The American RevolutionObjectives• Students will be able to:

o Summarize the major battles of the Revolutionary War.o Explain how the military tactics of the Patriots differed from the British.o Explain how George Washington’s leadership was instrumental in the Patriot victory.o Describe the events surrounding the end of the war, the Treaty of Paris, and the challenges

that the new nation would have to face.

The Redcoats Are Out!• On April 18, 1775, British Commander in the American Colonies, General Thomas _______________,

received orders to march to ______________________, Massachusetts to confiscate a mass of ammunition and to capture rebel leaders, including: Samuel Adams and John Hancock who were hiding there

• Men such as Dr. Joseph ______________, William ________________, Paul

______________________, and Dr. Samuel Prescott were part of an early warning system made up of hundreds of Patriots to alert colonial leaders and militias of British activity

• That night, word was spread to Hancock and Adams that the “______________________!”

• The militia in Lexington was capable of assembling within a few minutes of notification, and therefore,

|became known as the ____________________

• By 1:00 a.m., 130 civilians gathered at Lexington Green to face off against the British

Lexington Green• By 2:00 a.m. on April 19, 1775 there was no sign of the Redcoats, so Captain John Parker’s Lexington

militia waited in a nearby tavern

• At 4:30 a.m. they heard the British drums and quickly assembled on Lexington Green. There in the early

morning hours, they faced off against ________________British soldiers under Lt. Col. Francis Smith

• Each side stood firm, taking aim at one another, though neither seemed eager to fight

• Then suddenly, a gunshot rang out- “the _________________________”- to this day nobody knows who fired the fateful shot that began the American Revolution

• In less than 2 minutes, 8 colonists were dead and 10 were wounded• The Patriots retreated and the British continued their march towards Concord• It took 6 weeks for the word to reach London, but when it did, it was clear that the war had begun

Concord

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• All along the march from Lexington to Concord, Patriot militia shot at the British from behind

___________________ and ____________________• Militia from as far as Western Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire fled to Boston to help

• When the British finally arrived in Concord, they found that the storehouses had been emptied before they arrived

• A skirmish broke out at _______________________ where 400 Patriots had gathered to defend against the British

• Patriot militia fired on the redcoats all along their ________________ march back to

_____________________• In the end, out of 700 men, the British recorded

o 73 deado 174 woundedo 26 missing

• The Patriots recordedo 49 deado 40 woundedo 5 missing

Challenge• Think (1 min.), Pair (1 min.), Share (2 min.)• What military tactics did the Patriots use at Lexington and Concord? Why didn’t the British

adjust to these unusual tactics?

Benedict Arnold• One officer who came to help in Massachusetts was a Connecticut man named Benedict Arnold

• He had served in the ________________________ War for the British and after the war became

wealthy as a ______________________, but he also became a bitter and arrogant man

• Arnold wanted to gain fame and _______________________for himself as a war hero for the Patriots

• Arnold convinced the Massachusetts officials to send him on a mission to capture munitions at

_____________________________ in upstate NY

British Surrender of Fort Ticonderoga

• 30-miles from Fort Ticonderoga, Benedict Arnold ran into _________________________ (another

officer from CT), who had been fighting a 5-year civil war between his _______________________

from Vermont and New York settlers over land in present-day Vermont

• Allen was on his own separate mission to Fort Ticonderoga with his 83 Green Mountain Boys

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• Assuming that he would command the joint mission Arnold gave Allen his orders from Massachusetts, but the Green Mountain Boys refused to follow Arnold so Allen took control and Arnold became second in command

• On May 10, 1775 the joint team overtook the 50 sleeping redcoats at Fort Ticonderoga without firing a

shot and controlled the _______________________ of the fort

• Ethan Allen wrote back about the takeover and never once mentioned Arnold- thus deeply wounding

and disrespecting Arnold’s ___________________________

Colonial Militias Unite in Boston• Militia from around the Colonies began to converge on Boston to help their fellow colonists against the

British

• At the same time the Second Continental ______________________ met in ______________________

to discuss war and the formation of a Continental ___________________

• The rag tag group that assembled in Boston were hardly a military force

• They were mostly __________________, not trained ____________________. They had little military

experience and were poorly supplied but their mission to support Boston was one of ________________

and ______________________

The Triumvirate of Reputation• Outraged with the rebellion and what had happened at Lexington & Concord, England removed the

General Gage from command and replaced him with three of the best and the brightest generals in England:

o General Henry ________________________• American-born, competent, but socially awkward

o General John _________________________• Conceited and ambitious

o General William ________________• Experienced officer who fought alongside the Colonists in the French & Indian War• Ironically, he fundamentally disagreed with war against the Colonists

Bunker Hill & Breed’s Hill• Since Lexington & Concord, the Colonists had surrounded and begun a ____________________of

Boston

• On June 16, 1775 Patriot spies learned that the British planned to take the high ground on Bunker Hill (overlooking Boston)

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• All night the Colonial militia under Col. William Prescott dug in on ____________________ and

nearby ___________________, preparing trenches and defenses against a British attack

• In the morning, British General William Howe ordered his men to affix their __________________ and

to ______________________ up the hill

• The British climbed and retreated twice as the Colonial militia held them off. On the third time, the

Patriots ran out of ___________________________

• The British took Breed’s Hill and won the battle, but at a very high cost in ___________________o British: 1,000 out of 2,300 were dead or woundedo Patriots: 271 out of 1,600 were dead

• Patriots gained a great deal of confidence from the battle despite their loss

Challenge• Think (1 min.), Pair (1 min.), Share (2min)• After the Battle of Bunker Hill, was there any turning back? How could New England convince

the other colonies to join in the cause when there were different feelings about the British across the American colonies?

The Second Continental Congress• With the conflict in Massachusetts, the Second Continental Congress was called to meet in the

Philadelphia Statehouse (_____________________Hall)

• To date, Congress had not allowed any ________________________ action against the British but the rebellion had forced them to discuss war

• Congress created the Continental Army and unanimously made ______________________ its Commander

o Being a wealthy Virginian planter (a non-New Englander) and an experienced officer made him the obvious choice to unite all of the Colonies

The Continental Army• In the summer of 1775, Washington headed for ___________________, Massachusetts

• What he found when he arrived was a rag tag force of ______________________, filthy, and poorly equipped

• Washington had to begin from scratch

o _________________tasks

o _________________

• Washington called for more guns and ammunition but his requests were not met

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• To make matters worse, most men were enlisted for ____________________, so as soon as they were well-trained, their time in the army was up

The Olive Branch Petition• In the days following the Battle of Bunker Hill the Congress decided to send one more offer of peace to

King George, III, which became known as the ______________________ Petition• The Petition called for American autonomy within the British Empire

o Because the message would take months to get to England and back, Washington began to prepare for full war despite the Petition

• On October 26, 1775, King George, III flatly rejected the Olive Branch Petition and called for a

________________________ solution

• The king also sent thousands of additional troops to Boston to reinforce General William

_____________________who became the commander of the British in the Colonies after Gage returned to England

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation• The Southern delegates of the Congress grew concerned with one group of soldiers- _______________

• They urged Washington not to arm blacks. In the end Washington agreed despite having

_____________________, his personal slave and friend, beside him everywhere he went

• As the Continental Congress outlawed black soldiers- the British welcomed them

• The royal governor of Virginia, _________________________ issued a proclamation that any blacks

that joined the British army would gain their ______________________ after the war

• Thousands of slaves fled their plantations and headed to the British lineso In Virginia: 30,000 slaves left their owners

Challenge• Mini-Debate: Think (1 min.), Debate (3 min.)• Was the Patriot position (not to arm black slaves) a missed opportunity for the Patriots and a

clear advantage for the British? Explain.

Dorchester Heights & Evacuation

• The winter of 1775 was crippling to the Patriots who had little _______________, money,

_____________, or _____________________

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• On January 25, 1776, ____________________ returned to Cambridge with __________________ and

____________________ from Fort Ticonderoga

• Impressed, Washington made Knox the commander of artillery

• With the cannons from Ticonderoga , Washington decided to take the high ground above Boston at

___________________________________

• On March 4, 1776, as a decoy he ordered his men to fire on the British from Cobble Hill, Lechmere, and Roxbury as he hauled the cannons up to Dorchester Heights

• On March 5, 1776 (6th anniversary of the Boston Massacre) the British awoke to 20 cannons aimed at

them- the decision was made by the British to ______________________ Boston

• By March 17, 1776, 120 ships with 9,000 redcoats and 2,000 loyalists left Boston

The Battle of Quebec• On November 13, 1775, Patriot General Richard _____________________captured the city of

___________________ and planned to march to the capital of __________________, a British stronghold in Canada

• Whoever controlled Quebec City, controlled the __________________ River, and all of

___________________

• British General Guy _________________________prepared for the defense of Quebec City immediately after fleeing from Montreal

• General Montgomery marched from Montreal and General Benedict Arnold marched from Massachusetts to come together and attack Quebec City

• As the battle began it became obvious that due to the frozen ground and lack of heavy artillery, the Patriots did not stand a chance

• British suffered few casualties but the Americans lost General Montgomery and 400 soldiers were taken prisoner (including hard fighting Daniel Morgan). Benedict Arnold was also wounded in the battle.

The Empire Strikes Back• In April, 1776 the Continental Army marched to _____________________ as the British began

returning with a large armada- there Washington set up his headquarters

• Washington knew that without a _______________________, defending New York against the world’s strongest naval force would be virtually impossible

• The British sent _____________________ warships and _________________ troops to New York City in an attempt to quickly end the rebellion

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• The British plan was to take the ___________________ River, and thereby, __________________ New England from Philadelphia and the other colonies

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“Common Sense”• In December, 1775, Thomas _____________________wrote his pamphlet, “________________”

which called for American _______________________ from England• Over 100,000 pamphlets were sold in 1776 alone, and word of “Common Sense” spread rapidly

throughout the Colonies

• The public began discussing and debating independence

• The public discussion now clearly divided colonists

o _______________- remained loyal to the king

o _________________- favored the rebellion and a break from England

• _______________________ into the Continental Army exploded after “Common Sense” though Washington would have his work cut out for him in training the new recruits

Debate in Congress• With the Patriot victory and British evacuation of Boston, many people in Congress believed the time

had come to declare independence from England

• ______________________ of Virginia called for independence

• Congress debated the issue and voted to declare independence

• ___________________________ was called upon to draft the Declaration of Independence o Jefferson was a slave holder but knew that slavery was wrongo He knew that every word in the declaration was critical and radical but the question remained-

who was to be a free American? Who was to be “in” and who was “out”?o Would they fight a war over guaranteed rights yet allow slavery to remain?

The Declaration of Independence• On July 1, 1776 after several drafts, Thomas Jefferson delivered the Declaration of Independence to

Congress• Congress tore it apart and Jefferson sat there fuming at their “butchery” of his document

o Took out 89 different thingso Took out anything relating to slavery

• Congress knew that slavery was wrong but did not know how to deal with it. If it was removed, half of the colonies probably would have left

• On July 2, 1776 the Declaration was put to a vote and passed- _______________________ announced that forever July 2, 1776 would be a day of celebration- he was off by 2 days as the final changes were finally completed on July 4, 1776

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• Copies of the Declaration of Independence were set to print and spread throughout the Colonies.

• Those who signed the Declaration knew that they had committed _____________________ and would

be ____________________________ if the revolution failed

• In New York, a statue of King George was torn down and the lead melted to make

___________________ musket balls

Challenge• Think (1 min.), Pair (1 min.), Share (2 min.)• Should the Second Continental Congress have ended slavery at the time of the Declaration of

Independence? Why or why not.

Preparations in New York• Throughout the early summer months of 1776, the Continental Army dug in on the bluffs of

________________________overlooking New York Harbor and waited

• Every day the British brought more troops into their base at ___________________ but they didn’t attack

• Washington was dumbfounded as to why the British were not attacking

• Then in early July, Washington released a secret weapon, the first combat submarine, called the |“_________________”

• The Turtle was a one-man sub that snuck up to an enemy ship, drilled into the side of the boat, and attached an explosive

• The Turtle failed at its only mission and was spotted by the British- in its retreat, it sent a tower of water into the air but made no damage to any British ships

The Battle of New York• On July 12, 1776 at 3:00 p.m. the British began firing their cannons and began a barrage of gunfire• Citizens of New York and the Continental Army froze with fear• Then just as suddenly as they started, the British stopped

• General Howe sent a message to General Washington to discuss ___________________, but because he failed to properly address Washington as the Commander of the Continental Army, Washington never read it

• In late August, 15,000 British marched towards the Patriots in a frontal assault

• The two sides faced off in massive _______________ about __________________ apart (European-style)

• The Americans struggled in open field and forest skirmishes around New York, little did they know

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they were actually fighting a _____________- the bulk of Howe’s army was attempting to

____________________them

• The rebels retreated and staggered back to Brooklyn Heights – they were now surrounded

The Foggy Escape• In a state of panic, Washington ordered a dangerous nighttime retreat across a narrow slip of water

separating the Patriots at Brooklyn Heights and Manhattan• As luck would have it, an eerie dense ____________________ rolled in that night, blanketing the area,

making ____________________

nearly non-existent, and hiding the Patriots as they made their way across the water into

_________________________

• The next morning as the British stormed into the Patriot camp, they found it empty• This failure of the British to end the war in 1776 was a critical error

• At the same time, it was clear to Washington that he had to abandon ___________________ if the Continental Army was to live to fight another day

Defeat at Fort Washington• By September 1776, the Patriots abandoned New York City

• Only one outpost remained in Patriot hands, __________________ but Washington’s inner circle of

generals advised him to ___________________ the fort and order his 3,000 men to retreat

• One of Washington’s most trusted advisers, _________________ disagreed. He believed the fort could be saved and convinced Washington not to abandon it- he was wrong

• Within a few hours, Fort Washington fell to the British and ___________________and the Patriots were forced to lay down their arms

• When the smoke cleared both sides were surprised to see a woman manning one of the Patriot cannons-

it was ____________________ who took over after her husband was killed (the British sent her home)

Challenge• Think (1 min.), Pair (1 min.), Share (2 min.)• Washington’s army was very weak early in the war. The Continental Army was embarrassed at

New York and Washington did not listen to his advisers about abandoning Fort Washington. In fact, many people considered removing Washington as commander of the army.

1. Were his shortcomings and mistakes understandable or not?2. Were there other factors that caused the Continental Army to struggle?3. Why was Washington’s army so badly supplied and trained?

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The Hessians• Along with 8,000 redcoats, the British used thousands of Hessian soldiers in New York and New Jersey

• Hessians were highly trained _____________________soldiers from an area of Germany, hired by the British to supplement their forces in the Colonies

• Hessians were known for their distinctive oval metallic hats, bright uniforms, and mustaches• They were often forced into military service and were made up of men from the lowest classes of

German society

• They were also known for their ___________________, pillaging, and assaults on American civiliansPrisoners of War• In November of 1776, Washington retreated into __________________ in order to regroup and wait out

the winter

• At the same time dozens of Patriot prisoners of war died every day on British prisoner of war

______________________docked in New York Harbor

• The British were not prepared to take so many prisoners so they used abandoned buildings, Sugar Houses, and decommissioned warships as jails for captured rebels

• The prisoners received terrible treatment; _______________ and ___________________were

everywhere; and the British treated the rebels as __________________, essentially leaving them to rot on board

• Most of those who died as prisoners of war were buried in shallow graves on the beaches of

______________________ or in the ocean

Questions of Leadership

• Throughout the war Washington’s ___________________ and ______________________ was constantly questioned

• This was especially true after terrible defeats, as supplies grew scarce, food, munitions, and clothes failed to arrive, and soldiers abandoned the army

• Even Washington’s own generals, such as General ___________________, generated plans to force Washington out of his command

• General Lee and Joseph __________________exchanged letters about Lee’s plan to convince the Congress to remove Washington and give Lee the title of Commander

o Washington intercepted the letter but elected to do nothing about it

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o He knew his power was dwindling after the loss of New York and that he needed a

_____________________ badlyo Ironically around the same time, General Lee was captured at a tavern by a British scouting

brigade- this event could have saved Washington’s job

The Winter of 1776 An American Low Point

• The winter of 1776 was a trying time for the Patriots who lacked ________________,

_______________, and ___________________

• At the same time, the British and Hessians occupied New Jersey. When the local population refused to

provide the Hessians with supplies they simply took what they wanted and ______________the citizens

• This provided the perfect opportunity for ______________________ against the British• Patriots and loyalists fought in the streets of every major city• With support dwindling and troops deserting, Thomas Paine (who had traveled with Washington’s army

as a war correspondent), took action

“American Crisis”• Washington knew that the British planned to take ____________________ in the spring of 1777

• His plan was to defend the city (the location of _______________________) but confidence in Washington was so low following the loss of New York, few colonists believed he could do so

• About the same time that people were fleeing from Philadelphia in fear of a British attack, Thomas

Paine went into the city to print his new pamphlet, “______________________”

• Paine revived the passion of the movement and explained that “these are the _______________that try

men’s __________________”

• His book was read to the troops and spread through the nation like wildfire- _________________was restored yet again but Washington still knew that he needed a victory to rally his men

The Battle of Trenton• Howe positioned Hessian regiments along the _______________ River for the winter- but the troops

were spread thin. Washington knew that a surprise attack could greatly boost morale

• On ____________________, 1776 Washington took his 5,000 troops and crossed the Delaware River

under cover of night and by 5:00 a.m. all of his men began marching towards ____________________

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• The Hessian commander Colonel Johann ___________________was awaiting reinforcements under Dunlop but they never came

• The Patriots caught the Hessians off guard and unprepared. The Hessians fought bravely but it was too little, too late as the battle only lasted only about one hour before the Hessians surrendered.

• Rall was killed and Washington had a much needed offensive victory

• His new strategy was not to win every battle, but to _________________ the enemy, make

______________________, and ____________________before losing too many men• On December 31, 1776 when his men were about to leave to go home, Washington offered them a

$___________ (one month’s salary) to stay and fight for him, one by one most of his men reenlisted as they had a new confidence in their general and more money

Challenge• Think (1 min.), Pair (1 min.), Share (2 min.)• It has often been said that “the pen is mightier than the sword.” On New Year’s Eve 1776 was this

true? What saved the Continental Army, or was it a combination of things? Explain.

The French• Throughout 1776, Benjamin Franklin was in France. Few people in Paris knew why he was there, but

they loved him. They not only loved the idea of the American __________________ (France had

extreme wealth and extreme poverty), but they also loved his __________________

and ________________

• Ultimately Franklin was looking to get the support of the French in the American Revolution

• France, and specifically the Comt. de __________________ (who hated England) had been secretly

giving ____________, uniforms, __________________, and _________________, to the Americans,

but they wanted money, troops, and France’s _________________

The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga

• By June 1777, General John ___________________had returned. The plan was to divide the colonies by taking the Hudson River. Burgoyne would march south from Montreal to New York City to meet up

with General Howe but along the way he was to take back Fort _____________________

• Burgoyne and 8,000 redcoats faced off against 2,500 Patriots. Skirmishing occurred around the fort

• Burgoyne had his men bring several large cannons to Mount __________________overlooking the fort, which forced the Patriots to surrender Ticonderoga without a fight

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• Burgoyne left 1,000 men to defend the fort while 7,000 followed the retreating Patriots south along the

Hudson River towards __________________

Brandywine Creek• Although the British plan was for Howe to reinforce Burgoyne, Howe couldn’t pass up the opportunity

to capture _____________________. He had his 13,000 redcoats board 260 ships and set sail for

Philadelphia, thereby ______________________ Burgoyne in upstate New York and abandoning the plan to take the Hudson River

• Washington heard about the British movement towards Philadelphia and positioned his forces on the

banks of ____________________ Creek• On September 11, 1777 a bloody battle raged, but by 4:00 p.m., the Continental Army began to break.

Once again the Patriots were fighting only half of the British troops while the other half was attempting

to _____________________ them

• The Patriots retreated. and gave up Philadelphia to the British

• It was also at Brandywine Creek when a British officer had the opportunity to _________________

Washington but did not shot him as it was ___________________ to shoot officers

The Battle of Freeman’s Farm• British General Burgoyne had no idea that General Howe had abandoned him or the plan to take the

Hudson River. He and 500 natives of the ___________________ Confederacy marched towards New York City

• Most natives were unable to _________________ the war, but chose sides based on what each could offer

• Burgoyne issued a proclamation to the people to surrender or else the natives would attack. In one

instance the natives scalped a girl named Jane __________________. This was yet another opportunity

for ___________________ against the British

• Patriot General ________________, joined by Daniel _________________riflemen drew the British

towards ___________________

• Morgan fought using ____________________ warfare and picked off every British

_________________except for 1 and 600 Regulars at Freeman’s Farm. The British now learned Washington’s dangerous new fighting tactic.

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The Battle of Saratoga• Patriot generals Horatio ________________ and Benedict _____________________ met to discuss war

plans over dinner- but an argument broke out between the men

• Although British General Burgoyne discovered that Howe would not be reinforcing him- he faced off against the Patriots at Saratoga anyways

• The next day at the battle, Arnold knew the Patriots would lose without him so he disobeyed orders, led

a ____________________, and organized ____________________. He ordered one of those snipers to

shoot British Officer __________________________. Upon his death the British were disorganized and fell apart

• Once again, Benedict Arnold was ___________________. Horatio Gates took all of the credit for the victory at Saratoga despite the actions of the true hero Benedict Arnold

• Horatio Gates was yet another officer looking for Washington’s job

• After a 7-month campaign, General Burgoyne surrendered his 6,000 men. Those in England blamed

Howe for abandoning him and the victory solidified __________________ support of the Americans

Challenge• Think (1 min.), Pair (1 min.), Share (2 min.)• Why was the Battle of Saratoga the turning point in the Revolutionary War?

o It was a terrible failure for the British (who abandoned their divide and conquer strategyo It was a decisive win for the Patriots and brilliant military move by Benedict Arnoldo It was the news that France needed in order to agree to join the war against England

Valley Forge• After the loss of __________________, Washington’s Continental Army set up camp for the winter 23

miles north of Philadelphia at __________________, Pennsylvania

• The winter turned out to be a bad winter and supplies and morale were low. There were also those who wanted Horatio Gates to head the Patriot forces instead of Washington

• At Valley Forge 2,500 men died of ________________, __________________, and

___________________

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• At the same time Frederick Wilhelm Augustus Heinrich Ferdinand Baron __________________ arrived

o __________________ officer and knight who trained the 100 Continental Officers in European drills (they would in turn train men)

• Nathaniel __________________ led foraging parties for supplies and took much from the locals by force on IOU

• Despite the bitter cold these men gave a little hope to the Patriots

John Paul Jones

• In April of 1778, the American merchant ship, the ___________________, under the command of 31-

year old, Scottish-born sailor ___________________, _______________ English coastal villages,

______________________ British ships, and ___________________ merchant ships

• Jones had left Europe for a new beginning in America and was now attempting to wear down the English desire to fight the war

• Jones was known as a __________________ in England but a ___________________ in America• In one expedition, Jones attacked the British warship, the ________________. After an hour, the Drake

surrendered. Jones quickly boarded his new prize and fled to France with the British following in the ship he later named the Bon Homme Richard

British Retreat to New York

• After hearing about the victory at ________________, Benjamin Franklin convinced King

__________________ of France to support the Americans

• Upon hearing of the new alliance, the British decided to abandon Philadelphia and move the bulk of

their forces to ___________________ in order to defend against a French naval attack

• On June 20, 1778 the British began their march from Mount Holly to New York City and Washington wanted a fight

Battle of Monmouth Courthouse• On June 28, 1778, Washington ordered newly released General Charles Lee to march 5,000 men to

attack the rear of the British lines as they marched towards New York City and Washington and 7,000 troops would wait behind to fight if the British responded

• Lee did not attack, but instead retreated- partly due to the 104 degree day (which exhausted and

dehydrated the men). He was later court-martialed for his __________________________

• Furious, Washington rode his horse ahead of his troops and led an attack

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• 20,000 soldiers fought an intense battle but ____________________was the biggest killer

• To help the men Mary Hayes McCauley, later named ______________________, brought water to the dehydrated Patriots on the battlefield

• In the end, the battle was a ________________ but the Americans gained confidence that they could hold their own against the British

Benedict Arnold• After being injured at the Battle of Saratoga, George Washington appointed Benedict Arnold the

military _____________________of Philadelphia

• After the British left it was clear that the people of Philadelphia were ________________,

_______________, and regularly engaged in violent ____________________

• As military governor, Arnold _______________ stores to take an inventory of goods in order to supply the military

• This angered the elected governor of Pennsylvania Joseph ____________________, who believed that he should have control

• Reed accused Arnold of abuse of ______________________ by closing the stores for his own benefit

• Arnold went before the _____________________, which cleared him of these charges, but secretly Reed gave Washington an ultimatum to either try Arnold or Pennsylvania would withdraw its troops from the army

• Hoping this would blow over quickly Washington publicly _______________ Arnold

• Washington actually had Arnold in mind for a new field post as one of his top generals• Unaware of the ultimatum, Arnold was crushed

Betrayal & Treason• The public criticism by Washington, the disrespect from Ethan Allen, and the slight to his honor by

Horatio Gates had all sent Benedict Arnold over the edge

• Arnold contacted the British head of intelligence ___________________ and made a deal

o Arnold would give ________________ about the Continental Army and

____________________Fort Arnold (___________________) to the British

o The British would give Arnold ______________ pounds and the ______________of Brigadier General

• John Andre was caught by the Patriots, taken prisoner, and hanged just before Arnold was able to put the

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plan into effect. Washington learned about Arnold’s __________________

• Benedict Arnold was able to escape to the British camp and served out the rest of the war as a Brigadier General in the British army

The Winter of 1780• The winter of 1779-1780 was the worst in recorded history. There were 26 _________________, 6

_____________________, and only 2 days above ____________________

• The Patriots were camped in ____________________, New Jersey, only 30 miles west of New York City

• The British unveiled a new war strategy- the ___________________ strategy- to bring the war that had

cost it 160 million pounds closer to an end. It hoped to gain a foothold in the wealthy south where there

were more _____________________ and more ___________________

• The new commander of the British forces was General Sir Henry _________________

Charleston, South Carolina• On December 26, 1779 British General Sir Henry Clinton received his orders to take

________________. He loaded 100 ships and 8,700 men in New York City and left for Charleston• George Washington learned the British plan but could do nothing to stop them as they were buried in

______________________in Morristown

• The defense of Charleston would be left to a Massachusetts farmer named Benjamin

______________________

• Lincoln asked South Carolina’s governor for more troops or even slaves to defend the city but to no avail

• Lincoln attempted to ready the city with earthen walls, trenches, and obstacles but these would be

useless without additional _____________________

• Clinton arrived 20-miles from Charleston on February 11, 1780 and began to build parallel circles

around the city to carry out a __________________. Each day the circles would tighten around the city

like a noose. From February until May Lincoln maintained control but on May 12, 1780 Lincoln had no

choice but to _________________ Charleston and his 5,000 men to the British

Slaughter at Waxhaw18

• The capture of Charleston was a devastating blow to the Patriots

• As 300 Patriots were fleeing from Charleston under Colonel Abraham __________________ a British

officer Banastre _______________ and his cavalry caught up with them

• Fighting lasted only a short time before the Americans flew the __________________ flag in surrender. Despite this, Tarleton butchered the surrendering Colonials

• For this crime Tarleton was merely reprimanded but the incident became the subject of propaganda and

known as the “________________________”

• After Charleston the British gave the colonists a final ultimatum- pledge allegiance to the king or be considered a rebel, but this backfired and pushed neutral colonists into rebellion against the British

The Battle of Camden• As the British began to focus their attention into the wild southern ________________________,

resistance grew deeper

• Sir Henry Clinton returned to New York City and left General Charles ____________________ in command of the south

• In July 1780, Horatio Gates took command of the southern branch of the Continental Army and faced

off against Cornwallis at ___________________, New Jersey (5,000 British vs. 3,000 Patriots)• Unfortunately for Gates, he made a tactical error facing his weakest militia off against the strongest

British regiment. The militia quickly lost and Gates, along with his men, fled for their lives

• It was said that Gates cowardly rode his horse as fast as he could for _________________miles without

stopping, destroying his ________________

Battle of Cowpens, S.C.

• After the cowardly retreat of Gates, Nathaniel _________________ was sent to lead the southern forces

• Greene quickly learned that Cornwallis was on the march. Greene ___________________ his forces

o Half marched under Patriot legend Daniel _____________________ and lead the British on a wild goose chase through the backcountry

o Half remained with ________________- a quicker and lighter regiment to outrun the British

• The British responded by dividing its forces• On January 17, 1781 Daniel Morgan faced off against Banastre Tarleton and his men• Morgan placed his lesser-trained militia in the front and ordered them to fire two volleys and then fall

back, when the British charged, his well-trained regular army would attack

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• The plan worked perfectly and within an hour, Tarleton’s men surrendered. This time Tarleton cowardly rode off as fast as he could

Money Issues

• One of the major problems the Continental Army faced was a lack of _________________

• Though ________________and ________________ had been supporting the American cause, the

Continental Congress did not have the right to ___________the people, and therefore, could not raise the money needed for war

• On January 1, 1781 the Continental soldiers at Morristown had reached their limit. 200 New Jersey militiamen began to rebel. Washington quickly stopped them and ordered the six ringleaders executed

by _________________. The firing squad consisted of their closest friends

• At the same time, Benjamin Franklin continued to beg King Louis, XVI for more money despite the fact he already gave over $100 million towards the war

• In March 1781, Admiral François Joseph Paul Comt. _________________ readied his ship the Ville de

Paris with cargo headed for the ________________. After unloading there, he was to head to America with his fleet of ships

Challenge• Think (1 min.), Pair (1 min.), Share (2 min.)• What was the reason for the American money issues? What were their strategies for solving the

problem?

Battle of Guilford Courthouse

• British General Cornwallis was obsessed with following General Greene throughout the southern backcountry. Greene’s goal was to wear Cornwallis out without getting into a major

________________________

• Cornwallis realized that his troops were carrying too many supplies and ordered a large

______________________ to burn the unnecessary supplies

• On February 22, 1781 it was clear that the two would face off in battle. Greene positioned his men on favorable territory across the Dan River into North Carolina and prepared for battle

• The two fought in a bloody melee in close quarters and in _____________________ combat.

• To gain the upper hand, Cornwallis had his men fire a _____________________ into the chaos, killing as many of his own men as the Patriots

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• The Patriots retreated and Cornwallis won the skirmish but it proved nothing. More than anything is showed that months of chasing Greene through terrible terrain was a waste

The Convergence at Yorktown

• In 1781 British General Henry Clinton ordered General Cornwallis to set up a base in the southern coast

at ___________________, Virginia

• In July, 1781 French Admiral de Grasse left the Caribbean during hurricane season and headed for

Yorktown. It was the ___________________ who wanted to strike the British at Yorktown and Washington agreed

• Washington marched his Continental Army with every cannon, gun, and man, as well as 5,000 French

ground troops under the Marquis de _______________________to Yorktown as well

• Cornwallis frequently wrote to General Clinton seeking reinforcements and supplies, but Clinton would not respond quickly enough

Yorktown: The End Game

• On September 5, 1781 Admiral de Grasse took on and defeated the British navy in the Chesapeake Bay. The battle took 4 days but by the end, the French controlled the waters around Yorktown

• One by one Cornwallis’s escape routes were blocked

o The French controlled the _________________ River

o Washington took the _________________

o French ground troops took the __________________ and ________________

• On October 6, 1781 a combined French-American force of _________________ began a

__________________ of Yorktown

• On October 19, 1781 the British ________________ at Yorktown. 7,000 redcoats laid down their weapons

• Washington and Cornwallis met on October 27

The Surrender of Yorktown

• On November 19, 1781 in France, Benjamin ________________ learned about the surrender at Yorktown

• King George, III did not plan to give up, but 6 months after Yorktown, Parliament voted to end the war

• Sir Guy ___________________ to oversee the end of the war

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• Washington and his men also remained alert to oversee the ___________________ and

_________________ evacuation• In April 1782 peace negotiations began in Paris (Franklin, Adams, and Jay)• Adams and Jay infuriated the French but Franklin was there to smooth things over

Treaty of Paris

• A preliminary peace treaty was reached on November 30, 1782

o ___________________ the United States of America

o American fishing rights off of __________________

o Western Boundary along the ___________________ River but England and the United States would have navigation and fishing rights

o The treaty completely left out _________________ and __________________

• In the fall of 1783, the official ______________________ was signed and one by one, the nations of Europe recognized American independence

• By November 1783, the last of the British, most of the loyalists, and freed slaves left the United States

(many of the former slaves were brought to _________________ as freedmen or to the West

_________________ as slaves)

• On December 23, 1783 Washington gave his _____________________ address to the Congress-

____________________ from all future public service- and returning home to Mount Vernon

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