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HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
HyPerPLSSDevelopment of a Single-Fluid Consumable Infrastructure for Life Support Power
Propulsion and Thermal Control
1
Dr David AkinCraig Lewandowski
Dr Carol SmidtsJinny McGill
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Presentation Outline
bull Background and Concept Overviewndash Dr David Akin
bull Chemistry Thermodynamics and Componentsndash Craig Lewandowski
bull Reliability and Risk Analysisndash Dr Carol Smidtsndash Jinny McGill
bull System Applicationsndash Dr David Akin
2
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
EVA Life Support Background
bull Portable life support system (PLSS) required for unrestricted extravehicular operations (EVA)
bull Supplies oxygen power cooling
bull ~120 lbs (Earth) weight on back
3
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Apollo PLSS Internal Layout
4
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Genesis of the Concept
bull Current PLSS recharge requires battery replacement water refill high pressure oxygen recharge contamination control cartridge replacement - each with external support requirements
bull Observe that 2 H2O2 rarr 2 H2O + O2 + heatbull Hydrogen peroxide (room temperature liquid)
might be able to supply all requirements for life support rarr Hydrogen Peroxide PLSS rarr ldquoHyPerPLSSrdquo
5
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Requirements
bull Assumed requirementsndash 06 kg O2ndash 5 kg of H2Ondash 800 Whr of electrical
energy
bull 885 =gt minimum mass (chemistry only)bull Increased to 95 to generate enthalpy needed
by power system (thermodynamics added)bull Required H2O2 mass = 109 kg
6
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
System Schematic
7
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Component Description
bull 210 gallon tankbull Protection against freezing
ndash Band heaterndash Temperature sensor
bull Flow adjusted with varying demand requirementsndash Pumpndash Throttle valve
8
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Catalyst Bed
bull Significant knowledge base exists for H2O2 propulsion
bull SOA Silver-based catalyst bedsbull General Kinetics Inc COTS product
ndash Silver screensndash L = 33 in D = 075 in
bull Ensure H2O2 decomposition byincreasing residence time H2O2 Gas Generator
(wwwgkllccom)
9
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Presentation Outline
bull Background and Concept Overviewndash Dr David Akin
bull Chemistry Thermodynamics and Componentsndash Craig Lewandowski
bull Reliability and Risk Analysisndash Dr Carol Smidtsndash Jinny McGill
bull System Applicationsndash Dr David Akin
2
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
EVA Life Support Background
bull Portable life support system (PLSS) required for unrestricted extravehicular operations (EVA)
bull Supplies oxygen power cooling
bull ~120 lbs (Earth) weight on back
3
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Apollo PLSS Internal Layout
4
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Genesis of the Concept
bull Current PLSS recharge requires battery replacement water refill high pressure oxygen recharge contamination control cartridge replacement - each with external support requirements
bull Observe that 2 H2O2 rarr 2 H2O + O2 + heatbull Hydrogen peroxide (room temperature liquid)
might be able to supply all requirements for life support rarr Hydrogen Peroxide PLSS rarr ldquoHyPerPLSSrdquo
5
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Requirements
bull Assumed requirementsndash 06 kg O2ndash 5 kg of H2Ondash 800 Whr of electrical
energy
bull 885 =gt minimum mass (chemistry only)bull Increased to 95 to generate enthalpy needed
by power system (thermodynamics added)bull Required H2O2 mass = 109 kg
6
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
System Schematic
7
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Component Description
bull 210 gallon tankbull Protection against freezing
ndash Band heaterndash Temperature sensor
bull Flow adjusted with varying demand requirementsndash Pumpndash Throttle valve
8
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Catalyst Bed
bull Significant knowledge base exists for H2O2 propulsion
bull SOA Silver-based catalyst bedsbull General Kinetics Inc COTS product
ndash Silver screensndash L = 33 in D = 075 in
bull Ensure H2O2 decomposition byincreasing residence time H2O2 Gas Generator
(wwwgkllccom)
9
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
EVA Life Support Background
bull Portable life support system (PLSS) required for unrestricted extravehicular operations (EVA)
bull Supplies oxygen power cooling
bull ~120 lbs (Earth) weight on back
3
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Apollo PLSS Internal Layout
4
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Genesis of the Concept
bull Current PLSS recharge requires battery replacement water refill high pressure oxygen recharge contamination control cartridge replacement - each with external support requirements
bull Observe that 2 H2O2 rarr 2 H2O + O2 + heatbull Hydrogen peroxide (room temperature liquid)
might be able to supply all requirements for life support rarr Hydrogen Peroxide PLSS rarr ldquoHyPerPLSSrdquo
5
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Requirements
bull Assumed requirementsndash 06 kg O2ndash 5 kg of H2Ondash 800 Whr of electrical
energy
bull 885 =gt minimum mass (chemistry only)bull Increased to 95 to generate enthalpy needed
by power system (thermodynamics added)bull Required H2O2 mass = 109 kg
6
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
System Schematic
7
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Component Description
bull 210 gallon tankbull Protection against freezing
ndash Band heaterndash Temperature sensor
bull Flow adjusted with varying demand requirementsndash Pumpndash Throttle valve
8
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Catalyst Bed
bull Significant knowledge base exists for H2O2 propulsion
bull SOA Silver-based catalyst bedsbull General Kinetics Inc COTS product
ndash Silver screensndash L = 33 in D = 075 in
bull Ensure H2O2 decomposition byincreasing residence time H2O2 Gas Generator
(wwwgkllccom)
9
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Apollo PLSS Internal Layout
4
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Genesis of the Concept
bull Current PLSS recharge requires battery replacement water refill high pressure oxygen recharge contamination control cartridge replacement - each with external support requirements
bull Observe that 2 H2O2 rarr 2 H2O + O2 + heatbull Hydrogen peroxide (room temperature liquid)
might be able to supply all requirements for life support rarr Hydrogen Peroxide PLSS rarr ldquoHyPerPLSSrdquo
5
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Requirements
bull Assumed requirementsndash 06 kg O2ndash 5 kg of H2Ondash 800 Whr of electrical
energy
bull 885 =gt minimum mass (chemistry only)bull Increased to 95 to generate enthalpy needed
by power system (thermodynamics added)bull Required H2O2 mass = 109 kg
6
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
System Schematic
7
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Component Description
bull 210 gallon tankbull Protection against freezing
ndash Band heaterndash Temperature sensor
bull Flow adjusted with varying demand requirementsndash Pumpndash Throttle valve
8
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Catalyst Bed
bull Significant knowledge base exists for H2O2 propulsion
bull SOA Silver-based catalyst bedsbull General Kinetics Inc COTS product
ndash Silver screensndash L = 33 in D = 075 in
bull Ensure H2O2 decomposition byincreasing residence time H2O2 Gas Generator
(wwwgkllccom)
9
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Genesis of the Concept
bull Current PLSS recharge requires battery replacement water refill high pressure oxygen recharge contamination control cartridge replacement - each with external support requirements
bull Observe that 2 H2O2 rarr 2 H2O + O2 + heatbull Hydrogen peroxide (room temperature liquid)
might be able to supply all requirements for life support rarr Hydrogen Peroxide PLSS rarr ldquoHyPerPLSSrdquo
5
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Requirements
bull Assumed requirementsndash 06 kg O2ndash 5 kg of H2Ondash 800 Whr of electrical
energy
bull 885 =gt minimum mass (chemistry only)bull Increased to 95 to generate enthalpy needed
by power system (thermodynamics added)bull Required H2O2 mass = 109 kg
6
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
System Schematic
7
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Component Description
bull 210 gallon tankbull Protection against freezing
ndash Band heaterndash Temperature sensor
bull Flow adjusted with varying demand requirementsndash Pumpndash Throttle valve
8
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Catalyst Bed
bull Significant knowledge base exists for H2O2 propulsion
bull SOA Silver-based catalyst bedsbull General Kinetics Inc COTS product
ndash Silver screensndash L = 33 in D = 075 in
bull Ensure H2O2 decomposition byincreasing residence time H2O2 Gas Generator
(wwwgkllccom)
9
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Requirements
bull Assumed requirementsndash 06 kg O2ndash 5 kg of H2Ondash 800 Whr of electrical
energy
bull 885 =gt minimum mass (chemistry only)bull Increased to 95 to generate enthalpy needed
by power system (thermodynamics added)bull Required H2O2 mass = 109 kg
6
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
System Schematic
7
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Component Description
bull 210 gallon tankbull Protection against freezing
ndash Band heaterndash Temperature sensor
bull Flow adjusted with varying demand requirementsndash Pumpndash Throttle valve
8
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Catalyst Bed
bull Significant knowledge base exists for H2O2 propulsion
bull SOA Silver-based catalyst bedsbull General Kinetics Inc COTS product
ndash Silver screensndash L = 33 in D = 075 in
bull Ensure H2O2 decomposition byincreasing residence time H2O2 Gas Generator
(wwwgkllccom)
9
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
System Schematic
7
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Component Description
bull 210 gallon tankbull Protection against freezing
ndash Band heaterndash Temperature sensor
bull Flow adjusted with varying demand requirementsndash Pumpndash Throttle valve
8
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Catalyst Bed
bull Significant knowledge base exists for H2O2 propulsion
bull SOA Silver-based catalyst bedsbull General Kinetics Inc COTS product
ndash Silver screensndash L = 33 in D = 075 in
bull Ensure H2O2 decomposition byincreasing residence time H2O2 Gas Generator
(wwwgkllccom)
9
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Component Description
bull 210 gallon tankbull Protection against freezing
ndash Band heaterndash Temperature sensor
bull Flow adjusted with varying demand requirementsndash Pumpndash Throttle valve
8
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Catalyst Bed
bull Significant knowledge base exists for H2O2 propulsion
bull SOA Silver-based catalyst bedsbull General Kinetics Inc COTS product
ndash Silver screensndash L = 33 in D = 075 in
bull Ensure H2O2 decomposition byincreasing residence time H2O2 Gas Generator
(wwwgkllccom)
9
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
H2O2 Catalyst Bed
bull Significant knowledge base exists for H2O2 propulsion
bull SOA Silver-based catalyst bedsbull General Kinetics Inc COTS product
ndash Silver screensndash L = 33 in D = 075 in
bull Ensure H2O2 decomposition byincreasing residence time H2O2 Gas Generator
(wwwgkllccom)
9
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Power System
bull Convert thermal energy toelectricity
bull Stirling enginendash Sunpower ASC COTS system
bull 80 W 36 efficiency
ndash H2O to generate temperature gradient
bull Battery provides and stores excess energy
Sunpower ASC(Wong etal)
10
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sublimator and Supply Loops
bull Sublimator overviewndash Phase changesndash Heat removal
bull HyPerPLSS fluidsndash H2O phase changendash Cooled streams
bull Water separatorbull Conventional supply
loops
11
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability and Risk Analysis Motivation
bull Inform design decisions with considerations of reliability and riskndash Increase reliability of systemndash Decrease risk of design
bull Consider hazards to equipment and crew healthndash Hydrogen peroxide can cause spontaneous combustion with
organic materials and is incompatible with many metals (eg iron copper brass silver zinc)
ndash Corrosive to skin membranes and eyes at high concentrations
ndash Vapors from concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can result in significant morbidity
12
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Parallel Process
bull Conceptual designbull Reliability analyses
ndash Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
ndash Fault Tree Analysis
bull Parallel process with feedback between design and analyses
Reliability andRisk AnalysesDesign
13
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
bull Technique for reliability analysisbull Describes failure causes and effect on systembull Results are used to consider design changes
that may be necessary to reduce unreliability and risk
14
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Failure Modes and Effects Analysisbull Failure Modes
ndash Manner of the failure
ndash Tumer et al (5) provides an updated failure mode taxonomy
bull Severityndash Qualitative rating assigned
for the worst possible effect
ndash MIL-STD-1629A severity levels were modified to differentiate between Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission
15
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Construction
bull The top level event is the undesirable event (eg system failure)
bull Lowest level events are basic events (eg component failure)bull Boolean logic gates are used to communicate event effects on
the system
16
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Analysis
bull The Boolean expression for the fault tree is written then expanded
bull This expression is simplified (ie Boolean reduction) to achieve the simplest logical expression from which the minimum cut sets can be obtained
bull Birnbaum importance measure represents the change in system risk with respect to changes in basic event probabilities
17
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Event Tree
18
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Quantification
bull Fault tree analysis gives qualitative results in the form of cut sets quantitative results can also be obtained
bull Probabilities (or frequencies) of basic events are used to compute probability of top level events
bull Failure probabilities (or frequencies) can be obtained in several waysndash Databases of component failure frequenciesndash Expert elicitationndash Human Reliability Analysis Models (eg THERP)
19
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analyses
bull Operation phasesmodes for HyperPLSS include and are not limited tondash Storage for launchndash Maintenancendash Power operation
bull Analyses thus far have focused primarily on the power operating mode during EVA
bull Direct functional dependencies are considered in the FTA common cause failures have not been considered
20
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Scope of Analysesbull Several system aspects are not yet modeled in detail
ndash Electrical systemndash Piping systemndash Stirling enginendash Packaging structures and insulation ndash Software (control system)
bull Failure is assumed rather than degraded statesbull Qualitative analyses only thus far (no probabilities or
frequencies have been applied yet)bull Risk analysis has been limited to a review of the hazards
of hydrogen peroxide to health
21
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
FMEA Example
22
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
23
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Cut Sets
24
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fault Tree Example
25
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comments about the Process
bull For systems where reliability and risk are of concern these analyses should be performed in parallel with design
bull Such a parallel process requires that a structured approach be taken configuration control can become an issue during conceptual design phase
bull Feedback early during the FMEA and FTA has resulted in several HyperPLSS design changes (eg addition of a filter downstream from catalyst bed)
26
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Reliability Conclusions and Future Work
bull Consideration of other operating modes (eg storage maintenance)
bull Identify and gain access to sources of failure probabilities (frequencies) for quantitative analyses
bull Bayesian framework will be devised to combine sources of relevant data
bull Safety (risk) analysis scenario development and event tree construction
27
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Situ Production of H2O2bull Anthraquinone Process
ndash Requires H2 and O2ndash Transport H2 from Earthndash Moon O2 from regolithndash Mars O2 from atmosphere
bull CO2 + 4H2 rarr CH4 + 2H2Obull 2H2O rarr 2H2 + O2
bull Produces 30 Concentrationbull Increase to 90 with vacuum distillationbull Electrolysis-based production also feasible
H2O2 Manufacturing Process(Ventura and Yuan)
28
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Synergistic Growth Opportunities
bull In-backpack regeneration of metal oxide CO2 scrubbers using waste heat
bull Use of surplus products for in-space propulsionndash Oxygen cold gasndash H2O2 monopropellant thrusters
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquondash H2O2 single-supply for PLSSndash H2O2 energy source for small roversndash H2O2 + fuel for largelong-range rovers
29
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Plans for Phase 2bull Refine thermodynamic modelingbull Extend and enhance reliability and safety
analysisbull Extensive experimentation
ndash Prototyping of H2O2 feed systemcatalytic reactorndash Prototyping of multipass sublimatorndash Development of human respiratorymetabolic
simulator
bull Phase 2 milestone - full HyPerPLSS breadboard operating in thermal vacuum chamber
30
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Phase II Test Bed
31
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Research Statusbull We have demonstrated that the HyPerPLSS
concept is technically feasible (TRL 1)bull Remaining Phase 1 goals are to
ndash refine end-to-end thermodynamic cycle analysisndash complete FMEA and PRAndash detail requirements for in-situ H2O2 productionndash develop non-sublimation cooling concept for Marsndash conceptualize EVA packaging and operations approach
bull Phase 2 will experimentally demonstrate PLSS operations in space environment (TRL 3-4)
32
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Conclusions
bull The ldquohydrogen peroxide economyrdquo offers unique advantages for future space operationsndash Single-point recharge for EVA (easy to do in field)ndash EVA duration is unlimited by life support systemndash Logistics simplified by single room-temperature liquidndash Shared consumables between EVA and robotic
systemsndash Readily replaceable from in-situ resources
Successful development of the HyPerPLSS can revolutionize human exploration of MoonMars
33
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34
HyPerPLSS Phase I ReportNIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Referencesbull Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis A Practical Guide M Modarres M New York NY 1999
bull Risk Analysis in Engineering Probabilistic Techniques Tools and Trends M Modarres Taylor amp Francis Group LLC Boca Raton 2006
bull Collins J A Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design John Wiley amp Sons 1993
bull Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications Prepared for NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance August 2002
bull Requirements for a Failure Mode Taxonomy for Use in Conceptual Design International Conference on Engineering Design ICED 03 August 19-21 2003 Irem Y Tumer et al
bull An implementation of reliability analysis in the conceptual design phase of drive trains Avontuur GC van der Werff K Reliability Engineering amp System Safety Aug 2001 vol73 no2 pp 155-65 Elsevier Journal Paper
bull Risk-informed design guidance for future reactor systems Delaney MJ Apostolakis GE Driscoll MJ Nuclear Engineering and Design June 2005 vol235 no14 pp 1537-56
bull A risk evaluation approach for safety in aerospace preliminary design Fragola JR Putney BF Mathias DL Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2003 Proceedings 2003 pp 159-63 xviii+622 pp USA Piscataway NJ
bull Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization An application to system reliability design problems Coit DW et al Reliability Engineering amp System Safety March 2007 vol92 no3 pp 314-22
bull Medical Management Guidelines for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Department of Health and Human Services accessed on 25 January 2007 httpwwwatsdrcdcgovMGMImmg174html
bull Wong W A Anderson D J Tuttle K L and Tew R C ldquoStatus of NASArsquos Advanced Radioisotope Conversion Technology Research and Developmentrdquo NASATM 2006
bull General Kinetics Product Catalog General Kinetics Inc httpwwwgkllccom accessed 15 February 2007
34