ALLMYSONSGlossaryJuly2017JewelTheatreCompanyArtManke,DirectorSusanMyerSilton,DramaturgeNote:thisglossarynotonlyprovidesworddefinitions,butdiscussestheirthematicandsymbolicintentfortheauthor,playandcharactersKey:AMS=ALLMYSONS,NY=NewYork,NYC=NewYorkCity,TGD=TheGreatDepression,MIA=MissinginAction,UK=UnitedKingdom,US=UnitedStates,WWI=WorldWarI,WWII=WorldWarIIACTIStageDirections,p.5 Poplars:"Populus"isagenusofapproximately35deciduousfloweringtreesinthewillowfamily(Salicaceae),nativetotheNorthernHemisphere,andfoundthroughoutNorthAmerica,Europe,AfricaandAsia.ThepoplarspeciesnativetoNorthAmericaaredividedintothreeloosegroups:thecottonwoods,theaspens,andthebalsampoplars.ThenamePopuluscomesfromtheLatinfor“allthepeople”,referringtothefactthatthetreeswereoftenplantedaroundpublicmeetingplacesinRomantimes.Thephrase“allthepeople”isalsosynonymouswith“allmysons”.InALLMYSONS,thebackyard,“hedgedonrightandleftbytall,closelyplantedpoplarswhichlendtheyardasecludedatmosphere”,servesapurposenotunlikethatoftheoutdoorpublicsquaresdidinancientRomantimes.Everymunicipalityhaditsforum,whichfunctionedasamarketplacebutalsoasanopengatheringplacetoholdmeetings,rendezvous,andforpoliticaldiscussionsanddebates.Ithadgreatsocialsignificance,justasthebackyarddoesinALLMYSONS,becausethepopulacewouldairtheirviewsthere,makecollectivedecisionsandrenderjudgmentsonbehalfofthecommunity.ThepoplartreesprevalentintheNorthandMidwesternUSaretheBalsamPoplar(Populusbalsamifera),EasternCottonwood(Populusdeltoids),BigtoothAspen(Populusgrandidentata),SwampCottonwood(Populusheterophylla)andQuakingAspen(Populustremuloides).The“quaking”oftheQuakingAspenreferstothecharacteristictrembleoftheirleavesinthebreeze,duetotheirflatpetioles,orleafstalks.Likely,JoeKellerhadQuakingAspensbecausetheyareoftenfoundin“astand”asdescribedinthestagedirections.JoeKellerprobablychosepoplarstoflankhispropertybecausetheyarerapid‐growingandwouldquicklyprovidethesenseofprotectionhe’dneedafterthetrial.Thetreeisknowntobegrowninrowsasprivacyscreens.TheirrapidgrowthalsosymbolizesthefortuneJoe’sfactoryamassedduringWWII,whenfactorieswereconvertedtosupportthewareffortandmadetheirownerslotsofmoneyveryquickly.

  2 

AstandofQuakingAspen,avarietyofpoplartree

Poplarsarerelativelyshort‐livedtrees,aqualitythatformsthebasisofapoem,“ThePoplarField,”byWilliamCowper,anEnglishpoetandhymnodistwholivedfromNovember26,1731toApril25,1800.Thepoem,whichcanbefoundhere:https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/the‐poplar‐field/,describesapoplargrovethathasfallenwithin12shortyears.Itendswiththisstanza:

'Tisasighttoengageme,ifanythingcan,Tomuseontheperishingpleasuresofman;Short‐livedasweare,ourenjoyments,Isee,Haveastillshorterdate,anddiesoonerthanwe.

Cowper’swordsdescribethewealththatJoeamassed,whichendeduptakingfarmorethanitgave.ArthurMillerchoosestocentertheactionofhisplayinthebackyard,whichrepresentsthenarrowperipheryofJoe’sworld,socialconscienceandmoralview.Hejustifieshiscrime,hisbetrayalofhisfriendandbusinesspartner,SteveDeever,hislies,deceit,andgreed,bytellinghimselfandhisfamilythathediditforthem,toprovidealifeforthem.Hehasworkedhardtopreservehisfamilyandtheirstandardofliving,protectingthemasephemerallyastherowsoffast‐growingandunstabletreesprotecttheirhome.“Thehouseistwostorieshighandhassevenrooms.Itwouldhavecostperhapsfifteenthousandintheearlytwentieswhenitwasbuilt.Nowitisnicelypainted,lookstightandcomfortable,andtheyardisgreenwithsod,hereandthereplantswhoseseasonisgone”:Miller’sdetailsabouttheKeller’s'house––thatitislocatedinthetown’soutskirts,thatit'stwostorieshigh,hassevenrooms,asubstantialbackyard,andiswell‐maintained––communicatethematerialcomfortJoehasattainedforhisfamilyand

  3 

thewell‐beingthattheyenjoy.Ahomethatcost$15,000intheearly1920swouldhavebeenoneofthefineronesintheneighborhood.Withinflation,thebuyingpowerof$15,000todaywouldbe$209,334.10.InmuchoftheBayAreaandSouthernCalifornia,$200,000wouldnotbuyahomeofthatdescription,butthat’snotthecaseinotherpartsoftheUS,particularlytheNortheast,MidwestandSouth.BelowaretwoexamplesofCraftsmanhomes,astyleprevalentinthe1920sand30s,currentlypricedinthe$200,000range.TheyareintheMidwest,whichisgenerallyacknowledgedasthesettingforAMS,althoughMillerdoesn’tspecify(moreonthatlater):

A$200,000four‐bedroom,two‐storyCraftsmanhomeinKansasCity,MO,builtin1924

Athree‐bedroom,two‐bath$190,000Baltimorehomewithafullyfenced‐inbackyard,builtin1910

  4 

Photoofa1920shomeanditsfloorplan,similarinsizetotheKeller’s.Itwasavailableasakitfrom

theSearsandRoebuckcatalogfor$1,537,oneofthehighest‐pricedmodels.Thepricedoesn’tincludethefoundation,heat,electricityorthecostofbuildingitandthelandtobuildon

  5 

“thefour‐foot‐highstumpofaslenderappletreewhoseuppertrunkandbrancheslietoppledbesideit,fruitstillclingingtoitsbranches”:Thenightbeforetheactionoftheplaybegins,astrongwindhasblowndownthetreethatwasplantedinhonorofLarry,theKeller’sfighterpilotson,shearingoffitstophalf.LarryisMIA,presumablyshotdownduringWWII.Windhasagreatdealofsymbolicandportentousmeaningacrosstheglobeinourculture,religious,andday‐to‐daylives.AChinesefolksaying,“Wúfēngbùqǐlàng”,translatesidiomaticallyas“withoutwind,therecannotbewaves”oralternately,“thereisnosmokewithoutfire.”Itassertsthatanoutcomewillindicatethattheremusthavebeensignsthatsomethingwasgoingtohappen.InALLMYSONS,somethingindeedhappened,anditsreckoningwillalterthecourseofeachofthecharacter’slives.Intheancientartofspellcasting,awindfromtheEastimpliesthatamessageisontheway,andaSouthwindthreatensanargumentorslander.Joyor,alternately,sadnessandresentment,cancomewithaWestwind,andaNorthwindcanbringeitherprosperity,oritsopposite,hardship.Awindfromanyoneofthesedirectionscouldhavepresagedthecircumstancesthatdevelopwithintheplay,orledtothepresentcircumstances.Judeo‐Christianphilosophyoftencreditsthewind,andespeciallytheeastwind,forthedispersionoffalsities.“Thewindshallcarry[evilspirits]away,”accordingtoIsaiah41:16.InExodus,theeastwindpartedthewatersoftheRedSea,providingescapefortheJewsanddrowningtheEgyptianswhohadenslavedthemfordecades.David,inPsalm48,creditsGodwithusingthewindtodestroyenemyships.WindsymbolizesmanythingsinHinduism,ofwhichseveralhavemeaningfortheplay:cleansingandtransformativepower,modificationsofthemind,andfate.StormswereidentifiedasamalevolentpersonalpowerintheGreekmythopoeicperiod.InthefirstchapterofTheGrapesofWrath,JohnSteinbeckdescribesanunremittingwindthatgrowsstrongerandstronger,creatingadustthatobscuresboththesuninthedaytimeandthestarsatnight.Nothingandnoonecanescapethedustwhichthewindhaschurnedup,evenfrombehindthewallsoftheirhomes.Thepeoplefinallyhearthewindstopinthenight,andwakeinthemorningtosurveythedevastationthewindbornedusthaswreakedupontheircrops,andinevitably,theirlives.ThewindinALLMYSONS,likethewindintheDustBowl,hascomeandgone,theonlyevidenceofitspassageisnotthedustbutthefelledappletree.Theappletree,plantedtohonorLarry,theKeller'ssonwhodidnotreturnfromthewar,isanever‐presentreminderofhim.Itisalsoadivisiveforceinthefamily,possiblywhythewind“divided”thetreeinhalf.Larry’smother,Kate,hasalwaysrejectedthetree;shebelievesthereshouldn’tbeamemorialforLarrybecauseheisstillalive.ShetellsJoe,“Weshouldneverhaveplantedthattree.Isaidsointhefirstplace.Itwastoosoontoplantatreeforhim…Werushedintoit.Everybodywasinsuchahurrytoburyhim.Isaidnottoplantityet”.JoeandtheKeller’sotherson,Chris,believethatLarryisdead,buthaven’ttoldKate.Christriesto

  6 

talkhisfatherintotellingher,“…it'stimesherealizedthatnobodybelievesLarryisaliveanymore”.Chrisandhisfatherparticipateinakindofconspiracy,andtheactofconspiracyfindsitsoriginsinthewind.MuchhasbeenwrittenabouttheinfluenceofGreektragedy––it’saims,structureandthemes––onMiller’swork,includinginhisownessays.TheGreekpnea,sometimesspelledpnoeaandpnein,istherootofpneuma,whichinturnistherootofpneumaticsandpnematology,pertainingtoair,windandothergases;andpneumonia,whichisconcernedwithbreath,orairthroughthelungs.Pneuma’searlyuseaswindorbreathevolvedlaterwiththephilosopher,Anaximenes,whoidentifieditasthelife‐breathofthecosmos,tobeembracedasourownsoul,orpsyche,whichisair,andholdsustogether.ThisconceptofairholdingustogetherisalsoexploredintheLatinoriginsofthewordconspire:“conspirare”meanstoagreeand/orplot,andisacontractionof“con”,or“togetherwith”,and“spirare”,or“breathe”.Themeaningisthatweconspireasone,breathingthesameair,whichencompassesthetitleoftheplayaswell.AttheopenofActII,Chrisissawingthebroken‐offtree,leavingitsstumpstandingaloneanddisposingoftherest.Heissymbolicallyreducingthememoryofhisbrothersothatitdoesn’tinterferewithimpendingengagementtoAnn,Larry'sformerfiancée.Whenhismotherseesthestump,sheasksChris,“Younoticethere’smorelightwiththatthinggone?”Unbeknownsttoher,beforetheplayconcludes,thelightitsabsencebringswillexposesuppressedtruths,bringingwithitanewstateofawarenessofLarry’sdeath.Atthetopoftheplay,theKeller’sneighbor,Frank,noticesthetree,andremarksthatitblewdowninAugust,Larry’sbirthmonth.“August”isrelatedtotheLatin“augustus,”anhonorificmeaning"consecrated"or"venerable."“Augustus”isderivedfromtheLatinaugur,meaning"consecratedbyaugury”.Thisbringsfullcirclethesymbolismthatoriginatedwiththeblowingoftheillwindthatknockedoverthetree.Stolid:anadjectiveusedtodescribeapersonwhoiscalm,dependable,andshowinglittleemotionoranimation.P.6 (Note:throughoutthisdocument,thepagenumberheadingsrefertopagesintheDramatistseditionofthescript)Newfoundlanddog:fromWikipedia,theNewfoundlanddogisalargeworkingdog,eitherblack,brown,orwhite‐and‐black(calledLandseer).However,inCanada,thecountryoftheirorigin,theonlycorrectcolorsareeitherblackorLandseer.TheywereoriginallybredandusedasworkingdogsforfishermenintheDominionofNewfoundland,whichisnowpartofCanada.Theyareknownfortheirgiantsize,intelligence,tremendousstrength,calmdispositions,andloyalty.Newfoundlanddogsexcelatwaterrescue/lifesavingbecauseoftheirmuscularbuild,thickdoublecoat,webbedfeet,andinnateswimmingabilities.

  7 

Smoky,aNewfoundlanddog

P.7 Horoscope:inastrology,ahoroscopeisamapoftheheavensatthetimeofaperson’sbirth,whichshowstherelativepositionsoftheSun,theMoon,theplanets,andtheascendantandmid‐heavensignsofthezodiacatthatspecificmomentintime.Ahoroscopeisusedtoprovideinformationaboutthepresentandtopredicteventstocome.Anindividualhoroscopeusuallyplotsthemomentofbirthandisusedbyastrologerstoanalyzecharacter,aswellas—inconjunctionwithotherastrologicaldata—topredictthefuture.Thisisinaccordancewiththebeliefthateachcelestialbodyhasitsownmythologicalcharacter,modifiedaccordingtoitsgeometricrelationshipwiththeothercelestialbodiesatagivenmoment.Everythingintheuniversebeinginterrelated,thesebodiesexertaninfluence,particularlyonthenewborn.Incastingahoroscope,theheavensarecommonlyrepresentedbyacircledividedinto12intersections,calledhouses.Eachofthesehousesisassignedseveraldepartmentsofhumanlife,suchaswealthormarriage.Theplanetthatfallswithinaparticularhouseissaidtoinfluencematterspertainingtothathouse.FrankusesLarry’shoroscopetodeterminefavorabledays,definednext.AlanAckerman,inhisbookAStudentHandbooktothePlaysofArthurMiller,suggeststhatFrank’sinterestinastrologymayhavestemmedfromhisfortuitousbirthdate,whichcausedhimtobeatthedraftduringWWII.KatehasturnedtoastrologysinceLarry’sdisappearanceasonewayofmakingsenseoftherealityshehasbeenthrustinto.Sheisthemoreintellectualofthemarriedcouple,butcertainlynotobjectiveorevenrationalattimes.Shelookstoherreligiousbeliefs,aswellasdreams,signs,andnow,horoscopes,toexplainLarry’sdeath.WhenLarry'streeisstruck

  8 

bylightning,shetellsJoe,"Laugh,buttherearemeaningsinsuchthings.Shegoestosleepinhisroomandhismemorialbreaksinpieces"(p.17).HercommissionofLarry'shoroscopefromFrankcouldalsobeamovetoassuagehersandherhusband'sguilt.Favorableday:Frankexplainsthisverywellinthescript.Heisreferringtofavorableaspectsinone’sastrologicalchart.AccordingtotheSocietasRosicrucianainAmerica,astrologyproposesthat“yourpathoflifeleadsbetweentwoforcesofNature,bywhichdestinyproducesvariousconditionsaroundyou.Oneforcemanifeststhroughwhatistermedfavorableaspectsandcausestheenvironmenttoacquiescewithyourdesiresatcertainperiodsandespeciallyoncertaindays”.Onthosedays,whichFrankscalls“favorable”or“fortunate,”“youdriftalongthelineofleastresistance.Inbusiness,youmakethegreaterprogresswithleastexpenditureofeffort;yousensethepopularneedsofthemassesandfeelelated.Theoppositeforcecomesthroughso‐calledunfavorableaspects,whenprevailingconditionsarecontrarytoyourdesires,andthesearetermedtediousperiodsanddays.Yourecognizemistakesandfeelhumble.Thus,life’spathleadsamidalternatecurrents,thefloodandebbtides”.P.8 Civicsbook:usuallyahistoryschoolbook,Wikipediadefinescivicsas“thestudyofthetheoretical,politicalandpracticalaspectsofcitizenship,aswellasitsrightsandduties;thedutiesofcitizenstoeachotherasmembersofapoliticalbodyandtothegovernment.Itincludesthestudyofcivillawandcivilcode,andthestudyofgovernmentwithattentiontotheroleofcitizens―asopposedtoexternalfactors―intheoperationandoversightofgovernment.adoctorinthatpicture...DonAmeche!…workedinhisbasementdiscoveringthings:thebestIcandohereisthatDonAmecheplayedDr.RudiImreina1936DarrylF.ZanuckmoviecalledLadiesinLove.Hischaracterisadoctorwhousesrabbitsinhisresearch.Hewaswellknownforhistitularroleinthe1939movie,TheStoryofAlexanderGrahamBell.Heplayedanotherinventor,HiramMaxim,inthe1946movie,SoGoesMyLove,butwasnotadoctor.WarnerBrothers:oneofthemajorstudiosinHollywoodduringthegoldenage.DonAmechewascontractedto20thCenturyFox,butcouldhavebeenlenttoWarnerBrothers.Wepickedherupontheoneo’clocktrainlastnight:JoeistalkingtoFrankandJimaboutAnnKeller’striptohishomefromwhereshelivesinNY.IfthesettingisOhio(seepp.15‐17ofthisglossary),thefastesttimefromPennStationtoCincinnati(12.7milesfromLockland)wouldbe18hours,46minuteswhichmeantshe’dhavetohaveleftthecityaround6AM.P.9 Tendollars:theequivalentnowis$109.85ThomasEdison:ThomasAlvaEdison(February11,1847‐October18,1931)wasan

  9 

Americaninventorwhocreatedthetelegraph,phonograph,thepracticalincandescentelectriclightbulb,experimentalelectricrailroadandentireelectricaldistributionsystemforlightandpowerincludinggenerators,motors,lightsocketswithEdisonbase,junctionboxes,safetyfuses,undergroundconductorsandotherdevices.Asavvybusinessman,heheldmorethan1,000patentsforhisinventionsandfoundedseveralcompanies,includingtheEdisonIlluminatingCompany,thefirstinvestor‐ownedelectricutility,whichlaterbecametheGeneralElectricCorporation.Hewasthefirsttoprojectamotionpicturein1896,atKoster&Bial'sMusicHallinNewYorkCity.P.10 Triggerfinger:theforefingerofthehand,withwhichthetriggerofagunistypicallypulled.Inmedicine,itisaninformalnameforstenosingtenosynovitis,adefectinatendonthatcausesafingertojerkorsnapstraightwhenthehandisextended.BothdefinitionscombinefortheidiomaticmeaningusedherebyJoe,referringtothemetaphoricaltriggerfingerofapersonwhohasatendencyorreadinesstoacthastilyorimpulsively.Malted:adrinkmadewithvanillaicecream,chocolatesyrup(ifachocolatemalt,themostpopular),milk,andmaltpowder.Itwasusuallysoldatsodafountains,whichflourishedinpharmacies,icecreamparlors,candystores,dimestores,departmentstores,milkbarsandtrainstations,reachingtheirheightinthe1940sand1950s.Themaltedwasfirstinventedintheearly1920sbyIvar"Pop"Coulson,anemployeeofthepharmacymega‐chainWalgreens,asawholesome,refreshingsnackforhotsummerdays.Itcompeteswiththeclassicmilkshake,withthedifferencebeingoneingredient:maltpowder,thesweetstuffusedtoflavormaltedmilkballs.MaltpowderwasoriginallyinventedbyLondonpharmacistJamesHorlick(1844–1921),whowaslookingforanimproved,wheatandmalt‐basednutritionalsupplementforinfants.HejoinedforceswithhisbrotherWilliaminWisconsin,andin1873,theyformedacompany,J&WHorlicks,tomanufacturetheirbrandofinfantfoodinnearbyChicago.Withintenyears,theypatentedtheirnewformulaenhanced,whichwasnowcombinedwithpowderedmilk,trademarkingthename"maltedmilk"in1887.Theirmaltedmilkhotdrinkbecameknownas“Horlicks”andisnowmarketedandmanufacturedbyGlaxoSmithKline(ConsumerHealthcare)intheUK,Australia,NewZealand,HongKong,Bangladesh,Pakistan,India,andJamaica.Ovaltine,asimilarproduct,issoldintheUS.AccordingtoWikipedia,“OvaltinewasdevelopedinBern,Switzerland,whereitisknownbyitsoriginalname,Ovomaltine(fromovum,Latinfor"egg,"andmalt,whichwereoriginallyitsmainingredients).”Itnowconsistsofmalt,milk,andeggs,withsomeversionsadditionallyflavoredwithcocoa.Maltedmilkfoundunexpectedmarkets,fromexplorerswhotookmaltedmilkaroundtheworldduetoitslightweight,nonperishable,nourishingqualities,toteensdrinkingitmixedwithicecreamatmaltshops,tofamiliesenjoyingitathome.Lydia’smaltedmixer,ahomeblenderspecificallydesignedtomixtheingredientsfoundinamalted,likelyresembledtheonepicturedbelow,whichwasmanufacturedbyHamilton

  10

Beachinthe1940s.Thecompanyfirstmadedrinkmixersin1911fordrugstorefountainsacrossAmerica.Theirhomeversionisstillbeingmanufacturedandsold.

HamiltonBeachMaltMixerfromthe1940s

P.11 Oilstone:afine‐grainedwhetstonelubricatedwithoil,usedforfinesharpening.(fromstagedirectionsforJoe:putsknifedownonbench,takesoilstoneuptothecabinet)Oralthermometer:Amedicalthermometerisusedformeasuringhumanoranimalbodytemperature.Thetipofthethermometerisinsertedintothemouthunderthetongueforanoralorsub‐lingualtemperature.Itcanalsobeusedunderthearmpitforanaxillarytemperature.Thatthethermometeris“onlyoral”isareferencetoarectalthermometer,andweallknowwherethatgoes.P.12 Mum’stheword:aphrasemeaningtokeepsilentorquiet."Mum"isawordoriginatingintheMiddleEnglishperiod(1150to1500),whichmeans"silent".ItisrelatedtotheexpressionusedbyHumeinhissoliloquyattheendofAct1,Scene2,inShakespeare’sHENRYVI,PART2,"Sealupyourlipsandgivenowordsbutmum."Shakespeare’scharactersalsousedtheword“mum”inKINGLEAR,THETAMINGOFTHE

  11

SHREW,RICHARDIII,MUCHADOABOUTNOTHING,THEMERRYWIVESOFWINDSOR,MEASUREFORMEASURE,andTHETEMPEST.InstancesofuseprecededShakespeare:thephrase,"thengetamomofhermouthtilmoneywereshrewd",isfoundinPiersPlowman,aMiddleEnglishallegoricalnarrativepoembyWilliamLangland,writtenin1376,andagaininTheComedyofAcolastus,whichJohnPalsgrave(1485–1554)translatedin1540fromtheLatinofFullonius(Gnaphaeus,Gulielmus,1493‐1568):"Idarenottodosomuchasputmyhandtomymouth,andsaymum,iscounsel."AtthetimeofShakespeare,mummer'splaysweresometimesperformedbeforethefeaturedplaybegan.Mummer’splayswereshortskitsactedwithoutwords,somummayalsobederivedfromthemummerwhomerelypantomimesanddoesn’tspeak.ThereisalsoaphoneticsimilaritytotheGermanword"stumm"meaning"silent,mute".UItoriginatesfromtheOldHighGerman"stum",fromtheLatin"mutus".P.14 I’mnotfastwithwomen:Inthevernacularoftheday,ChrisistellingJoethathe’snotpromiscuousbutrather,heisseriouswhenitcomestowomen,withhonorableintentions.P.15 Thewholeshootin’match:theoriginsofthisidiom,whichdenotesthewholeofsomethingandeverythingthatcanbeconnectedtoit,canbetracedbacktoexpressionsusedfortrenchwarfareinWWI,withthetermfirstappearinginprintin1917.BeginningwiththeFirstBattleoftheMarneinAugust1914,andforthenextfouryears,theopposingforcesonthewesternfrontbattledoneotherfromtrenchesdugintotheground.Thefrontlinecametobecalledthe“shootinggallery”,inferringaplaceusedfortargetpractice,and“thewholeshoot”,aslangphrasefor“theentirething”sincethelate1800s,cametobecalled“thewholeshootingmatch”.P.16 Crabbing:grousing;grumblingaboutsomethingpettyP.17 Mostofthemdidn’twaittillthetelegramswereopened:Themilitaryhasspecificprocedurestonotifythefamiliesofallranksifasoldierorsailoriseitherkilled,injured,ortakenprisoner.Itisusuallydoneinpersonbyanofficerortwo,accompaniedbyachaplain.Thevisitisfollowedupbyanofficialletterofacknowledgment,whichwouldarrivelaterfromtherespectivemilitaryservice.DuringWWII,militaryofficeswerefullofwomenwhotypedtheseformlettersalldaylong.IncrowdedcitieslikeChicagoorNY,wherethereportscouldhaveconcernedadozenormoresoldiersfromoneneighborhoodalone,amilitaryvehiclewouldpullup,withachaplainandanaide,asecretary,and/orpossiblyarecoveringinjuredsoldierwhohadlostalimboreye.Theywouldbejoinedbythelocalpriestorrabbi,makingtherounds,

  12

buildingtobuilding,streettostreet,handingoutletters.Inpopulatedcities,listsofworkers’nameswerecalledovertheloudspeakerduringaworkday,askingthemtoreporttothefrontofthefactorywheretheywouldreceivenewsofthelossofafamilymember.DuringWWII,theCasualtyBranchoftheArmyinformednextofkinofcasualtiesthroughtelegrams.Theavailabilityofanofficertodeliverthenewshadbecomescarce,asmanywereengagedinoverseaswarfare.Therefore,themilitarywouldsendaspecialdeliverytelegramtothefamilynotifyingthemofthedeath,injury,captureordisappearance,includingthecircumstancesandlocation.Telegramsbecamethemainvehiclefornotification,and,insteadofmilitarypersonnel,weredeliveredbyaWesternUnionmessenger,thesightofwhomwasregardedwithdreadduringWWII.Kateseemstobereferringtoascenariowheretherecipientofthetelegramreceivedpriornotification,byletterorinperson,withthetelegramasafollow‐upconfirmation.

TelegramnotifyingtheparentsofFirstLieutenantWilliamGleasonthathewasshotdown

on12/31/44overGermany.KateandJoewouldhavereceivedasimilartelegram.

Rapidlybreaksstringbeansinthepot:Kateisdoingwhatiscalled“snapping”freshgreenbeans.Thenamecomesfromthe“snap”soundthatoccurswhenyoupinchorpopofftheends.Theobjectistosnapoffthetough,knobbystemend,whichusuallyhasatinyflowerstillattached,andthendrawthebrokentipdowntheseamlengthofthebeantotakeoffthetoughfiber“string”alongwithit.Drawdownalongtheseamtoremovethetoughfiberthatmaybepresent.Mostgreenbeansavailabletodayhavebeenbrednottohavethis“string,”butheirloomvarietiesmay.Afterthat,youturnthebeantotheother

  13

end,wherethere’saskinny,tapered,moretendertip.Yousnapthatoff,too,drawingitdowntotakeoffthestringonthatsideofthebean.Nowadays,manypeoplechopoffthetoughendandleavetheothertip.Theyalsoleavethestrings.Mostofthetimethatworks,butsometimesthestringsreallyhavetoberemovedbecausetheyaretoughand,well,stringy.Inthecaseofharicotsverts,neithertheendsnorthestringsneedremoval.Katewouldnothaveservedbeanswithstrings.She’sanexpert––shehasdonethisforyears,andshe’sfast.Idon’tgettheimpressionthatKateispreparingthebeansforcanning,butsnappingjustenoughfortheeveningmeal.Ifshewerecanning,she’dhaveabushel,notjustapot.Sittingwithabushelofbeans,orapotforthatmatter,andcarefullypinchingtheendsoffeachonecanbequiterelaxing—ifyou’resittingontheporchoroutsideonalazyafternoon.It’sawarmAugustafternoon,there’speopleandshade,andKatehasthetimetoenjoytheprocess.P.18 Rememberthewayheusedtoflylowpastthehousewhenhewasintraining?Whenweusedtoseehisfaceinthecockpitgoingby?IresearchedtheplaceswheretheUSArmyAirForcewouldhavetraineditspilotsduringWWII,andcameupwithdozensofsites,duetothehighdemandforpilotswhentheWarbecameimminent.TheArmyAirForcesTrainingCommand(AAFTC),aunitwhichwasinactivatedafterWWII,establishedcentersintheUStotrainpilots,flyingspecialists,andcombatcrews.Duringitslifetime(January23,1942toJuly1,1946),thecommandstruggledwiththechallengeofamassivewartimeexpansionoftheairforces.Wikipediadescribestheextremedemandforflightpersonnelaswellasaircraftandotherequipmentatthattime,attestingtothepressurethatJoe’sfactorywasundertoproduce:

Throughout1942,theneedforcombatcrewpersonnelfarexceededthecurrentandcontemplatedproductionofthecommand’sflyingtrainingschools.Therateofexpansionofhousingandtrainingfacilities,instructors,aswellastheprocurementofaircraftandotherequipment,thoughatabreakneckpace,constrainedtherateofincreaseofproduction.Facilitieswereusedtotheirmaximumcapacityasquicklyastheycouldbestoodup.Someschoolswereexpandedwhiletheywerestillunderconstruction.Newairfieldshadtobelocatedinareaswithsufficientflyingspacefreeofotherairtraffic,andtheWestCoasttrainingcenterfacedtheextraordinaryrequirementtoavoidsitesneartheinternmentcampsforJapanese‐Americans.

BeforeWWII,theArmyAirCorpshadproducedabout500newpilotsperyear,whichwasadequateforthepeacetimeaircorps.Afterthe1938MunichAgreement,thenumberofpilotshadtoincreaseincaseofawarbreakingoutagain.Asaresult,aplanwasdevelopedtosupplementthetrainingatRandolphField,Texas,wherenearlyallflyingtrainingtookplace,withmilitarypilottrainingconductedatcivilflightschoolsintheUnitedStates.

  14

In1940,theWarDepartmentauthorizedtheestablishmentofAirCorpsenlistedreplacementcentersfortheinitialtrainingofrecruits.TheAirCorpsestablishedthefirstofthesecentersatJeffersonBarracks,Missouriinthesummerof1940,thoughformalactivationdidnotoccuruntilFebruary1941.Thatfall,theTechnicalTrainingCommandactivatedtwomorebasictrainingcentersatKeeslerField,Mississippi,andSheppardField,Texas,wherethecommandalreadyhadmechanicschools.BythetimeoftheattackonPearlHarbor,theAirCorpshad21,000recruitsatthethreereplacementtrainingcenters.Theeventmadethesethreecentersinadequatetosupplyrecruitsfortechnicaltraining,sothenumberofbasictrainingcenters(BTC)expandedto12(plusoneprovisionalcenter)bythespringof1943.ThisincludednewlydedicatedBTCfacilitiessetupatGreensboro,NorthCarolina,MiamiBeachandStPetersburg,Florida,andAtlanticCity,NewJersey.AftertheJapaneseattackonPearlHarborandbothFascistItalyandNaziGermany'sdeclarationofwaragainsttheUnitedStatesinDecember1941,plansweremadebytheArmytoincreasethetrainingrateto50,000,then70,000andfinally102,000pilotsperyear.Civilianflyingschools,undergovernmentcontract,providedaconsiderablepartoftheflyingtrainingeffortundertakenbytheUnitedStatesArmyAirForces.DozensofContractFlyingSchools(CFSs)orContractPilotSchools(CPSs)wereestablishedundertheEastern,WesternandCentralFlyingTrainingCommands.Alistofthemcanbefoundhere:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces_Contract_Flying_School_AirfieldsClearly,thereareanynumberoflocationsacrosstheUSwhereChriscouldhavetrained,(myguessisGeorgeArmyAirfieldnearLawrenceville,Illinois––seep.18ofthisdocument)butwhatplanewouldhehavebeenflyingforhisfacetobevisibleinthecockpit?TrainersprimarilyusedPT‐17Stearmans,akatheBoeing‐StearmanModel75,RyanPT‐22s,andFairchildPT‐19s,althoughawidevarietyofothertypescouldbefoundattheairfields.

  15

ThePT‐17Stearman

TheRyanPT‐22

AFairchildPT‐19

TheArmyAirForcesneverreachedthe102,000‐pilottrainingquota,asitwasreducedtoamorerealisticrateof93,600inJune1943.ThepeakofAAFflyingtrainingwasreachedinNovember1943whentheCPSsgraduated11,411cadets.AfterthatAAFflighttrainingbeganagradualreductionthatresultedintheclosingofmostoftheCPSsinthefallof1944.TenCPSsremainedinoperationin1945,whichwereclosedattheendofWorldWarIIandtheArmyAirForcesreturnedtoin‐houseprimarypilottraining.

  16

WW2U.S.propagandaposter:“O'ertherampartswewatch:UnitedStatesArmyAirForces”

Maybegodancingoutattheshore:IfthesettingisLockland,Ohio(seethediscussiondirectlybelow),ChriscouldbetalkingabouttheshoresoftheOhioRiver,onwhichCincinnatiislocated.Locklandislessthan13milesnortheastofCincinnati.P.19 She’sbeeninNewYorkthreeandahalfyears…Nobodycomes700miles“justtosee”.KateistalkingaboutAnn’svisittotheKeller’shome.Millerwascarefulnottoidentifyaspecifictownforhisplay,referringtothesettingofAMSas“theoutskirtsofanAmericantown,”conceivablytomaintainitsubiquity.Nevertheless,inhisintroductiontohisCollectedPlays(NewYork:Viking,1957),Millerdiscussesthegerminationoftheplay:

Duringanidlechatinmylivingroom,apiousladyfromtheMiddleWesttoldofafamilyinherneighborhoodwhichhadbeendestroyedwhenthedaughterturnedthefatherintotheauthoritiesondiscoveringthathehadbeensellingfaultymachinerytotheArmy.Thewarwastheninfullblast.Bythetimeshehadfinishedthetale,Ihadtransformedthedaughterintoasonandtheclimaxofthesecondactwasfullandclearinmymind.

  17

Iknewmyinformant’sneighborhood,Iknewitsmiddle‐classordinariness,andIknewhowrarelythegreatissuespenetratesuchenvironments.

JoeKelleridentifieshimselfas“theguywhosoldcrackedcylinderheadstotheArmyAirForce...theguywhomadetwenty‐oneP‐40scrashinAustralia.”(p.28).TheenginesoftheP‐40sweremanufacturedbytheCurtiss‐WrightCorporation.In1943,Curtiss‐WrightcameunderscrutinyfordeliveringdefectivemotorstotheArmyAirCorps.Afteraninvestigation,itwasdeterminedthatin1941‐43,WrightAeronauticalCorporation,adivisionoftheCurtiss‐WrightCorporation,hadcolludedwitharmyinspectionofficerstoapprovedefectiveaircraftenginesdestinedformilitaryuse,resultinginplanescrashingandpilotsdying.TheCurtiss‐WrightCorporationwascreatedin1929fromtheconsolidationofCurtissAeroplaneandMotorCompany,WrightAeronautical(foundedbyGlennL.MartinandtheWrightBrothersasWright‐Martin),andvarioussuppliercompanies.HeadquarteredinBuffalo,NY,itstilloperatestodayasagloballydiversifiedproductmanufacturerandserviceproviderforthecommercial,industrial,defenseandenergymarkets.BytheendofWWII,Curtiss‐WrightwasthelargestaircraftmanufacturerintheUnitedStates,supplyingwholeaircraftinlargenumberstotheUS.ArmedForces.Curtiss‐WrightwasbestknownfortheCurtissP‐40Warhawk(KittyhawkorTomahawktotheBritish),whichwerebuiltbetween1940and1944atthemainproductionfacilitiesinBuffalo,NewYork.DuringthefirstyearofAmericanparticipationinWWII,theaircraftcametosymbolizetheUnitedStatesArmyAirCorps.WrightAeronautical,basedinDayton,Ohio,builttheenginesfortheCurtissP‐40Warhawk.TheP‐40becameAmerica’sforemostfighterinservicewhenWWIIbegan.P‐40sengagedJapaneseaircraftduringtheattackonPearlHarborandtheinvasionofthePhilippinesinDecember1941.AccordingtotheUSAirForceMuseum,attheendofitsWWIIcareer,morethan14,000P‐40shadbeenproducedforserviceintheairforcesof28nations.AWikipediaarticledescribestheprogressionofevents,startingwiththeCurtisAeronauticalplantandendinginthepilots’deaths:

From1941to1943,theCurtissAeronauticalplantinLockland,OhioproducedaircraftenginesunderwartimecontractdestinedforinstallationinU.S.ArmyAirForcesaircraft.WrightofficialsatLocklandinsistedonhighengineproductionlevels,resultinginasignificantpercentageofenginesthatdidnotmeetArmyAirForces(AAF)inspectionstandards.ThesedefectiveengineswereneverthelessapprovedbyinspectorsforshipmentandinstallationinU.S.militaryaircraft.Afterinvestigation,itwaslaterrevealedthatWrightcompanyofficialsatLocklandhadconspiredwithciviliantechnicaladvisersandArmyinspectionofficerstoapprovesubstandardordefectiveaircraftenginesformilitaryuse.ArmyAirForcestechnicaladviserCharlesW.BondwasdismissedbytheArmyin1943for"grossirregularitiesininspectionprocedure.”Bondwouldlatertestifythathehadbeen"winedanddined"byWrightcompanyofficials;oneofthoseoccasionswasthenightbefore

  18

BondfiredfourAAFengineinspectorsanotherAAFinspectorhaddescribedas"troublemakers."In1944,threeArmyofficers,Lt.Col.FrankConstantineGreulichofDetroit,formerchiefinspectionofficerforthematerialcommand,MajorWalterA.RyanofDetroit,formercentralstatesinspectionofficer,andMajorWilliamBruckmann,aformerCincinnatibrewerandresidentArmyinspectionsofficerattheWrightplantinLocklandwerechargedwithneglectofduty,conspiracy,andgivingfalsetestimonyinageneralcourtmartial.Allthreemenwerelaterconvictedofneglectofduty.ThestoryofdefectiveengineshadreachedinvestigatorsworkingforSen.HarryTruman'scongressionalinvestigativeboard,theTrumanCommission,afterseveralWrightaircraftassemblyworkersinformedonthecompany;theywouldlatertestifyunderoathbeforeCongress.ArthurMiller'splayAllMySonsisbasedonthisincident.In2011,columnistRichardJ.Eskow,seniorfellowwiththeCampaignforAmerica'sFutureandcolumnistfortheHuffingtonPost,allegedthathisuncleJackTemple"diedinWorldWarII."Temple'sdeathinamilitarybombercrashwasallegedlytiedtoenginefailureduetoimpropermanufactureand/orassembly;theengineshadpassedinspectioneventhoughtheyweredefective.Eskowreferenceda2006articlebySarahAndersonthatappearedintheSt.LouisPost‐DispatchandonAlterNet.AndersonhadallegedthatCurtiss‐Wright"hadsoldleakymotorstothegovernmentandcovereditupwithforgedinspectionreports."Asaresultoftheinvestigation,wroteAnderson,"headsrolledatCurtiss‐Wrightandonegeneralwoundupinprison."

Withexceptionof“headsrolledatCurtiss‐Wright,”Ihavenotfoundmentionofactualimprisonmentofanyonefromthecompanyitself.Also,Joe’sfactorywouldlikelynothavebeenaslargeasCurtissAeronauticalplant,andheandSteveactedalone,withoutthecooperationoftheArmyinspectors.Theabovepassages,plusKateKeller’sreferencetoseeingLarryflyoverheadwhileintraining,AnninNY,700milesaway,andGeorge’sjourneyfromhisfather’sOhioprisontotheKeller’shometown(“We'vebeenwaitingforyouallafternoon,”Chrissaysonp.43ofthescript),combinetosuggestit’saMidwesternlocale,andverylikely,Ohio.Kate’sestimationthatAnnis700milesawayinNYaffirmsanOhiolocation––UpstateNYisthatdistance,NYCityis633milesaway.GeorgeArmyAirfield,mentionedearlier,wasaWorldWarIImilitaryairfield,located5mileseast‐northeastofLawrenceville,Illinois.ItoperatedasanadvancedpilottrainingschoolfortheUnitedStatesArmyAirForcesfrom1942until1945.Itis246milesfromLockland,Ohioandwouldhavetakenlessanhourtoflythereatthattime,soitisconceivablethatLarrycouldhaveflownoverthefamilyhomewhiletraining.Themorningtheplayopens,Ann’sbrotherGeorgecallsfromColumbus,Ohio,wherehehasbeenvisitinghisfather,Steve,inprison.(Onpage34,Katesays,“He'sbeeninColumbussincethismorningwithSteve.He'sgottaseeAnnierightaway,hesays”.)

  19

Atthetimeoftheplay,therewasapenitentiaryinColumbus,theOhioPenitentiary,whichstoodonSpringStreetjustwestofdowntownColumbus.(Morewillbewrittenaboutthepenitentiarylater.)GeorgetellsAnniehewillbetakingatraintoseeherattheKeller’s,“Ontheseveno’clock”(Ann,p.34).AtripfromColumbustoLocklandwouldtakeaboutfourhourstoday,andmoreinthosedays.Thisfitsneatlyintothetimeframeoftheplay,asGeorgewouldneedtheadditionaltimetoleavetheprisonandgethimselftothetrainstation.Ultimately,theexactlocationoftheplayisirrelevant;asImentionedearlier,Millerkeptitanonymoustomaintainitsubiquity.Nevertheless,thehistoryanddialogueoftheplayaresufficienttopinpointapossiblelocation.Nobodyinthishousedasttakeherfaithaway,Joe:Kate’s“dast”hereandJoe’s“dasn’t”onp.28ofthescript(“No,shedasn'tfeelthatway)aredialecticalformsoftheword“dare”.Variantsare“dassn't”andthelesscommonlyused“dassent”.Thecontractiondasn'tderivespartlyfromtheMiddleEnglish(thou)darstnotandmorerecently(he/she)daresnot.Someetymologistsspeculatethatdastmayhavecomeaboutasaback‐formationofdasn’t,abackformationbeingawordformedbydroppingarealorimaginedpartfromanotherword.Onhiswebsitepolysyllabic.com,KarlHagenwritesthattheDictionaryofAmericanRegionalEnglishhasasubstantial“dare”entrythatincludesmanycitationsfortheuseof“dasn’t”amongthePennsylvaniaDutch,whosettledinpartsofPennsylvaniaaswellasMaryland,NorthCarolinaandVirginia.ThelanguagespokenbythePennsylvaniaDutchisavarietyofWestCentralGerman;AmericansidentifiedthemerroneouslyasDutchbecause“Dutch”soundslike“Deutsch,”theGermanwordfortheGermanlanguage.Old,Middle,andevenmodernEnglishareGermaniclanguages.However,useisn’tlimitedtoGermanspeakersortotheNortheast.EarlyexamplescomefromMissouri,Indiana,Tennessee,Alabama,andGeorgia,aswellasNewEngland.MarkTwain(1835‐1910),whogrewupinMissouri,usedthewordinhisshortstoriesandnovels.HismotherwasaKentuckynativeandhisfatheranativeofVirginia.Twain,whowasbornSamuelLanghorneClemens,wasofCornish,EnglishandScots‐Irishdescent.ImentionhisoriginsbecauseItriedtofindalinkthere,buttheuseofthewordspreadwidelyaspeoplesettledtheUS.TheoneconsistencywasthatJoe’sandKate’sgenerationseemtobeamongthelasttouseit;itwasn’tpopularwiththeirchildren.ErnestT.Bass,acharacterontheAndyGriffithShow(1960‐1968)who’sanold‐timerandamountainman,usesit.HewouldhavebeenaslightlyyoungercontemporaryoftheelderKellers.InActI,Scene1ofEugeneO’Neill’s1931play,MOURNINGBECOMESELECTRA,SethBeckwithtellsSmall,“Youdasn’tstaytheretillmoonriseatteno’clock”.SethisanelderlyNewEnglandgroundskeeper.

  20

OnMiriam‐Webster.com’spagefor“dasn’t”(https://www.merriam‐webster.com/dictionary/dasn%27t),theyaskreaderswheretheyhavereadorheardtheterm.Thereadersweighinunder“SeenandHeard”,incaseyouwanttoscrolldownandreadtheircomments.P.21 Battalion:anarmy’sbasicmaneuverunitofbetween500to1,000soldiersreadyforbattle,oftenaninfantryunitformingpartofabrigade.Itisusuallyledbyalieutenantcolonel.DuringWWII,theUSArmynormallyhadthreeinfantrybattalionstoaregimentandninetoadivision.Two‐stargeneralstypicallycommandadivision.MotherMcKeller:thismightbeaplayon“MotherMcAuley”,orMotherCatherineMcAuley,whofoundedtheSistersofMercy,anorderofnunsinDublinin1831.Theydevotedthemselvestotheeducationandcareofpoorgirlsandwomenandthereliefofthesickandpoorintheirownhomes.SistersofMercyfoundationshavesincespreadthroughouttheworld,notablyintheUS.Thosedeardeaddaysbeyondrecall:fromtheopeninglyricofthepopularsentimentalsong“Love’sOldSweetSong”(1884)byJ.L.Molloy.P.25 Ann:(Astheylaugh)Youstillhaberdashering?Frank:Whynot?MaybeItoocangettobepresident.Ahaberdasherisadealerinmen'sclothingandaccessories.FrankisreferringtoHarryS.Truman(1884‐1972),whowasthe33rdpresidentoftheUnitedStates,andthePOTUSinthetimetheplayisset.Hewasinfactahaberdasherintheearly1920’s.Apparently,Trumanwentfromjobtojobbeforeheopenedhishaberdashery.Afterhighschoolgraduationattheageof17,hetookafewoddjobsandeventuallybecameabankclerk.In1906,heleftthebanktohelphisfatheratthefamilyfarm.Hisfather’sdied,whereuponHarryinvestedintworiskyendeavorsinzincandoil,bothofwhichlefthimwithmoredebtthanbefore.HeservedasacaptaininthearmyduringWWI,andwhenhereturnedtotheUS,hedecidedtoquitfarmingandinsteadsetupahaberdasheryindowntownKansasCitywithhismilitaryfriendEdward“Eddie”Jacobson.TheGentleman’sGazettedescribeshowitcameabout:

Bothhadservedinthe129thFieldArtilleryandwhilestationedatCampDoniphaninOklahoma,theyoperatedtheregimentalcanteenwithsuchgreatsuccessthattheydecidedtogointobusinesstogetheroncethewarwasover.Trumanonceremarked:“We’ddonesowellinthecanteen,wedidn’tseewhywecouldn’tdojustaswellincivilianlife,anditlookedlikewewereaprettygoodcombination.I’ddothesellingandkeepthebooks,andwehadaclerkpartofthetime,andEddiewoulddothebuying.Ofcourse,thewaythingsturnedoutwebothdideverything,alittleofeverything.”

  21

Assuch,theystartedtheirTruman&JacobsonhaberdasheryonNovember28,1919,at104West12thStreet.Theysoldmostlygent’saccessoriesbutalsoafewsuits.Interestingly,Trumanwouldalwaysweartailoredsuits,nottheoneshesoldinthestore!

Picturedlefttoright,intheTrumanandJacobsonhaberdasheryca.1921,areHarryS.Truman,

FrancisBerry(acorporalinthe129th),MikeFlynn(aLieutenantinBattery“D”),andKelseyCravens(afriendofTruman)

Thetwosignedaleasefor5yearsonMay27,1919onaprimestorefrontpropertyindowntownKansasCity,locatedacrossfromthepopulartheMuehlebachHotel.Thestorewouldprosperatfirst,servingasameetingpointforelegantmenabouttownaswellastheircomradesfromthe129thFieldArtillery.Somemenevenstudiedtheirlawbooksthereafterthestoreclosedfortheevening.Theirfortuneswouldshift,however,asdescribedbyGentleman’sGazette:

Duetocontinuingsuccess,TrumanfiledthearticlesforincorporationtobecamepresidentoftheTruman&Jacobson,onFebruary23,1921.However,shortlythereafterthehaberdasheryfacedfinancialdifficultiesduringtherecessionandfinallyTruman&JacobsonhadtocloseitsdoorsinSeptember1922.BothTrumanandJacobsonleftheavilyindebted.

  22

WhenIgothomefromthepenitentiary:apenitentiaryisn’tjustaprison,butspecifically,astateorfederalprisonintheUSforpeopleconvictedofseriouscrime.Itisalmostalwaysmaximumsecurity.BecauseoftheseriousnessofJoe’sallegedcrime,andbecauseitinvolvedtheUSGovernment,hewouldhavebeeninafederalpenitentiary.ThenearestonetohishomeatthattimewastheOhioPenitentiaryinColumbus,Ohio,whereSteveDeeverisstillincarceratedatthetimeoftheplay.LarrycrashedhisplaneonNovember25,1943,afterfindingoutabouthisfather’sarrest,whichputsJoetherethen.1943wasaroughyearfortheinmatesattheOhioPenitentiary,asweretheotheryearsofWWII.TheOhioPenitentiarywasknownforitssevereovercrowdingandbrutal,dehumanizingconditions.PrisonhistorianJohnReschdescribedthemina1970studyofOhioprisons:"Prisonersexistedinaregimewhoseoperationsmighthavebeendrawnfroma19thcenturymanual.Thelockstepandaquasi‐silentsystemwereusedtomaintaincontrol,order,disciplineandregimentation.Theshowerbathcontinuedtobeusedaspunishmentandthedegradingstripeswerestillworn."DominicMarzano,aninmatebarberatthepenitentiaryduringthe1940s,recalledhowthefooddegradedafterWWIIbegan:"Whenthewarstarted,thefoodgotbad,anditdidn'tgetanybetteruntil1952"."Theywouldgiveusbutterbeanswithapieceoffatsowbellyintherewithhaironit,bighairsuptoaninchlong,"saysGentryRichardson,whowasincarceratedthereasateenagerin1942.AlsoduringWWII,convictlaborwasenlistedtoproducegoodsforthewareffort.ChancesarethatJoedidn’tparticipate,ashehadn’tbeenconvictedofacrimeduringhistimethere.However,onceP.26 HehandsoutpolicebadgesfromthePostToastiesboxes:C.W.Poststartedhiscerealcompanyin1894inBattleCreek,Michigan.PostToastiescerealwasintroducedin1904;treatsandtoysintheboxhavebeenamarketingtacticsincetheearly1900s.

DetectiveBadgePrizeandPostToastiesBox,bothca.1940s

  23

Iwasthebeast;theguywhosoldcrackedcylinderheadstotheArmyAirForce;theguywhomadetwenty‐oneP‐40scrashinAustralia.Asdescribedonpp.17‐18ofthisdocument,theP‐40wasAmerica’sforemostfighterinservicewhenWWIIbegan.P‐40sengagedJapaneseaircraftduringtheattackonPearlHarborandtheinvasionofthePhilippinesinDecember1941.AccordingtotheU.S.AirForceMuseum,attheendofitsWWIIcareer,morethan14,000P‐40shadbeenproducedforserviceintheairforcesof28nations.MoreinformationonthehistoryanddevelopmentoftheCurtissP‐40Warhawkcanbefoundhere:http://www.historynet.com/curtiss‐p‐40‐warhawk‐one‐of‐ww‐iis‐most‐famous‐fighters.htm

TheCurtissP‐40Warhawk

P.28 No,shedasn'tfeelthatway:seedefinitiononp.19ofthisglossaryThosecylinderheadswentintoP‐40sonly.What’sthematterwithyou?YouknowLarryneverflewaP‐40:TobelieveLarrycouldhaveflownaP‐40,JoeandKatewouldhavethenhadtoaccepthisdeathasapunishmentforJoe'scrime,whichisanintolerableandinsane(“What’sthematterwithyou?”)thought.Itwasamadhouse.EveryhalfhourtheMajorcallin'forcylinderheads,theywerewhippin'uswiththetelephone.Thetruckswerehaulingthemawayhot,damnnear:Asdescribedonp.13,afterPearlHarbor,theArmywasunderextremepressuretoproduceaircraftatanexceedinglyacceleratedrate,notjusttoreplacewhathadbeenlostintheattackandtofighttheJapanese,butalsofortheAlliedwareffort,whichitshortlyjoined.P.29 I’llcallSwanson’sforatable:Iwasn’tabletofindanyinformationonarestaurantbythatnameinCincinnatiinthe1940s,oranyothercityintheUSforthatmatter.IdidfindaSwansonfoodcompanythatwasestablishedinOmahain1899.Thecompanystilloperates

  24

undertheSwansonbrand,manufacturingTVdinners,broths,andcannedpoultryfortheNorthAmericanmarket.IdidfindanupscaleFrenchrestaurantestablishedin1949inCincinnati,twoyearstoolatefortheplay.KnownasTheMaisonette,anddefunctsince2005,itwasNorthAmerica’smosthighlyratedrestaurant,itearneda41‐yearrunningstreakoffive‐starawards,thehighestdesignationgivenbyMobilTravelGuide,andstillthelongestonrecord.Casanova:atermforaladies'man,itisnamedaftertheVenetianadventurerandauthor(1725‐98),mostfamousforseducingwealthywomenandcharmingtheeliteofFrance.P.30 Youremember,overseas,Iwasincommandofacompany:thesubdivisionofabattalion,usuallyconsistingofabout100men,usuallyinthecommandofalieutenantorcaptain.P.31 LaborDay:TherewereoftenkissingboothsatLaborDaycarnivals.P.32 GeorgeBernardShawasanelephant:GeorgeBernardShawwasanIrishplaywright(1856‐1950)notedfordazzlingwit,irony,satireandbrilliantcommandoftheEnglishlanguage.Joe’slackofsubtletyisasheavy‐handed,ploddingandunwieldlyasanelephantattemptingtowriteShaw’ssuperbprose.Fivedollars:theequivalenttodaywouldbe$54.92P.33 Forthenuisancevalue,tohurtus:Nuisancevalueisthevalue,importance,orusefulnessarisingfromacapacitytoannoy,frustrate,harass,orinjure.Inlegalterminology,itisthecosttoresolveafrivolousaction,disposalvalue,numbertodisposeofafrivolouscase,numbertogetridofafrivolousaction,numbertomakeacasegoaway,pricetoresolveafrivolouscase,quicksettlementamountforafrivolouscase,valuetodisposeofafrivolouslawsuit,orwalkingmoney.P.34 Ontheseveno’clock.He’sinColumbus…He’sbeeninColumbussincethismorningwithSteve:asIwroteaboutonp.19andagainonp.22,SteveisincarceratedattheOhioPenitentiaryinColumbus,thecapitalofOhio,whichwasinoperationfrom1834untilitwasorderedclosedin1979.TheOhioDivisionofPublicWorkscompleteditsdemolitionin1998.TheselinkswillprovidemoreinformationabouttheOhioPenitentiary:https://www.mrps.org/learn/history/article‐on‐the‐ohio‐state‐penn‐inside‐the‐pennhttp://www.forgottenoh.com/Counties/Franklin/pen.html