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1 , 179076. 2 Ulrich Beck, Europa tedesca, La nuova geografia del potere, Editori Laterza, 2013.

15

. 2012. , . , , . , : ? , , .

. .3 , ,4 .5 , , , , , .6 , , , .7 ,

3 (Dieter Grimm) . . Dieter Grim, Defending sovereign statehood against transforming the European Union into a state, European constitutional law review, No. 3, 2009. 4 . 5 , ?, : (.), , , , , 2013. 6 . Jennar Raoul-Marc, Deux traits pour un coup dEtat europen, Le Monde diplomatique, No. 699 59e anne, Juin 2012, Steve McGiffen, Blodless coup detat: The European Unions response to the eurozone crisis, Socialism and democracy, Journal of the research group on socialism and democracy, Routledge, Vol. 25, No. 2, July 2011. 7 . Duan Sianski, Le trait de Lisbonne sur la voi federalist?, LEurope en formation, Centre international de formation europenne, No. 362, Decembre 2011.

16

, .8 , . , .9 - (.) , , , , . , 10. (.) . , . - (.) .

, , , , : ? . .11 . (imperium) .

8 Pieter De Wilde, Michael Zrn, Can the politicization of the EU be reversed?, Journal of Common Market Studies 50, 2012. 9 Kalypso Nicolaidis, European democracy and its crisis, Journal of common market studies, No.1, 2012. 10 Ibid., p. 3. 11 . Gary Marks, Europe and its Empires: From Rome to the European Union, Journal of common market studies, 2012, vol. 50, No.1, p.1.

17

. , , . , , , .

. , , , , .12 . , , .13 , , . .

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12 , , , , 2009, . 83. 13 . Ibid., . 221.

18

.14 . , . . ?. , , .15

. , , , . , . , , . . , , , , . (an Monnet) , . , . , (Giandomenico Majone) , XIX

14 . David McKay, Designing Europe, Comparative Lessons from the Federal Experience, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001. 15 . , , , , 2013.

19

, , , .16

. . , . .17 , , , , . /. , , , , . , . , . .

, , . . . , . XXI

16 Giandomenico Majone, Europe as the would-be would power, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 72. 17 Simon Hix, Whats wrong with the European Union and how to fix it, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2008, p. 11.

20

, . . , , . , , . , . .

, . , , . , . . . , , , . , . . , , . , , . . . , , , ,

21

. , , . , . , 2008. .18

. , , . . , .19 , . , .20 . 2004. . . , . . , , , .

18 . Fritz W. Scharpf, Monetary union, fiscal crisis and the preemption of democracy, MPIfG Discussion paper 1/11, Max Planck Institute for the study of societies, Cologne, 2011, pp. 1025. 19 Joseph Weiler, Federalism without Constitutionalism, Europes Sonderweg, in: Kalypso Nicolaidis, Robert Howse(eds), The Federal Vision, Oxford Unversity Press, 2003. 20 . . Simon Hix, Whats wrong with the European Union and how to fix it, op.cit, p. 48.

22

?, . , , , - . , , . , , . , , .

2008. , . , , , . , . . . . . . , , , . , . , - .

23

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2009. . 2005. , (Jan Zielonka) .22 , , . , - . , , . , , , . , . , , , . , , . , , . , , , .

.

21 . . . . , ( ) , Ivan Krastev, European disintegration? A fraying Union, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 23, No. 4, October 2012, p. 23. 22 Jan Zielonka, Europe as Empire, Oxford University Press, 2006.

24

. . , , , .23 , , , . , , , , .24 , , . . , . , , , ? , , ?25 , . , .

23 Ibid., . 12. 24 , . . , , . (Vivien A. Schmidt) , , . Vivien Schmidt, Re-envisioning the European Union: identity, democracy, economy, Journal of common market studies, Vol. 47, 2009, . 39. 25 . Bojan Kovaevi, Who is the guardian of the constitution in the European Union, Croatian political science review, No. 3, 2013.

25

. , . , , .

, . , . , , , , , . 26 . , , . , 27 .28 , . .29 . , , . . , . . , .

26 , , , , 1997, . 175. 27 . . Jurgen Habermas, The crisis of the European Union: A Response, Polity Press, 2012, Ulrich Beck, Europa tedesca, op. cit. 28 Dieter Grimm, Defending sovereign statehood against transforming the European Union into a state, op. cit. 29 Herfried Mnkler, Democratization Cant Save Europe: The Need for a Centralization of Power http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,773071,00.html, 15. 06. 2013.

26

. .

(Niklas Luhmann) . . , , . , , . .30 . , , , , . . . , XIX XX .

.31 2011.

30 Niklas Luhmann, Teorija sistema, Svrhovitost i racionalnost, Globus, Zagreb, 1981, str. 145. 31 , , : (.), , , , 2013.

27

.32 .33 2011. .34

. . (Six-Pack regulations) 2011. 35 2012. , .

(Exccessive Imbalance Procedure) .36 , - , , , ,

32 1968. , . Serge Halimi, Juntes civiles, Le Monde diplomatique, No. 693 58e anne, Dcembre 2011. 33 , 2011, , . , . , , think-thank, , , , Cdric Durand, Razmig Keucheyan, Vers un csarisme europen, Le Monde diplomatique, No. 704 59e anne, Novembre 2012. 34 Fritz W. Scharpf, Legitimacy intermediation in the multilevel European polity and its collapse in the Euro crisis, Max-Planck-Institut fr Gesellschaftsforschung Discussion paper, (12) 6, 2012, p.25 35 Council Directive 2011/85/EU, Regulation (EU) No. 1173/2011, Regulation (EU) No. 1174/2011, Regulation (EU) No. 1175/2011, Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011, Regulation (EU) No 1177/2011 36 Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011.

28

, . .37 , . , , . , .

, . , , , , . , . , , . 3% -a 60% -a .38 , . , .39

O

37 http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/documents/aler t_mechanism_repor t_ 2012_en.pdf; 10. 05. 2013. 38 Treaty on stability, cordination and governance in the economic and monetary union Art. 3.2. 39 ( ), (Jean-Luc Mlenchon), (Syriza) .

29

.40 : , .41 , , .42 .43 .44 , , . . . , , , , .45 , . , . , . .

40 , , . , , . Fritz W. Scharpf, Legitimacy intermediation in the multilevel European polity and its collapse in the Euro crisis, op. cit., p. 26. 41 . , , . ., str. 16. 42 . Noelle Bursi, Les Grecs sous le scalpel, Le Monde diplomatique, No. 693 58e anne, Decembre 2011. 43 . , , . . . Serge Halimi, Juntes civiles, Le Monde diplomatique, No. 693 58e anne, Dcembre 2011. 44 9. 2012. 45 . Gary Marks, Europe and its Empires: From Rome to the European Union, op. cit., pp. 67.

30

. . , , . . , . , . . .46

. , , - , . , XIX XX . , . .

. , . .

46 . Montserrat Guibernau, From devolution to secession: The case of Catalonia i Michael Keating Reforging the Nation: Britain, Scotland and crisis of unionism u zborniku Michel Seymour, Alain G. Gagnon (eds.) Multinational federalism, Problems and prospects, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

31

.47 , .48 , . . . . , .

, . , . , , , .49 . , . .50

, , . , . . . , , . , , , .

47 , , . ., . 82. 48 . 49 . Ivan Krastev, European disintegration? A fraying Union, op. cit., pp. 28-29 50 . , , 29. 08. 2012.

32

, . , . , . , . 51

. () () - . 52 . , . . , , , .

51 . Jennar R. Marc, Desobeissance civique pour une Europe de gauche, Le Monde diplomatique, (59) 703, 2012 52 . Fritz W. Scharpf, Monetary union, fiscal crisis and the preemption of democracy,op. cit., pp. 30-31.

33

:

Beck Ulrich, Europa tedesca, La nuova geografia del potere, Editori Laterza, 2013 Burgi Nolle, Les Grecs sous le scalpel, Le Monde diplomatique, No. 693 58e anne,

Decembre 2011. Durand Cdric, Razmig Keucheyan, Vers un csarisme europen, Le Monde

diplomatique, No. 704 59e anne, Novembre 2012. Grimm Dieter, Defending sovereign statehood against transforming the European Union

into a state, European constitutional law review, No. 3, 2009. Guibernau Montserrat, From devolution to secession: The case of Catalonia i Michael

Keating Reforging the Nation: Britain, Scotland and crisis of unionism in Michael Seymour, Alain G. Gagnon (eds.) Multinational federalism, Problems and prospects, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

Habermas Jrgen, The crisis of the European Union:A Response, Polity Press, 2012. Halimi Serge, Juntes civiles, Le Monde diplomatique, No. 693 58e anne, Dcembre

2011. Hix Simon, Whats wrong with the European Union and how to fix it, Polity Press,

Cambridge, 2008. Jennar, Raoul-Marc, Deux traits pour un coup dEtat europen, Le Monde

diplomatique, No. 699 59e anne, Juin 2012. , , , , 2013. ,

?, : (.), , o , , , 2013.

Kovaevi Bojan, Who is the guardian of the constitution in the European Union, Croatian political science review, No. 3, 2013.

, , , , 1997. Krastev Ivan, European disintegration? A fraying Union, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 23.,

No. 4, October 2012. Luhmann Niklas, , , , ,

1981. Majone Giandomenico, Europe as the would-be world power, Cambridge University

Press, 2009. Marks Gary, Europe and its Empires: From Rome to the European Union, Journal of

common market studies, 2012, vol. 50, No. 1. McKay David, Designing Europe, Comparative Lessons from the Federal Experience,

Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001. McGiffen Steve, Bloodless coup detat: The European Unions response to the eurozone

crisis, Socialism and democracy, Journal of the research group on socialism and democracy, Routledge, Vol. 25, No. 2, July 2011.

, , , , 2009.

34

Mnkler Herfried, Democratization Can't Save Europe The Need for a Centralization of Power http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,773071,00.html

Nicolaids Kalypso, European democracy and its crisis, Journal of common market studies, No. 1, 2012.

, , , : (.), , , , 2013.

Scharpf Fritz W., Monetary union, fiscal crisis and the preemption of democracy, MPIfG Discussion paper 1/11, Max Planck Institute for the study of societies, Cologne, 2011.

Scharpf Fritz W., Legitimacy intermediation in the multilevel European polity and its collapse in the Euro crisis, Max-Planck-Institut fr Gesellschaftsforschung Discussion paper, (12) 6, 2012.

Schmidt Vivien, Re-envisioning the European Union: identity, democracy, economy, Journal of common market studies, Vol. 47, 2009.

Wilde Pieter De, Zrn Michael, Can the politicization of the EU be reversed?, Journal of Common Market Studies 50, 2012.

Weiler Joseph, Federalism without Constitutionalism, Europe's Sonderweg, in: Kalypso Nicolaidis, Robert Howse (eds), The Federal Vision, Oxford Unversity Press, 2003.

Zielonka Jan, Europe as Empire, Oxford University Press, 2006.

35

Bojan Kovaevi Faculty of Political Sciences

FROM HIDDEN FEDERALISM TO PROTO-EMPIRE CONFRONTING THE EUS SYSTEMIC CRISIS

Abstract: In contrast to all modern federations, the federalization of the EU has been achieved without a constitutional answer to the question of the systems democratic legitimacy. The process of compound polity building in the shadow of the unresolved dilemma of the communitys finalit politique, under the mask of economic integration, can be described as hidden federalism. On one hand, this method has resulted in the establishment of a common market and monetary union. On the other hand, it has resulted in an ever-growing complexity of the system, preventing it from efficiently responding to the demands of its participants. The turbulence that would transform the process of hidden federalism into systemic crisis came in 2008 in the form of the world economic crisis. In the absence of an answer to the question of Why are we together? the prospect of disintegration has become tangible. This threat has made the major architects of the EU aware of the fact that reduction of the governing process complexity represents a necessary condition for their projects survival. However, the way they have decided to reduce that complexity has proven to be at the direct expense of what is left of national democracy and member states equality. The EU has slowly been taking the shape of a proto-Empire, based on a core-periphery relation among its composite units. The stability of todays EU will mostly depend on the ability of European institutions to diminish the growing dissatisfaction of the population in the core and appease the anger and frustration of the population in the periphery.

Key words: European Union, crisis, Empire, hidden federalism, European council

36

21.

21.

: , , , . , , , . , , , , . , . , , . , , ,

: , , , , , , -.

:

2005. , , , : , , ? ... , ... , ... , ,

37

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, ? ( . .) 1

- in medias res, , , , , . , ( ) . , , , . , , , , . : (, ) () , sine qua non , libert, galit, fraternit, . , , , , ( ) .

. , . , , , , , , , .2 , -, . -

1 Jacques Ranciere, Democracy and its Doctors, Chronicles of Consensual Times, Continuum, New York, 2010, p.141. 2 Ibid, pp. 142-143.

38

21.

. , , , , , . , . , . ( . .) 3 , , : , , , , per definitionem, .

, , , . , , crux , , , , , , , .4

, : 5 ( , , ) . , , - , , , , , 6 , , , , , , . par

3 Ibid, p.143. 4 (, ) - . 5 , , . : Timothy Garton Ash, TheCrisis of Europe, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2012,pp. 2-15. http://www.foreignaffa irs.com/articles/138010/timothy-garton-ash/the-crisis-of-europe 6 Alain Badiou, Polemics, Verso, New York, 2006.

39

21.

excellence , . 7, , , , , .8

, , , , ? , . , , , , , , , , , , , , (, , ). (. ) , , ( ), ( ).9

, , ( , , )

7 Robert Cooper, The Breaking of Nations, Atlantic Press, New York, 2003, p. 150. 8 , , , : ... ( . .). : Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto, Pocket Books, New York, 1964. 9 , ?, , , 2010, . 475-487.

40

21.

, , , , , , zoon politikon, , , ( , , , , , , , , , . ).

ja a , , (. , . . .) , , , .10 , , , , , 11 .

, , par excellence , , (Zur Verfassung Europas), (he Crisis of the European Union), , , .

10 Timothy Garton Ash, The Crisis of Europe, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2012. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/ar ticles/138010/timothy-garton-ash/the-crisis-of-europe 11 , , , , 2009.

41

21.

12 . , , , , , . , , .13

, , ...14 , . , , , , , , .15 , , . 16 : (1) ; (2) , ; (3) . / , , .

12 Jrgen Habermas, Zur Verfassung Europas, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, 2011. 13 Jrgen Habermas, Peter Bofinger, Julian Nida-Rmelin, , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 03. 08. 2012. http://pescanik.net/2012/08/protiv-fasadne-demokratije/ , , , . , . eo ipso . 14 John Grey, Why Europe is floundering, The Guardian, 17 October 2012. http://www.guardian.co .uk/commentisfree/2012/oct/17/europe-sinister-currency-elites-eurozone 15 tienne Balibar, Europe is a Dead Political Project, The Guardian, June 6, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/may/25/eu-crisis-catastrophic-consequences 16 , .

42

21.

, , , , , contradictio in adjecto, . - , . , . , , , . , , , , , . . , , , ( ) . 17

XXI , , , , , , . , per se. , , / .18 , , , , , , , , . , . , (,

17 , , , 6. 2011. http://www.novossti.com/2011/09/evropa-je-zatocenik-atlantizma/ 18 Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Nationalism Returns in Europe, The National Interest, 5th November 2012. http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/nationalism-returns-europe-7697

43

21.

, ...), , . , , , , . , , , , , par excellence.

, , , . ,19 . , , . Rashomon, , , - , . 20

, , , , / . , , , , , , , , . , , , , . , , , . , ,

19 , , , . 2, 2011, . 3138. 20 Nicholas Sambanis, Has Europe Failed?, The New York Times, August 26, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/opinion/has-europe- failed.html

44

21.

.

: , , , . 21 , , / ? , , , , , , , ?

, , , - , ? , , , , , - , . . . ( . .) 22, , , .

?23 ,

21 , , , , 2010, : , , , . 1, 2012, .926. 22 Amartya Sen, The Crisis of European Democracy, The New York Times, May 22 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/opinion/the-crisis-of-european-democracy.html 23 Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, Verso, London New York, 2001. , , . . .

45

21.

, (, , ), , , ( . .).24 , , . . , contradictio in adjecto. ( ), , ( ), , , , .

, (wahre Demokratie), , . praxis-, , . (Rechtsphilosophie) par excellence , . 1843. , , , , (la fidlit l'vnement)25

24 Chantal Mouffe, The Democratic Paradox, Verso, London New York, 2005, p. 4. 25 Alain Badiou, Being and Event, Continuum, New York, 2005.

46

21.

. 26 , . (Selbstbestimmung des Volkes) , .

, , , - , . par excellence, vice versa. , : .

, , , , , , . , , (), , , Schein die Erscheinung ( ), , , (Schein). , .

.27 , . . 28 ,

26 Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels, Werke, Band 4, Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1968, pp. 464-465. 27 , ?, , , 2010, . 475487. 28 , , , . ()

47

21.

, , XX . , , ... , , . ( ..)29

, , , , , , , ( . .), , ?30 , , , ( ) , , , .

: , , (, ), , , , , , .

, , , ! . , , . , , , . , ,

, , . Alain Badiou, Polemics, Verso, New York, 2006. 29 Timothy Garton Ash, The Crisis of Europe, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2012, p. 4. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/ar ticles/138010/timothy-garton-ash/the-crisis-of-europe 30Ibid., p. 8.

48

21.

indignados , . , , , .

, 31 , , ( ) , , per se. , , , .32

31 Sahra Wagenknecht, The Strike in Southern Europe, Global Research, November 12 2012 http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-strike- in-southern-europe/5311474 32 Adam Tooze, Germanys Unsustainable Growth Austerity Now, Stagnation Later, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2012, pp. 23-31. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/ar ticles/13 7834/adam-tooze/germanys-unsustainable-growth

49

21.

:

Adam Tooze, Germanys Unsustainable Growth, Foreign Affairs, September/October, 2012, pp. 23-31.

Alain Badiou, Being and Event, Continuum, New York, 2005. Alain Badiou, Polemics, Verso, New York, 2006. Amartya Sen, The Crisis of European Democracy, The New York Times, May 22, 2012. , ,

, . 2, 2011, . 3138. , , , ,

, , 2011. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, Verso, London

New York, 2001. , , ?, , , 2001. tienne Balibar, Europe is a Dead Political Project,The Guardian, June 6, 2010. Jacques Rancire, Democracy and its Doctors, Chronicles of Consensual Times,

Continuum, New York, 2010. John Gray, Why Europe is floundering, The Guardian, 17 October 2012. Jrgen Habermas, The Crisis of the European Union, Polity Press, 2012. Jrgen Habermas, Peter Bofiniger, Julian Nida-Rmelin,

, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 03. 08. 2012. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto, Pocket Books, New York, 1964. Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels, Werke, Band 4, Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1968. Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Nationalism Returns in Europe, The National Interest Online, 5

November 2012. Nicholas Sambanis, Has Europe Failed?, The New York Times, August 26, 2012. Robert Cooper, The Breaking of Nations, Atlantic Press, New York, 2003. Sahra Wagenknecht, The Strike in Southern Europe, Global Research, November 12,

2012. , ?,

, , 2010, . 475487. , ,

, . 1, 2012, . 926. , , , 6. 2011. Timothy Garton Ash, The Crisis of Europe, Foreign Affairs, September/October, 2012,

pp. 2-15. , , , , 2009. ,

, , , 2010. Chantal Mouffe, The Democratic Paradox, Verso, London New York, 2005.

50

21.

Bogdana Koljevi Institute of Political Studies

THE BIRTH OF CONTEMPORARY CRITICAL EUROPEAN DISCOURSESIN THE 21ST CENTURY

Summary:This article considers the contemporary political-social crisis of Europe, tracing the causes of this crisis in the EU projector, more precisely, in fundamental contradictions and irreplaceable difficulties of theories and practices of the EU in its relation toward the concept of politics and concept of democracy. Investigating different, principal as well as particular, examples of the gap between EU forms and European realities, with special focus on processes of depolitization, the author, in view of philosophical critical conceptions of radical left and right euroscepticism, sketches new shapes of discursive movements and social impulses of action. In the third part, coming from the concept of true democracy, as the alternative to current project of the EU, the choice between politics i.e. repolitization, on the one hand, and anti-politics, in face of new colonialism, is presented. In such light, rethinking of the present and future of Europe, indisputably refers to the happening of the political in best traditions of european spirit i.e. on the basis of ideas of freedom, equality, justice, self-positing and dignity. Keywords: political crisis of the EU, contemporary critical European discourses, radical left, radical right, true democracy, new colonialism, repolitization and depolitization.

51

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68

,

Mia urkovi Institute of European Studies

CRISIS, FEDERALIZATION, AND RESISTANCE

Abstract: The crisis in the European Union is in its eight year, since the collapse of the European Constitution . At a time when it seemed that after the Lisbon treaty in 2007 will be followed by a period of stabilization , an outbreak of another serious crisis linked to the economic problems faced by the more than half of EU member states has occurred. Struggle with the problems caused by the economic crisis has created a series of political and legal-constitutional consequences for the functioning and outlook of the EU. Various ideas for reshaping the institutional and contractual framework (i.e. Multi-speed Europe) have revived, but it is interesting that as a model for the resolution of the crisis the further federalization is being mentioned most often, including a higher level of integration of the tax and financial systems, followed by a higher level of political integration. The main argument claims that individual states have shown incompetence and irresponsibility in the aspect of control of financial operations and that it has to be transferred to the communitarian level. A possible new treaty change is oft-mentioned option. This model seems to be closely connected with the fact that at the beginning of the economic crisis Germany has manifested itself as the most stable and strongest political force that tends to revise the whole European economy towards its needs. On the other hand we are witnessing the rise of Euroscepticism in many countries, especially those heavily affected by the crisis. For quite different reasons, this movement grows in the United Kingdom, where the possibility of using clauses of the Treaty of Lisbon allowing for the exit from the EU has already been announced. The other facet of this kind of federalization drive in Europe is the rise of regional entities Catalonia , Scotland, Moravia and other regions are increasingly showing a desire to work as independent political entities with a greater degree of independence from their respective states.

Keywords: Crisis, federalization, the European Union, Euroskepticism.

69

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98

Slobodan Zeevi Institute of European Studies

INSTITUTIONAL ADAPTATION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS

Abstract: After the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2009 the European Union was forced to respond to attempts at destabilization and disintegration of the Eurozone and the EU as a whole, due to the debt crisis in some of its member states. In this sense, in September 2012 the treaty which established the European Stability Mechanism entered into force. It is an international financial institution, established by the European Union member states that are also members of the Eurozone in order to provide financial support to its members in financial difficulties that can not or are at risk of not being able to borrow money in the financial markets due to the extremely high speculative interest. Another measure taken by the Union is the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in March 2012 by the 25 member states (with the exception of the UK and the Czech Republic) which entered into force in 2013. This international treaty, publicly known as the European budgetary pact, makes an obligation on the the member states, especially those of the Eurozone but the other signatories as well to bring their budgets into balance, to coordinate their economic policies and improve the management of the Eurozone. The European Union has then established the European Banking Union that will be applicable to a larger credit institutions from July 2013 with full application in 2014. The European Banking Union is based on the idea of providing a unique regulation of financial services in the single European banking supervision body, namely the European Central Bank, on single framework guaranteeing the deposits and assisting those banks that can not meet their obligations. The measures taken by the European Union have contributed to the survival of the Eurozone and the EU as a whole but have opened a new dilemma of the state of current decision-making process in the European Union.

Keywords: European Union, institutional system,international agreements, financial crisis, European Central Bank, federalism, Eurozone, budget deficits.

99

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120

Boo Stojanovi Faculty of Economics

EUROPEAN CRISIS AS A CRISIS OF DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM

Abstract: The financial crisis and the crisis of the single currency, as well as far-reaching consequences that are directly or indirectly caused by them are not the the only or even the fundamental challenges facing the countries of the European Union. Although the situation varies from country to country, there is a common problem: finding appropriate responses to the challenges of an increasingly stronger competitive pressure. This situation suggests that European countries face the need to review the existing development paradigm and the necessity of its change. The main question in this context is how to keep up with competitors on the global stage and how to design a system that will encourage continuous innovation and productive entrepreneurship. Without the solution for this issue all the ad hoc measures and activities are mere cosmetic changes that can alleviate the problem in the short run, but not to overcome it.

Keywords: Competitiveness, innovation, entrepreneurship, flexibility, decentralization.

121

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12 Source: The Economist Intelligence Unit. http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=660628450&Country=US&topic=Economy&mkt_tok=3RkMMJWWfF9wsRoivq7PZKXonjHpfsX87% 20wqUaSg38431UFwdcjKPmjr1YcHRcZ0aPyQAgobGp5I5FEPQrPYRK1jt6QE 13 Hubert Vedrine, Decline is a choice, Foreign Policy, 10. 10. 2012.

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, , , . , 2012. ( ), . , , -, . (, ) . . , , , , -, 2011. 2012. , - . , , .15 - . - .

, - . , 2008 , , ( mortgage borrowera ). , debt-fuelled boom. a (non-financial sector debt) 243% 321% 20002010, 258 355%, 252 310 226 241% . 16 Financial Times ( . 17 ) , , . fiscal austerity .

14 Ian Bremmer, The top risks of 2013, Eurasia Group, http://eurasia.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/01/ 07/the_top_risks_of_2013, 7. 1. 2013. 15 Raymond Ahearn, ,James K. Jackson, Derek E. Mix, Rebecca M. Nelson, The Future of the Eurozone and U.S. Interests, CRS Report for Congress, 17. 1. 2012. pp: 326. 16 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16290598, 20. 06. 2013. 17 Gavyn Davies, The dramatic adjustment in eurozone trade imbalances, The Financial Times, May 9 2013.

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, ( ), . , , ( , ), . 2008. ( ) ( , , , , ). competitiveness gap . . . . 200007, , .18

, . , , , . 50% 1,4 . , Vienna Institute of Demography, 22 15 2008. 19 22 200508.19

, .20 . , . , -,

18 Martin Wolf, Europes beggar-my-neighbour policy, The Financial Times, May 9, 2013. 19 Patricia Kowsmann, Slowing Birthrates Weigh on Europe's Weak Economies. http://online.wsj.com/ article/SB10001424127887324660404578201484035826330.html, 18. 06. 2013. 20 Valentina Pop, Worst of euro crisis over, says German minister, 28. Dec 2012.

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:

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: http://www.conference-board.org/data/globaloutlook.cfm

21 Matthew Walter And Nicole Hong, Euro Becomes the Port in a Storm As Central Banks Mull Pullback of Easy Money, Investors Turn to Relatively Stable European Currency, http://online.wsj.com /article/SB10001424127887324049504578545601046075438.html?mod=WSJEurope_hpp_LEFTTopStories, 16. 06. 2013. 22 Bagnall, Allie, Effects of the Euro Crisis on Reserve Currency Holdings, May 13th, 2013, The Peterson Institute for International Economics. http://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime/?p=3571, 19. 06. 2013.

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2. 19982013.

:The Economist, Jun 25th 2013, World GDP.

http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/06/focus-7

1. -

: : 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

, % 2,1 1,6 -0,5 -0,2 1,5 1,9 2,0 2,1

, , . 16301 17611 16414 16478 16957 17518 18127 18769

% 25,8 25,2 23,0 22,2 21,7 21,2 20,7 20,2

( )

, . 15283 15853 16074 16366 16854 17459 18143 18903

% 18,7 19,0 18,4 18,3 18,5 18,7 19,0 19,2 % ( ) 2,5 3,0 2,2 1,8 1,7 1,7 1,8 1,9

% 43,3 44,0 44,4 44,7 44,6 44,5 44,5 44,5

. % 49,8 48,4 48,3 47,9 47,2 46,5 45,9 45,4 % 79,3 82,1 87,2 88,8 88,8 87,9 86,3 84,1

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% 0,0 0,2 0,5 0,7 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,2

: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012.

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2. - - , , ,

( , ) 2007 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

5,44 3,15 3,31 4,04 4,37 4,46 4,51 4,49 66.982,859 83.140,055 87.209,739 92.483,482 98.414,787 104.888,462 111.909,159 119.344,057 3,00 -0,58 -0,34 1,07 1,45 1,60 1,62 1,60

10.605,144 11.374,430 11.522,397 11.876,745 12.291,301 12.747,814 13.232,865 13.730,308 3,44 -0,24 0,004 1,28 1,67 1,84 1,91 1,97 14.893,755 16.092,525 16.331,601 16.869,245 17.496,097 18.188,943 18.932,861 19.713,269

1,91 2,21 1,85 2,95 3,56 3,44 3,34 2,92 14.028,675 15.684,750 16.237,746 17.049,027 18.012,185 19.020,509 20.077,908 21.101,36