Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
‘LLN’isdead.Longlive‘foundationskills’.Maybe.JustinHayes
July2020
2012wasadecisiveyearforadultlanguage,literacyandnumeracy(LLN)
educationinAustralia.Followingtheresultsofthe2006AdultLiteracyandLife
SkillssurveybytheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment
(OECD)andsubsequentcallsfromindustrygroupssuchasSkillsAustraliaand
theAustralianIndustryGrouptoimproveliteracyandnumeracyskillsofthe
Australianworkforce,thefederalgovernmentreleasedtheNationalFoundation
SkillsStrategyforAdults,anagreementbyallAustralianstatesandterritories
throughtheCouncilofAustralianGovernmentstobethenationalpolicy
documentinAustraliaforfoundationskills(Newton,2016).Whilstthe‘Strategy’
incorporatesfourkeypriorityareasthatalldeservein-depthexploration,the
focushereisontheterm‘foundationskills’itself,notablyitsuse,absenceofuse
andmixeduseinboththeStrategyandsubsequentgovernmentdocumentsthat
potentiallycreateuncertaintyforfoundationskillssupportservices.Specifically,
thispaperpresentstheinconsistencyofterminologyingovernmentdocuments,
highlightspotentialuncertaintiesforfoundationskillssupportservicesin
RegisteredTrainingOrganisations(RTOs)asaresultoftheseinconsistencies
andpresentsacallforactiontoprovideclarityforallinvolved.
Inconsistencies
InherreportAdultliteracyandnumeracy:Researchandfuturestrategy,one
strategyPerkins(2009)suggestedthatmayraiseawarenessandhelp“ensure
literacyandnumeracyisseenasamainstreamconcern”was“amovefrom
talkingaboutliteracyandnumeracytoadiscussionofcoreskillsorfoundation
skills“(p.37).Thisreport,othercontemporaryusagewithingovernment
environmentsandindustryinfluence(BlackandYasukawa,2010;Wignall,2015)
pavedthewayfor‘foundationskills’tobethetermtheAustralianfederal
governmentwoulduseinitsnewadultliteracyandnumeracystrategy.Here,in
2
theStrategy(StandingCouncilonTertiaryEducation,SkillsandEmployment
[SCOTESE],2012),literacyandnumeracywerereplacedwithinabroadersetof
‘foundationskills’that“underpinworkforceparticipation,productivityand
socialinclusion”(p.2),definedasthecombinationof:
• Englishlanguage,literacyandnumeracy(LLN)–listening,speaking,
reading,writing,digitalliteracyanduseofmathematicalideas;and
• employabilityskills,suchascollaboration,problemsolving,self-
management,learningandinformationandcommunicationtechnology
(ICT)skillsrequiredforparticipationinmodernworkplacesand
contemporarylife.
Here,‘foundationskills’hastwocomponents:one,anLLNcomponentthat
appliestomultiplecontexts,andtwo,anemploymentcomponentforworkplace
contexts.Thisdefinitionaloneisnotchallengingtounderstand,butitistheuses
oftheterms‘LLN’,‘digitalliteracy’and‘employabilityskills’,alongwith
referencesintheStrategytotheAustralianCoreSkillsFrameworkandtheCore
SkillsforWorkDevelopmentalFrameworkthatcreateinconsistencies,eachof
whicharepresentedbelow.
Whilstpage2oftheStrategystatesthedefinitionprovidedabove,subsequent
pages(p.12,p.15,p.17,p.19andp.23)relatefoundationsskillstothefivecore
skillsoftheAustralianCoreSkillsFramework(ACSF):learning,reading,writing,
oralcommunicationandnumeracy.Accordingtotheprojectteamthatdeveloped
theframework(alsoreleasedin2012),theACSF“facilitatesaconsistentnational
approachtotheidentificationanddevelopmentofthecoreskillsindiverse
personal,community,workandeducationandtrainingcontexts”(McLean,P.,
Perkins,K.,Tout,D.,Brewer,K.,&Wyse,L.,2012,p.1).Withadefinitionof
‘foundationskills’alreadyprovidedthatincludes‘LLN’and‘employabilityskills’,
theinclusionoftheACSFintheStrategypresentsanimportantquestiontoask:
WhatisthepurposeoftheACSFinthecontextoftheStrategy?Oneanswertothis
ispresentedonpage15as“AustraliangovernmentsagreethattheACSFwillbe
usedasthestandardframeworkformeasuringfoundationskills”.Here,then,all
3
ofthesix‘LLN’skillslistedinthedefinition(whichincludes‘digitalliteracy’)and
alltheemployabilityskills(fiveofwhichareprovidedasexamples)aretobe
measuredbytheoneframeworkthatitselfonlyconsistsofthefivecoreskillsof
learning,reading,writing,oralcommunicationandnumeracy.Ofcourse,a
numberoffollow-upquestionsarise,suchas:
1. Howcan‘digitalliteracy’bemeasuredbytheACSF?
2. Howcan‘employabilityskills’bemeasuredbytheACSF?
3. SinceLLNdoesnotspecificallyincludethe‘learning’skilloftheACSFbut
‘learning’isprovidedasanexampleofan‘employabilityskill’,is‘learning’
tobeidentified,developedandmeasuredonlyinthecontextof
employment?
Analternativeanswertothemainquestionaskedaboveispresentedonpage21
as“AustraliangovernmentsagreethattheACSFwillbeusedasthestandard
frameworkformeasuringLLN”.Here,thesingledifferencewiththequotefrom
page15issimplythattheterm‘foundationskills’hasnowbeenreplacedwith
‘LLN’.Thisinitselfpresentsfurtherquestions,suchas:
4. Whynowlimit‘foundationskills’tobeingonly‘LLN’?
5. Wastheuseof‘LLN’hereamistake,and‘foundationskills’shouldhavebeen
writteninstead?
6. DoestheACSFrelateonlytoLLNorLLNonlyinthecontextofworkplaces?
Unfortunately,theStrategydoesnotansweranyoftheabovequestions,
resultingininconsistency,anditisthisongoingmixeduseoftheterms
‘foundationskills’,‘LLN’and‘coreskills’(alongwithothers)thatcontinuein
latergovernmentdocuments.
AlongwiththeintroductionoftheACSF,anotherchangeoccurringatthetime
wasthenotionofwhatconstitutedskillsforemployment.IntheStrategy,two
variationsexist.Firstly,thedefinitionintheStrategyusestheterm
‘employabilityskills’andlistsexamplestakenfromthe2002researchproject
EmployabilitySkillsfortheFuturebytheAustralianChamberofCommerceand
IndustryandtheBusinessCouncilofAustralia(fortheDepartmentofEducation,
ScienceandTraining).TheStrategy,however,alsomentionsthedevelopment
anduseofthethreeclusteredskillareas(tenskillareasintotal)oftheCoreSkills
4
forWorkDevelopmentalFramework(CSfW).LiketheACSF,theCSfWisa
detailed,modernframeworkanditspurposeistoassist“withtheidentification,
descriptionandmeasurementofemployabilityskills”(SCOTESE,2012,p.17).
Specifically,theCSfWdetailsthethreeclusteredskillareasof‘navigatetheworld
ofwork’,‘interactwithothers’and‘gettheworkdone’anddescribes“asetof
non-technicalskills,knowledgeandunderstandingsthatunderpinsuccessful
participationinwork”(DepartmentofIndustry,Innovation,ClimateChange,
Science,ResearchandTertiaryEducationandDepartmentofEducation,
EmploymentandWorkplaceRelations,2013,p.1).Tobefair,theStrategy
mentions,“theuseoftheFrameworkwillbeincludedintheNationalStrategyat
thefirstreview”(p.17),andsincetheframeworkwasn’treleaseduntil2013,itis
understandablethattheStrategyshouldmentionboththeformer‘employability
skills’andthenew‘CoreSkillsforWork’,yettheinclusionoftwovariationsin
theonepolicydocumentcreatesacertainamountofinconsistencythatpersists
inlaterdocuments.
Whenconsideringthechangesinthefieldatandaroundthetimeoftherelease
oftheStrategy,slightvariationsinmeaningscanbeoverlooked,especiallywhen
takingthewordsofWignall(2017)intoaccount,whostatedthedefinitionsof
whatconstitutesfoundationskillsare“inconstantflux”(p.3)and“aflexible
approachtodefiningandredefiningfoundationskillsisneededtoaccommodate
thebroadandshiftingrangeofindividuals’skilldevelopmentneeds”(p.4).Inthe
competency-basedtrainingworldofVocationEducationandTraining(VET),
however,thereismoreuser-friendlyterminologyembeddedwithintheunitsof
competencyoftrainingpackages.TheStrategystatesthatIndustrySkills
Councils“arerevisingTrainingPackagestomoreclearlyidentifythe
opportunitiestodevelopunderpinningfoundationskillsaspartofvocational
training”(SCOTESE,2012,p.12)andafactsheetfromthefederalgovernment’s
DepartmentofEducationandTraininginformsusthat“akeyoutcomearising
fromtheNationalStrategyhasbeentheexplicitinclusionoffoundationskills
intounitsofcompetency.Itisnowamandatoryrequirementthatunitsof
competencydescribethelanguage,literacy,numeracyandemploymentskills
thatareessentialtoperformanceintheunit”(DepartmentofEducationand
5
Training,n.d.).Asaresult,withthecontemporaryreleaseoftheStandardsfor
TrainingPackages,unitsofcompetencyarenowmadeupoftechnical(or
disciplinespecific)skillsaswellasfoundationskills.Certainly,mixed
terminologyisapparentintheseStandards(andthefactsheet)byusing
‘language’,‘literacy’and‘numeracy’whenitdescribes‘foundationskills’asbeing
the“language,literacy,numeracyandemploymentskillsthatareessentialto
performance”(p.4),however,recentunitsofcompetencynowincludealistof
thefivecoreskillsoftheACSFandthethreeclusteredskillareasoftheCSfWthat
areembeddedandexplicitlystatedineachunit.Here,then,asshownbelow,isa
specific,consistentlistofskillsforVETteacherstoteachandassess,which
includesaspecific,consistentlistoffoundationskillsthatfoundationskills
supportservicescansupportVETlearnerswith.
AustralianCoreSkillsFramework
(ACSF)
• Learning
• Reading
• Writing
• OralCommunication
• Numeracy
CoreSkillsforWorkFramework
(CSfW)
• Navigatetheworldofwork
o Managecareerand
worklife
o Workwithroles,rights
andprotocols
• Interactwithothers
o Communicateforwork
o Connectandworkwith
others
o Recogniseandutilise
diverseperspectives
• Gettheworkdone
o Planandorganize
o Makedecisions
o Identifyandsolve
problems
o Createandinnovate
o Workinadigitalworld
6
Whenitcomestoaccreditedcourses,however,terminologyagainbecomes
unclear.TheStandardsforVETAccreditedCourses2012donotmention
‘foundationskills’atall,andinonlyoneplaceis‘LLN’mentioned;asbeing
‘helpful’toincludeasrecommendedentryrequirements.VAC7.4inthese
Standardsdoes,however,include‘employabilityskills’,requiringVETaccredited
coursestoidentifyemployabilityskillsrelevanttothecourseoutcomes.Being
initiallyreleasedin2011,oneyearbeforetheNationalFoundationSkillsStrategy
forAdults,theomissionof‘foundationskills’isunderstandable,yetan
amendmenttotheStandardsoneyearlaterin2012,when‘foundationskills’
wereexplicitlyincludedbothintheStrategyandtheStandardsforTraining
Packages,stilldidnotinclude‘foundationskills’.Itwouldseemanopportunity
formoreclaritywasprovidedin2019withthereleaseoftheUsers’guidetothe
StandardsforVETAccreditedCourseswherethereareanumberofreferencesto
‘foundationskills’,includingadefinitionandalist.Unfortunately,however,
inconsistencyexists.Theuser’sguidedefinesfoundationskillsas“thefivecore
skillsoftheAustralianCoreSkillsframework(ACSF)plusemployabilityskillsor
theCoreSkillsforWorkFramework”(p.7).Thisseeminglypresents
‘employabilityskills’asinterchangeablewiththe‘CSfW’,however,theyaretwo
verydifferentportrayalsofskillsforemployment.Furthermore,inthelistof
skillspresentedonpages19,25and26,sixoftheeightoriginal2002
‘employabilityskills’areincluded,whichcontrastsdirectlywiththeinclusionof
CSfWskillareasinunitsofcompetencydirectedbytheStandardsforTraining
Packages.
Thismixedmessagingofwhatconstitutesfoundationskillsismirroredinthe
FoundationSkillsTrainingPackage(FSK),firstreleasedin2013.Oneoftheroles
forIndustrySkillsCouncilscomingoutofTheNationalFoundationSkillsStrategy
wastodeveloptheFoundationSkillsTrainingPackage(SCOTESE,2012),which
wasdesignedtoprovide“anopportunityforRTOstoselectanddeliver
foundationskillsunitsandqualificationsthatwillenablelearnerstobuildthe
specificfoundationskillsrequiredtoachievevocationalcompetency”
(InnovationandBusinessSkillsAustralia[IBSA],2013,p.4).Here,the
accompanyingImplementationGuidedefines‘foundationskills’asencompassing
7
“thecoreskills…describedbytheACSFandtheEmployabilitySkills/CoreSkills
forWork”(IBSA,p.9).Hereinliestwoaspectstomention;oneisthe
incorporationof‘digitaltechnology’,andtwo,againthedualuseofskillsfor
employment.Page14statesthattheunitsofcompetencywithinthepackage
“havebeenorganisedintosixskillgroups:learning,reading,writing,oral
communication,numeracyanddigitaltechnology”.Thefirstfiveoftheseskills
groupscanbedirectlyattributedtotheACSF,however,theoriginofthesixth,
‘digitaltechnology’,ismoreobscure.Thisisnotanexplicitskillorstreamofthe
ACSFanditsinclusionmayrelatetotheoriginaldefinitionof‘foundationskills’
intheStrategy,whichincludes‘digitalliteracy’asonepartofLLNaswellas
‘technology’in‘employabilityskills’and‘workinadigitalworld’intheCSfW.It
seemsthattheskillgroup‘digitaltechnology’isafusionofallofthesedigital-
relatedtermsandskills.Secondly,aswiththeStandardsforAccreditedCourses,
‘employabilityskills’andthe‘CoreSkillsforWork’areincludedsimultaneously,
asiftheywereinterchangeable.Theguidestates,“Whilethese[skill]groups
primarilyreflectthecoreskillsdescribedbytheACSF,theyalsoencompass
EmployabilitySkillsof:communication,planningandorganising,problem
solving,learning,teamworkandtechnologyandhavebeeninformedbytheCore
SkillsforWork”(p.14).ItisunclearhowtheCSfW‘inform’the‘employability
skills’,sincetheyareverydifferent,andthequestionofwhy‘employabilityskills’
arementionedatallmustbeasked,sincetheCSfWisarecentframework
designedformoremodernworkplaces.Evenwithtimeandtheopportunityto
clarify,the2019releaseofanupdatedversionoftheImplementationGuide
repeatstheabove(PwC,2019,p.31).
ReleasedthreeyearsaftertheStrategy,TheStandardsforRegisteredTraining
Organisations(RTOs)2015arekeyrequirementsthatspecifytheoperationsof
AustralianRTOs,anditsformulationpresentedanopportunityforthefederal
governmenttoclarifyterminology.Withthreeyearstodigestthechangesof
2012,itisperhapsmorethansurprisingthatnowhereintheserequirementsis
theterm‘foundationskills’mentioned.Amajorpolicystrategyforadult
educationandfullembeddingoffoundationskillswithintheunitsofcompetency
oftrainingpackagesoccur,yetnotonceisthetermusedintheessential
8
requirementsthatfollow.Instead,theterm‘language,literacyandnumeracy’is
includedintwolocations:oneasanexampleofaprogramwhereRTOscan
provide‘educationandsupportservices’andanotherasaspecificunitof
competencyforVETtrainerstocompletetobecomequalifiedtoteachintheVET
sector(thatis,theunit‘Addressadultlanguage,literacyandnumeracyskills‘).
Furthermore,eventheUsers’guidetotheStandardsforRegisteredTraining
Organisations(RTOs)2015releasedin2019onlymentions‘foundationskills’
once,advisingRTOsto“checkthatassessmentcriteriainassessmenttools
address”them(p.58).Theabsenceoftheterm‘foundationskills’inthese
Standards(andanaccompanyingdefinitionorlist)haspotentiallyprofound
implicationsonfoundationskillssupportservicesinVETandleavesavacuumof
guidanceonthedepthandbreadththeseservicesmustprovide(discussedin
detailinlaterparagraphs).
WithconsistencyprovingelusiveinfederalgovernmentStandards,eveninthe
recentuser’sguidestoStandardsandintheImplementationGuideoftheFSK,it
iswarrantedtoexamineadocumentfocusedonabroadexaminationofVET.
StrengtheningSkills:ExpertReviewofAustralia’sVocationalEducationand
TrainingSystem(alsoknownas‘TheJoyceReview’)waspublishedin2019and
setoutto“conductahealthcheckoftheAustralianVETsectortodeterminehow
readyitistostepuptothechallengeoftrainingmoreAustralians,nowandin
thefuture”(Joyce,2019,p.1).Inthisreview,‘foundationskills’isdefinedas
“Foundationlanguage,literacy,numeracyanddigitalskills”(p.2)or“LLND”
(p.109).Here,now,thefocusseemstoreturntothedefinitionofthe2012
NationalFoundationSkillsStrategyforAdults,withitsuseof‘LLN’andinclusion
of‘digitalliteracy’.Withoutexplanation,however,TheJoyceReviewomits
employmentskillsentirely,alongwithanyreference,directorindirect,tothe
coreskillsoftheACSF.Witheightyearsofreferringtobothoftheseaspectsof
‘foundationskills’ingovernmentdocuments,albeitinsporadicandinconsistent
ways,TheJoyceReviewseemstoabandonthemandinsteadusestheterm
‘LLND’withoutprovidingexplanationofwherethattermoriginatesfrom.
Inthe2019-20budget,thefederalgovernmentannouncedthefour-year
9
allocationoffundsfortheFoundationSkillsforYourFutureProgram,developed
to“supporteligibleAustralianswithameanstodeveloptheirLanguage,
Literacy,NumeracyandDigitalLiteracy(LLND)skillstohelpthemup-skillorre-
skillfornewroles,toobtainandretainsecureemploymentandtoundertake
furthereducationandtraining”(DepartmentofEmployment,Skills,Smalland
FamilyBusiness,2019).Whilstnotprovidingaspecificdefinitionof‘foundation
skills’,thisprogramseemstohavebeeninfluencedbyTheJoyceReview,
publishedjustmonthsearlier,orevenestablishedasaresultofthereview,in
thatitalsorestrictstheterm‘foundationskills’to“Language,Literacy,Numeracy
andDigitalLiteracy(LLND)skills’(p.4).LikeTheJoyceReview,itdoesnot
mention‘employabilityskills’ortheCSFW,however,consideringthepurposeof
theprogramistoimprovetheskillsforemployment,itmustbeassumedthat
LLNDdevelopmentistobefocusedonworkplacecontexts.Theguidelinesofthis
program,however,doincludetheACSF,alongwithanewly-created(2020)
frameworkfordigitalskills,theDigitalLiteracySkillsFramework(DLSF),stating,
“ServiceProvidersdeliveringRTOPersonalisedTrainingprojectsand/or
EmployerWorkplaceTrainingprojects,arerequiredtoassesseachParticipant’s:
• Language,LiteracyandNumeracySkills,throughtheAustralianCore
SkillsFramework(ACSF);and
• DigitalLiteracySkills,throughthedepartment’sDigitalLiteracySkills
Framework(DLSF)”(p.5).
Here,then,isadirectlinkbetween‘LLN’andthefivecoreskillsoftheACSF,
alongwiththeformalelevationof‘digitalliteracyskills’tobeseeminglyequalin
standingtoeachofthefivecoreskills.Infact,theDLSFattributestheelevationof
‘digitalliteracyskills’toTheJoyceReviewitself,statingthatJoyce“acknowledges
theimportanceofdigitalliteracyskills[by]renamingthecorefoundationskills
asLanguage,Literacy,NumeracyandDigitalLiteracy(LLND)skills.Theinclusion
ofdigitalskillsalongsidethefoundationskillsoflanguage,literacyandnumeracy
recognisesthatdigitalliteracyhasbecomeincreasinglycriticalforindividuals’
participationintheworkforce”(McLean,Oldfield&Stephens,2020,p.4).
Thusfar,avarietyofdefinitionsandtermsfromanumberoffederalgovernment
documentshavebeenpresented.Somereferto‘LLN’,whereasothersrefertothe
10
fivecoreskillsoftheACSF,whileothersrefertoboth.Somedocumentsusethe
term‘employabilityskills’andsomeofitsexamplesfrom2002,whereasothers
useskillsfromtheCSFW,whileothersrefertoboth.Whatisclear,however,
especiallywhenviewingthetablebelowofacollationofthedocumentsand
terms,isthatveryfewofthedocumentsareconsistentwitheachother.
Year Document TermsUsed
2002 EmployabilitySkillsfortheFuture Employabilityskills=Communication,teamwork,problem-solving,initiativeandenterprise,planningandorganising,self-management,learningandtechnology
2012 NationalFoundationSkillsStrategyforAdults
Foundationskills=LLNplusemployabilityskills,butincludesACSFandCSfW
2012 AustralianCoreSkillsFramework(ACSF)
ACSF=Learning,reading,writing,oralcommunicationandnumeracy
2012 StandardsforTrainingPackages Foundationskills=ACSFcoreskillsplusCSfWskills
2012 StandardsforVETAccreditedCourses
LLN
2013 FoundationSkillsTrainingPackage ACSFcoreskillsplusdigitaltechnology
2013 CoreSkillsforWorkDevelopmentFramework(CSfW)
CSfW=Threeclusteredskillsofnavigatetheworldofwork,interactwithothersandgettheworkdone
2015 StandardsforRegisteredTrainingOrganisations2015
LLN
2019 Users’guidetotheStandardsforRegisteredTrainingOrganisation2015
Foundationskills–nodefinitionorexamples
2019 Users’guidetotheStandardsforVETAccreditedCourses
Foundationskills=ACSFcoreskillsplusemployabilityskillsorCSfW
2019 FoundationSkillsTrainingPackage:ImplementationGuide
FoundationSkills=ACSFcoreskillsplusemployabilityskills/CSfW
2019 StrengtheningSkills:ExpertReviewofAustralia’sVocationalEducationandTrainingSystem
Foundationskills=LLND
2019 FoundationSkillsforYourFuture:ProgramGuidelines
Foundationskills=LLND
Itisobvioustoseethatthefederalgovernmenthasbeenunabletoprovidea
clearandconsistentuseoftheterm‘foundationskills’.Whatstartedoutin2012
11
asapurposefulpushforabroadersetofskillstodefine,identify,developand
measureskillsthat“underpinworkforceparticipation,productivityandsocial
inclusion”(SCOTESE,2012,p.2),andincludingtheminpolicyandStandards,has
resultedinanassortmentofvariationsovertime,leadingtoanewredefiningin
2019/20assimply‘LLND’,despitethecontinualuseoftheoriginalterm
‘foundationskills’.
ThestateofVictoria,ontheotherhand,maybeanidealplacetolookfor
consistencysinceitsVETsystemisthemostde-centralisedinAustraliaandhasa
diverseTAFEsystem,meaningitmayrequireagreaterneedforconsistent
terminologytohelpmanagethediversityofstakeholders.Below,anumberof
documentsareexaminedandlistedinchronologicalorderoftheirrelease,
providinganinsightintotheVictorianstategovernment’sview.
2018: FutureopportunitiesforadultlearnersinVictoria:Pathwaysto
participationandjobs–Discussionpaper
ProducedbytheVictorianDepartmentofEducation,thisdiscussionpaper
“considerswhethertheadultcommunityeducation[ACE]sectoris
equippedwiththesystem-levelsupportsandcapabilitiesitneedsto
supportat-riskVictoriansintosocialandeconomicparticipation”
(DepartmentofEducationandTraining,2018,p.7).Certainly,the
Victoriangovernment’sendeavourtosupport‘at-risk’Victoriansmustbe
recognised,alongwithnumerousreferencesto‘foundationskills’.Inthis
document,however,nodefinitionof‘foundationskills’isprovided,with
pages4,7,8,14and36allreferringto“literacy,numeracyandfoundation
skills”inaninnovativetwist,seeminglyasifliteracyandnumeracywere
separatetoanddistinctfromfoundationskills.
2019: TheFutureofAdultCommunityEducationinVictoria2020-25:Ministerial
Statement
OutliningtheVictorianAdultandCommunityEducationreformagenda
for2020-25,thisdocumentalsoprovidesnodefinition,but‘foundation
skills’ishighlyprominentinthereforms,statingthethreecorerolesof
12
ACEare1)toengageandsupportadultlearnerswhoneedtodevelop
theircorefoundationskillsforwork,furtherstudy,andtoparticipatein
societyasvaluedcitizens,2)toplayaleadroleinadultliteracy,
numeracy,employabilityanddigitalskillseducationandtrainingfor
Victoriansand3)tosupportworkerswhomaybevulnerabletobecoming
unemployedtodeveloptheskillsnecessarytoremainandthrivein
employmentasworkchanges”(DepartmentofEducationandTraining,
2019,p.6).Whilstthesignificantdevelopmentof‘foundationskills’
becomingattheheartofACEreformsmustberecognised,theterm‘core
foundationskills’inthefirst‘corerole’,seemstobeavariationof
‘foundationskills’itself.Nowhereinthedocumentisanexplanationof
thistermprovided,and,tospeculate,itmayrefertothecoreskillsofthe
ACSForperhaps‘LLN’,oritmayevenbethecoreskillsoftheACSFplus
theskillsareasoftheCSfW.
2019: 2018-19StandardVETFundingContract(extendedto31December2020)
Section5ofthiscontractrelatestotheplanningoftrainingand
assessment,specificallythePre-TrainingReview.Inlinewiththefederal
government’sStandardsRegisteredTrainingOrganisations(RTOs)2015,
section5.1oftheVictorianVETfundingcontractstates,“ForeachEligible
Individual,theTrainingProvidermustconductaPre-TrainingReview,as
partofenrolment,orpriortothecommencementoftraining,toascertain
asuitable,andthemostsuitable(asdefinedintheQualityCharter),
courseforthatstudenttoenrolin”(TheStateofVictoria,2019,p.9).In
relationto‘foundationskills’,section5.1statesthePre-TrainingReview
must(amongstotherpointsnotincludedhere):
• considertheindividual’sexistingeducationalattainmentand
capabilities;
• includeconsiderationofliteracyandnumeracyskills;
• wheretheproposedlearningincludesportionsdeliveredonline,
identifytheindividuallearner’sdigitalcapability,includingaccess
tonecessarytechnology,andwherenecessaryidentifystepsto
overcomeanybarriersinthisregard(p.9).
13
Withoutprovidingadefinitionoralistof‘foundationskills’,this
documentincludes‘literacy’,‘numeracy’,‘digitalcapability’andanyother
existing‘capabilities’,whichmayormaynotberelatedto‘foundation
skills’.
2020: SkillsFirstLiteracyandNumeracySupportImplementationGuide
InVictoria,RTOscanreceiveSkillsFirstfundingtoenroleligiblelearners
intounits“specificallydesignedforlearnersrequiringliteracyand
numeracyskillstosupporttheachievementofvocationalcompetence”
(DepartmentofEducationandTraining,2020,p.1).Whilst‘literacy’and
‘numeracy’arethetwotermsusedinthetitleandthroughoutthe
document,theapprovedunitsare“groupedintoReading,Writing,
Numeracy,OralCommunication,LearningandDigitalTechnologytoalign
withtheFSKFoundationSkillsTrainingPackage”(p.6).Noexplanationis
providedastowhy‘literacy’and‘numeracy’areusedinthetitleofthe
documentandthroughout,butitcanonlybeassumedthatthefivecore
skillsoftheACSFtogetherwith‘digitaltechnology’arewhatconstitute
‘literacy’and‘numeracy’here.
2020: Victoria’sGrowingEconomy:IssuePaper
Outliningcriticalissuesforstudents,governments,industryandproviders,itis
theoneVictoriandocumentthatprovidesaglossaryoftermsandincludesa
definitionfor‘foundationskills’,whichstatesitis“acombinationoflanguage,
literacyandnumeracyskills(e.g.listening,reading,speaking,writing,digital
literacy,mathematics)andemployabilityskills(e.g.collaboration,problem
solving,self-management,learning,informationandcommunicationtechnology)
thatareincludedinVETcoursesandunitsofcompetency”(p.59).Here,theterm
‘foundationskills’matchesvirtuallyword-for-wordthedefinitioninthe2012
NationalFoundationSkillsStrategyforAdults,withoutanyrecognitionofthecore
skillsoftheACSFortheskillareasoftheCSfW,eventhoughunitsofcompetency
explicitlylisttheseACSFandCSfWskills.
Itseemsthen,Victoria,likethefederalgovernment,doesnothaveclearand
14
consistentusageanddefinitionsofterminology,butinstead,anumberofwaysto
stateandusethevarietyofskillsthatmakeup‘foundationskills’.Unfortunately,
thisinconsistencyinbothfederalandstategovernmentdocumentspotentially
createsanumberofuncertaintiesforVETfoundationskillssupportservices,
servicesthatareresponsibleforsupportingVETlearnersintheir‘foundation
skills’developmentastheyprogressthroughtheirprograms,intotheircareers
andintothenextstagesoftheirlives.
Uncertainties
Afterexaminingthedocumentsabove,fourmainthemesemerge:1)the
interchangeabilityof‘LLN’withthecoreskillsoftheACSF,2)thedefiningof
‘digitalliteracyskills’,3)theinterchangeabilityofthe2002employabilityskills
withtheskillsareasoftheCSfWand4)thevariationsinStandards.The
followingparagraphsdiscusseachofthesethemesseparately.
EightyearsaftertheintroductionoftheACSF,theterm‘LLN’stillendures,now
extendedto‘LLND’.ForfoundationskillssupportserviceswithinVET,however,
theterm‘LLN’/’LLND’alonedoesnotfullyencompasstheskillsorissues
involvedinthisparticularfield.Certainly,thereisagreatdealofoverlap,with
‘LLN’beingrepresentedinthereading,writing,oralcommunicationand
numeracyskillsoftheACSF,butthe‘learning’skillcannotbeignored.Withinthe
ACSF,thetwoperformanceindicatorsof‘learning’are1)Awarenessofselfasa
learner,planningandmanagementoflearningand2)Theacquisitionand
applicationofpracticalstrategiesthatfacilitatelearning.Itispreciselythese
aspectsoflearningthatmanyVETlearnersneedsupportwith,andbyonly
referringto‘LLN’,evenif‘learning’isimplied,theimportanceofdirectly
identifyingandaddressingtheabilityformanyadultstolearnisdiminished.
Hence,anumberofquestionsthatmayariseforsupportservicesare:
• Doesthe‘learning’abilityofaprospectivelearnerneedtobeidentifiedat
thepre-trainingreviewstage?
o Ifso,howcanitbeidentified?
15
• Asidefromenrollinglearnersintospecific‘learning’unitsoftheFSK,how
can‘learning’betaughtandwhatstrategiescanbeprovidedtoassist
learners?
• Dotheidentification,deliveryandoutcomesofsupportfor‘learning’needto
berecordedandreported?
2019sawtheterm‘LLND’usedinTheJoyceReview,with‘LLND’nowbeingthe
subjectoftheFoundationSkillsforYourFutureProgramand‘digitalliteracy
skills’nowhavingitsownframework,TheDigitalLiteracySkillsFramework
(DLSF).Thisisanimportantdevelopmentforsupportservices,markingapoint
intimewhen‘digitalliteracyskills’becomeformalisedwithitsownframework
toarticulateandmeasurestagesofdevelopment.Thequestionsraisedabovefor
’learning’are,however,alsorelevantfor‘digitalliteracyskills’,alongwiththe
importantquestionof:
• Doalltrainerspossessthenecessary‘digitalliteracyskills’themselves?
Aswith‘LLN’andthecoreskillsoftheACSF,thereisoverlapbetweenthe2002
term‘employability’andskillareasoftheCSfW.Yet,theyareverydifferent,and
byreferringtobothofthemsimultaneously,thereislesscommonlanguage,
resultingindislocationanduncertainty.Also,theCSfWprovidesamorerecent
frameworkthatenablesfoundationskillsserviceproviderstoidentifyand
addresslearnerneedsforamoremodernenvironment,sorepeatedreferences
toapreviouslist,ratherthanaspecificallydesignedframework,canresultina
reducedabilitytosupportlearnersfortheirmoderncareers.Furthermore,the
omissionofallspecificreferencestoemploymentskillsinrecentdocuments
introducesdoubtintothescopeofwhatsupportservicesshouldandmust
providesupportwith.Here,anumberofquestionscanberaised,suchas:
• Like‘learning’and‘digitalliteracyskills’,doemploymentskillsneedtobe
identifiedatthepre-trainingreview,thentaught/supportedandthen
reported?
• DothecoreskillsoftheACSF(or‘LLND’)onlyneedtobetaughtand
supported,butwithinthecontextofemployment?
• Havespecificskillsforemploymentbeenabandonedcompletely?
16
Thegreatestcauseofuncertainty,however,resultswhenoverlayingthe
StandardsforRegisteredTrainingOrganisations(RTOs)2015(where‘foundation
skills’arenotreferredtoatall)withtheStandardsforTrainingPackages(which
notonlyrequiresunitsofcompetencytospecificallyidentify,embedand
communicatethefivecoreskillsoftheACSFandthethreeclusteredskillareasof
theCSfW,butalsoforVETtrainerstoteachandassessthem).TheStandardsfor
RegisteredTrainingOrganisations(RTOs)2015requireRTOstoundertakean
initialassessmentoflearnerskillsandknowledge,identifyindividuallearners
requiringsupport,provideeducationandsupportservicesandmaximisethe
chanceforlearnerstocompletetheircourses.Theapplicationofthetwo
Standards,therefore,generatesnumerousquestionsforRTOsintheirplanning,
providing,recordingandreportingofsupport,manyofwhichhavebeen
presentedindetailbelow.Onemajorconsiderationisrelatedtowhetherornot
RTOsarerequiredto1)documentthefullrangeofACSFandCSfWskills(and
theirlevels)intrainingandassessmentstrategydocumentsand2)identifythe
capabilitiesofeachprospectivelearnerforeachofthosesameskillsandtheir
levels,sincethefullrangeofACSFandCSfWskillsarenowembeddedwithin
unitsofcompetency.Theanswer(oranswers)tothisaspectofVETalonecan
havedramaticeffectsonstaffing,stafftraining,funding,services,reportingand
communications.Withoutclearguidance,thebreadthanddepthoffoundation
skillssupportservicesandtheircontributiontolearneroutcomesisdifficultto
determine.
Beforeintroducingpossiblequestions,however,thefollowinglist(adaptedfrom
theUsers’guidetotheStandardsforRegisteredTrainingOrganisations(RTOs)
2015,2019)providesaninferredsummaryofRTOregistrationobligationsthat
relatetofoundationskills.Note:Thislistdoesnotincludemattersrelatingto
communicationswith,costsorlimitationsforstudents,forexample,theneedto
informstudentswhenchangesoccur.
Identifyingsupport
• Developatrainingandassessmentstrategyforeachtrainingproduct
17
registeredtodeliver,identifyingparticularrequirementsalearnerwould
needtomeettoenterandcompletetheircourse
• Determinethesupportneedsofindividuallearnerspriortotheir
enrolmentorcommencement(whicheverisearliest):
o throughapre-enrolmentorpre-trainingcheck,forexample,by
requiringstudentstocompleteanAustralianCoreSkills
Framework(ACSF)testoraself-assessmentaspartofthe
enrolmentprocess
o byaligningthemwiththerequirementsoftrainingandassessment
strategies
• Developandimplementstrategiestomakesupportavailabletolearners
wheregapsareidentifiedastheylearnandprogress
Providingsupport
• Provideaccesstotheeducationalandsupportservicesnecessaryfor
learnerstomeettherequirementsoftrainingproducts,maximisingthe
chanceforlearnerstosuccessfullycompletetheirtraining
• Provideaccesstotherequiredsupportthroughouttheirtraining
• Provideequitableaccesstoallrequirededucationalandsupportservices
sothatnolearnerisdisadvantagedregardlessoftheirmodeofstudyor
location
Teachingelements
• Demonstratethroughtrainingandassessmentpracticesthatlearners
gainalltheknowledgeandskillsrelevanttotheirqualification
• Whendevelopingassessmentmaterials,usetheinformationfromtheunit
ormoduleelements,performancecriteriaandassessmentrequirements
todeterminewhatcompetencelookslike
• Employskilledtrainersandassessors:
o toensurestudentsgainallrelevantskillsandknowledge
o whosequalificationsincludeanLLNcomponent
Whilstitisimpracticalandpossiblycounter-productivetoimposeasinglesetof
definitivefoundationskillsobligationsonallRTOsacrossAustralia,considering
thevarietyofsizes,regionsandcohorts,theoverlayingoftheStandardsfor
18
RegisteredTrainingOrganisations(RTOs)2015withtheStandardsforTraining
PackagesleavesthereasonableextentofapplicationoftheStandardsopenfor
debateand,ultimately,uptotheinterpretationofindividualauditors.Itisnot
theintentionheretostatetheexactrolessupportservicesmustengageinin
ordertoreasonablyfulfilltheirregistrationrequirements,so,inanattemptto
provokethoughtanddiscussionandtohelpstakeholdersfindclarity,the
followingquestionsareasked;with‘foundationskills’herebeingdefinedasthe
fivecoreskillsoftheACSFplusthethreeclusteredskillsoftheCSfW(as
documentedinunitsofcompetencydirectedbytheStandardsforTraining
Packages).
• Doallfoundationskillsofaparticularprogram(listedinallitsunitsof
competency)needtobedocumentedintheprogram’strainingand
assessmentstrategy?
o Ifnot,whichandhowmanyofthemneedtobedocumented?
• Howcanentryandcompletionlevelsofeachoftheseskillsbeascertained?
• Dothecapabilitiesofprospectivelearnersneedtobeidentifiedinall
foundationskillslistedintherelevanttrainingandassessmentstrategy
beforetheyenroland/orcommence?
o Ifnot,whichandhowmanyskillsneedtobeassessed?
• When,whereandhowshouldthisidentificationtakeplace?
• Howreliablearetheresultsofidentification?
• Onceidentified,areRTOsobligatedtosimplyinformlearnersoftheservices
availableordevelopandimplementlearningplansforeachindividual
learneridentified?
• Oncecommenced,howcanlearnersnotidentifiedpre-traininglaterbe
identified?
• Arethereareasonableminimumand/ormaximumnumberofhoursa
learnercan/should/mustreceivesupport?
o Ifso,whatarethey?
• Isprovidingone-on-onesupportforeachidentifiedlearnerarequirement
orcanafoundationskillstrainerteachingtoaclassbethesoleformof
support?
19
• Ifidentifiedlearnersfromavarietyofcoursesareenrolledtogetherina
specificunitoffoundationskillsstudy,isthattrainingrequiredtobe
contextualisedtothecourseofeachlearner?
• Canaspecificunitoffoundationskillsstudy(withidentifiedlearners
enrolledinit)beembeddedwithinoneoftheircourse’sunitsandtaught
concurrently?
o Ifso,howdoestheRTOmanageappropriatehours,trainingand
assessmentforboththecourseandthestudyunit?
• IsanLLNunitwithintrainerqualificationsadequateforalltrainersto
identifylearnerfoundationskillsneedsandteach/assessallthespecific
foundationskillsaspectsinunitsofcompetency?
o Ifnot,whatfundingandstaffingprovisionsdoRTOsneedtoprovide
inorderforlearnerstogainalltheknowledgeandskillsrelevantto
theirqualification?
Thereare,ofcourse,manymorequestionsthatcanbeaskedinrelationto
foundationskillssupportservicesinVET,butthelistaboveismorethanenough
todemonstratetheuncertaintyinnot,firstly,definingwithconsistencywhat
foundationskillsareand,secondly,notprovidingguidanceontheextentof
requirements.Thiscreatesasignificantnumberofgreyareasthat1)create
confusionanddivergencewithinservicesandacrossproviders,2)leave
interpretationoftheadequacyofsupportservicesandtheapplicationof
Standardsinthehandsofindividualauditorsand3)jeopardisethefoundation
skillsdevelopment,careersandlivesofadultAustralians.
Callforaction
ToassistfoundationskillssupportservicesinVETfullyunderstandtheirscope
andobligationsandremoveinconsistenciesanduncertainties,thequestions
raisedabove(andothers)needtobeanswered.Thefollowingisacallforaction
that,oncecompleted,caninstilcertainty,clarityandconsistencyinVETsupport
services.
20
1. Anationaldiscussion(involvingfederalandstate/territorygovernments
andindustryprofessionals)on:
a. whetherornottheterm‘foundationskills’shouldcontinuetobe
usedinthefuture
i. Ifso,forthediscussiontoupdatethedefinitionof‘foundation
skills’andprovideasetlistofskills
ii. Ifnot,forthediscussiontoprovideanalternativetermand
listofskills
b. thescopeandpurposeofVETfoundationskillssupportservices
c. theapplicationofStandardsforVETfoundationskillssupport
services
2. Thefederalgovernmentandstate/territorygovernmentstoformalisethe
agreeduponterm,skills,scope,purposeandapplicationofStandardsin
documentedannouncements
3. Allpreviousandrelevantfederalandstate/territorygovernment
documents,suchasStandardsandguides,tobeupdatedandamendedto
includetheagreedupontermandskills.
4. Afuturedateproposedtoreviewtheagreeduponresultsof1a-c,knowing
thatterminologyandrelativeimportanceofskillschangeovertimeas
societychanges.
Aspresented,therehavebeennumerousgovernmentdocumentsalongsideand
sincethereleaseoftheNationalFoundationSkillsStrategyforAdultsin2012,yet
therehavealsobeennumerouswaystoreferto‘foundationskills’.Thislackof
commonlanguagecancreateconfusionanduncertaintyforVETprovidersand
distortionsinservices.Whilstacknowledgingthatterminologyandmeanings
changeovertime,notingoncemoreWignall’sexpression“inconstantflux”
(Wignall,2017,p.3),onesingle,commondefinitionandusageof‘foundation
skills’tobereviewedandadjustedperiodically,anditsapplicationforVET
supportservices,wouldalleviatemuchofthisuncertaintyandvariance.The
benefitsforthesesupportservicesare,however,secondary,withthebenefitsto
learnersinthestudies,theircareersandtheirlivesbeingmostimportant.
21
References
AustralianChamberofCommerceandIndustryandtheBusinessCouncilof
Australia.(2002).EmployabilitySkillsfortheFuture.Retrievedfrom
https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3A12484
AustralianSkillsQualityAuthority.(2019).Users’guidetotheStandardsfor
RegisteredTrainingOrganisations(RTOs)2015.Retrievedfrom
https://www.asqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-
01/users_guide_to_the_standards_for_registered_training_organisations_r
tos_2015_v2-2_0.pdf
AustralianSkillsQualityAuthority.(2019).Users’guidetotheStandardsforVET
AccreditedCourses.Retrievedfrom
https://www.asqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-
01/users_guide_to_the_standards_for_vet_accredited_courses.pdf
Black,S.&Yasukawa,K.(2010).TimeforNationalRenewal:Australianadult
literacyandnumeracyas‘foundationskills’.LiteracyandNumeracy
Studies:AnInternationalJournalintheEducationandTrainingofAdults,
18(2),43-57.https://doi.org/10.5130/lns.v18i2.1897
DepartmentofEducationandTraining.(n.d.)FACTSHEET:FOUNDATION
SKILLS.Retrievedfromhttps://www.myskills.gov.au/media/1777/back-
to-basics-foundation-skills.pdf
DepartmentofEducationandTraining.(2018).Futureopportunitiesforadult
learnersinVictoria:Pathwaystoparticipationandjobs–Discussionpaper.
Retrievedfrom
https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/about/programs/adult-
learners-paper.PDF
DepartmentofEducationandTraining.(2019).TheFutureofAdultCommunity
EducationinVictoria2020-25:MinisterialStatement.
https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/training/learners/learnlo
cal/Future-ACE-2020-25-Ministerial-Statement.pdf
DepartmentofEducationandTraining.(2020).SkillsFirstLiteracyandNumeracy
SupportImplementationGuide.Retrievedfrom
https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/training/providers/rto/c
22
urrlnsupportlitnum.pdf
DepartmentofEmployment,Skills,SmallandFamilyBusiness.(2019).
FoundationSkillsforYourFuture:ProgramGuidelines.Retrievedfrom
https://docs.employment.gov.au/documents/foundation-skills-your-
future-program-guidelines
DepartmentofIndustry,Innovation,ClimateChange,Science,Researchand
TertiaryEducation&DepartmentofEducation,Employmentand
WorkplaceRelations.(2013).CoreSkillsforWork.Retrievedfrom
https://docs.employment.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/1._csfw_frame
work.pdf
InnovationandBusinessSkillsAustralia.(2013).FoundationSkillsTraining
Package:ImplementationGuide.Retrievedfrom
https://vetnet.gov.au/Pages/download.aspx?url=https://vetnet.gov.au/P
ublic%20Documents/FSKv1%20Foundation%20Skills%20Implementati
on%20Guide.pdf
Joyce,S.(2019).StrengtheningSkills:ExpertofAustralia’sVocationalEducation
andTrainingSystem.Retrievedfromhttps://pmc.gov.au/resource-
centre/domestic-policy/vet-review/strengthening-skills-expert-review-
australias-vocational-education-and-training-system
McLean,P.,Oldfield,J.&Stephens,A.(2020.FoundationSkillsforYourFuture
DigitalLiteracySkillsFramework.Retrievedfrom
https://docs.employment.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/digital_literacy
_skills_framework_accessible.pdf
McLean,P.,Perkins,K.,Tout,D.,Brewer,K.,&Wyse,L.(2012).AustralianCore
SkillsFramework.Retrievedfrom
https://docs.employment.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/acsf_document
_01-05-2019.pdf
Newton,J.(2016).Foundationskillspolicycontextsandmeasuresofimpact.
Retrievedfrom
https://www.ncver.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/83151/Foundati
on-skills-policy-contexts-and-measures-of-impact.pdf
Perkins,K(2009).Adultliteracyandnumeracy:Researchandfuturestrategy.
Retrievedfrom
23
https://www.ncver.edu.au/__data/assets/file/0018/9162/adult-literacy-
and-numeracy-2162.pdf
PwC.(2019).CompanionVolumeImplementationGuideforFSKFoundationSkills
TrainingPackage.Retrievedfrom
https://vetnet.gov.au/Pages/TrainingDocs.aspx?q=f572fe10-a855-4986-
9295-3852c771f178
SkillsforVictoriaIndependentReview.(202).SkillsforVictoria’sGrowing
Economy–IssuePaper.Retrievedfromhttps://s3.ap-southeast-
2.amazonaws.com/hdp.au.prod.app.vic-
engage.files/2215/8621/6823/Issues_Paper_Skills_for_Victorias_Growin
g_Economy_accessible.pdf
StandardsforRegisteredTrainingOrganisations(RTOs)2015(Cth)
StandardsforTrainingPackages2012(Cth)
StandardsforVETAccreditedCourses2012(Cth)
StandingCouncilonTertiaryEducation,SkillsandEmployment.(2012).
NATIONALFOUNDATIONSKILLSSTRATEGYFORADULTS.Retrievedfrom
https://docs.employment.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/national-
foundation-skills-strategy-for-adults_0.pdf
StandingCouncilonTertiaryEducation,SkillsandEmployment.(2013).Scoping
afoundationskillsprofessionalstandardsframework:Consultationpaper.
Retrievedfrom
http://www.acal.edu.au/downloads/FSPSF%20Consultation%20Paper%
20200813-1.pdf
TheStateofVictoria.(2019).2018-19StandardVETFundingContract(extended
to31December2020).Retrievedfrom
https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/training/providers/rto/2
0190805_Standard_v3.pdf
VictorianRegistrationandQualificationsAuthority.(2019).GuidelinesforVET
Providers.Retrievedfrom
https://www.vrqa.vic.gov.au/VET/Pages/standards-and-guidelines-for-
training-organisations.aspx
Wignall,L.(2015).Researchtoidentifyandqualifyprofessionalpracticein
foundationskills.Retrievedfrom
24
https://rit.statedevelopment.sa.gov.au/upload/NFSS/report/pp-final-
report.pdf
WignallConsultingServices.(2017).FoundationSkillsProfessionalStandards
Framework-Finaldraftfortrialling.Retrievedfrom
https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3A80736