ULT

RA

HIG

HEN

ER

GY

PA

RT

ICLES

Pet

erL.B

ierm

ann

1,2,

3,4,

5 ,w

ith

Julia

Bec

ker6

,7,

Lau

renti

uC

aram

ete1

,8,A

lex

Curu

tiu

1 ,Io

ana

Duta

n1 ,

Ral

ph

Enge

l5,H

eino

Fal

cke9

,Las

zlo

Ger

gely

10,1

1 ,P.

Gin

aIs

ar5,

8 ,Io

ana

C.M

aris

5 ,A

thin

aM

eli1

2 ,K

arl-H

einz

Kam

per

t13 ,

Fau

stin

Muny

anez

a1,Tod

orSta

nev

14,O

ana

Tas

cau

13,&

Chri

stia

nZie

r1,1

5

1M

PI

for

Rad

ioas

tron

omy,

Bon

n,G

erm

any

2D

ept.

ofP

hys.

&A

stro

n.,

Univ

.of

Bon

n,G

erm

any

3D

ept.

ofP

hys.

&A

str.

,U

niv

.of

Ala

bam

a,Tusc

aloo

sa,

AL,U

SA

4 Dep

t.of

Phy

s.,U

niv

.of

Ala

bam

aat

Hunt

svill

e,A

L,

USA

5In

st.

Nucl

.P

hys.

FZ,K

arls

ruhe

Inst

.of

Tec

hn.

(KIT

),G

erm

any

1

6In

stit

uti

onfo

rFys

ik,G

oteb

orgs

Univ

.,Sw

eden

7D

ept.

ofP

hys.

,U

niv

.D

ortm

und,D

ortm

und,G

erm

any

8In

stit

ute

for

Spac

eStu

die

s,B

uch

ares

t,R

oman

ia9

Dep

t.of

Ast

rophy

s.,IM

AP,R

adbou

dU

niv

.,N

ijm

egen

,N

ether

lands

10D

ept.

Appl.

Sci

.,Lon

don

Sou

thB

ank

Univ

ersi

ty,U

K11

Phy

s.D

ept.

,U

niv

.of

Sze

ged,Sze

ged,H

unga

ry12

Phy

sik.

Inst

.U

niv

.E

rlan

gen-N

urn

ber

g,G

erm

any

13P

hys.

Dep

t.,U

niv

.W

upper

tal,

Ger

man

y14

Bar

tolR

esea

rch

Inst

.,U

niv

.of

Del

awar

e,N

ewar

k,D

E,U

SA

15R

aman

Res

.In

st.,

Ban

galo

re,In

dia

ww

w.m

pifr-

bon

n.m

pg.

de/

div

/theo

ry

2

What

ism

att

er,

and

how

do

we

find

out?

•T

he

Lar

geH

adro

nic

Col

lider

(LH

C)

inG

enev

a,in

the

sky

ince

nter

ofm

ass

fram

efa

rbey

ond

LH

C:

cosm

icac

cele

rato

r(o

bse

rver

fram

e)to

bey

ond

310

20eV

!

•U

ltim

ate

acc

ele

rato

r:B

lack

hol

es,re

lati

vist

icje

ts,

shoc

ksan

del

ectr

icfiel

ds,

ult

rahig

hen

ergy

par

ticl

es-

up

to10

46er

g/s

inst

eady

(∼10

7ye

ars)

acce

lera

tor,

insh

ort

(∼m

s)burs

tsup

to10

55er

g/s

•U

ltim

ate

beam

-dum

p:

Super

mas

sive

bla

ckhol

esgr

owby

mer

ging:

mer

ger

lead

sto

spin

-flip

:sp

in-fl

ips

lead

tonew

lydir

ecte

dje

tshit

ting

star

s,th

eirw

indsan

dm

olec

ula

rcl

ouds:

up

to>

1010

M�

inbea

mdum

p

•W

eob

serv

eth

eve

ryhig

hen

ergy

phot

ons,

the

very

hig

hen

ergy

neu

trin

os,an

dth

eult

rahig

hen

ergy

cosm

icra

ypar

ticl

es!

3

Fig

ure

1B

oth

MA

GIC

TeV

phot

onte

lesc

opes

inLa

Pal

ma;

sourc

eTes

him

a

4

IceT

op

InIc

e

Air

show

er d

etec

tor

thre

shol

d~

300

TeV

70-8

0S

tring

s,

60 O

ptic

al M

odul

es17

m b

etw

een

Mod

ules

125

m b

etw

een

Stri

ngs

2004

-200

5 : 1

Stri

ng

2005

-200

6: 8

Stri

ngs

AMAN

DA

19 S

tring

s67

7 M

odul

es

IceC

ube

first

dat

a20

05up

goin

gm

uon

18.

July

18,

2005

tota

l of 4

0S

tring

s

2006

-200

7:13

Stri

ngs

2007

-200

8:18

Fig

ure

2Ic

eC

ube

Neu

trin

ote

lesc

ope

atth

eso

uth

pol

e

5

Fig

ure

3A

uger

arra

yin

Mal

argu

e,A

rgen

tina

6

Dis

covery

and

Pre

dic

tion:

The

GZK

-cuto

ff

Ener

gy [e

V/pa

rticle

]19

1020

10

] 1.7 eV -1 sr -1 yr -2 J(E) [km 2.7 Scaled flux E

3110

3210

3310

=0.9

0)E

HiRe

s I (k

=0.9

0)E

HiRe

s II (

k=0

.75)

EAG

ASA

(k

Auge

r PRL

200

8

Fig

ure

4A

ll-p

arti

cle

cosm

icra

ysp

ectr

um

from

man

yea

rlie

rex

per

imen

ts,m

atch

edat

1019

eV.Fille

dci

rcle

sat

the

hig

hes

ten

ergi

esar

ere

cent

resu

lts

from

Auge

r(P

RL

2008

),cl

earl

ysh

owin

gth

eG

reis

en-Z

atse

pin

-Kuzm

incu

toff,w

hic

his

due

toth

ein

tera

ctio

nw

ith

the

cosm

icm

icro

wav

ebac

kgr

ound.

This

isth

esp

ectr

um

toex

pla

in,

and

the

stro

nge

stra

dio

gala

xie

sca

npro

vid

ean

expla

nat

ion.

Sou

rces

HiR

esan

dA

uge

rC

oll.

and

pap

ers

7

•Lin

sley

(196

3):

Det

ecti

onof

first

even

t> ∼

1020

eV=

100

EeV

-unco

ntai

nab

lein

mag

net

icfiel

dof

Gal

axy

•N

earb

yca

ndid

ates

(Gin

zburg

&Syr

ovat

skii

1963

As-

tron

.Zh.

;bef

ore

dis

cove

ryof

UH

EC

Rs)

:R

adio

gala

xie

sC

enA

(=N

GC

5128

),V

irA

(=M

87=

NG

C44

86),

For

A(=

NG

C13

16)

•P

redic

tion

(196

6)of

GZK

-turn

offnea

r50

EeV

due

toin

tera

ctio

nw

ith

the

cosm

icm

icro

wav

ebac

kgro

und

(MW

BG

:Gre

isen

,Zat

sepin

&K

uzm

in;s

omet

imes

called

GZK

-cuto

ff).

•N

owm

any

even

tsnea

ran

dbey

ond

50E

eV–

anis

otro

pysu

btl

e(S

tanev

etal

.Phy

s.Rev

.Let

ters

1995

)

•Turn

offse

enby

HiR

es(2

005,

2008

)an

dA

UG

ER

(IC

RC

2007

,M

exic

o20

08),

and

sopre

dic

tion

confir

med

8

Basi

cphysi

csofact

ive

gala

ctic

nucl

ei

Fig

ure

5A

sket

chof

the

cylindri

cally

sym

met

ric

AG

N.T

he

cut

show

sth

er

-z-

pla

ne,

bot

hax

eslo

gari

thm

ical

lysc

aled

to1

pc,

wit

hth

ebla

ckhol

eat

the

cente

rpro

vid

ing

the

sym

met

ry.

The

bas

icco

nst

ituen

tsar

eth

ece

ntr

alB

Hw

ith

asu

rrou

ndin

gac

cret

ion

dis

k,

the

jet

per

pen

dic

ula

rto

the

dis

kan

dth

eto

rus

enci

rcling

this

configu

ration

.T

her

eis

alo

wer

iden

tica

lhal

fnot

show

n,of

this

rota

tion

ally

sym

met

ric

grap

h.

The

dar

kpat

ches

inth

eto

rus

indic

ate

the

clou

ds,

mad

eup

by

stel

lar

win

ds

inth

eco

nce

pt

pro

pos

ed(Z

ier

&B

ierm

ann

2001

,20

02).

9

Bla

ckhole

merg

er

and

spin

-flip

Fig

ure

6T

his

figu

reillu

stra

tes

the

chan

geof

the

dir

ecti

onof

the

spin

ofth

eB

H,

induce

dby

the

mer

ger

oftw

om

assi

veB

Hs,

and

conse

quen

tly

the

chan

geof

the

dir

ecti

onof

the

jet.

Bas

ical

lyth

eor

bit

alsp

inw

ins

over

the

two

intr

insi

csp

ins.

The

left

pan

elsh

ows

the

situ

atio

nbef

ore

the

mer

ger,

when

the

jet

isal

igned

wit

hth

ein

div

idual

spin

ofth

epri

mar

ybla

ckhol

eof

the

bin

ary

syst

em(Z

ier

&B

ierm

ann

2001

,20

02).

We

hav

epro

pos

edth

esu

per

-win

dra

dio

gala

xie

s(G

opal

-Kri

shna

etal

.20

06,20

07)to

be

the

radio

gala

xie

sju

stbef

ore

the

spin

-flip

,due

toth

em

erge

rof

two

bla

ckhol

es,

duri

ng

the

stag

eof

vio

lent

pre

cess

ion

ofth

eje

t(G

erge

ly&

Bie

rman

n20

08).

10

Warp

ed

com

pact

dis

kand

spri

nkle

r-like

jets

Fig

ure

7W

hat

aga

laxy

look

slike

afte

ra

spin

-flip

;th

eac

cret

ion

dis

kis

stillw

arped

:T

he

nor

mal

and

anom

alou

sar

ms

and

the

com

pac

tdis

kin

NG

C42

58(−

>M

oran

2008

)

11

Physi

csofact

ive

gala

ctic

nucl

ei

•A

lmos

tal

lga

laxi

eshav

e

•a

cent

ralsu

per-

mass

ive

bla

ckhole

,

•a

com

pac

tacc

reti

on

dis

k(n

otal

way

sra

dia

ting,

atlo

wac

cret

ion

rate

“rad

iati

vely

ineffi

cien

t”),

and

•a

rela

tivis

tic

jet

•A

ctiv

ity

epis

odic

,dri

ven

bym

inor

(oth

erga

laxy

wit

h-

out

ace

ntra

lbla

ckhol

e)an

dm

ajo

rm

erge

rs(o

ther

gala

xy,al

sow

ith

ace

ntra

lbla

ckhol

e)

•M

ergi

ng

acti

vity

beg

anea

rly,

far

bey

ond

redsh

ift

6.4

(800

mill

ion

year

sin

the

conco

rdan

ceco

smol

ogy)

:al

-re

ady

then

bla

ckhol

esw

ith

>10

9M�

;af

ter

redsh

ift

1.5

-2

mer

ging

acti

vity

rapid

lydec

reas

es

•O

rbit

alsp

inch

ange

pri

orto

bla

ckhol

em

erge

r?Q

ues

-ti

onon

final

spin

ofm

erge

dsu

per

mas

sive

bla

ckhol

e

12

360o

0o

90o

-90

o

Fig

ure

8T

he

sky

inbla

ckhole

s,> ∼

107

M�:

Ait

offpro

ject

ion

inga

lact

icco

ordin

ates

of5,

978

candid

ate

sourc

esin

the

case

ofa

com

ple

tesu

bsa

mple

(the

Gal

acti

cpla

ne

rem

ains

obsc

ure

d).

The

choi

cew

asm

ade

from

aco

mple

tesa

mple

of10

,284

candid

ate

bri

ghte

rth

an0.

03Jy

at2

mic

ron,an

dse

lect

edat

z<0.

025;

this

use

sth

e2

mic

ron

allsk

ysu

rvey

,lim

ited

ina

20deg

ree

ban

din

the

Gal

actic

pla

ne.

Nor

mal

and

star

burs

tga

laxie

sw

ere

counte

r-se

lect

edusi

ng

colo

ran

dFIR

/rad

iora

tio

(Bie

rman

n&

Fri

cke

1977

,K

ronber

get

al.

1985

,C

hin

iet

al.

1989

,an

dot

her

wor

k).

Thes

eca

ndid

ate

sourc

esar

epro

bab

lyal

lbla

ckhol

es,w

ith

mas

ses

nea

rto

orab

ove

107

sola

rm

asse

s;th

ebla

ckhol

em

ass

was

det

erm

ined

wit

hth

ebla

ckhol

eve

rsus

mas

ssp

her

oidal

stel

lar

pop

ula

tion

corr

elat

ion,an

dte

sted

.T

he

colo

rco

de

isB

lack

,B

lue,

Gre

en,O

range

,R

edco

rres

pon

din

gto

redsh

ifts

bet

wen

0,0.

005,

0.01

,0.

015,

0.02

,0.

025:

Car

amet

eet

al.

2008

13

Pre

dic

tion:

Part

icle

sin

radio

gala

xie

s

•C

uto

ffin

non

ther

mal

spec

trum

ν?

obse

rved

inm

any

radio

gala

xies

since

1976

(Rie

keet

al.

1976

+N

ature

;B

regm

anet

al.

1981

Nat

ure

;Sto

cke

etal

.19

81N

a-tu

re;M

eise

nhei

mer

&R

oser

1986

+N

ature

):fe

ature

ofac

cele

rati

onof

pro

tons

to10

21eV

,sh

own

byB

ier-

man

n&

Str

ittm

atte

r(1

987

Ast

roph

ys.

J.):

•P

roto

ns

get

acce

lera

ted

insh

ock,

reac

hlo

sslim

it,

es-

tablis

hw

ave

field

ofir

regu

lari

ties

inm

agnet

icpla

sma,

non

-lin

ear

casc

adin

g

•E

lect

ronsge

tac

cele

rate

din

shoc

k,sc

atte

rin

give

nw

ave

field

,go

tolo

sslim

it,

pro

duce

cut-

offin

non

-ther

mal

emis

sion

spec

trum

,so

max

imal

freq

uen

cy:

14

Fig

ure

9D

ecom

pos

itio

nof

the

obse

rved

spec

trum

of3C

33so

uth

.(K

.M

eise

nhei

mer

etal

.,A

stro

n.

&A

stro

ph.

1989

)

15

•E

lect

ron

emis

sion

max

imal

freq

uen

cy{c

/ro×

(me/

mp)2}:

ν?'

3×

1014

Hz

(1)

•Los

slim

itan

dsp

atia

llim

itco

mbin

edgi

ve

Ep,

max'

1.4×

1021

eV(2

)

•In

dep

enden

tof

inte

nsi

tyof

the

turb

ule

nce

,shoc

ksp

eed,

etc.

;dep

enden

cevi

am

agnet

icfiel

don

obse

rved

and

as-

sum

edpar

amet

ers

wit

hth

eex

pon

ent

1/14

•P

redic

tion

:Low

eren

ergy

jet-

sourc

es:

gam

ma

ray

burs

ts,

mic

roqu

asar

s,je

t-su

per

nov

ae.

Gam

ma

ray

burs

ts(G

RB

s)pos

sibly

sourc

eof

ult

rahig

hen

ergy

neu

tron

s

•P

redic

tion

:R

adio

gala

xies

sourc

esat

>10

20eV

!

16

The

Poynti

ng

flux

lim

it

•T

he

Poy

ntin

gflu

x(L

ovel

ace

1976

),lo

wer

limit

toen

-er

gyflo

w,an

dhel

ical

pat

hlim

itca

nbe

wri

tten

as

LP

=B

2

4ππθ2 z

2 can

dE

max

=Z

eBθz

(3)

LP

=10

47er

g/s

( Em

ax

Z10

21eV

) 2(4

)

•M

87an

dC

enA

<10

45er

g/s,

<10

43er

g/s

(Why

song

&A

nton

ucc

i20

03):

Pro

ble

mfo

rZ

=1.

Way

out:

shoc

kin

upst

ream

flow

γsh

(Gal

lant

&A

chte

rber

g19

99)

LP

=c 4π

( Em

ax

eZ

γsh

) 2(5

)

•R

adio

gala

xies

!in

term

itte

ncy

fact

or<

<1

(Her

A).

17

Inte

rmit

tency

:th

era

dio

gala

xy

Her

A

Fig

ure

10T

he

radio

gala

xy

Her

A,

show

ing

inte

rmit

tency

:Sou

rce

Giz

ani

&Lea

hy

2003

.H

erA

dep

osit

san

enor

mou

sam

ount

ofen

ergy

init

ssu

rrou

ndin

gcl

ust

er:

The

age

ofth

eou

tburs

tis∼

5.9·1

07yr,

its

ener

gy∼

3·1

061

ergs

,an

dit

sm

ean

pow

er∼

1.6·1

046

ergs

/s(N

uls

enet

al.

2005

)

18

The

Pola

riza

tion

lim

it

•M

agnet

icfiel

ds

are

par

alle

lto

the

jet

axis

nea

rto

the

bla

ckhol

e,an

dper

pen

dic

ula

rfa

rfr

omth

ebla

ckhol

e(l

ike

Sol

arw

ind,Par

ker

1958

)

•B

∼z−

2fr

ombas

eof

jet

tofir

stst

rong

shoc

k,so

max

imal

par

ticl

een

ergy

1016

eV:−−

>R

adio

gala

xies

cannot

acce

lera

teto

100

EeV

.Way

out:

Hig

hly

obliq

ue

bi-co

nic

alsh

ock

stru

cture

s(M

arsc

her

etal

.20

08)

•O

blique

shock

sve

ryeffi

cien

tin

par

ticl

eac

cele

ra-

tion

,use

elec

tric

field

sin

shoc

k-dri

ftac

cele

rati

ondue

toLT

ofB

-fiel

ds

(Par

ker

1958

,Jo

kipii

1987

,V

olk

&B

ier-

man

n19

88,B

ierm

ann

1993

,M

eli&

Bie

rman

n20

06)

•T

he

mag

net

icfie

lds

atth

ebas

eof

jets

max

imal

for

ener

gyex

trac

tion

from

spin

ofbla

ckhol

e(B

landfo

rd&

Znaje

k19

77)

-sp

in-d

own

and

accr

etio

nbot

hco

n-

trib

ute

todri

ving

jets

:W

eak

radio

gala

xies

candid

ates

!

19

Test

sofje

tsw

ith

obse

rvati

ons!

Shoc

k Nozz

leJe

t

Th

erm

al/O

ute

r A

ccre

tio

n D

isk

Op

tica

lly t

hic

kP

ost

-sh

ock

Jet

Op

tica

lly t

hin

Po

st-s

ho

ck J

et

Pre

-sh

ock

Jet

+ N

ozz

le

Ryle

+VLA

UKIR

THS

T

RXTE

Inve

rse

Co

mp

ton

EUVE

"Dis

k" B

B

ξ = 10

ξ = 10

0

Fig

ure

11T

he

Gal

acti

cac

tive

sourc

eJ11

18,m

odel

led

wit

ha

jet

and

dis

k:

Mar

koff

etal

.,A

A37

2,L25

,20

01.

Fir

stst

rong

shock

ata

few

103

grav

itat

ional

radii

ofth

ece

ntr

albla

ckhol

e-co

nfirm

edby

Mar

scher

etal

.20

08.

Man

yte

sts

wer

eper

form

edw

ith

obse

rvat

ions

and

jet

model

ling

tore

pro

duce

full

elec

trom

agnet

icsp

ectr

um

(wor

kby

H.Fal

cke,

R.Fen

der

,E

.K

ordin

g,T

.M

acca

rone,

S.M

arko

ff,M

.N

owak

,J.W

ilm

s,F.Yuan

etm

ult

ial

.)fo

rm

any

sourc

es;se

ees

pec

ially:

Mar

koff,N

owak

&W

ilm

s20

05,an

dM

arko

ffet

al.

2008

20

Sim

ple

oblique

shock

stru

cture

s

Fig

ure

12A

model

for

the

com

pac

tje

tst

ruct

ure

,ro

tati

onal

sym

met

ry.

Sou

rce

Bec

ker

&B

ierm

ann

2008

•C

oncl

usi

on:

Ult

rahig

hen

ergy

par

ticl

esal

low

edin

low

pow

erra

dio

gala

xies

-re

quir

essp

in-d

own

(Bla

ndfo

rd&

Znaje

k19

77,B

ecke

r&

Bie

rman

n20

08)

21

The

spect

rum

lim

it

•W

enee

dth

een

ergy

at10

20eV

;an

dye

t,m

ost

spec

tral

mod

els

sugg

est

asp

ectr

um

ofE−

2.2

orso

,re

quir

ing

much

mor

epow

erth

anvi

sible

inU

HE

CR

s,by

> ∼10

2 .

•C

hem

icalpote

nti

al?

Phot

onsp

ectr

aca

nbe

star

ved.

Can

cosm

icra

ysp

ectr

abe

star

ved

(Kom

pan

eets

1955

)?

•G

iven

anu

mber

ofen

erge

tic

par

ticl

es,th

eir

spec

trum

,an

dth

eir

ener

gyco

nten

tin

dep

enden

tly,

ther

eis

aco

n-

trad

icti

on.

Inin

com

ple

teC

ompto

niz

atio

nso

lved

byst

arvi

ng

the

low

ener

gyta

ilof

the

spec

trum

.

•Sugg

esti

on:

Sta

rved

ult

rahig

hen

ergy

cosm

icra

ysp

ec-

tra,

sati

sfyi

ng

ener

gyan

dnu

mber

cont

ent(M

eli&

Bie

r-m

ann).

22

Sta

rved

photo

nsp

ect

ra-

inco

mple

teC

om

pto

niz

ati

on

Fig

ure

13E

volu

tion

ofth

ephot

onsp

ectr

um

ina

finit

ere

gion

;so

urc

eK

atz

1976

23

Com

ple

tesa

mple

ofra

dio

gala

xie

s

Tab

le1

Pro

per

ties

ofth

eco

mple

tesa

mple

sele

cted

inpas

sban

d6c

m(5

GH

z),

redsh

ift

z≤

0.01

8an

dz≤

0.01

25flux

den

sity

bri

ghte

rth

an0.

5Jy,

stee

psp

ectr

um

and

no

star

burs

t,sa

mple

of21

and

14ca

ndid

ate

sourc

es.

The

FIR

/rad

iora

tio

can

read

ily

dis

tingu

ish

radio

gala

xie

sfr

omnor

mal

gala

xie

san

dst

arburs

ts

Nam

eM

orph

olog

ical

Red

sh.

Dis

t.M

BH

Cor

eflu

xde

nsity

B-V

FIR

/Rad

ioty

peM

pc10

8M�

mJy

mag

rati

oN

GC

5128

S0pe

cSy

20.

0018

253.

42

1333

610.

883.

39N

GC

4651

SA(r

s)c

LIN

ER

0.00

2685

18.3

0.4

700

0.51

8M

ESS

IER

084

E1;

LE

RG

;LIN

ER

Sy2

0.00

3536

1610

2094

.18

0.94

0.17

ME

SSIE

R08

7E

+0-

1pe

c;N

LR

GSy

0.00

436

1631

9480

.75

0.93

0.01

NG

C13

99cD

;E1

pec

0.00

4753

15.9

334

20.

950.

04N

GC

1316

(R’)

SAB

(s)0

0LIN

ER

0.00

5871

22.6

9.2

5651

.61

0.06

NG

C26

63E

0.00

7012

32.5

6.1

628.

560.

08N

GC

4261

E2-

3;LIN

ER

Sy3

0.00

7465

16.5

5.2

2662

.69

0.97

0.02

NG

C46

96B

CG

;E+

1pe

cLIN

ER

0.00

9867

44.4

351

8.28

0.08

NG

C38

01S0

/a0.

0110

6450

2.2

300.

250.

90.

3IC

5063

SA(s

)0+

:Sy

20.

0113

4844

.92

321.

140.

9311

.08

NG

C50

90E

20.

0114

1150

.47.

448

8.13

..0.

1N

GC

5793

Sb:

spSy

20.

0116

4550

.81.

451

.50.

7912

.76

IC42

96B

CG

;E;R

adio

Gal

axy

0.01

2465

54.9

1044

2.22

0.95

0.08

NG

C01

93SA

B(s

)0-:

0.01

4657

55.5

228

5.93

0.98

0.76

VV

201

Dou

ble

gala

xy0.

015

66.2

145

0.09

0.05

UG

C11

294

E0?

;HSB

0.01

6144

63.6

2.9

254.

520.

33N

GC

1167

SA0-

;LIN

ER

Sy2

0.01

6495

65.2

4.6

393.

090.

13C

GC

G11

4-02

5SA

0-0.

0168

8567

.41.

944

3.39

0.01

NG

C03

83B

CG

;SA

0-:

LE

RG

0.01

7005

65.8

5.5

414.

250.

21A

RP

308

Dou

ble

gala

xyW

LR

G0.

018

69.7

188

.54

0.09

24

Fig

ure

14T

he

gase

ous

jet

ofth

era

dio

gala

xy

Cen

Ain

X-r

ays

(−>

Chan

dra

/NA

SA

)

•O

ur

acti

venei

ghbor

(3.5

Mpc)

:R

adio

gala

xyC

enA

:th

eje

tbor

esth

rough

the

mol

ecula

rcl

ouds

wit

hal

lth

ehig

hen

ergy

cosm

icra

ysfr

omth

ecu

rren

tst

arburs

t

25

Fig

ure

15T

he

scal

esof

Cen

A.Sou

rce

Lec

ture

S.B

ritz

en

26

Fig

ure

16C

enA

and

Auge

r:T

her

ear

em

any

even

tsnea

rth

enat

ura

lex

tensi

onof

the

radio

emis

sion

alon

gth

esu

per

gala

ctic

pla

ne,

inw

hic

hw

ew

ould

expec

ta

larg

esc

ale

shea

rflow

(Ryu

etal

.19

98),

whic

hco

uld

wea

kly

chan

nel

som

epar

ticl

esan

dfinal

lysc

atte

rou

twar

ds.

Sou

rce

Blo

isle

cture

and

pap

erJ.P

.R

achen

(200

8)

27

Part

icle

energ

yand

part

icle

flux

pre

dic

tions

Com

ple

tesa

mple

s(C

aram

ete

etal

.,20

08).

Spin

-dow

npow

ere

dje

ts(B

landfo

rd&

Znaje

k19

77,

Duta

net

al.,

2005

,20

08):

Em

ax∼

M1/

2B

H(6

)

FC

R∼

S6/

5ra

dD

2/5

LM

−7/

10B

H(7

)

Acc

reti

on

pow

ere

dje

ts(F

alck

eet

al.

1995

,Tas

cau

2003

,Tas

cau

etal

.20

08):

E† m

ax∼

S1/

3ra

dD

2/3

LM

BH

(8)

FC

R†∼

S2/

3ra

dD−

2/3

L(9

)

For

dis

tance

s<

50M

pc

usu

ally

NG

C51

28,

pos

sibly

NG

C13

16an

da

grou

par

ound

M87

dom

inat

ein

pre

dic

ted

UH

EC

Rflu

x(S

yrov

atsk

ii&

Gin

zburg

1963

).

28

Tab

le2

UH

EC

Rpre

dic

tions:

Usi

ng

core

flux-d

ensi

tyat

5G

Hz

for

the

com

ple

tesa

mple

of29

stee

psp

ectr

um

sourc

es.

Col

.4:

(*)

Cor

eflux

den

sity

esti

mat

edfr

omth

eto

tal

flux

den

sity

by

usi

ng

log(P

core)

=11

.01

+0.

47lo

g(P

tot)

,cf

.G

iova

nnin

i19

88;C

ol.

5&

6:R

elat

ive

valu

esof

the

par

ticl

esm

axim

um

ener

gyan

dU

HE

CR

flux

by

usi

ng

spin

-dow

n(I

.D

uta

n).

Col

.7

&8:

(†)

Rel

ativ

eva

lues

ofth

epar

ticl

esm

axim

um

ener

gyan

dU

HE

CR

flux

by

usi

ng

accr

etio

n,(O

.Tas

cau).

Sour

ceD

MB

HS

5G

Hz

Em

ax/E

M87

max

FC

R/F

M87

CR

Em

ax/E

M87

max†

FC

R/F

M87

CR

†

(Mpc

)(×

109M�)

(mJy

)(1

)(2

)(3

)(4

)(5

)(6

)(7

)(8

)A

RP

308

69.7

0.1

88.5

3*0.

180.

310.

030.

04C

GC

G11

4-02

567

.40.

1922

600.

259.

370.

150.

33E

SO13

7-G

006

76.2

0.92

631.

32*

0.54

0.71

0.51

0.13

IC42

9654

.91

214

0.57

0.16

0.31

0.08

IC50

6344

.90.

232

1.15

*0.

250.

750.

060.

12N

GC

0193

55.5

0.2

285.

93*

0.25

0.71

0.07

0.09

NG

C03

8365

.80.

5541

4.25

*0.

420.

580.

240.

11N

GC

1128

92.2

0.2

280.

2*0.

250.

840.

10.

07N

GC

1167

65.2

0.46

393.

1*0.

390.

610.

20.

1N

GC

1316

22.6

0.92

260.

540.

010.

080.

03N

GC

1399

15.9

0.3

100.

310.

010.

010.

02N

GC

2663

32.5

0.61

160

0.44

0.13

0.12

0.09

NG

C38

0150

0.22

635

0.26

1.66

0.09

0.17

NG

C38

6293

.70.

4416

740.

384.

150.

390.

21N

GC

4261

16.5

0.52

390

0.41

0.32

0.09

0.26

NG

C43

7416

116

8.7

0.57

0.07

0.13

0.15

NG

C44

8616

3.1

2875

.11

11

1N

GC

4651

18.3

0.04

150.

120.

040

0.03

NG

C46

9644

.40.

355

0.31

0.07

0.05

0.04

NG

C50

9050

.40.

7426

80.

490.

250.

230.

1N

GC

5128

3.4

0.2

6984

0.25

130.

043.

63N

GC

5532

104.

81.

0819

4.58

*0.

590.

180.

50.

05N

GC

5793

50.8

0.14

95.3

8*0.

210.

230.

030.

05N

GC

7075

72.7

0.25

200.

280.

030.

040.

01U

GC

0184

184

.40.

136

5.46

*0.

181.

810.

050.

08U

GC

0278

382

.60.

4254

10.

371.

060.

230.

11U

GC

1129

463

.60.

2931

40.

310.

640.

110.

09V

V20

166

.20.

145

0.1*

0.18

2.11

0.04

0.11

WE

IN04

584

.60.

2732

1.6*

0.29

0.78

0.13

0.08

29

Sim

ula

ted

spect

ra

23

23.

5

24

24.

5

25 1

8 1

8.5

19

19.

5 2

0 2

0.5

log10 E3 dF/dE, arb. units

log1

0 E,

eV

all n

orm

aliz

ed a

t Log

10(E

)=191.2,

21.

5, s

pin

down

1.2,

21.

5, a

ccre

tion

Auge

r SD

Fig

ure

17T

he

resu

lts

afte

rpro

pag

atio

nfo

rm

axim

um

ener

gy(e

xpon

ential

cuto

ff)

at10

21

eVan

dac

cele

rati

onsp

ectr

alin

dex

gam

ma=

1.2,

log1

0(E

max)

=21

.5,

spin

dow

nan

dac

cret

ion.

No

del

aytim

esuse

d;

one

may

spec

ula

te,th

atusi

ng

adel

ayti

me

dis

trib

ution

(Das

etal

.20

08)

the

spin

-dow

nm

odel

wou

ldm

atch

the

dat

a,an

dth

eac

cret

ion

model

may

under

pre

dic

tth

edat

a.B

oth

model

snor

mal

ized

toth

eA

uge

rex

per

imen

talva

lue

at10

19

eV.−−

>T

.Sta

nev

30

Cosm

icm

agneti

cfield

s

•C

osm

osfu

llof

mag

net

icfie

lds

•G

alac

tic

mag

net

icw

inds

exis

t(W

estm

eier

etal

.20

05;

Bre

itsc

hwer

dt

2008

;C

hyzy

etal

.,20

00,

2004

,20

06,

2007

)

•G

alac

tic

mag

net

icw

inds

impor

tant

ingr

edie

ntof

mag

-net

icdyn

amo

mec

han

ism

tost

rengt

hen

and

order

gala

c-ti

cm

agnet

icfie

lds

(Par

ker

1992

;H

anas

zet

al.

2004

,20

06)

•K

ronb

erg

etal

.in

terg

alac

tic

med

ium

obse

rvat

ions

•C

riti

cal

ingr

edie

nt:

Bla

ckhol

eac

tivi

tyin

terg

alac

tic

med

ium

feed

bac

kto

enhan

cein

terg

alac

tic

mag

net

icfie

lds:

Ryu

etal

.19

98,2

008a

,b;E

nßl

inet

al.

1998

;K

ronb

erg

etal

.19

99,20

01;G

opal

-Kri

shna

&W

iita

2001

,20

03.

•R

yuet

al.

(200

8a,b)

cosm

olog

ical

MH

Dsi

mula

tion

s

31

Dela

yti

mes

and

scatt

eri

ng

•E

vent

sar

enot

isot

ropic

inar

riva

ldir

ecti

onon

sky:

•H

owev

er,ve

ryfe

wra

dio

gala

xies

are

viab

le

•A

llbla

ckhol

esin

our

cosm

icnei

ghbor

hoo

dex

trem

ely

anis

otro

pic

inth

eir

dis

trib

uti

on:

no

know

nan

did

enti

-fie

dsu

b-c

lass

ofso

urc

es(e

ven

low

erpow

erra

dio

gala

x-ie

s,Sey

fert

gala

xies

,Lin

ers,

..),

whic

hw

ould

expla

inth

ear

riva

ldis

trib

uti

onof

the

even

tson

the

sky

•B

endin

goforb

italpath

requ

ired

for

consi

sten

cy,

nea

rby

cosm

os(S

tanev

etal

.19

97-

2003

+,D

aset

al.

2008

)an

dga

lact

icm

agnet

icw

ind

could

do

it(C

uru

tiu

2008

).D

istr

ibuti

onof

ben

din

gan

gles

θat

hig

hen

ergy

pro

bab

lyθ−

2

•D

ela

yti

mes

follow

(Das

etal

.20

08)

Magneti

chori

zon

abou

t10

0M

pc!

32

Fig

ure

18A

ngl

edis

trib

uti

on:

Das

etal

2008

Fig

.7,

left

pan

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Ack

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kw

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ted

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ctA

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ER

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U5P

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2vi

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ESY

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Ban

dby

VIH

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Svi

aFZ

Kar

lsru

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byE

rasm

us/

Sok

rate

sE

U-c

ontr

acts

wit

he

the

univ

ersi

ties

inB

uch

ares

t,C

luj-N

apoc

a,B

udap

est,

Sze

ged,

Cra

cow

,and

Lju

bljan

a;by

the

Hum

bol

dtFou

ndat

ion;a

nd

byre

sear

chfo

undat

ions

inK

orea

,C

hin

a,A

ust

ralia

,In

dia

and

Bra

zil.

Refe

rence

s

[1]B

eck,

R.,

Bra

nden

burg

,A

.,M

oss,

D.,

Shu

kuro

v,A

.,&

Sok

oloff

,D

.,A

nnual

Rev

.of

Ast

ron.

&A

stro

-ph

ys.34,15

5-

206

(199

6).

[2]B

ierm

ann,L.,

Z.f.

Nat

urf

.5a,65

-71

(195

0)

[3]B

ierm

ann,L

.,Sch

lute

r,A

.,Phy

s.Rev

.82,8

63-86

8(1

951)

45

[4]B

ierm

ann,

P.L

.,A

stro

n.

&A

stro

ph.

271,

649

(199

3),as

tro-

ph/9

3010

08

[5]B

ierm

ann,

P.L

.,in

Pro

c.E

rice

Mee

ting

Dec

.20

00,

Eds.

H.J

.de

Veg

aet

al.,

Pha

setran

sition

sin

the

early

Univ

erse

:The

ory

and

Obs

erva

tion

s,p.54

3-

557

(200

1)

[6]B

irk,

G.T

.,W

iech

en,H

.,Les

ch,H

.&

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nber

g,P.

P.,

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,A

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roph

.353,10

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es,

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,O

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.V.,

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.V.,

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.D

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3001

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[9]C

lark

e,T

.,K

ronb

erg,

P.P

.,B

ohri

nge

r,H

.,in

Diff

use

ther

mal

and

rela

tivi

stic

plas

ma

inga

laxy

clust

ers,

Rin

gber

gC

onfe

rence

,Eds.

H.B

ohri

nge

ret

al.,

Max

-P

lanck

-Inst

itut

fur

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rate

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che

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sik,

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rke,

T.,

Kro

nber

g,P.P

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ohri

nge

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.,A

stro

-ph

ys.

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ters

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L11

1-

L11

4(2

001)

,as

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ph/0

0112

81

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Cow

ling,

T.G

.,Sol

arElect

rody

nam

ics,

1953

,in

The

Sun,E

d.K

uip

er,G

.P.,

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.of

Chic

ago

Pre

ss,

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ago

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Dusc

hl,

W.J

.,Str

ittm

atte

r,P.A

.,&

Bie

rman

n,P.L

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.357,11

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,as

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,U

niv

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tyof

Bucu

rest

i(2

002)

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Ult

ra-h

igh-e

ner

gyco

smic

ray

acce

lera

tion

byre

la-

tivi

stic

bla

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,G

alla

nt,Y

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.,A

chte

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.,M

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inof

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icra

ys,Per

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onP

ress

,O

xfor

d(1

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,R

us-

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ion

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,J.

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.,B

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n,

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.,B

eck,

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,J.

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.,Q

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.,M

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.A

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.Ast

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,K

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.22a,

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ansl

ated

inN

CA

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0The

turb

ulentdy

nam

o,ed

ited

byP.H

.R

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atio

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niv

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0The

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.R

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Kra

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ated

inN

CA

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A-6

0The

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ulentdy

nam

o,ed

ited

byP.H

.R

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.Sti

x,19

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[27]

Kra

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The

Ori

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tic

Mag

-net

icFie

lds,

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ting

ofth

eIA

U,Jo

int

Dis

cus-

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