, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Krun, Lokal Profil, Ludger1961, Mattes, Multichill, Neq00, Nightstallion, ReconditeRodent, Ricordisamoa,Sam916, Urhixidur, Vzb83, 8 anonymous editsFile:Flag of France.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Greece.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Greece.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)File:Flag of Greenland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Greenland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jeffrey Connell (IceKarma)File:Flag of Guyana.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Guyana.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Iceland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370, User:Ævar Arnfjörð BjarmasonFile:Flag of Iran.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Iran.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Israel.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of theFlag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flagis not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flaglegislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm × 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained).File:Flag of Jamaica.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Boricuaeddie, Bruce1ee,Davepape, Duduziq, Fred J, Fry1989, Herbythyme, KBarnett, Kilom691, Klemen Kocjancic, Kounoupidi, Körnerbrötchen, Ludger1961, Mattes, Nishkid64, Odder, Reisio, SKopp, SamBlob,Sarang, SiBr4, The Evil IP address, Wknight94, Zscout370, 31 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Kenya.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Pumbaa80File:Flag of Laos.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Laos.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Madagascar.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Malaysia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Achim1999, Ah Cong Strike, AnonMoos,Arteyu, Avala, Cycn, DarknessVisitor, Denniss, Dschwen, Duduziq, Er Komandante, Fastily, Fibonacci, Fred J, Fry1989, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic,Ludger1961, Morio, Nick, Odder, Ranking Update, Reisio, Rocket000, SKopp, Sarang, SiBr4, Tryphon, VAIO HK, Zscout370, 白 布 飘 扬, 20 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Maldives.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: user:NightstallionFile:Flag of Mali.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mali.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Malta.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malta.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, Cycn, Fry1989, Gabbe, Hedwig in Washington,Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Liftarn, Mattes, Meno25, Nightstallion, Peeperman, Prev, Pumbaa80, Ratatosk, Rodejong, SiBr4, Zscout370, 6 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Mauritius.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370File:Flag of Mexico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the armsby Juan Gabino.File:Flag of Myanmar.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: *drew, AnonMoos, CommonsDelinker, Cycn,Duduziq, Fry1989, Gunkarta, Homo lupus, Idh0854, Josegeographic, Klemen Kocjancic, Legnaw, Mason Decker, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, Pixeltoo, Rfc1394, Rodejong, SeNeKa, SiBr4,Stevanb, ThomasPusch, UnreifeKirsche, Vividuppers, WikipediaMaster, Winzipas, Xiengyod, Zscout370, 白 布 飘 扬, 10 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Nepal.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999File:Flag of New Zealand.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Achim1999, Adabow, Adambro, ArriaBelli, Avenue, Bawolff, Bjankuloski06en, ButterStick, Cycn, Denelson83, Donk, Duduziq, EugeneZelenko, Fred J, Fry1989, George Ho, Hugh Jass, Ibagli, Jusjih, Klemen Kocjancic,MAXXX-309, Mamndassan, Mattes, Nightstallion, O, Peeperman, Poromiami, Reisio, Rfc1394, Sarang, Shizhao, SiBr4, Tabasco, TintoMeches, Transparent Blue, Väsk, Xufanc, Zscout370, 40anonymous editsFile:Flag of Norway.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Norway.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DbenbennFile:Flag of Pakistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370File:Flag of Panama.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Panama.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -xfi-, Addicted04, Alkari, Cycn, Duduziq, Fadi thephilologer, Fry1989, Huhsunqu, Hystrix, Klemen Kocjancic, Liftarn, Mattes, Nightstallion, Ninane, Pumbaa80, Reisio, Rfc1394, SiBr4, TFCforever, Thomas81, ThomasPusch, Zscout370, Ö,Фёдор Гусляров, 19 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:NightstallionFile:Flag of Portugal.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; genericdesign); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources)File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:MaddenFile:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:GabbeFile:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKopp

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 49

File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of Suriname.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Suriname.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ALE!, Alkari, Anime Addict AA, Antemister,Bouwe Brouwer, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Iketsi, Klemen Kocjancic, Kookaburra, Krun, Mattes, Mikewazhere, Mmxx, Nightstallion, Pfctdayelise, Reisio, SiBr4, ThomasPusch, Vzb83, Zscout370,17 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Turkey.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: David Benbennick (original author)File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Alkari, Denelson83, Duduziq, Finavon, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Krun, Lokal Profil, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, SiBr4File:Flag of Sweden.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Uganda.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:NightstallionFile:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, GoodOlfactory, MifterFile:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:User:DbenbennFile:Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, EugeneZelenko, Fry1989, Homo lupus,Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Mikiofpersia, Neq00, Nightstallion, OAlexander, PeterSymonds, Vzb83File:Flag of Venezuela.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, Bastique, Cycn, Denelson83,DerFussi, Fry1989, George McFinnigan, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Huhsunqu, Infrogmation, K21edgo, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, Neq00, Nightstallion, Reisio, Rupert Pupkin, Sarang,SiBr4, ThomasPusch, Unukalhai, Vzb83, Wikisole, Zscout370, 13 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Yemen.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -File:Twin Otter 7a 1996-07-29.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Twin_Otter_7a_1996-07-29.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Ansgar WalkFile:Flag of Afghanistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370File:Flag of Argentina.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Government of Argentina (Vector graphics byDbenbenn)File:Flag of Benin.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Benin.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:GabbeFile:Flag of Ecuador.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370File:Flag of Haiti.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: (colours and size changes of the now deletied versions)Madden, Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion Coat of arms :Lokal_Profil and Myriam ThyesFile:Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: C records, Ecemaml, TacsipacsiFile:Flag of the Philippines.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Achim1999File:Flag of Paraguay.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Republica del ParaguayFile:Flag of Peru.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Peru.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:DbenbennFile:Flag of Sudan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Vzb83File:Flag of Switzerland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Marc Mongenet Credits: User:-xfi-User:Zscout370File:de Havilland Canada UV-18A TWIN OTTER.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:De_Havilland_Canada_UV-18A_TWIN_OTTER.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Cobatfor, Denniss, MB-one, Stahlkocher, Timak

License 50

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/