Upload
others
View
11
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
AMBIGUITY AND TREE STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES
IN HOME MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yohana Christanty Golu Ritan
Student Number: 12 12 14 093
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNVIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
i
AMBIGUITY AND TREE STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES
IN HOME MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yohana Christanty Golu Ritan
Student Number: 12 12 14 093
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNVIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iv
I was stupid and uncomprehending, a clumsy animal in your presence.
Even so, I stayed in your presence, you grasped me by the right hand;
you will guide with advice, and will draw me in the wake of your glory.
Psalm 73: 22-24
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vii
ABSTRACT
Ritan, Yohana Christanty Golu. (2018). Ambiguity and Tree Structure of
Sentences in Home Movie. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Ambiguity and structure tree may be completely different phenomena, but
they relate to each other by their umbrella topics; semantic and syntax. Through
this research, it is expected that English language users are aware of their mistakes
which could lead to misunderstanding and grammatical errors. The movie chosen
to be analyzed in this research is Home movie. It was chosen because the alien
characters frequently produced ambiguous sentences. Therefore, the research
questions of this research are formulated as (1) “What ambiguous sentences are
identified in Home movie?” and (2) “What are the tree structure of the ambiguous
sentences in Home movie?”.
This research is a discourse analysis. The data was taken from Home
movie transcript. The ambiguous sentences were listed, and then got analyzed one
by one. The tree structure for each sentence was also provided and the diagram
may vary one with another.
To answer the first research question, the researcher found that ambiguous
sentences occur because a sentence has nonsensical meaning, or multiple
meanings from a single sentence, and sentences with contradictory facts. In
addition, lexical ambiguity is the most common mistake. To answer the second
research question, the researcher figured out that more than half of the sentences
are grammatically correct and obtain the complete tree diagram, despite of being
semantically ambiguous or having multiple meanings. The rest of the sentences
are grammatically incorrect and have diagrams with unoccupied node where the
sentence has one or more missing labels.
Keywords: ambiguity, structure tree, Home movie
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
viii
ABSTRAK
Ritan, Yohana Christanty Golu. (2018). Ambiguity and Tree Structure of
Sentences in Home Movie. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Ambiguitas (kedwiartian) dan pohon struktur adalah fenomena yang sama
sekali berbeda, tetapi mereka saling berhubungan berkat topik utama yang
memayungi mereka, yaitu semantik dan sintaksis. Melalui penelitian ini,
pengguna bahasa Inggris diharapkan sadar akan kesalahan mereka yang dapat
mengakibatkan kesalahpahaman dan kesalahan tata bahasa. Film yang akan
dianalisis adalah film Home. Film ini dipilih karena karakter aliennya yang
sering mengucapkan kalimat-kalimat ambigu. Oleh sebab itu, pertanyaan
penelitian ini dirumuskan menjadi (1) “Apa saja kalimat-kalimat ambigu yang
ditemukan dalam film Home?” dan (2) “Apa saja pohon struktur dari kalimat-
kalimat ambigu dalam film Home?”
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan discourse analysis. Data
penelitian diambil dari transkrip film Home. Kalimat-kalimat ambigu kemudian
didaftarkan dan dianalisis satu per satu. Pohon struktur untuk masing-masing
kalimat juga disediakan dan diagramnya dapat berbeda antara satu kalimat
dengan yang lain.
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama, peneliti menemukan bahwa kalimat
ambigu muncul karena sebuah kalimat memiliki arti yang tidak masuk akal, atau
memiliki lebih dari satu arti, dan kalimat yang kontradiktif. Selain itu, ambiguitas
leksikal adalah kesalahan yang paling umum. Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah
yang ke-2, peneliti menemukan bahwa sebagian besar kalimat yang dianalisis
sudah mengikuti aturan tata bahasa yang benar dan memiliki pohon kalimat yang
lengkap, tanpa memperhatikan apakah kalimat-kalimat tersebut benar atau tidak
menurut sudut pandang semantik. Kalimat-kalimat yang salah memiliki diagram
dengan cabang yang tidak berlabel.
Kata kunci: ambiguity, tree structure, Home movie
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ
for His endless blessing upon me; for the good health and wellbeing, so I am able
to complete this thesis. I wish to express my sincere gratefulness to my advisor
Bapak Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. for his valuable guidance, immense
knowledge, and all written suggestions that are very helpful for my thesis
completion. My earnest gratefulness also addressed to Ibu Yohana Veniranda,
S.Pd., M.Hum., M.A., Ph.D. for giving me chances to finish my thesis.
I would like to express my genuine grateful feeling towards my beloved
parents, Bapa Aloysius Deka Harut Ritan and Ema Raimunda Rusmala
Sigalingging, my precious brother Dede Bie, my dearest best friends Mega
Mukin and Maris Wuwur for their countless affection, prayer, sacrifice, and
support for me. Thank you for always reminding me where home is and the place
I belong to. Likewise, I would like to thank Opung Boru and Opung Doli, Nene
Golu, Tulang Syeba and Nangtulang Syeba, Tua Eva, all of my Tante and
Uda, and all of my cousins especially Kak Eva, Bang Abet, Dek Agus, Dek
Lisa, Dek Dani, Dek Ulan, Dek Shella, and Dek Mitha for always checking my
condition and talking about graduation all the time that trigger me to work like
crazy to finish my thesis. Additionally, I am also grateful to have Opin Royal
Metrock, Mita Sitanggang, Vani Ritan, Fensi Daton, Tata Indy, and Tata
Metil for giving me the necessary direct support.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
x
I will never forget my college experience with the most awesome and silly
classmates, Pinguin Kejim for helping this Larantuka girl curing her homesick
and getting used to the humble Yogyakarta. I also would like to express my very
special thanks to Octa for lending me a hand since EWD until the very end and
becoming a great partner in crime, to Rere for completing the duo me and Octa
into a more colorful trio, and to Eda Tami for being the shoulder-to-cry during
the hard time. Then, I also want to express my thankfulness to Dwi, Tiara,
Shinta, and Dara for welcoming me warmly when I got nowhere to go.
Besides all people I mentioned above, I would like to give my
wholehearted thankfulness to all people whom I could not mention for their
contributions during this thesis writing process. Hopefully this thesis will be
beneficial for many people.
Last but not least, I would like to give myself a round big applause for
being persevere till the end and finishing this thesis, for winning the long
bloodless battle against the bad me. It feels so good to win a battle, but there will
always another battle to fight. Even then, hopefully the battles can be won over.
Fighting!
Yohana Christanty Golu Ritan
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………i
APPROVAL PAGE....…………………………………………………………….ii
MOTTO…………………………………………………………………………..iii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY……………………………….…..iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI……………………………….……v
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………....vi
ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………….…..vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………..viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….………x
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………...……..xii
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………..…xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX…………………………………………………………..xvii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….1
A. Research Background………………………………………………………......1
B. Research Questions…………………………………………………………….5
C. Problem Limitation……………………………………………………………..5
D. Research Objectives……………………………………………………………6
E. Research Benefits………………………………………………………………6
F. Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………….7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………..9
A. Theoretical Description………………………………………………………...9
1. Concept of Meaning………………………………………………………..9
2. Concept of Semantic………………………………………………………11
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xii
3. Kinds of Ambiguity……………………………………………………….15
4. Grammar…………………………………………………………………..16
5. Syntactic Categories and Rules…………………………………………...18
B. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………33
A. Research Method……………………………………………………………...33
B. Data Source…………………………………………………………………...34
C. Research Instruments And Data Gathering Technique……………………….35
D. Data Analysis Technique……………………………………………………...38
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………..39
A. The Analysis of Ambiguity Occurs in Home Movie………………………….39
B. The Structure Tree of the Ambiguous Sentences……………………………..53
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND
RECOMMEDATIONS…………………………………………………………..68
A. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………...68
B. Implications…………………………………………………………………...69
C. Recommendations…………………………………………………………….70
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………..72
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………...….73
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Tense differences between English Language
and Indonesian Language………...…...…………………………….....…16
3.1 The List of Some Ambiguous Sentences
Found in Home Movie………………..……………….………………….35
3.2 Without It, He was Alonely and Would
Someday be Extinctly…………………………………………………….36
3.3 I am Overheated with Shame…..………………………………………...36
4.1 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 1…………………………………40
4.2 Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 2………………………………40
4.3 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 3…………………………………41
4.4 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 4…………………………………42
4.5 Contradiction Found in Sentence 5………………………………………43
4.6 Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 6………………………………44
4.7 Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 7………………………………44
4.8 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 8…………………………………45
4.9 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 9…………………………………46
4.10 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 10………………………………..47
4.11 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 11………………………………..48
4.12 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 12………………………………..48
4.13 Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 13……………………………..49
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xiv
4.14 Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 14……………………………..50
4.15 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 15………………………………..50
4.16 Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 16……………………………..51
4.17 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 17………………………………..51
4.18 Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 18………………………………..52
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 The Tree Structure of Rule S NP VP…………………………………25
2.2 The Tree Structure of Sentence I put the soap in the bathroom................25
2.3 Pattern 1………………………………………………………………….26
2.4 Pattern 2………………………………………………………………….26
2.5 Pattern 3………………………………………………………………….26
2.6 The Tree Structure of Verb Phrase cook the cake in the kitchen
dilligently…………………………………………………………………27
2.7 The Tree Structure of Prepositional Phrase from a senior in the
university…………………………………………………………………27
2.8 The Tree Structure of Sentence The runner will wear the shoes………...28
2.9 The Tree Structure of Sentence Alice and Bob will come………………..28
2.10 The Tree Structure of a Sentence without a VP………………………….29
2.11 The Tree Structure of a Sentence without a NP………………………….29
2.12 The Tree Structure of a Sentence with Incorrect NP and VP
order………………………………………………………………..……..29
2.13 The Tree Structure of a Noun Phrase with Incorrect N and DET
order………………………………………………………………………30
3.1 I am Overheated with Shame…..………………………………………...37
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xvi
3.2 Without It, He was Alonely and Would Someday be
Extinctly………………………………………………………………….37
4.1 The Structure Tree for Sentence 1……………………………………….54
4.2a The Structure Tree for the 1st Possible Meaning from Sentence 2………55
4.2b The Structure Tree for the 2nd
Possible Meaning from Sentence 2………55
4.3 The Structure Tree for Sentence 3……………………………………….56
4.4 The Structure Tree for Sentence 4……………………………………….57
4.5 The Structure Tree for Sentence 5……………………………………….58
4.6 The Structure Tree for Sentence 6……………………………………….58
4.7 The Structure Tree for Sentence 7……………………………………….59
4.8 The Structure Tree for Sentence 8……………………………………….60
4.9 The Structure Tree for Sentence 9……………………………………….61
4.10 The Structure Tree for Sentence 10……………………………………...61
4.11 The Structure Tree for Sentence 11……………………………………...62
4.12a The Structure Tree for the 1st Possible Meaning from Sentence 2………63
4.12b The Structure Tree for the 2nd
Possible Meaning from Sentence 2………63
4.13 The Structure Tree for Sentence 13……………………………………...64
4.14 The Structure Tree for Sentence 14……………………………………...64
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xvii
4.15 The Structure Tree for Sentence 15……………………………………...65
4.16 The Structure Tree for Sentence 16……………………………………...66
4.17 The Structure Tree for Sentence 17……………………………………...66
4.18 The Structure Tree for Sentence 18……………………………………...67
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xviii
LIST OF APPENDIX
Page
Appendix Types of Ambiguity and Grammar Correctness Uttered by
the Alien Characters in Home Movie…………………………………………….73
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers six sections, namely the research background, research
problem, problem limitation, research objective, research benefit, and the
definition of the terms. Each section is presented as follows.
A. Research Background
Language is an essential aspect needed in order to avoid misunderstanding.
Human social life requires each of them to have interaction and communication,
and language is the one that make it successful. Fromkin, Blair and Collins (1991)
support that “when you know a language, you can speak and be understood by
others who know that language” (p. 3). Your knowledge of a language helps you
to understand how to interrelate a word, a phrase, or a sentence with its meaning.
Your knowledge of a language also guides you to determine whether or not a
sentence makes sense, “although you probably have not heard or read it before”
(Fromkin, Blair and Collins, 1991, p. 7).
Language is usually associated with linguistic because it deals with nature
of language use and communication among human beings. Linguists examine and
analyze the structural components of a language, then manage to reveal it into a
more understandable explanation. Your knowledge of linguistic is called as your
linguistic competence. It means you know the theory about producing sentences,
including the rules to forming them and making judgments whether or not the
sentences are appropriate and making sense. On the other hand, your ability to use
the knowledge in the actual production and comprehension is considered as your
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
linguistic performance (Fromkin et al., 1991, p. 9). There are some branches in
linguistics study such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,
and pragmatics. This research focuses on semantic, which concerns about
sentence meaning, and syntax, which deals with sentence grammar.
When we speak we usually have a certain message to convey (Fromkin et
al., 1991, p. 10). However, the message is sometimes being misunderstood by the
listener due to different knowledge range and interpretation between the speaker
and the listener. In addition, a word or a term might represent different definition
or meaning. The phenomenon when a word, phrase, or a sentence is having more
than one meaning is called ambiguity. Widdowson (2007) states that an
ambiguous sentence is “grammatically well-formed”, but it produces “two
completely different but equally valid” meanings (p. 14). For example, the
sentence “The boy saw a man with a telescope” is ambiguous. It can both carry
out two different but make sense meanings. Hearer might catch different meaning
that the speaker intended to. The first option is that the telescope belongs to the
boy and he saw a man with it. While the other meaning option is that the telescope
belongs to the man and a boy saw the man having or using the telescope. This
kind of situation is discussed in semantic. Frawley (1992) defines linguistic
semantics as “the study of grammatical meaning – literal, decontextualized
meaning that is reflected in the syntactic structure of language” (p.15). It means
that meaning is settled by the set of fact a sentence comes with. It is determined
without considering the context or the hearer point of view. This research is
rooting on this definition. The researcher chose to have a discussion related to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
semantic theory because there are not so many researches about it. The researcher
wanted to provide more information and understanding about semantic.
Another interesting linguistic branch to be analyzed is syntax. According
to Culicover (1982), syntax is a description of the various ways in which words of
the language may be strung together to form sentences. Therefore, a sentence can
be nonsensical, but still grammatically correct. It is possible to create various
kinds and numbers of sentences as long as you follow the correct syntactic rule.
“The grammatically does not depend on the truth of the sentence, or on whether
real objects are being discussed, or on whether something is possible. Untrue
sentence can be grammatical” (Fromkin et al., 1991, p. 103). Ambiguous sentence
can be explicitly presented by applying a tree structure because tree structure
reveals the syntactic categories of a sentence. By presenting the syntactic
categories using a tree structure and analyzing the sentence with the guidance
from the structure rules, one would be able to point out the incompatible lexical or
phrase that causes the structural ambiguity.
The researcher aimed to present the analysis with an entertaining media.
Therefore, the chosen research source is a movie. Donaghy (2014) explains that
movie is an excellent teaching and learning tool because learning from movie is
motivating and enjoyable, provides authentic and varied language, gives visual
context, and brings variety and flexibility to the language class room. The
researcher selected movie as the research source because nowadays students
prefer to learn English through fun and enjoyable media. Indeed there are many
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
enjoyable teaching media that a teacher can use, but movie is the best choice since
it has a storyline and, sometimes, some moral values to learn about.
The movie chosen to be analyzed was Home movie because the characters
in the movie, specifically the alien characters, speak in many illogical and
ambiguous sentences. The errors are the interesting focus which the researcher
wants to analyze from semantic and syntax viewpoints. Furthermore, the
ambiguous sentences produced by the alien characters somehow seem acceptable
and correct. The researcher means to figure out whether or not the sentences are
ambiguous both semantically and syntactically.
Home is a sci-fi animation movie which conveys a deep meaning about
family and friendship packed with comedy. The movie tells about a friendship
between a misfit alien named Oh and Tip, a nerd girl from Barbados. The movie is
suitable for people in all ages. It is interesting and fun for children, while adults
can learn and take the moral value from the movie.
Ambiguity can cause a communicational misunderstanding; therefore it
needs to be observed carefully. Related to English education, a good
understanding about ambiguity will be helpful for both parties; teachers and
students. A conducive and optimal English classroom requires teacher to be able
to deliver the learning materials to the students. On the other hand, English
learners are required to, at least, be able to express their opinions. In order to have
a well-delivered materials and opinions, both teachers and students must avoid
ambiguity, which means they would avoid misunderstanding as well.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
Analyzing semantic and syntax simultaneously would be challenging
because of their contrast focus, but the contrast also becomes their charm. The
researcher will try to analyze the logical form of a sentence from semantic point
of view, and then study its structure with syntax theory; despite from the semantic
result whether or not the sentence makes sense. The sentence or phrase structure
will be analyzed by parsing a tree structure. Fromkin et al. (1991) regarded phrase
structure rules as “tests that tree must pass to be grammatical”. The researcher
chose ambiguity and sentence tree as the research topics because researches
related to those matters are still lack as well as the ELESP students’ understanding
about them.
B. Research Questions
The research aims to analyze the ambiguous sentences used by the alien
characters from Home movie with logical approach and syntactic rules. Based on
the research background, the researcher formulates the following research
questions.
1. What ambiguous sentences are identified in Home movie?
2. What are the tree structures of the ambiguous sentences in Home
movie?
C. Problem Limitation
The research aims to answer the research questions stated in the research
problems. Then the answers will be discussed from linguistic point of view. The
research focuses on the semantic and syntax analysis of Home movie. Firstly, the
researcher analyzes the ambiguous sentences occurred in the movie. The
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
researcher sees meaning as logical form, so the researcher will provide the more
logical sentence choice. Besides that, the researcher also presents the tree structure
of the sentences. The semantic analysis shows the kinds of ambiguity a sentence
has, the word or phrase which makes the sentence ambiguous, and the logical
sentence form. After that, all ambiguous sentences are parsed to prove whether or
not the sentences fulfill the grammatical rules.
The subjects discussed in the research are sentences produced in the movie
by the alien characters; Oh and Captain Smek. Then, as the research objectives,
the research exposes the ambiguous sentences and presents the further explanation
of the ambiguous sentences through the logical explanation and tree structure. The
research is done by analyzing the transcription of the movie and using document
analysis method.
D. Research Objectives
The objectives of this research are:
1. To analyze the ambiguous sentences in Home movie.
2. To present the tree structure of the ambiguous sentences in Home movie.
E. Research Benefits
The research is hopefully beneficial for English Language Education
Study Program (ELESP) students and future researchers.
1. ELESP Students
The researcher hopes this research will give contributions to Sanata
Dharma University, especially the ELESP students. The researcher hopes the
examples given in this research can help the ELESP students a better
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
understanding about ambiguity phenomenon and the syntactic rules in linguistics.
Besides that, as a future English teacher, ELESP students’ are required to be able
to teach English in such a good way. It would be better if they can avoid
ambiguity when teaching English to their future students.
2. Future Researchers
Future researcher who wants to do research in the linguistics field, in
particular ambiguity in semantics and syntax analysis, can use the result of this
research as additional source. Hopefully, the result provides sufficient information
that can be useful and supportive for the future research.
F. Definition of Terms
To clarify concept and avoid misunderstanding, the researcher defines
some terms which occur in this research.
1. Ambiguity
Ambiguity is a linguistic phenomenon when a word, phrase, or sentence
can create different meanings or interpretations. Widdowson (2007) states that an
ambiguous sentence is “grammatically well-formed”, but it produces “two
completely different but equally valid” meanings. Ambiguity is possible to occur
because ambiguity mostly related to sense or interpretation rather than reference.
In this research, ambiguity refers not only to a sentence with multiple meanings
(sentential ambiguity), but also the sentences which violate the semantic rules and
reject a sentence truth such as lexical ambiguity, anomaly words, and
contradiction.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
2. Tree structure
Crystal (2008) defines tree structure of a sentence as a diagram used to
“display the internal hierarchical structure of sentences as generated by a set of
rules” (as cite in Wang, 2010). Simply said, a tree structure parses a sentence into
more detailed syntactic categories. Each syntactic category is represented by a
node. Node functions as a mark whether or not a category can substitute each
other.
3. Home Movie
Home is a comedy animation movie released in 2015. It was adapted from
a children book written by Adam Rex. Its original title was “The True Meaning of
Smekday”. It was produced by DreamWorks Animation which mostly produces
children movies. Home tells about an adventure between Tip, who is looking for
her mom, and Oh, who is helping Tip and preventing Earth from extinction. The
movie delivered a deep meaning about family and friendship with sense of
comedy.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes two sections. The first section is the theoretical
description which exposes the theories in relevance with the research being
discussed. The theories are about meaning, semantic, ambiguity, grammar,
syntactic rules, and tree structure. The second section is theoretical framework
which summarizes all major relevant theories which will help the researcher to
conduct the research to solve the research problems.
A. Theoretical Description
In this section, the researcher describes the definitions, kinds, and some
important points of meaning, semantic, ambiguity, grammar, syntactic rules, and
tree structure. Understanding the concept of meaning and grammar is basically
necessary because it is the core of the research. Besides, ambiguity is the main
reason why this research is conducted; hence understanding the theory about
ambiguity is also necessary. Semantics, syntactic rules, and tree structure are
reviewed in this section as well because they are the means to answer the research
problems.
1. Concept of Meaning
Meaning is not something magically appears when a sentence is made. It is
also not “simply – and merely – the things that it identifies” (Goddard, 2011, p.
4). Fromkin, et al. (1991) note that “meanings build on meanings”. It means as a
sentence is built from words and phrases, a sentence meaning is also built from
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
the combination of words and phrases meanings (p. 166). There are seven types of
meaning according to Leech (1981).
The first type is conceptual meaning, which is the “inextricable and
essential” part of a language. Conceptual meaning comes with a set of fact that
will definitely be referred to when someone is defining the language. The second
type of meaning is connotative meaning, which is the opposite of conceptual
meaning. Conceptual meaning is uncertain because it is “vary considerably”
according to culture, historical period, or individual experience. The third type of
meaning is social meaning which “conveys the social circumstances of language
use”.
The fourth type of meaning is affective meaning. Affective meaning is
how the language affects “the personal feelings and attitudes of the
speaker/writer”. Affective meaning can be delivered explicitly through conceptual
word use, and implicitly by using polite expression and friendly tone voice. The
fifth type is reflected meaning. Reflected meaning arises when one expression is
“associated with” multiple senses. Meanwhile, collocative meaning is
“communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the
environment of another word”. Collocative meaning is the sixth type of meaning.
Connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected
meaning, and collocative meaning are included into associated meaning because
they all are “open-ended” and varied. They do not have the characteristic to be
“discrete either-this-or-that terms”. The last type of meaning is thematic meaning.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
Thematic meaning is communicated by “the way in which a speaker/writer
organizes the message in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis”.
2. Concept of Semantic
Semantic is a branch of linguistics which deals with meaning. Frawley
(1992) defines linguistic semantic is the study of grammatical meaning – literal,
decontextualized meaning that is reflected in the syntactic structure of language
(p. 15). The semantic subfield which is concerned with words meanings and their
relationship is called lexical semantics, whereas the other semantic subfield is
sentential semantics which is concerned with the meaning of phrases and
sentences (Fromkin, et al., 1991).
Lexical semantics is familiar with componential analysis. When someone
tries to look at the meaning of words specifically, he will do the componential
analysis by dividing the meaning of a word into semantic components based on
the real world concepts, such as human/live/dead/animal/plant/thing. The
researcher is going to give the componential analysis of the words father, mother,
son, and daughter. The word father consists of the components male/parents, as
opposed with mother which consists of female/parents. The word son consists of
male/child; meanwhile daughter consists of female/child. However, Aitchison
(2004) argues that nowadays people tend to talk of words having semantic
properties, instead of component or componential analysis. Moreover, this kind of
analysis would be problematic and complicated to be done because the complexity
of semantic analysis for each word.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
The second range of semantics analysis is sentential meaning. The
capability to understand lexical meaning can be very helpful to understand
sentential meaning since sentence is some words grouped together by following
the correct grammatical order to create meaning. Someone can reject the truth of a
sentence by understanding the word meaning and make the logical thinking. For
example, the sentence my mother is a bachelor is false. Because if the sentence is
changed into with it semantic properties, it will be my married female parents is
an unmarried male. The analysis shows that the sentence is ambiguous because
the words built the sentence do not agree with each other.
Each word, phrase, and sentence has their own sense and reference. Sense,
is the same with the truth condition of the sentence, is the declarative sentence that
helps people to know under what circumstances that the sentence is true.
However, sense is not the same with actual facts; although you can learn the
actual facts by knowing the truth condition. Furthermore, by knowing the sense of
a sentence, people can determine its reference as well. The reference points the
truth value either the declarative sentence is true or false in the real world. When
two sentences have the same truth condition, they can be paraphrase for each
other. Sometimes, the truth of a sentence entails the truth of another sentence. In
contrast, if the entailment implies negative sense or falseness of another sentence,
the relationship is called contradiction.
There are also some cases when the semantic rules are violated. The first
case is when a sentence is not making any sense. A sentence like my brother is the
only child does not make sense, although it obeys the syntactic rules. Sentences
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
like the example above are called anomalous sentences. Anomalous occurs when
words with contradiction value exist in one sentence. The other semantic rules
breaking case is metaphor. Poets and people who work in literature must be
familiar with metaphor. Sometimes, metaphor is ambiguous and quite similar with
anomalous sentence.
Nonetheless, metaphor actually has meaning – nonliteral meaning. Unlike
anomalous sentence, metaphor can be interpreted. For instance, there is a proverb
saying time is money which means that someone should not waste his time
because he could be using it to earn money (“Time is money”). To understand this
metaphor, people need to “understand both literal meaning and facts about the
world” (Fromkin, et al., 1991, p. 180). There is a similar case with metaphor
which breaks the semantic rules, yet it creates meaning in unusual way. It is called
idiom. In this case, “the usual semantic rules for combining meanings do not
apply” (Fromkin, et al., 1991, p. 180). Idiom sometimes has peculiar word
combination which creates completely different meaning. For example, the idiom
break a leg does not literary mean to break someone’s leg. Its meaning is to wish
you a good luck and to have a successful result.
Fromkin, et al. (1991) outlines some semantic relationships as follow.
a. Homonyms: words with same pronunciation, but their meanings
are unlike. There are two kinds of homonym namely homophone
and homograph. Homophones are different words with same
pronunciation like the words bye, buy, and by. On the other hand,
homographs are different words with same spelling and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
pronunciation like the word bank, which might mean a riverside or
a financial institution. Homonyms often create ambiguity.
b. Polysemous: a word with multiple meanings. For example, the
word man has few meanings. It may be an adult human male, or a
male member of a workforce, team, etc., or a husband or lover, or a
person, or human beings in general, or the human race (“Man”).
c. Synonyms: words with same or nearly same meaning. The words
sofa and couch is one example of synonym. Synonyms often used
for paraphrasing a sentence.
d. Antonyms: the oppositeness of words. Fast is the opposite of Slow.
Some kinds of antonym are complementary pairs (e.g.:
awake/asleep), gradable pairs (e.g.: big/small), and relational
opposites (e.g.: give/receive). Some antonyms can be formed by
adding the prefix un- (fortunate/unfortunate), or non-
(academic/nonacademic), or in- (tolerant/intolerant).
e. Hyponyms: set membership of words. Couch, wardrobe, table,
bed, and washstand are the hyponym of furniture.
f. Metonyms: words that is used to substitute another word to express
the same meaning. The pen is mightier than the sword is one well-
known example of metonymy. The use of the pen refers to the
written words; meanwhile the sword refers to the military force).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
3. Kinds of Ambiguity
A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning.
Chierchia and McConnell (1990) explain that “ambiguity arises when a single
word or string of words is associated in the language system with more than one
meaning”. It creates confusion about what is conveyed, since the current context
may lead to different interpretations of meaning. Ambiguous sentence is
grammatically entirely well-formed. Nevertheless, it is possible to be decoded in
two completely different but equally valid ways (Widdowson, 2007).
Here are some types of ambiguity according to Hurford and Heasley
(1983) as cited from Nordquist (2016).
a. Lexical ambiguity
This type of ambiguity, in written text, results from multiple
meanings of a word, and in spoken language, results from different word
forms of the same sounds. Ignoring the context of the sentence, lexical
ambiguity can arise from homograph, in written text, and homophone, in
spoken language. For example, the word bank can refer to riverside or a
financial institution.
b. Structural ambiguity
Structural ambiguity occurs because a sentence is form by similar
phrases. The sentence actually carries out a clear meaning, but the
combination can be interpreted more than one meaning. For example, in
the sentence the burglar threatened the student with a knife. The phrase
with a knife in this sentence is ambiguous, because it can be related to the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
burglar and the student. The reader or listener may interpret that the
burglar who has the knife and threatens the student without a knife. They
can also think that it is the student who holds the knife, and the burglar
threatens him. Structural ambiguity happens if there is a sentence which is
ambiguous because its words relate each other in different ways, even
though none words are ambiguous.
Ambiguity also occurs because a word in a sentence is not compatible with
other words in the sentence. This situation is called anomaly. Anomaly is contrast
with lexical ambiguity. Lexical ambiguity occurs because a word has more than
one meaning that makes the sentence is interpreted differently. On the other hand,
anomaly occurs because a word “conforms to all the grammatical rules of the
language, but it is strange because it represents contradiction” (Fromkin, et al.,
2004).
4. Grammar
For each human language, the linguists try to discover the precise
description of its property. The description is called grammar. Grammar does not
refer to the property which a language should have. It refers to the language
property it does have (Culicover, 1982, p.2). Consider the example in table 2.1:
Table 2.1. Tenses Differences between English Language and Indonesian Language
Period of time No. English language Indonesian language
Present a. I eat meat (every day). Saya makan daging setiap hari.
Past b. I ate meat (yesterday). Saya makan daging kemarin.
English language has tenses as one of its properties. Tenses usage specifies
when the action takes place. Besides the tenses usage, the use of adverb of time in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17
the sentence is helpful; however, its usage is optional. In English sentence (a.),
people can still understand that the action of eating takes place in the present time
although the adverb of time, every day, is omitted. Also, people can still know
that the action of eating in English sentence (b.) happens at the past, even without
the use of adverb of time. Tenses affect the verb of the sentence in such way, so
people can understand a sentence even if the sentence does not an adverb of time.
As a comparison, Indonesian language does not have tenses. There is no
difference between the verbs in the two sentences even though the action of eating
happens at two different times. The verb of the sentences does not undergo an
extreme change. Therefore, the only property which can specify the time when the
action takes place is the adverb of time.
This comparison is only one tiny problem among the problems which the
linguists faced when they try to discover the precise grammar of a language.
Because of the debate among the linguists related to the precise grammar of all
languages possess, they achieve a considerable agreement that the correct theory
of grammar must have a lexicon, phonology, syntax, and semantics as its
components. When a native speaker of a language learned his first language, he
did not establish the language rule by himself. The other native speakers implicitly
taught him the rules. However, it is not possible to ask the native speakers to
explain the rules. Therefore, it becomes the job of linguists to define the rule by
considering the judgment of the native speakers about the sentence grammar.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
Intuitively, a sentence in any languages is considered grammatically
correct when the sentence sounds good to the native speaker. Formally, they are
the strings of words that can be formed by the rules of the syntactic components.
For example, consider the following sentences:
(1.1) a. My younger brother married a nun.
b. Married my younger brother a nun.
Sentence (1.1a) is grammatically correct, although it is not possible to marry a nun
because nuns have made a vow of celibacy. Nevertheless, English speakers still
can recognize that sentence (1.1a) is an English sentence and sentence (1.1b) is
not. Common English speakers have the knowledge of sentence structure, while
linguists aim to discover the syntactic component of a language. So, learning a
language can be more convenient and easy. Syntactic component of a language is
a set of rule by which words and groups of words may be strung together to form
grammatical sentences of the language (Culicover, 1982 p. 4). This means that the
sentence must be true, logical, and make sense.
5. Syntactic Categories and Rules
English sentence is unlimited. Anyone can make a sentence a long as they
want. For example, Mega thinks that Maris knows that Tino thinks that Elva
believes that aliens are real. Even one can make the sentence longer. The linguists
made various possible hypotheses to figure out the acceptable sentence structure
by interchanging the position of any words in a sentence. They found out that a
word category affected the interchanging process and grammar. They finally
concluded that categories are groups of words of a language that can substitute for
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
one another without affecting grammatically. The category is called syntactic
category. The grouping system is involving sentence, noun, noun phrase, verb,
verb phrase, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, prepositional phrase,
conjunction, and determiner.
a. Noun (N)
Generally noun is a category for person, place, animal, thing, and
idea. Noun is divided into proper noun and common noun. Proper noun is
a group of noun which is capitalized, even if it occurs in the middle or end
of the sentence. It is used to indicate specific and particular things such as
person, days of the week, months of the year, towns, cities, streets,
countries, brands, and names. On the other hand, common noun is not
capitalized, except when it occurs in the beginning of the sentence. For
example, I know that Elsa is a diligent girl. The word I and Elsa are proper
noun because they indicate a person and specific person’s name.
Therefore, the word Elsa is capitalized although it is in the middle of the
sentence. Meanwhile, the word girl is a common noun, so it is not
capitalized.
b. Noun Phrase (NP)
Noun phrase is a group of words with noun or pronoun as its head
(Nordquist, 2016). Modifier and determiner can tag along the head of noun
phrase e.g. the book, a man, her dress. Noun phrases can be the subject or
object of the sentence. Inserting a noun or a phrase into “who
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
discovered…………?” and “…………was seen by everyone.” can test
whether or not a word or phrase is a noun phrase.
c. Verb (V)
Verb is a part of speech for group of words which show visualized
action such as read, walk, sing, play, and many more. Besides describing
an action, there is also a kind of verb such as am, is, are, was, and were.
They are called linking verb. Linking verb is used to show a state of being
and identity. Verb is possible to undergo a change regarding to the tense
applied for it within the sentence. For instance, the basic verb run can
change into ran when it is used in past tense. In addition, the pluralism of
the noun/subject in a sentence can also influence the verb to change; like
the addition of –s ending if the noun/subject of the sentence is a singular
noun.
d. Verb Phrase (VP)
Verb phrase always contains verb which may be followed by other
categories such as noun phrase or prepositional phrase (Fromkin et al.,
1991, p. 108).
e. Adjective (ADJ)
Adjective word modifies the noun of the sentence and provides the
information about it. It usually is placed before the noun or pronoun it
described, and it is possible for a sentence to use multiple adjective words
to give a description about a particular noun. For example, Gabriel is a
tall, handsome boy with black hair. The words tall and handsome are the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21
adjective words which describe Gabriel, and black is the adjective word
which modifies the hair. As cited from EF Education First Online English
Course (2017), adjective has the function to describe feelings or qualities,
give nationality or origin, tell more about a thing’s characteristics, tell us
about age, tell us about size and measurement, tell us about color, tell us
about what something is made of, tell us about shape, and express a
judgment or a value. Adjectives can make a sentence become more
specific and interesting.
f. Adverb (ADV)
Adverb modifies verb, adjective, and sometimes, other adverbs. It
gives information about frequency, manner, place, time, and degree. Here
are some examples related to the function of adverb.
1.1 Mino walks home quickly. (Adverb quickly modifies the
verb walks).
1.2 Mino is very hungry. (Adverb very modifies the adjective
hungry).
1.3 Mino rather easily gets hungry in the morning. (Adverb
rather modifies another adverb in the sentence, easily).
1.4 Jinu often cooks the meal for the family member. (The
adverb often indicates frequency).
1.5 Jinu cuts the onions carefully. (The adverb carefully
indicates manner).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
1.6 Jinu’s house is near a traditional market, so he buys
vegetables there. (The adverb there indicates place).
1.7 Jinu forgot to buy the vegetables yesterday. (The adverb
yesterday indicates time).
1.8 Jinu is very happy seeing his family enjoys the meal he
cooked. (The adverb very indicates degree).
g. Pronoun (PN)
Pronoun is a word used to replace a noun. Henry buys a lot of
cookies, but he does not feel like eating them all at once is a case in point.
The words he and them are the pronouns which can substitute the nouns,
instead of repeating Henry and cookies in the sub clause. However, it is
important to notice that pronoun should be used after a noun is mentioned,
and it must be clear which noun it refers to.
h. Preposition (P)
A preposition can show the relationship between a noun or pronoun
and some other word in the sentence. The relationships shown can be
agency, e.g., the letter was delivered here by the postman; comparison,
e.g., you are beautiful like a rainbow, she is as beautiful as a red rose;
direction, e.g., we go to school together, the cows run toward the river in a
hurry, people must walk through the forest if they want to reach the private
beach; place, e.g., the book is on the table at my bedroom by the window;
possession, e.g., the magic wand you found is the property of Hermione
Gringer; purpose, e.g., Ronald learns English for his work; source, e.g., the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
23
water leaks from the roof, nobody can have milk out of a chicken; and
time, e.g., the dinner will be ready at 7, I must arrive at the cafe before
noon, The school will start on Monday.
i. Prepositional Phrase (PP)
Prepositional phrase contains prepositional which may be followed
by other categories such as noun phrase.
j. Conjunction (C)
Conjunction is used to link words, phrases, or parts of sentence
together. Two sentences can be joined together by employing conjunction.
There are three types of conjunction. The first type is coordinating
conjunction. This type of conjunction connects two words, two phrases,
two independent clauses, or two dependent clauses which have similar
grammatical structure. There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in
English language which are for, and, nor, both, or, yet, and so. The second
type of conjunction is subordinating conjunction. Subordinating
conjunction joins a dependent sentence, as the subordinate clause, with
independent sentence, as the main clause. The subordinate clause is
marked with the subordinating conjunction as its start. The words such as
after, as, although, because, before, even though, if, once, rather than,
since, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, and while are
the common subordinating conjunctions. Lastly, correlative conjunction is
a kind of conjunction connecting two words or phrases which have
reciprocal or complementary relationship. Group of words like
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
24
either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or…, both…and…, and not
only…but also….
k. Determiner (DET)
Nordquist (2017) stated that determiner is a word or a group of
words that specifies, identifies, or quantifies the noun or noun phrase that
follows it. Determiner is including article (a, an, the), demonstrative (this,
that, these, those), quantifier (many, few, enough, little, much, most, any,
some), interrogative (what, which, whose), and possessive (my, her, his,
our, their, your). This kind of categorization is helpful for the further
discussion because it is handier to analyze the sentence by employing the
abbreviation of each category.
The name of the syntactic category of each word grouping is called
syntactic label. Tree diagram is a convenient way to conduct a syntax analysis. A
tree diagram with syntactic category information provided is called a phrase tree
structure (Fromkin et al., 1991, p.109). Phrase tree structure (PST) allows us to
explicitly reveal a sentence property or its syntactic category. After defining and
grouping the syntactic categories, the linguists observed a list of English
sentences, and deduced that the sentences they examined show a similar pattern
ART, N, V, ART, N. Nonetheless, the infinity of English sentence would cause a
long pattern. Thus, the linguists decided to make a sort of rule or condition which
can be used as a reference or consideration.
The first syntax rule is general rule which covers the form for the
sentence making. Later on, the rules will become more specific for noun phrase,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
25
adjective phrase, and prepositional phrase. The rule for a simple sentence pattern
is:
S NP VP
The formula means that a sentence is made of a noun phrase (NP) and
followed by a verb phrase (VP), where the structure of NP and VP must be
independently specified. This formula is the final formula which made as the
conclusion from various hypothesis proposed by the linguists. The tree structure
for this general rule is drawn below.
Figure 2.1. The Tree Structure of Rule S NP VP
The more complex sentence might include prepositional phrase (PP), but
PP is frequently join in NP or VP.
Figure 2.2. The Tree Structure of Sentence I put the soap in the bathroom
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26
The diagram above shows a clear example of PP which included into NP.
The bigger branch still consists of NP and VP. The linguists also create a formula
for the noun phrase. They made noun phrases as much as possible and came down
into a conclusion.
E e.g. a beautiful dress
e.g. the flower
e.g. you
Those formulas and phrases can be drawn into the following tree
structures.
Figure 2.3. Pattern 1 Figure 2.4. Pattern 2 Figure 2.5. Pattern 3
The first formula is the longest pattern for making a simple noun phrase;
meanwhile the second formula is the shorter version of the first pattern because of
the omission of adjective words. Pronoun is actually a part of noun, so the
linguists agreed that the formula can be simplified into a single formula such the
following formula.
NP (DET) (ADJ) N
The second rule is for the verb phrase. Verb phrase is a group of words
which may consist of main verb and noun phrase, or else main verb and
prepositional phrase. Verb phrase may also consist of the man verb alone. The
rule is simply:
VP V (NP) (PP) (ADV)
DET ADJ N
NP DET N
PN
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
27
For example the sentence I cook the cake in the kitchen diligently. The VP
is cook the cake in the kitchen dilligently and it consists of NP, PP, and ADV.
Nevertheless, the other phrases are optional. Here is the tree structure for the
example.
Figure 2.6. The Tree Structure of Verb Phrase cook the cake in the kitchen dilligently
The third rule is for prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrase is usually
a group of words which consists of preposition and NP, but it may consist of the
preposition itself. The formula is:
PP P (NP)
The example of sentence which has prepositional phrase is I get a letter
from a senior in the university. The tree structure is below.
Figure 2.7. The Tree Structure of Prepositional Phrase from a senior in the university
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
28
Besides the phrase rules and their tree structures, there are some additional
rules and tree structures. The additional rules are applied for special occasions
such as the appearance of auxiliary verb and conjunction word. Auxiliary verb
(AUX) cannot be included into VP. The formula for AUX is:
S NP (AUX) VP
Like the example shown below.
Figure 2.8. The Tree Structure of Sentence The runner will wear the shoes
The auxiliary verb is independent. It does not belong to VP, and so does the
conjunction. The conjunction syntax rule can be applied for NP conjunct NP, VP
conjunct VP, or S conjunct S.
Figure 2.9. The Tree Structure of Sentence Alice and Bob will come
Phrase structural rules can be regarded as a test that tree must pass to be
grammatical. There are some cases when the phrase tree structure “does not
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
29
grow”. This case usually occurs if a sentence is lack of NP, or lack of VP, or the
order of NP and VP is incorrect, or the order of syntactic categories of a phrase is
wrong. The diagram below will show a case when the sentence is lack of VP.
Figure 2.10. The Tree Structure of a Sentence without a VP
The diagram below will show a case when the sentence does not have NP.
Figure 2.11. The Tree Structure of a Sentence without a NP
The diagram below will show a case when the order of NP and VP in a sentence is
incorrect.
Figure 2.12. The Tree Structure of a Sentence with Incorrect NP and VP Order
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
30
The diagram below will show a case when a NP is not valid because the wrong
order of the noun and determiner.
Figure 2.13. The Tree Structure of a Noun Phrase with Incorrect N and DET Order
B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This section summarizes all major relevant theories which will help the
researcher to conduct the research and answer the research questions. The main
theories used in this research are related to anomaly, ambiguity, and tree structure.
The researcher intended to study the two objectives of the research which are the
ambiguous words, phrases, sentences and their tree structures.
To answer the first research question, the researcher used the theory from
Hurford and Heasley (1983) as cited from Nordquist (2016) who categorized
ambiguity into two types, they are:
a. Lexical ambiguity occurs when a word is homophone or homograph with
other words.
b. Structural ambiguity occurs when a sentence can create two different
possible meanings.
Besides the lexical and structural ambiguities, the researcher also answers
the first research questions by using the theory from Fromkin et al. (2004) about
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
31
anomalous sentences. Anomalous sentences are the sentences which contain one
or more than one incompatible words. Anomaly also occurs because a sentence
violates semantic rules. Some anomalies are including contradiction, metaphor,
and diction. These kinds of anomaly, at least, create meanings. However,
anomalous sentences that occurred because of incompatible word either do not
have meaning at all or do not make sense.Then, to answer the second research
question, the researcher would depend on the theory from Fromkin et al. (1991)
about syntactic rules. The rules are:
a. Rule 1: S NP VP: This is the fundamental rule that a sentence must
acquire. A sentence must consist of noun phrase and verb phrase. The
sequence must be VP is following the NP.
b. Rule 2: S NP (AUX) VP: This rule is the extension of Rule 1. This rule
means that if a sentence contains an auxiliary verb, the auxiliary verb must
be drawn in different node. Auxiliary verbs cannot be included into the VP
node.
c. Rule 3: NP (DET) (ADJ) N: This rule means that a noun phrase may
consist of determiner-adjective-noun, determiner-noun, adjective-noun, or
only noun.
d. Rule 4: NP That S: This rule means that all sentences that is following
the word that is included into NP node.
e. Rule 5: NP Pronoun: This rule means that a pronoun is included into
NP node.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32
f. Rule 6: VP V (NP) (PP) (ADV): This rule means that verb phrase may
be a combination of verb-noun phrase-prepostional phrase-adverb, verb-
noun phrase-prepositional phrase, verb-noun phrase, or verb only.
g. Rule 7: PP P (NP): This rule means that a prepositional phrase may be
a combination of preposition word and noun phrase, or a prepositional
only.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
33
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology of the research and analysis. It
covers five sections. The first section is the description of the research method.
The second section is the research setting. The third section is the description of
the research subject. The fourth section is the explanation related to the
instruments used during the research and how the researcher collected the data.
The last section is the data analysis technique.
A. Research Method
This research is included into a qualitative research. Qualitative research is
not a numeric-based research. Its strength is being an explanatory research. This
way, a research with qualitative method has a benefit “to provide further
understanding of a subject and its contextual setting” (Wahyuni, 2005, p. 2).
Qualitative research in this research is used to gain deeper insight into the research
subject’s way of talking.
There are some methods which can be used to conduct a qualitative
research, and the researcher used discourse analysis. Wood and Kroger (2000)
noted that discourse analysis involves ways of thinking and treating discourse as
data. Discourse, as Widdowson (2007) says, is what a text means by both the
producer and the receiver. It covers all written and spoken form of language use in
the daily setting. The researcher chose discourse analysis because the researcher
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
34
believed that this method was suitable to analyze the ambiguous words, phrases,
and sentences that were found in the transcription of Home movie.
B. Data Source
The data source of this research was the transcription of Home movie. The
transcription was downloaded from subscene.com, a site which provides subtitle
for foreign movie. There were many ambiguous words, phrases, and sentences
produced by the alien characters which became the reason why the researcher
analyzed the movie. The researcher watched the movie and checked whether or
not the transcription was in accordance with the movie. After the researcher
matched the transcription with the movie, the researcher inserted the name of each
alien character to their dialogues because the transcription did not add the
characters’ name according to their dialogue order.
The researcher conducted this research from March 2017 until February
2018. Firstly, the researcher looked for the research data on March 2017. The
researcher chose the movie entitled Home to be data source and took the movie
transcription to be the major analysis data. The movie transcription was not made
or created or written by the researcher, but it was downloaded from the internet.
After that, the researcher gathered the necessary theories to answer the research
questions by obtaining some books from the library. Then, the researcher started
to gather the data from the transcription June 2017 while the data analysis was
conducted from August 2017 to February 2018.
This research was conducted where the access to literatures and linguistics
are available. The setting was chosen to make it easier for the researcher to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
35
immediately reach the needed source of theories and information. The places to
conduct this research were various such as library or anywhere as long as it was
connected to the internet and books.
C. Research Instruments And Data Gathering Technique
The documents of this research were movie as visual document and the
transcription of English subtitle as the written document. The researcher gathered
the data by watching the movie and observing the ambiguous sentences spoken by
the alien characters. The subtitle was the major instrument used in this research. It
was downloaded from subscene.com site. Since the site provides the subtitle, the
researcher downloads the English as well.
In gathering the data, there were some steps conducted. The first was
collected the data. The researcher marked every ambiguous word, phrase or
sentence found in the Home movie by using the transcription. After listing the
ambiguous words, phrase, or sentences, the researcher cut down the list by
choosing only the ambiguous words, phrase, or sentences produced by the alien
characters. Then, each ambiguous sentence was recorded in a table as shown
below.
Table 3.1. The List of Some Ambiguous Sentences Found in Home Movie
No. Code Ambiguous Sentence
in English
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
1.
LA/01:2
1:11,450
--
>01:21:1
6,042
He was alonely and
would someday be
extinctly.
Alonely
Extinctly
He was lonely and
someday would be
extinct.
2. SA/00:3 I am overheated with Overheated I am very ashamed.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
36
5:24,789
-->
00:35:26,
416
shame. with shame.
Table 3.1 is going to be used to record the ambiguous sentences produced
by the aliens. After listing the sentences, the researcher is also going to explain the
incompatibility of each sentence. In the chapter IV, the table will be separated for
each sentence to make a detail exposure. Below are some examples of tables
which are going to be used in the discussion section.
Table 3.2. Without It, He was Alonely and Would Someday be Extinctly
No. Code Ambiguous Sentence
in English
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
1.
LA/01:2
1:11,450
--
>01:21:1
6,042
He was alonely and
would someday be
extinctly.
Alonely
Extinctly
He was lonely and
someday would be
extinct.
Before presenting the table, the researcher will give a little description
about the sentence; who uttered the sentence and in what situation was the
sentence uttered. Then, after presenting the table, the researcher will give the
explanation about the sentence’s ambiguity.
Table 3.3. I am Overheated with Shame
No. Code Ambiguous Sentence
in English
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
2.
SA/00:3
5:24,789
-->
00:35:26,
416
I am overheated with
shame.
Overheated
with shame. I am very ashamed.
Legends:
01:21:11,450 Hour: 01; Minute: 21; Second: 11,450
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
37
LA : Lexical Ambiguity
SA : Structural Ambiguity
After that, the researcher also makes the structure tree of each ambiguous
sentence. From the structure tree, the researcher would decide whether the
sentence is syntactically makes sense or not. The structure tree will be shown as
the figure below.
Figure 3.1: I am Overheated with Shame
Figures would show the tree diagram for each ambiguous sentence,
whether it makes sense or not. The tree diagram would only show whether a
sentence was grammatically correct or not. There is another example of tree
diagram which would show a sentence that is ungrammatical.
Figure 3.2: Without It, He was Alonely and Would Someday be Extinctly
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
38
Legends:
S : Sentence NP : Noun Phrase
PN : Pronoun VP : Verb Phrase
LV : Linking Verb V : Verb
PP : Prepositional Phrase P : Preposition
N : Noun AUX : Auxiliary Verb
C : Conjugation CL : Clause
ADV : Adverb - : unidentified category.
D. Data Analysis Technique
Data analysis technique is a process in which the data gathered from the
research is analyzed using several techniques. There were several steps conducted
in analyzing the data in this research. Firstly, the researcher watched Home movie
while checking the printed transcription. Secondly, the researcher listed the
ambiguous words, phrases, and sentences. Thirdly, the ambiguous words, phrases,
and sentences produced by the alien characters were marked. Fourthly, in order to
answer the research questions, the researcher looked for the theories related to the
discussed topics. Lastly, the researcher analyzed the data and made conclusion.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
39
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results of the research and it will be divided into
two sections. The first section answers the first research problem by explaining
the incompatible words that may be the trigger of the semantic rules violation
phenomena; ambiguity and anomaly. Then, the second research problem will be
the presentation of structure tree of each sentence discussed in the first section.
The second section is the answer of the second research problem.
C. The Analysis of Ambiguity Occurs in Home Movie
This section discusses the analysis results and the explanations of
ambiguous sentences found in the movie. The focus is ambiguous sentences
produced by the alien characters in the movie; Oh and Captain Smek. The
ambiguous sentences will be presented and the researcher would provide the
logical version of each sentence. Besides that, the researcher would also mention
which incompatible words or phrases that make the sentence becoming
ambiguous. The sentences would be discussed and explained one by one.
1. Sentence 1
Sentence 1 was uttered by Oh when he was about to aboard the space ship
and go to Earth with his clan members. He was so enthusiast because he would be
able to have a new life in a new place.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
40
Table 4.1. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 1
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
LA/00:0
1:30,299
-->
00:01:33
,849
I am very excitement to
make a new fresh start. Excitement
I am very excited to make
a new fresh start.
Sentence 1 is not only ambiguous, but also anomalous because of the word
excitement. Excitement is actually not a term used in order to show someone’s
feeling. Excitement is the state of feeling excited (“Excitement”). To show a
subject’s happiness and enthusiasm towards something, the adjective word excited
would make the sentence be more logical.
2. Sentence 2
Sentence 2 was uttered by Oh when he and his clan members were inside
the space ship, on the way to Earth. Oh was giving a narration about the Boov, the
reason why they moved away, and the destination they went to.
Table 4.2. Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 2
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
SA/00:0
1:34,011
-->
00:01:38
,312
We are all moving to best
planet ever for to hiding. For to hiding
We are all moving to the
best planet ever for
hiding.
We are all moving to the
best planet ever to hide.
Sentence 2 can be ambiguous both lexical and structural. First of all,
sentence 2 is lexically ambiguous because of the repetitive usage of the
preposition for and to. Both words have similar function in some contexts, but
still, there is a basic contrast between them. Sentence 2 implied the reason why
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
41
the Boov moved to Earth. To state a reason, preposition for is followed by noun;
while preposition to is followed by verb. Secondly, sentence 2 can be create two
sentences with different meanings, yet the same purpose to state a reason.
Therefore, it has structural ambiguity as well.
The first possible meaning is that the Boov are moving to Earth, the best
planet ever for hiding. It means that Earth is basically as common as other planets
in the solar system, but it is particularly the best place for any species, aliens or
humans, to hide. Meanwhile, another meaning that sentence 2 might have is that
the Boov are moving to Earth, the best planet ever, in order to hide. It means,
Earth is best at everything as one planet among other space things and the Boov
are going to Earth to hide.
3. Sentence 3
Sentence 3 was uttered by Captain Smek, the leader of Boov clan. He was
so full of himself and proud to be a coward leader. The Boov had a principle that
the more coward the better. They tend to run away from danger or their enemy.
Table 4.3. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 3
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
LA/00:0
2:20,557
-->
00:02:25
,570
Thanks to my leadership
skills; cowering, running
and pulling a skedaddle.
Pulling a
skedaddle
Thanks to my leadership
skills; cowering, running
and skedaddling.
The verb pull, the base form of pulling, describes an action to hold
something and move it to a particular direction (“Pull”). Meanwhile, skedaddle
describes an action when someone is moving away especially to avoid something
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
42
(“Skedaddle”). These two words’ incompatibility were very obvious because pull
is both transitive and intransitive verb which means that pull must be followed by
a noun as object, not another verb. Or otherwise, it is not be followed by the
object at all. Besides that, the use of verb skedaddle alone is enough to express the
idea of doing a movement to avoid something or someone. The verb skedaddle is
change into skedaddling to make it equals with other –ing verbs in the sentence.
4. Sentence 4
Sentence 4 was uttered by Captain Smek while the Boov were looking at a
comprehensive pamphlet given to them. The pamphlet contained the information
which the Boov needed to know about humans. The native savages were referred
to humans, the Earth inhabitants.
Table 4.4. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 4
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
LA/00:0
3:18,865
-->
00:03:22
,290
The native savages are so
simple ad backwards.
Native
savages The natives are savages.
Savage, the root word of savages, has different meaning depending on its
class of function. As an adjective, savage means aggressive and violent, brutal,
and primitive. Then, as a noun, savage is a word used to offend somebody who
belongs to people that is simple and less developed. Meanwhile, as a verb, savage
means to attack somebody or cause serious injury (“Savage”). In sentence 4,
savage is a noun and it becomes the subject altogether with the noun native.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
43
The adjectives simple and backwards are used as the complementary to
describe the subject. These adjectives are considered redundant because savage
itself already had the quality of being simple and backward/less developed.
Therefore, to avoid ambiguity, the phrase simple and backwards is omitted, and
then the word savages becomes the complementary instead.
5. Sentence 5
Sentence 5 was uttered by Oh when he saw a picture of a human baby
from the comprehensive pamphlet given to him. He looked at the picture so
adorably and thought that humans were ugly and cute at the same time.
Table 4.5. Contradiction Found in Sentence 5
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
SA/00:0
3:25,789
-->
00:03:28
,087
They are so ugly, they
are cute. contradiction
They are so pretty, they
are cute.
However, sentence 5 is considered as a contradiction because the word
cute is used when someone tries to describe a thing is pretty and attractive
(“Cute”). Nonetheless, contradiction is also a part of ambiguity phenomenon.
6. Sentence 6
Sentence 6 was uttered by Captain Smek because he wanted to warn
humans beforehand that they are going to experience something unusual; soaring
all over the place. Captain Smek wanted to evacuate humans all over the planet to
a place he prepared for them, so the rest of the planet could be occupied by the
Boov.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
Table 4.6. Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 6
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
SA/00:0
3:54,818
-->
00:03:57
,446
Now we are turning off
your gravity temporarily.
Turning off
your gravity
temporarily
-
There is no logical sentence that can be provided to replace sentence 6.
Gravity is an exact thing that exists in each object in space. It is a fact that gravity
is not possible to be turned off. It cannot be turned off as easy as turning off a
light switch. Gravity is the force on Earth that pulls things on Earth towards the
center of the planet, so that things fall to the ground when they are dropped
(“Gravity”).
7. Sentence 7
Sentence 7 was uttered by Captain Smek when humans were in the middle
of evacuation process.
Table 4.7. Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 7
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
SA/00:0
4:24,931
-->
00:04:27
,901
Enjoy you the frozen,
sweetened bovine
secretion.
Enjoy you
The frozen
sweetened
bovine
secretion
Enjoy the ice cream.
There are two phrases which make sentence 7 ambiguous. First of all, the
verb phrase enjoy you should omit the word you and let it only use the verb enjoy
because the situation was that all Earth citizens got pleasure from ice cream given
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
45
to them. The second anomalous, yet ambiguous part is the noun phrase the frozen,
sweetened bovine secretion. Bovine is an adjective which technically connected
with cows (“Bovine”), and secretion is a process by which liquid substances are
produced by part of the body, plants, or animals (“Secretion”). Instead of using
the technical phrase bovine secretion and creating confusion, Captain Smek could
just say ice cream to deliver a simpler and clearer idea. In addition, the words
frozen and sweetened obviously related to ice cream, despite the fact that all
citizens got ice creams for themselves in the movie.
8. Sentence 8
Sentence 8 was uttered by Oh as a part of his narration about the
evacuation process. He thought that humans are going to be happy and enjoy their
lives in their new place named Happy Humanstown.
Table 4.8. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 8
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/Sent
ence
Logical Sentence
LA/00:0
4:55,086
-->
00:05:00
,013
Humanspersons are
happiness and joy
forever in Happy
Humanstown.
Humanspersons
Happiness
Joy
Humans are happy
and joyful forever in
Happy Humanstown.
Humans are
happiness and joy
forever in Happy
Humanstown.
The term Humanspersons does not even exist in human language, but it
was funny since the speaker was an alien character. The option to make a more
logical word choice would be either humans or persons, which both refer to the
same meaning as a living creature. It is better to choose one of them to be used.
Since the speaker is an alien character, the word humans is more proper to show
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
46
that those two creatures, human and alien, are different. Besides the term
humanspersons, the use of words happiness and joy is also anomalous. To show
the subject’s feeling, the sentence must use the adjective form, not the noun form.
Therefore, happiness should be happy, while joyful should be joy.
Besides the lexical ambiguities, sentence 8 also creates sentential
ambiguity. It may have the meaning that humanspersons/humans were going to be
happy and joyful living in Happy Humanstown that Captain Smek had provided
for them. Humans are the subject of the sentence. Meanwhile, the second meaning
is that humanspersons/humans are objects that will become the source of
happiness and joy in Happy Humanstown.
9. Sentence 9
Sentence 9 was uttered by Oh when he wanted Tip to allow him entering
the car in order to hide from the patrol Boov. He was so urged to get in the car.
Table 4.9. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 9
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
LA/0
00:23:26
,030 -->
00:23:28
,283
Now let me to inside! Let me to
inside Now let me enter!
The verb let describes an action to allow someone to do something or
something to happen without trying to stop it (“Let”). By that definition, the verb
let needs another verb appears in the sentence that would refer to the activity that
the subject allows to happen. Sentence 9 is incomplete because it is still unclear
what kind of action of activity that the subject wants to get allowed to. Hence, the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
47
researcher believed that adding the verb enter is the best choice to make sentence
9 be more sensible.
10. Sentence 10
Sentence 10 was uttered by Oh was inside Tip’s car, and then he saw Tip’s
pet, a cat.
Table 4.10. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 10
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
LA/00:2
4:50,698
-->
00:24:52
,371
Your vehicle is infested! infested -
Sentence 10 is not only ambiguous, but also kind of a exaggerating. Oh
said the sentence when Tip’s pet showed up. Tip’s pet is only one cat. Hence, the
word infested is not really appropriate to be used in that situation because infest,
the root word for infested, is a situation when an certain kind of organism exists in
large numbers in a particular place and typically causing a damage or disease
(“Infest”).
11. Sentence 11
Sentence 11 was uttered by Oh when Tip suggested going to Paris in order
to find Tip’s mother. Her mother was one among other humans who got
evacuated. Since the center of all Boov activity was in Paris, Tip wanted to go
there, so Oh can afford finding the information her mother whereabouts.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
48
Table 4.11. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 11
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
LA/00:3
3:25,462
-->
00:33:27
,590
Paris is danger for both
of us. Danger
Paris is dangerous for
both of us.
Sentence 11 implied the effect that Paris might give to Oh and Tip. The
word danger is a noun and it does not imply a harmful effect. On the other hand,
it is the word dangerous that shows the effect.
12. Sentence 12
Sentence 12 was uttered by Oh when Tip insisted him to go to Paris with
her. Tip wanted to find her mother; so, as the center of all Boov activity, Paris was
the place they must go. However, Oh, who became a fugitive Boov, refused to go
to Paris because he wanted to avoid any Boov. Oh uttered sentence 12 in order to
make Tip, who hated Boov, felt scared.
Table 4.12. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 12
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
SA/00:3
3:27,756
-->
00:33:29
,804
It crawls with Boov. Crawls It is full of Boov.
Sentence 12 can create two different meanings because of the word crawls.
First of all, the sentence can bring out the literal meaning that Paris is moving
around while the Boov occupying the city. However, a city cannot move from one
place to another place.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
49
The second possible meaning is that the city is fully covered or occupied
by the Boov. The researcher considered the second possible meaning was more
logical than the first one, so the researcher chose it.
13. Sentence 13
Sentence 13 was uttered by Oh when he realized that he was dancing
following the human song which Tip played on the audio device. Boov were not a
kind of alien who had fun or danced, so Oh felt embarrassed when he instinctively
danced according to the song.
Table 4.13. Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 13
Code Ambiguous Sentence
from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
SA/00:3
5:24,789
-->
00:35:26
,416
I am overheated with
shame.
Overheated
with shame I am very ashamed.
The words in the sentence 13 do not support each other set of fact, so it
becomes ambiguous. The word overheated is a measurement used for heat. It
means that something becomes too hot. Shame is not related to hot at all. It is the
feeling of sadness, embarrassment, and guilt when someone knows that he has
done something wrong or stupid (“Shame”).
14. Sentence 14
Sentence 14 was uttered by Oh because he felt embarrassed. He wanted to
soothe himself and stop feeling the embarrassment. When the Boov get
embarrassed, they would turn burn-red. Therefore Oh chose to plop down into the
water to assuage his embarrassment and neutralize his body color back to normal.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
50
Table 4.14. Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 14
Code Sentence from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
SA/00:3
5:26,583
-->
00:35:28
,381
I must cool my core. Cool my core I must refresh myself.
Core is not a reasonable word used in sentence 14 because the word core
is a noun that represents the hard central part of a fruit or an object (“Core”). Even
though Oh was not a human being, he was definitely not a fruit or plant either.
There is a more sensible replacement sentence which is more appropriate to the
situation.
15. Sentence 15
Sentence 15 was uttered by Oh after he left Tip in order to refresh himself.
He did not feel embarrassed anymore, so he joyfully came back to the car and he
was ready to continue the trip to Paris.
Table 4.15. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 15
Code Sentence from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
LA/00:3
6:05,121
-->
00:36:06
,964
My temperature is back
to happiness.
Temperature
Happiness I am happy again.
The words temperature and happiness do not related to each other.
Temperature is a degree to measure heat; meanwhile, happiness is related to
pleasure and satisfaction. Instead of having the incompatible words within the
sentence, it is better to simply said that he is happy again.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
51
16. Sentence 16
Sentence 16 was uttered by Oh. He and Tip were talking about each other
childhood.
Table 4.16. Structural Ambiguity Found in Sentence 16
Code Sentence from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
SA/00:3
6:55,547
-->
00:36:58
,050
When Boov are young,
we are kept in the
warming oven.
Kept in the
warming
oven.
-
Sentence 16 is ambiguous because the use of oven to keep baby Boov.
Oven is a cooking utility used to cook of heat meals, not to keep a living creature.
If sentence 16 is analyzed with an approach that considers meaning as a logical
form, sentence 16 is rather creepy. However, if it is analyzed by considering the
situation that Boov are aliens, it may seem okay.
17. Sentence 17
Sentence 17 was uttered by Captain Smek after he got the news that Oh
was still nowhere to be found and his invitation was still reaching to their enemy
who was getting nearer to Earth. The Boov wanted to discuss the bad news with
Captain Smek, so he came to the gathering by riding a vacuum cleaner.
Table 4.17. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 17
Code Sentence from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
LA/00:3
9:03,466
-->
I vacuumed here as soon
as I could. vacuumed
I came here as soon as I
could.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
52
00:39:05
,309
Vacuum, the base word of vacuumed, is a space that entirely devoid of
matter (“Vacuum”). However, the word vacummed in sentence 18 was changed by
Captain Smek from the noun form of the word vacuum into verb. To analyze
sentence 17 objectively, it means that Captain Smek is doing something by using
a vacuum cleaner to create an empty space. In the movie, it was true that Captain
Smek was using a vacuum cleaner. However, he did not use it to clean a place. He
rode the vacuum cleaner to come to the Boov gathering. On the other words, he
used vacuum cleaner as a vehicle. The meaning of sentence 17 is completely
different from its conceptual meaning.
18. Sentence 18
Sentence 18 was uttered by Oh after he communicated with the Gorg and
understood the reason why the Gorg were chasing after the Boov.
Table 4.18. Lexical Ambiguity Found in Sentence 18
Code Sentence from the Movie
Incompatible
Word/Phrase/
Sentence
Logical Sentence
LA/01:2
1:11,450
-->
01:21:16
,042
He was alonely and
would someday be
extinctly.
Alonely
Extinctly
He was lonely and would
someday be extinct.
The word Alonely does not exist. It may be a combination of words alone
and lonely which have similar meaning. Being lonely actually covers the situation
of being alone, and in addition, feeling sad because of it. On the other hand, being
alone means that someone or something is separated from others, but it does not
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
53
mean that person is unhappy or lonely. The researcher chose the word lonely to
make sentence 18 more sensible because the subject he that refers to the Gorg was
described being sad and angry because he was alone. Beside the word alonely, the
word extinctly in sentence 18 do not exist either. Extinct means that a species is no
longer in existence. If that word is given suffix –ly, it does not convey the
meaning of being extinct at all.
D. The Structure Tree of the Ambiguous Sentences
As the first section discussed the ambiguous sentences and their logical
forms, which answered the first research problem, this section is the answer for
the second research problem. This section will provide the structure tree of the
ambiguous sentences that was discussed in the previous section. The researcher
will provide some explanation for each structure tree.
1. Sentence 1
Semantically, sentence 1 was anomalous because of the word excitement
which was not suitable to convey the enthusiast and excited feelings. It turns out
that the word excitement makes the structure tree for sentence 1 is imbalance as
well.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
54
Figure 4.1. The Structure Tree for Sentence 1
The composition of sentence 1 generally meets the requirement to build a
sentence that is grammatically correct. It has a NP and then a VP that follows after
the NP. However, the deeper nodes show an imbalance condition. The anomaly
occurs within the VP node; between the word very and excitement. Adverb can be
formulated into an ADV.P when it is paired with adjectives, adverbs, and
determiners to emphasize the high degree or superlative adjective. However, since
the word excitement is a noun, the ADV.P cannot be formed. The absence of an
ADV.P node makes the structure tree unbalance.
2. Sentence 2
Sentence 2 could create two different meanings, as it was discussed in
section A of this chapter. Some sentences have the condition where they may
semantically create two or more different meanings, but syntactically they only
produce one structure tree. Apparently, the structure tree for sentence 2 is possible
to be made into two different diagrams in accordance with its two different
meanings.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
55
Figure 4.2a. The Structure Tree for the 1st Possible Meaning from Sentence 2
Figure 4.2a shows the structure tree for the first possible meaning; the
Boov were moving to Earth which, compare to other planets in the whole
universe, was the best planet for hiding. The original phrase for to hiding is
modified into its correct form which is for hiding. The phrase is included under
the domination of PP node.
Figure 4.2b. The Structure Tree for the 2nd
Possible Meaning from Sentence 2
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
56
On the other hand, figure 4.2b is the structure tree for the second possible
meaning from sentence 2. Sentence 2 points out the meaning that the Boov were
moving to Earth, a planet which was best at everything, in order to hide.
Therefore, the phrase for hiding has its own node. It has the equal position with
the other first subordinate nodes.
3. Sentence 3
Sentence 3 was incorrect because the word skedaddle could be as equal as
the other verbs without having the verb pulling before it.
Figure 4.3. The Structure Tree for Sentence 3
Sentence 3 follows the syntactical rules, apart from its ambiguity and
anomaly. It is constructed by two clauses; a clause that has a NP and another
clause that contains a set of VPs that is bonded by a conjunction. Syntactically,
the sentence is correct, although the VP pulling a skedaddle does not make sense.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
57
4. Sentence 4
Sentence 4 was semantically ambiguous because the word savages
represents both the condition of being simple and backwards. However, the
syntax construction of sentence 4 is acceptable because syntax ignores the
requirement whether or not a sentence makes sense.
Figure 4.4. The Structure Tree for Sentence 4
Sentence 4 consists of a NP and followed by a VP with the correct
composition of each subordinate node. This construction meets the basic
requirement to construct a sentence that is grammatically correct.
5. Sentence 5
Sentence 5 was a contradiction if it is analyzed from semantic point of
view. When something is praised because it is a cute thing, it must be because its
good quality or its attractiveness. However, sentence 5 shows that something is
praised being a cute thing because of its ugliness. The two clauses do not support
each other facts. Therefore, it is considered contradictive in semantic theory.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
58
Figure 4.5. The Structure Tree for Sentence 5
Even though the clauses in sentence 5 were semantically contradictive
with each other, they are completely fine syntactically. Each clause has complete
property compositions and then becomes a sentence that is grammatically correct.
6. Sentence 6
Sentence 6 did not make sense because gravity cannot be turned off as
easy as turning off a lamp. It is an exact thing that all space things have. That fact
is a common sense of all humans; therefore sentence 6 is not only semantically
ambiguous, but is also wrong.
Figure 4.6. The Structure Tree for Sentence 6
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
59
Since syntactic analysis is not based on logic, it is possible to construct a
sentence tree diagram for sentence 6. From the structure tree, it is clear that
sentence 6 is grammatically correct and following the syntactic rules.
7. Sentence 7
Sentence 7 is not a good sentence from semantic point of view because it
is created by odd expression and ambiguous sentence.
Figure 4.7. The Structure Tree for Sentence 7
From syntax point of view, sentence 7 actually does not fulfill the
requirement to construct a good sentence; one NP and one VP. Instead of being a
sentence, it is more like a VP because it starts with a verb. Moreover, there is no
NP before the VP.
8. Sentence 8
Considering the movie storyline, sentence 8 created two different
meanings when it was analyzed with semantic theory. However, the syntactic
analysis only results one structure tree. The results from semantic and syntactic
analysis are different due to the different approach used in the analysis.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
60
The semantic analysis was done while trying to figure out the logical form
of sentence 8. On the other hand, the syntactic analysis is done with the provided
sentence. Sentence 8 does not undergo any changes in order to find its logical
form for syntactic analysis because logic and sense are not the important factors
for syntax.
Figure 4.8. The Structure Tree for Sentence 8
The subject of sentence 8 actually does not have an identified label since it
is not a valid word in the dictionary. Nonetheless, the word humanspersons might
be possible to be put under NP node since all subjects are noun. In addition, the
phrase Happy Humanstown is labeled as a noun because it is following the
preposition in, so it is considered as a place.
9. Sentence 9
Sentence 9 implies the request to be allowed to do something. However,
the sentence only contains one verb, let, that signals the request. It does not have
another verb that must be in the sentence. That other verb will be the signal of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
61
what action that the subject wants to be allowed to. The missing verb causes
sentence 9 becoming incorrect, both semantically and grammatically.
Figure 4.9. The Structure Tree for Sentence 9
Figure 4.9 clearly shows one missing dominate label. The verb let is not
complete without having another verb representing the action that need to be
allowed to get done. In addition, sentence 9 is, syntactically, only a verb phrase. It
does not have a NP before the VP.
10. Sentence 10
Sentence 10 was semantically ambiguous because the sentence was not in
accordance with the situation in the movie. The speaker said the vehicle was
infested, but it turned out that there was only one cat that existed inside the
vehicle.
Figure 4.10. The Structure Tree for Sentence 10
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
62
Syntax ignores the condition whether or not the sentence makes sense,
whether or not the sentence is correlated with the situation or fact. Therefore,
sentence 10 is grammatically correct. It fulfills the requirements of syntactic rules;
a sentence consists of a NP, and then followed by a VP.
11. Sentence 11
Sentence 11 was illogical when it was analyzed with semantic theory
because the word danger did not convey the proper meaning of the risk or harmful
feeling. It was changed into its adjective form, dangerous.
Figure 4.11. The Structure Tree For Sentence 11
However, the word danger does not need to be changed into its adjective
form because the sentence is still grammatically correct with that noun form.
Sentence 11 fulfills the syntactic rules for making a VP and a sentence. A verb
phrase may consist of a verb, a noun or noun phrase, and a prepositional phrase
altogether.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
63
12. Sentence 12
Sentence 12 semantically created two different meanings. The phrase
crawls with was the cause of the ambiguity in the semantic analysis. It also
becomes the cause of the syntactic analysis results. The preposition with causes
the syntactic analysis gives out two different tree diagrams.
Figure 4.12a. The Structure Tree for the 1st Possible Meaning from Sentence 12
Figure 4.12a shows that the preposition with is a part of the verb crawls.
The VP crawls with means that the NP it, which refers to Paris, is fully occupied
with the Boov.
Figure 4.12b. The Structure Tree for the 2nd
Possible Meaning from Sentence 12
Figure 4.12b shows a slightly different tree diagram from the figure 4.12a.
Previously in figure 4.12a, the word with was under the VP node. Meanwhile, in
figure 4.12b, the word with is in a separated node; it becomes a PP. Figure 4.12b
presents the meaning that the NP is moving around together with Boov.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
64
13. Sentence 13
Sentence 13 was semantically incorrect because the word overheated was
not a degree used to measure someone’s embarrassment level. It is used to
measure heat. Therefore, sentence 13 was given another sentence as the
replacement in order to make it more logical.
Figure 4.13. The Structure Tree for Sentence 13
Sentence 13 consists of the correct composition of NP and VP. The phrase
order is also correct. Hence, although the sentence implies an ambiguous
meaning, the sentence is not wrong or ambiguous from syntactic analysis.
14. Sentence 14
Sentence 14 was incorrect because the word core was a part of a fruit or
plant; meanwhile, the Boov were not the plant-kind alien.
Figure 4.14. The Structure Ttree for Sentence 14
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
65
However, sentence 14 is syntactically possible to be parsed. As long as the
words in a sentence have their own syntactic labels, the tree diagram can be made.
Sentence 14 has an auxiliary verb in it, and following the syntactic rule, auxiliary
verb is not one of VP’s subordinate nodes. It is parsed in its own node.
15. Sentence 15
The ambiguity of sentence 15 came from the word temperature and the
word happiness which did not support each other set of facts.
Figure 4.15. The Structure Tree for Sentence 15
Despite of the anomaly and ambiguity occurs in sentence 15, it is
grammatically correct.
16. Sentence 16
Sentence 16 was semantically incorrect and also rather creepy. Oven is not
a utility to keep a living creature warm; it is a cooking utility to prepare a meal.
Therefore, there was no replacement sentence could be produced to make
sentence 16 becoming logical.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
66
Figure 4.16: The Structure Tree for Sentence 16
Sentence 16 consists of two clauses. It is a complex sentence with one
dependent clause and one independent clause. The composition of each clause is
complete and in the right order, so the structure tree of sentence 16 is correct.
17. Sentence 17
The word vacuum was the cause of ambiguity, specifically, lexical
ambiguity. The conceptual meaning of the word vacuum is doing a cleaning
activity or making a space cleaner. On the other hand, doing an action while using
a vacuum cleaner, like the situation in the movie, could also convey a meaningful
sentence.
Figure 4.17: The Structure Tree for Sentence 17
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
67
The tree diagram of sentence 17 is correctly constructed. The sentence
consists of one NP and followed by one VP.
18. Sentence 18
Sentence 18 was semantically ambiguous because the words alonely and
extinctly do not exist. The researcher proposed a replacement for the word alonely
because it turned out that alonely was possible to become alone or lonely.
Meanwhile, to replace the word extinctly, the researcher simply omitted the suffix
–ly.
Figure 4.18. The Structure Tree for Sentence 18
Figure 4.18 presents the tree diagram for sentence 18. Sentence 18 is
included into a compound sentence. It consists of one independent clause and two
dependent clauses.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
68
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents three sections i.e. conclusions, implications, and
recommendation. The major findings of the research are summarized in the first
section; conclusions. Then, the implications of the research for language
teaching/learning are presented in the second section, implications. The last
section contains of some recommendations from the researcher for the readers and
future researcher.
A. Conclusions
Based on the analysis in chapter IV, the researcher is able to answer the
research questions presented in chapter I. The research questions number one is
“What are the ambiguous sentences in Home movie?” Based on the analysis in
chapter IV, there are two major kinds of ambiguity. The sentences are either
lexically ambiguous or structural ambiguous. Precisely, the ambiguous sentences
in Home movie are sentences which have nonsensical meanings, multiple
meanings from a single sentence, ungrammatical sentence structure, and sentences
with contradictory facts within a single sentence. From the findings in chapter IV,
the researcher figures out that lexical ambiguity is the most common ambiguity
type found in Home movie. This kind of ambiguity usually occurs because of
wrong word choice or incoherent words within one sentence. Meanwhile, the
sentences with structural ambiguity are less likely to be found in Home movie.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
69
Nevertheless, these sentences usually occur because of the inappropriate word
choice which then leads to the multiple meaning productions.
The findings in chapter IV also helps the researcher to answer the research
question number two which is “What are the structure trees of the ambiguous
sentences in Home movie?” Based on the analysis in chapter IV, there are three
types of diagram which represent the structure trees of the ambiguous sentences in
Home movie. The first type is the complete diagram where the sentence fulfills
the grammatical rules, despite of having nonsensical meaning. The second
diagram type is a diagram with unoccupied node where the sentence has one or
more missing label, which makes the diagram becoming unbalance. Lastly, there
is a diagram that represents two different meanings which possibly occur from a
sentence.
B. Implications
The researcher understands that this study is made to fulfill the final
requirement to graduate from the university. Nevertheless, the researcher hopes
that this research will be helpful for the language teaching/learning.
1. For language teaching
Language teaching is one essential matter because language delivers one’s
intention through a communication and bridges the differences. The researcher
hopes that this study will help English language teachers to be more aware of the
importance of avoiding ambiguity. The research shows that even a single word
can deliver different meaning if it is employed inappropriately. The research also
shows that syntax and semantic have interesting relationships and the researcher
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
70
hopes that the English language teacher can show it to the students. Furthermore,
the researcher thinks that drawing a structure tree is not very complicated as long
as we are careful. The researcher hopes that language teachers can assist the
students well.
2. For language learning
The researcher believes that language learning unconsciously happens
continuously in the daily life, even when one does not attend a language learning
class. The researcher hopes that the result of this research can contribute good
implications for those who learn English language. This research shows how easy
a sentence becomes ambiguous. The researcher hopes that English language
learners will be more careful when they communicate with each other. The
research also shows some structure trees in hope that the diagram will help the
learners to have a better understanding about syntax, structure tree in particular.
As a learner, the researcher used to think that semantic and syntax are such
difficult subjects. However, those two subjects are very interesting to be learnt or
analyzed because the relations between them are unique. The researcher hopes
that English language learner would be more excited to learn semantic and syntax.
C. Recommendations
The researcher of this study acknowledges that this research is still
incomplete. Therefore, the researcher proposes some recommendations for the
readers who are the students of English Language Education Study Program and
the future researcher.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
71
1. For students of English Language Education Study Program (ELESP)
Some of the ELESP students may think that learning linguistics is hard
and troublesome. In fact, linguistics is one important aspect in order to master
English. Unlike structure tree, ambiguity is not specifically learnt in the
classroom. Studying structure tree which is derived from an ambiguous sentence
will be interesting because it will be a new concept of learning. It will enrich
students’ competence in drawing structure tree. They can also learn to avoid
ambiguous sentences.
2. For future researchers
This researcher only focuses on the ambiguous sentences and the structure
trees of the sentences produced by the alien characters in Home movie. There are
actually other characters exist in the movie, but the researcher chose to focus on
some of the alien characters. The researcher suggests the future researchers to
conduct the similar research with novel, newspaper, short film script, or movie as
the research source. Besides that, the researcher also recommends the future
researchers to analyze other various subjects. They could analyze the whole
characters, or comparing the female and male characters, or the educated and
uneducated characters. This study could be an additional reference and support for
those who want to do research on ambiguity and structure trees.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
72
REFERENCES
Aitchison, J. (2004). Teach yourself lingustics. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd.
Culicover, P. W. (1982). Syntax (2nd
ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Donaghy, K. (2014). How can film help you teach or learn english? Retrieved
June 26, 2017, from British Council:
https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/how-can-film-help-you-
teach-or-learn-english
Education First. Retrieved October 7, 2017, from http://www.ef.com/english-
resources/english-grammar/functions-adjectives/
Frawley, W. (1992). Linguistics semantics. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
Fromkin, V., Blair, D., & Collins, P. (1991). An introduction to language (4th
ed.).
Sydney: Harcourt.
Goddard, C (2011). Semantic analysis: a practical introduction (2nd
ed.). Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Leech, G. (1981). Semantics: the study of meaning (2nd
ed.). Middlesex: Penguin
Books.
Nordquist, R. (2016). Ambiguity: language. Retrieved September 15, 2017, from
https://www.thoughtco.com/ambiguity-language-1692388
Wahyuni, S. (2015). Qualitative research method: theory and practice (2nd
ed.).
Jakarta Selatan: Penerbit Salemba Empat.
Wang, Qiang. (2010). Drawing tree diagrams: problems and suggestions. Journal
of Language Teaching and Research, 1, 926-934.
Widdowson, H.G. (2007). Discourse analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wood, L. A. & Kroger, R. O. (2000). Doing discourse analysis: methods for
studying action in talk and text. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
73
APPENDIX
Types of Ambiguity and Grammar Correctness Uttered by the Alien Characters in Home Movie
Legends:
LA : Lexical Ambiguity
SA : Structural Ambiguity
C : Correct
I : Incorrect
Types of Ambiguity : in which type is the ambiguous sentence is categorized to.
Grammar correctness : whether or not the sentence is correct according to its tree structure.
This appendix simply presents a simpler conclusion of the research results.
No. Code Utterance
Types of
Ambiguity
Grammar
Correctness Explanation
LA SA C I
1.
LA-I/
00:01:30,299 -->
00:01:33,849
Oh:
I am very excitement to make a
new fresh start!
From the semantic viewpoints, this
sentence is lexically ambiguous, and the
tree structure of the sentence shows that
the sentence is grammatically incorrect.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
74
2. SA-C/
00:01:34,011 -->
00:01:38,312
Oh:
We are all moving to the best
planet ever for to hiding.
This sentence is categorized as structural
ambiguity because the repeated use of
prepositions for and to can result to
multiple meanings production. On the
other hand, it also has two grammatically
correct tree diagrams due to separated
use of the two prepositions.
3. LA-C/
00:02:20,557 -->
00:02: 25,570
Captain Smek:
Thanks to my leadership
skill… cowering, running, and
pulling a skedaddle.
The lexical ambiguity occurs because of
the wrong lexical choice. Nevertheless,
the same mistake does not give the same
effect to the tree structure. The sentence
is grammatically correct because each
word has its own syntactic category in
the correct order.
4. LA-C/
00:03:18,865 -->
00:03:22,290
Captain Smek:
The native savages are simple
and backwards.
This sentence is included to lexical
ambiguity because of the meaningless
word repetition; as the term savages
possesses the truth value of being simple
and backwards. Even so, the tree
diagram shows that the sentence
correctly follows the syntactic rule. It
means, the sentence is grammatically
correct although it is semantically
ambiguous.
5. SA-C/
00:03:25,789 -->
00:03:28,087
Oh:
They are so ugly, they are cute!
This sentence is a contradiction, which is
one of semantic rules violations, and
causing the sentence structurally
ambiguous. However, it is grammatically
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
75
correct regarding to the completion of its
tree structure.
6.
SA-C/
00:03:54,818 -->
00:03:57,446
Captain Smek:
Now we are turning off your
gravity temporarily.
This sentence is a structural ambiguity
because it rejects the truth that gravity on
Earth cannot be deactivated. Despite its
nonsensical, the sentence is
grammatically correct according to its
tree structure.
7. SA-I/
00:04:24,931 -->
00:04:27,901
Captain Smek:
Enjoy you the frozen,
sweetened bovine secretion.
There are more than two words which
are ambiguous in this sentence and they
are the cause of the structural ambiguity.
On the other hand, it is actually not a
sentence because it does not fulfill the
syntactic rule of a sentence forming. It is
categorized as a verb phrase, but still, the
tree structure is wrong. So it is
grammatically incorrect.
8. LA-C/
00:04:55,086 -->
00:05:00,013
Oh:
Humanspersons are happiness
and joy forever in Happy
Humanstown.
The anomalies occur in this sentence
causing the sentence to be ambiguous.
The non-existed words and wrong
lexical choice are the exact reasons why
the sentence is included to lexical
ambiguity type. However, the tree
structure is correct and the sentence is
also grammatically correct because it
follows the syntactic rule.
9. LA-I/ 00:23:26,030 -->
Oh:
Now let me to inside!
This sentence is incomplete because it is
unclear what kind of action of activity
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
76
00:23:28,283 that the subject wants to get allowed to.
The missing verb that makes the
sentence unclear/ambiguous affects the
tree structure as well because there is
one missing node which causes the
diagram becoming unbalance.
10. LA-C/
00:24:50,698 -->
00:24:52,371
Oh:
Your vehicle is infested!
The word infested causes the sentence
being ambiguous. Originally, it means an
epidemic or damage occurs because of a
large number of an organism existed in
one particular place. It turns out, there
was only one animal appeared in the
situation. Although the sentence is
semantically ambiguous, it is
syntactically correct because it has
correct tree diagram with complete
nodes.
11. LA-C/
00:33:25,462 -->
00:33:27,590
Oh:
Paris is danger for both of us.
Although the word danger affects the
sentence to be ambiguous from semantic
viewpoints, it does not affect the tree
structure to be incorrect. Its syntactic
label is located in the correct node and
order.
12. SA-C/
00:33:27,756 -->
00:33:29,804
Oh:
It crawls with Boov.
This sentence is categorized as structural
ambiguity because it has more than one
meaning. Nevertheless, the tree diagram
shows that this ambiguous sentence is
grammatically correct.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
77
13. SA-C/
00:35:24,789 -->
00:35:26,416
Oh:
I am overheated with shame.
As overheated is a measurement used for
heat, while shame is not related to
temperature, the sentence becomes
ambiguous because the words within the
sentence itself reject each other set of
truth. Despite that, the sentence grammar
is correct.
14. SA-C/
00:35:26,583 -->
00:35:28,381
Oh:
I must cool my core.
Even though the alien characters were
not human beings, they were definitely
not included to plant nor fruit race.
Hence, the lexical choice core is not
reasonable and causing the ambiguity.
Even so, the tree structure is correct
because syntactic analysis pays more
attention to syntactic rules and label
order.
15. LA-C/
00:36:05,121 -->
00:36:06,964
Oh:
My temperature is back to
happiness.
The word temperature and happiness
does not support each other set of facts,
and it results to the sentence ambiguity.
Notwithstanding, the sentence has a
completely correct tree structure that
follows the syntactic rules, which means
it is grammatically correct.
16. SA-C/
00:36:55,547 -->
00:36:58,050
Oh:
When Boov are young, we are
kept in the warming oven.
The sentence is structurally ambiguous
because it is nonsensical. Although the
context is related to the Boov whom
aliens, sentences in this research are
analyzed from their conceptual meaning
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
78
as a logical form. So, the sentence is
considered ambiguous. Meanwhile, the
sentence is grammatically correct with a
complete diagram despite of its
nonsensical meaning.
17. LA-C/
00:39:03,466 -->
00:39:05,309
Captain Smek:
I vacuumed here as fast as I
could.
The word vacuumed in the sentence has
different meaning between its conceptual
meaning and situation happened in the
movie. It results to lexical ambiguity.
Nevertheless, the sentence is
grammatically correct in regard with its
tree structure.
18. LA-I/
01:21:11,450 -->
01:21:16,042
Oh:
He was alonely and would
someday be extinctly.
The words alonely and extinctly in the
sentence are the cause of ambiguity and
unbalance tree structure. The sentence
becomes ambiguous from semantic
viewpoints and incorrect from syntax
viewpoints as well.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI