American Civil War: Organized Crime? Part 2: Reconstruction

7/30/2019 American Civil War: Organized Crime? Part 2: Reconstruction

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American Civil War:

Organized Crime?Part 2: Reconstruction

By William P. Litynski


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Order Out of Chaos, Part 1: Political Reconstruction

From the Fords Theatre in Washington, D.C.:

Lone Gunman or Patsy?The Assassination of American President Abraham Lincon on A!ri "#, "$%&

Lone Gunman or Patsy?ohn Wilkes Booth, an actor and Re!el sym"athi#er, assassinates President $!raham Lincoln at%ord&s 'heatre in Washin(ton, ).C. on $"ril 1*, 1+-. $!raham Lincoln as the first $merican "resident e/er to !eassassinated. Was 0kull Bones in/ol/ed in the assassination of President $!raham Lincoln2 3Photo:Li!rary of Con(ress4
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/057_pra4.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/057_pra4.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/057_pra4.html


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Poiticians, Cabinet members, and sodiers !a' their fina res!ects to President Abraham Lincon on the morning of

A!ri "&, "$%&.


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56ecution of the four "ersons condemned as cons"irators37ary 5. 0urratt, Leis '. Poell, )a/id 5. 8erold, and 9eor(e $. $t#erodt4 at thOld $rsenal Penitentiary on uly , 1+-. 3Photo(ra"hed !y $le6ander 9ardner4 3;ational $rchi/es4

A !ainting of (efferson Da)is, former *.+. +enator from ississi!!i and former -!resident of -Confederate +tates of Americin !rison at Fort onroe in /am!ton, 0irginia in "$%&. 1Librar' of Congress
http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-201.jpghttp://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-201.jpghttp://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/


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efferson )a/is, the de"osed President of the Confederate 0tates of $merica as ca"tured !y the , 1+-. efferson )a/is&s ladies Colonel William Preston ohnston, efferson )a/is&s aide?de?cam", and Burton ;or/ell8arrison, efferson )a/is&s "ri/ate secretary, ere ca"tured alon( ith efferson )a/is. William Preston ohnston and Burton ;or/8arrison ere mem!ers of SKULL & BONESat @ale


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The Aas3a Purchase 1arch 45, "$%6

The signing of the Aas3a Treat' of Cessation on arch 45, "$%6. From eft to right: Robert +. Che7, *.+. +ecretar' of +tateWiiam /. +e7ard, Wiiam /unter, r. 8odisco, Russian inister to the *.+. 9duard de +toec3, *.+. +enator Chares+umner and Frederic3 W. +e7ard.

The 6.2 miion chec3 issued b' the Treasur' of the *.+. to !urchase Russia from the Russian go)ernment


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Territor' of Aas3a

'he si(natures of


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The ;m!eachment of *.+. President Andre7 (ohnson in "$%$

'he Radical Re"u!licans in the


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A ist of -


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%rom a "hoto(ra"h !y Brady in the


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0kull Bones 7em!ers Political Reconstruction of $merica 31+-?1+4

Orris 0. %erryB.$. @ale 1+**


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0kull Bones and Reconstruction 31+-?1+4

9o/ernment Officials:$l"honso 'aft 30B 1+DD4 K 0ecretary of War 31+4I ?1+4'homas $nthony 'hacher 30B 1+D-4 K 7em!er of the Connecticut 0tate Board of 5ducation 31+-?1+4ose"h Bur!een Walker 30B 1+**4 K 7em!er of the Board of 5ducation of Concord, ;e 8am"shire 31+-?1+>4


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0u"reme Court ustices of the


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Presidential 5lection of 1+

Left to ri(ht: 0amuel . 'ilden, Rutherford B. 8ayes, $l"honso 'aft, and William 7. 5/arts

0amuel . 'ilden K 9o/ernor of ;e @ork 31+-?1+4I Presidential candidate for the )emocratic Party in 1+Rutherford B. 8ayes K


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1+ource: Librar' of Congress Prints > Photogra!hs ?nine Cataog


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Chief (ustice of the *.+. +u!reme Court orrison R. Waite administers the oath of office to *.+. President Rutherford 8. /a'in front of the *.+. Ca!ito in Washington, D.C. on arch #, "$66. orrison R. Waite 7as a member of +3u > 8ones at


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Order Out of Chaos, Part A: 5conomic Reconstruction

-0ie7 in Wa +treet from Corner of 8road7a', =e7


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American Cor!orate Robber 8arons of the ate "GthCentur'

Left to ri(ht: $ndre Carne(ie 31+D-?114, ohn Pier"ont 7or(an 0r. 31+D?11D4, ohn ). Rockefeller 0r. 31+D?1D4, and ay 9ould31+D?1+A4.

Left to ri(ht: ohn aco! $stor ===, $u(ust Belmont 0r., 5dard 8. 8arriman, and Cornelius ander!ilt

;ote: ohn Pier"ont 7or(an earned millions of dollar in "rofit sellin( malfunctioned rifles to the > to ser/e as his re"lacement durin( the Ci/il War. Carne(ie, 7or(an, Rockefeller, and9ould did not ser/e in the military durin( the Ci/il War.


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'he Bosses of the 0enate

American =ationa Debt during and after Reconstruction 1"$%&H"G"#(u' ", "$%# H ",$"&,6$#,465.&6(u' ", "$%& H 2,%$5,%#6,$%G.6#(u' ", "$%% H 2,664,24%,"64.%G(u' ", "$%6 H 2,%6$,"2%,"54.$6(u' ", "$%$ H 2,%"",%$6,$&"."G(u' ", "$%G H 2,&$$,#&2,2"4.G#(u' ", "$65 H 2,#$5,%62,#26.$"(u' ", "$6" H 2,4&4,2"",442.42(u' ", "$62 H 2,2&4,2&",42$.6$(u' ", "$64 H 2,24#,#$2,GG4.25(u' ", "$6# H 2,2&",%G5,#%$.#4(u' ", "$6& H 2,242,2$#,&4".G&

(u' ", "$6% H 2,"$5,4G&,5%6."&(u' ", "$66 H 2,25&,45",4G2."5(u' ", "$6$ H 2,2&%,25&,$G2.&4(u' ", "$6G H 2,4#G,&%6,#$2.5#(u' ", "$$5 H 2,"25,#"&,465.%4(u' ", "$$" H 2,5%G,5"4,&%G.&$

(u' ", "$$2 H ",G"$,4"2,GG#.54(u' ", "$$4 H ",$$#,"6",62$.56(u' ", "$$# H ",$45,&2$,G24.&6(u' ", "$$& H ",$%4,G%#,$64."#(u' ", "$$% H ",66&,5%4,5"4.6$(u' ", "$$6 H ",%&6,%52,&G2.%4(u' ", "$$$ H ",%G2,$&$,G$#.&$(u' ", "$$G H ",%"G,5&2,G22.24(u' ", "$G5 H ",&&2,"#5,25#.64(u' ", "$G" H ",&,GG%,&G".%"(u' ", "$G2 H ",&$$,#%#,"##.%4(u' ", "$G4 H ",&,G$&,%$%."4

(u' ", "$G# H ",%42,2&4,%4%.%$(u' ", "$G& H ",%6%,"25,G$4.2&(u' ", "$G% H ",6%G,$#5,424.#5(u' ", "$G6 H ",$"6,%62,%%&.G5(u' ", "$G$ H ",6G%,&4",GG&.G5(u' ", "$GG H ",GG",G26,45%.G2

(u' ", "G55 H 2,"4%,G%",5G".%6(u' ", "G5" H 2,"#4,42%,G44.$G(u' ", "G52 H 2,"&$,%"5,##&.$G(u' ", "G54 H 2,252,#%#,6$".$G(u' ", "G5# H 2,2%#,554,&$&."#(u' ", "G5& H 2,26#,%"&,5%4.$#(u' ", "G5% H 2,446,"%",$4G.5#(u' ", "G56 H 2,#&6,"$$,5%".(u' ", "G5$ H 2,%2%,$5%,26".(u' ", "G5G H 2,%4G,%,2#".5#(u' ", "G"5 H 2,%&2,%%&,$4$.5#(u' ", "G"" H 2,6%&,%55,%5%.%G

(u' ", "G"2 H 2,$%$,464,$6#."%(u' ", "G"4 H 2,G"%,25#,G"4.%%(u' ", "G"# H 2,G"2,#GG,2%G."%(u' ", "G"& H 4,5&$,"4%,$64."%(u' ", "G"% H 4,%5G,2##,2%2."%(u' ", "G"6 H &,6"6,665,26G.&2

+ource: htt!:II777.treasur'direct.go)Igo)tIre!ortsI!dIhistdebtIhistdebtJhisto4.htm
http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo3.htmhttp://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo3.htm


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An iustration of a scene in the =e7


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Corneius 0anderbit and the rairoad mono!o' of the ate "$55s

+tandard ?i Com!an' refiner' circa "$GG


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$merican cor"orate e6ecuti/es and other ro!!er !arons in the late 1+>>s and early 1>>s hired children, many of them hoere illiterate immi(rants from 5uro"e, to "erform menial and ha#ardous Eo!s in the factories. 3;ational $rchi/es4

Left "hoto: $ youn( (irl orks in a te6tile factory in the early 1>>s.Ri(ht "hoto: $ (rou" of youn( !oys is seen orkin( in a coal mine in the early 1>>s.


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0i6 years after ork !e(an in 1+A, the railroad orkers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the est and the , 1+ that California 9o/ernor Leland 0tanford 3one of theBi( %our oners of the Central Pacific4 dro/e the 9olden 0"ike on the s"ecial tie of "olished California laurel.

'he )en/er Riot of 1++>, here $mericans, "rimarily railroad orkers, attack Chinese immi(rants in )en/er, Colorado in ;o/em!er 1++>.Con(ress "assed the Chinese 56clusion $ct of 1++A on 7ay , 1++A, "rohi!itin( the immi(ration of Chinese "eo"le initially for 1> yearsI the"rohi!ition as e6tended until 1*D hen Con(ress re"ealed the "rohi!ition 3at the reuest of 7adame Chian( Jai?shek4.


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The Kreat Chicago Fire in ?ctober "$6" 1?ctober $H"5, "$6"

The corner of Dearborn and onroe +treets after the Kreat Chicago Fire of "$6". The a'or of Chicago at the time of theKreat Chicago Fire 7as Ros7e 8. ason. Ros7e 8. asons sons /enr' 8urra ason 1+>8 "$65 and Afred 8isho!ason 1+>8 "$6" 7ere members of Skull & Bonesat


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/a'mar3et Riot at /a'mar3et +uare in Chicago on a' #, "$$%.

;inois =ationa Kuard troo!s confront stri3ing American Rai7a' *nion members outside Arcade 8uiding in the Pumanneighborhood of the south side of Chicago during the Puman +tri3e in "$G#. *.+. President Kro)er Ce)eand, a Democrat,ordered the *.+. Arm' to ;inois to end the stri3es in "$G#. The stri3es ended in (u' "$G#.


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Lone Gunman or Patsy?The Poitica Assassination of President (ames A. Karfied

American President (ames Abram Karfied 1=o)ember "G, "$4" E +e!tember "G, "$$" is assassinated b' -one gunmanChares (. Kuiteau at the 8atimore > Potomac Rairoad Passenger Termina in Washington, D.C. on (u' 2, "$$"M (ames A.Karfied 7as a su!!orter of a god and si)er standard. President Karfied died from his 7ounds on +e!tember "G, "$$".

Car AeNander ;; of Russia 7as assassinated in +t. Petersburg, Russia on arch "4, "$$". Car AeNander ;; of Russia rued Russfrom "$&& to "$$". Car AeNander ;; of Russia 7as the Car of Russia during the American Ci)i War.

-;f that mischie)ous financia !oic' 7hich had its origin in the =orth American Re!ubic shoud become indurated do7n to afiNture, then that go)ernment 7i furnish its o7n mone' 7ithout cost. ;t 7i !a' off its debts and be 7ithout a debt. ;t 7i ha the mone' necessar' to carr' on its commerce. ;t 7i become !ros!erous be'ond !recedent in the histor' of the ci)iiedgo)ernments of the 7ord. The brains and 7eath of a countries 7i go to =orth America. That go)ernment must be destro'or it 7i destro' e)er' monarch' on the gobe. E editoria in The London Times in "$%2


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Sanis"1American 2ar3 Or4ani5e! 'rime?

From the Krass' Ono in ondragn, +!ain

Lone Gunman or Patsy?

The Assassination of Prime inister of +!ain Antonio CQno)as de Castio1August $, "$G6

Lone Gunman or Patsy? ;taian mobster ichee Angioio 1eft assassinates Prime inister of +!ain Antonio CQno)as de

Castio in ondragn, +!ain on August $, "$G6. Antonio CQno)as de Castio ser)ed as Prime inister of +!ain on siNdifferent occasions 1"$6#H"$6&, "$6&H"$6G, "$6GH"$$", "$$#H"$$&, "$G5H"$G2, "$G&H"$G6. Puerto Rican nationaist Ramn9meterio 8etances aeged' assisted ;taian mobster ichee Angioio b' !ro)iding him 7ith mone' and fase !a!ers.


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American batteshi! *++ aine eN!odes at /a)ana /arbor in /a)ana, Cuba on Februar' "&, "$G$, during the ongoing CubaWar of ;nde!endence. The Cuban War of ;nde!endence asted from "$G& unti "$G$.


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8atte of +an (uan /i in Cuba during the +!anishHAmerican War in (u' "$G$. America acuired Cuba, Phii!!ines, andPuerto Rico from +!ain at the end of the +!anishHAmerican War. The +!anishHAmerican War asted from A!ri 2&, "$G$ untAugust "2, "$G$. 1Photo:Latin American +tudies
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/spanwar6.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/spanwar6.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/spanwar6.htm


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Cuban Arm' Kenera CaiNto Karcia 1right center and *.+. Arm' 8rig. Kenera Wiiam Ludo7 1eft center, ta3en during thconference at the time of the anding of the American arm' in "$G$, from !. 4"2 ofHarper's Pictorial History of the War withSpain, 0o. ;;, !ubished b' /ar!er and 8rothers in "$GG. Kenera CaiNto Karcia died in Washington, D.C. on December """$G$.


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American President Wiiam cOine' 1(anuar' 2G, "$#4 E +e!tember "#, "G5" is assassinated b' -one gunman LeonCogos, an anarchist, at the PanHAmerican 9N!osition in 8uffao, =e7


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William Preston ohnstonB.$. @ale 1+-A

President of 'ulane


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Wa +treet during the Panic of "G56


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ohn Pier"ont 7or(an and Jin( 5dard == attend a house "arty at the 8arcourts& ;uneham Park estate in 1>.

ohn Pier"ont 7or(an (a#es ferociously at !ystanders at the funeral of 0enator ohn %airfield )ryden in 111.


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+4

Chauncey 7. )e"eB.$. @ale 1+-

+?11D4

%rank B. Brande(eB.$. @ale 1++--?1A

)a/id osiah BreerB.$. @ale 1+-

ustice of the *?11

Ro!ert Weeks de %orestB.$. @ale 1+>

9eneral Counsel ofCentral Railroad of ;e

ersey 31+*?1A*4

ames 7ulford 'onsendB.$. @ale 1+*

9eneral Counsel of 5.=.du Pont de ;emours

Poder Co. 31>D?11D4

Lloyd Wheaton BoersB.$. @ale 1+

9eneral Counsel ofChica(o ;orthesternRailay Co. 31+D?1>4

ohn William 0terlin(B.$. @ale 1+*

Co?%ounder of 0hearman 0terlin(

Mla firm in ;e @ork CityN31+D?11+4

8enry Waters 'aftB.$. @ale 1++>

Partner of CadaladWickersham 'aft Mlfirm in ;e @ork Cit

31+?1*-4


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'he %ederal Reser/e headuarters in Washin(ton, ).C. 'he %ederal Reser/e is $merica&s central !ankI the %ederal Reser/e o"erates in manner similar to the former 0econd Bank of the


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American marines occu!' a corner in 0eracru, eNico in A!ri "G"#. President Woodro7 Wison ordered the *.+. arinesinter)ene in eNico to !rotect Wa +treet ban3ers -in)estments. 1Photo: Latin American +tudies

Panama Cana under construction in the ear' "G55s. The construction of the Panama Cana 7as financed !rimari' b' Wa+treet and su!er)ised !rimari' b' the *.+. go)ernment. The Panama Cana 7as o!en to a commercia and !assenger shi!sbeginning on August "&, "G"#.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/veracruz.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/veracruz.htm


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The Ludo7 assacre at Ludo7, Coorado on A!ri 25, "G"#, 7here 25 !eo!e, "" of them chidren, died )ioent' during anattac3 b' the Coorado =ationa Kuard on a tent coon' of ",255 stri3ing coa miners and their famiies. The coa miners i)inand 7or3ing in Ludo7, Coorado 7ere stri3ing against the Roc3efeer fami'Ho7ned Coorado Fue > ;ron Com!an'.1Western /istor'IKeneaog' De!artment, Den)er Pubic Librar'

Roc3efeer -musce men ride in an armored car, 3no7n to the stri3ing miners as the -Death +!ecia, 7ith a "$G& machingun mounted onto the )ehice, at a coa mine in Ludo7, Coorado. The Roc3efeer fami' and other cor!orate eNecuti)es at)arious coa mines used these armored cars to -disci!ine 7or3ers and to restrict their mo)ements.


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'he Wall 0treet Bom!in( occurred outside of the 8ouse of 7or(an in ;e @ork City at 1A:>1 P.7. on 0e"tem!er 1, 1A>. 'e6"losion killed D+ "eo"le and seriously inEured 1*D "eo"le. 'he !om!in( incident as alle(edly conducted !y =talian 9alleaanarchistsI hoe/er, no "erson as con/icted in court for their in/ol/ement in the Wall 0treet Bom!in( des"ite the fact thatustice )e"artment, led !y


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Order Out of Chaos, Part D: 0ocial Reconstruction 3=ndian Wars im Cro4

The La3ota, =orthern Che'enne and Ara!aho 7arriors ed b' La3ota 7arrior Cra' /orse defeated the *.+. Arm' at the 8attof the Litte 8ighorn in !resentHda' ontana on (une 2&H2%, "$6% in an attem!t to !reser)e their and and their 7a' of ife. *

Arm' Kenera Keorge A. Custer 7as 3ied in action on (une 2&, "$6%. The *.+. go)ernment reuired American ;ndians1=ati)e Americans to i)e in go)ernmentHdesignated -reser)ations during the "$55s.


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Chief ose"h 31+*>?1>*4, Chief of the ;e# Perce tri!e ho attem"ted to esca"e to Canada to a/oid li/in( on the reser/atio

-Te Kenera /o7ard ; 3no7 his heart. What he tod me before, ; ha)e it in m' heart. ; am tired of fighting. ?ur chiefs are3iedM Loo3ing Kass is dead, TooHhuHhuHsote is dead. The od men are a dead. ;t is the 'oung men 7ho sa' 'es or no. /e7ho ed on the 'oung men is dead. ;t is cod, and 7e ha)e no ban3etsM the itte chidren are freeing to death. ' !eo!e, somof them, ha)e run a7a' to the his, and ha)e no ban3ets, no food. =o one 3no7s 7here the' are!erha!s freeing to death. 7ant to ha)e time to oo3 for m' chidren, and see ho7 man' of them ; can find. a'be ; sha find them among the dead. /eme, m' chiefsS ; am tiredM m' heart is sic3 and sad. From 7here the sun no7 stands, ; 7i fight no more fore)er.

E Chief (ose!h, u!on surrendering to the *.+. Arm' in ?ctober "$66

-' son, m' bod' is returning to m' mother earth, and m' s!irit is going )er' soon to see the Kreat +!irit Chief. When ; amgone, thin3 of 'our countr'.


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$merican soldiers !ury dead nati/e $merican =ndians in anuary 1+1 after murderin( the nati/es at the Battle of Wounded Jnee in 0outh)akota on )ecem!er A, 1+>. 7any $merican =ndian tri!es, includin( the 0iou6, $"ache, and ;a/aEo ere forced to li/e on reser/ationscor"orate ro!!er !arons used this o""ortunity to search for (old, oil, coal, lum!er, and other natural resources and !uild ne railroad routehile /arious "oliticians, !oth Re"u!licans and )emocrats, in Con(ress used this o""ortunity to create a hite nation.

Band of $"ache =ndian "risoners take a !reak at a rest sto" !eside 0outhern Pacific Railay near ;ueces Ri/er, 'e6as on 0e"tem!er 1>,1++. $mon( those on their ay to e6ile in %lorida are ;atche# 3center front4 and, to the ri(ht, 9eronimo and his son.3Photo: ;ational $rchi/es4


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+iouN =ation chief +itting 8u and 8uffao 8i Cod' !ose for a !ortrait in ontrea, uebec, 8ritish Canada during 8uffa8is Wid West +ho7 in August "$$&. +itting 8u 7as shot in the head b' an ;ndian agenc' !oice officer on December "&"$G5 during an attem!t to arrest him and !re)ent him from su!!orting the Khost Dance mo)ement.1Photo: Librar' of Congress


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%reedman&s Bureau officer "romotes racial "eace in the "ostar 0outh. 3Harper's Weekly, uly A-, 1++4

'he Radical Re"u!licans im"osed /irtual martial la 3Reconstruction4 in the 0outh in 1++ and di/ided the 0outh into fi/e military districres"onse to the !lack codes and other restrictions im"osed on freed sla/es durin( the !e(innin( of Reconstruction. %i/e 4 as a


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$ "hoto of a %reedmen&s 0chool. 3Photo:htt":GG.latinamericanstudies.or(Gfreedmans?!ureau.htm4

Ca"tion: 'he %irst Colored 0enator and Re"resentati/es in the *1stand *AndCon(ress of the


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An iustration de!icts a race riot in =e7 ?reans on (u' 45, "$%%. Another race riot occurred in =e7 ?reans in ?ctober "$%$. -The riot in =e7 ?reans HH murdering negroes in the rear of echanics@ ;nstituteM Patform inechanics@ ;nstitute after the riot, fromHarper's Weekly, "$%%

An iustration de!icts a race riot in =e7 ?reans on (u' 45, "$%%.


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U+cene in em!his, Tennessee During the Riot E 8urning a Freedmen@s +chooHhouseUHarper's Weekly, a' 2%, "$%% 1Archi)es anuscri!t Coection

Memphis Race Riots, Shelby County, Tennessee, May 1-3, 1866. The worst race riot in Tennessee history

began as an argument between white policemen and black former Union soldiers. It escalated quickly as mobs of

white civilians ravaged black neighborhoods. Nearly fifty people died in the three-day riot: forty-si !frican !merica

and two whites "one of the whites is believed to have died when his own firearm misfired#. $eventy-five people wer

in%ured and &'( buildings were burned: ninety-one homes) four churches) and eight schools. *ne hundred peoplewere robbed) many civilians lost their life savings) and many of the soldiers lost the money they had %ust received

upon ending their service with the Union !rmy. +ive women were raped. ,artial law was finally implemented to sto

the riot) but not before much bloodshed and destruction had occured. espite the widespread violence and

investigations by the +reedmens /ureau and a 0oint 1ongressional 1ommittee) none of the instigators was ever

brought to trial. The ,emphis riot) and a similar riot in New *rleans) lent power to the 2epublicans controlling

1ongress and led to the ratification of the &3th !mendment.

1+ource: htt!:II777.tn.go)ItsaIeNhibitsIdisastersIriots.htm
http://www.tn.gov/tsla/exhibits/disasters/riots.htmhttp://www.tn.gov/tsla/exhibits/disasters/riots.htm


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U+cene in em!his, Tennessee During the Riot E +hooting Do7n =egroes on the orning of a' 2, "$%%UHarper's Weekly, a' 2%, "$%% 1Archi)es anuscri!t Coection

Testimony of Dr. R. M. Mco!an

,y name is r. 2. ,. ,c4owan) I live on $outh $treet near 1ausey. *n the &st day of ,ay &566 while at my place I

heard shots fired and upon going to the door saw several 7olicemen "one named 1arroll# running up the street awa

from the mob and when they arrived at the bridge one of the policemen was shot - did not see who shot him - I we

to dress the wound) while doing so the police returned with an increased force and immediately upon their arrivalthey commenced firing upon the colored people indiscriminately. There were women and children amidst the colore

people. I saw one colored man killed by the police on the bridge) he was running away from them at the time. I saw

another colored man endeavoring to conceal himself) when the police shot him and beat him over the head) he was

left for dead. !fter night a colored soldier came to my house for protection) when a number of white men came alon

accompanied by police. *ne white man entered my place and asked me 8what are you) you damn nigger doing here

I replied 8let him alone) he is waiting for the ambulance to gather the murdered.8 9e then said to me 8you damn

ankee son of a bitch you cant come down here to live.8 I think he also said 8we will burn you out.8 !t this time the

police came to the door when the man said 8here is a damn abolitionist who says that the police are doing wrong)8the mob cried 8bring him out.8 I was forced out. The 1aptain of the 7olice then interfered and said 8let him alone) I

know him.8 The net morning they assaulted my store during my absence and I was forced to leave ; close it and iremained closed for several days. I think the man who entered my store on the night of the &st is named


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'he =n/isi!le 5m"ire of the 0outh, !etter knon as the Ju Jlu6 Jlan, as a terrorist or(ani#ation founded !y former Re!el soldiers inPulaski County, 'ennessee in 7ay 1+. 'he Ju Jlu6 Jlan en(a(ed in acts of lynchin(, murder, arson, and terrorism a(ainst $mericans o$frican descent, $mericans ho su""orted the Re"u!lican Party, and $mericans ho mo/ed to the 0outh after the Ci/il War3car"et!a((ers4. Both Con(ress and President


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$ Ju Jlu6 Jlan ceremony. Was 0kull Bones in/ol/ed in de/elo"in( the Ju Jlu6 Jlan after the Ci/il War2

'here ere si6 mem!ers of 0kull Bones in the


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embers of the Ou OuN Oan burn a cross.

embers of the Ou OuN Oan dis!a' a stiffHarm saute simiar to the =ai Kerman saute under Adof /iter.


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Former Rebe 1Confederate arm' Kenera Abert Pi3e, a 44rdDegree Freemason


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Front co)er of a boo3 on the Onights of the Koden Circe. The Ou OuN Oan is re!orted' an eNtension of the Onights of theKoden Circe, a secret societ'.


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Three men 'nched in Duuth, innesota, circa "G25. 1Photo courtes' of the innesota /istorica +ociet'


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Race riot eru"ts in 'ulsa, Oklahoma from 7ay D1?une 1, 1A1. $n estimated D>> "eo"le ere killedI most of the /ictims ere $mericans $frican descent. 'he race riot eru"ted after 1?year?old $frican?$merican shoeshine man named )ick Roland tri""ed and fell on an ele/aand fell on 1?year?old hite (irl named 0arah Pa(e, an ele/ator o"eratorI )ick Roland as arrested !y 'ulsa city "olice for assault andater released. Whites in 'ulsa res"onded !y formin( a lynch mo! and roamin( the streets of 'ulsa.3Photo:htt":GG.tulsare"arations.or(G'ulsaRiot.htm4

)edicated only eeks !efore the riot, the 7ount Qion Ba"tist Church as a (reat source of "ride for many !lack 'ulsans. But after a "rolon(!attle, the hite rioters !urned it?as ell as more than a half do#en other $frican $merican churches?to the (round 3Courtesy )e"artment o0"ecial Collections, 7c%arlin Li!rary,


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0treet !y street, !lock !y !lock, the hite in/aders mo/ed northard across 'ulsaFs $frican?$merican district, lootin( homes and settin( theon fire. 0e/eral rioters also fle air"lanes and used their air"lanes to dro" !om!s on /arious homes and !usinesses. 3Courtesy )e"artmeof 0"ecial Collections, 7c%arlin Li!rary,


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0hortly after the out!reak of /iolence, the 'ulsa "olice "resented the local ;ational 9uardsmen ith a machine (un?only it "ro/ed to !edefecti/e. $ second machine (un that as in the hands of hite ci/ilians, hoe/er, as used to considera!le effect durin( the attack on9reenood. 7artial la as declared in 'ulsa, Oklahoma durin( the race riot.3Courtesy )e"artment of 0"ecial Collections, 7c%arlin Li!rary,


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Race riot in 9ast +t. Louis on (u' 2, "G"6

Race riot in 9ast +t. Louis on (u' 2, "G"6


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0ilent Protest "arade is held on %ifth $/enue in ;e @ork City on uly A+, 11, in res"onse to the 5ast 0t. Louis race riot. =n front ro areames Weldon ohnson Mfar ri(htN, W. 5. B. )uBois MAnd from ri(htN, Re/. 8utchens Che Bisho", rector of 0t. Phili"Fs 5"isco"al ChurchM8arlemN and realtor ohn 5. ;ail. 3Photo:;e @ork Pu!lic Li!rary4

Left "hoto: 7o! 0to""in( 0treet Car in 5ast 0t. Louis durin( a !loody Race Riot on uly A, 11.Ri(ht "hoto: Race riot in Chica(o in 11.3Both "hotos: htt":GG.!lack"ast.or(G2treeGRaceSRiotsGRaceSRiots4
http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=569258&imageID=1228870&k=0&print=smallhttp://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=569258&imageID=1228870&k=0&print=smallhttp://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=569258&imageID=1228870&k=0&print=smallhttp://www.blackpast.org/?q=tree/Race+Riots/Race+Riotshttp://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=569258&imageID=1228870&k=0&print=smallhttp://www.blackpast.org/?q=tree/Race+Riots/Race+Riots


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8omer Plessy, an $merican citi#en of Creole descent, !rou(ht the case of Plessy v. Ferguson!efore the


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-+tates Rights in Forida: A -Coored 9ntrance for Americans of African descent is dis!a'ed at the +aenger Theater inPensacoa, Forida, *nited +tates of America in circa "G4$.1Photo: htt!:II777.!ensa!edia.comI7i3iI+egregation
http://www.pensapedia.com/wiki/Segregationhttp://www.pensapedia.com/wiki/Segregation


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$merican tra/elers of $frican descent throu(hout the 0outh ere directed to colored only aitin( areas at !us stations, such as this one in)urham, ;orth Carolina, .30ource: ack )elano, 7ay 1*>, Li!rary of Con(ress Prints and Photo(ra"hs )i/ision, Washin(ton, ).C.4htt":GG.amistadresource.or(G"lantationHtoH(hettoGarchi/esGima(eHarchi/e.html

$n $merican man of $frican descent drinks at a ater cooler reser/ed for Colored in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,


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$ cafe in the arehouse district of )urham, ;orth Carolina ith se"arate entrances for White and Colored, in 1*>, ty"ical of eatin(esta!lishments throu(hout the 0outh durin( the im Cro era.30ource: ack )elano, 7ay 1*>, Li!rary of Con(ress Prints and Photo(ra"hs )i/ision, Washin(ton, ).C.4htt":GG.amistadresource.or(G"lantationHtoH(hettoGarchi/esGima(eHarchi/e.html

0i(n on restaurant indicatin( We Cater to White 'rade Only, Lancaster, Ohio, 1D+. )urin( im Cro se(re(ation, some !usinessesta!lishments did not ser/ice !lack "atrons at all. 'his si(n on a restaurant in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1D+, is clear a!out ser/in( hites only.30ource: Ben 0hahn, $u(ust 1D+, Li!rary of Con(ress Prints and Photo(ra"hs )i/ision, Washin(ton, ).C.4htt":GG.amistadresource.or(G"lantationHtoH(hettoGarchi/esGima(eHarchi/e.html
http://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.htmlhttp://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.htmlhttp://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.htmlhttp://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.html


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Oansas +tate Free Fair in To!e3a, Oansas. Fitter Famiies Contest eNamining staff and -s7ee!sta3es 7inning fami'.Archi)a ;nformation: A9+,Am4,&6&.5%,&& 1Photo: htt!:IIbog.ib.umn.eduI!err'542Iim!ossibeIcatJ!oic'JandJ!oitics.htm

A 7oman !oints to a degrading sign regarding (a!anese immigrants i)ing in Caifornia.
http://blog.lib.umn.edu/perry032/impossible/cat_policy_and_politics.htmlhttp://blog.lib.umn.edu/perry032/impossible/cat_policy_and_politics.html


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$ (rou" of Jlansmen "artici"ates in a Jlan rally near 7ont(omery, $la!ama on )ecem!er 1, 1-.3Photo: 9eor(e 'amesG'he ;e @ork 'imes430ource: Te Tu!ultuous Fifties" # $iew fro! Te %ew &ork Ti!es Poto #rcives!y )ou(las )reish"oon and $lan 'rachten!er(4

$ (rou" of $merican students of 5uro"ean descent confront to $merican students of $frican descent as the to $merican students of $frdescent tried to enter ;orth Little Rock 8i(h 0chool in Little Rock, $rkansas on 0e"tem!er 1-, 1-.3Photo: William P. 0traeterG$ssociated Press430ource: Te Tu!ultuous Fifties" # $iew fro! Te %ew &ork Ti!es Poto #rcives!y )ou(las )reish"oon and $lan 'rachten!er(4


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Left "hoto: Protests eru"t in front of Little Rock Central 8i(h 0chool in Little Rock, $rkansas on 0e"tem!er *, 1- as $rkansas ;ational9uardsmen stand in the !ack(round. 3Photo: T BettmannGCORB=04

Ri(ht "hoto: $ "aratroo"er from the 1st $ir!orne )i/ision stands (uard outside Central 8i(h 0chool in Little Rock, $rkansas o0e"tem!er A-, 1-, as students chat durin( a fire drill. 'he troo"s inte(rated Central ith !are !ayonets on 0e"tem!er A-th, endin( a moof o"en defiance of federal authority. 3Photo: T BettmannGCORB=04

$merican 1st $ir!orne )i/ision escort the Little Rock ;ine students into the former all?hite Central 8i(h0chool in Little Rock, $rkansas on 0e"tem!er A-, 1-.


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)e"uty 0heriff ).8. Lackey fin(er"rints Rosa Parks on %e!ruary AA, 1-. 3$ssociated Press "hoto !y 9ene 8arrick4

Police officers in Birmin(ham, $la!ama terrori#e an $merican !oy ith do(s.


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$ 9reyhound !us ith 1* mem!ers of an interracial (rou" that as "art of the %reedom Ride as fire!om!ed outside $nnisto$la!ama on 7ay 1*, 11. 3


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Racial se(re(ation 3im Cro4 K side effects from the Ci/il War and Reconstruction


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)r. 7artin Luther Jin( r. deli/ers a s"eech in front of the Lincoln 7emorial in Washin(ton, ).C. on $u(ust A+, 1D.

'he 1th 0treet Ba"tist Church !om!in( in Birmin(ham, $la!ama on 0e"tem!er 1-, 1D


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President Lyndon B. ohnson, a lifelon( resident of 'e6as, si(ns the Ci/il Ri(hts $ct of 1* into la in the 5ast Room of the White 8ouse uly A, 1*. )r. 7artin Luther Jin(, r. is standin( directly !ehind the President.3Photo: Cecil 0tou(htonGLyndon Baines ohnson Li!rary and 7useum4

)r. 7artin Luther Jin( r. as assassinated around :>> ".m. at Lorraine 7otel in 7em"his, 'ennessee,


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Ci)i Rights Leaders in the ear' "G55s

8oo3er T. Washington 1eft and W.9.8. Du 8ois, A. Phii! Rando!h

;da 8. Wes 1eft, ar' cLeod 8ethune, and +usan 8. Anthon'

9eanor Roose)et


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*.+. President Theodore Roose)et meets 7ith Tus3egee ;nstitute founder 8oo3er Washington and at Tus3egee ;nstitute inTus3egee, Aabama in "G5&. 1Photo:


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?n Februar' "4, "G5&

President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a stirrin! speech to the Lincoln "inner of the Repu#lican Clu# of the City of $ew %ork

held at the Waldorf&storia Hotel. Roosevelt had (ust won his second reelection) and in this speech) he discussed the country

current state of race relations and his plan for improvin! them.

ADDR9++ AT T/9 L;=C?L= D;==9R ?F T/9 R9P*8L;CA= CL*8 ?F T/9 C;T< ?F =9W


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A good Americans 7ho d7e in the =orth must, because the' are good Americans, fee the most earnest friendshi! for theirfeo7Hcountr'men 7ho d7e in the +outh, a friendshi! a the greater because it is in the +outh that 7e find in its most acute!hase one of the gra)est !robems before our !eo!e: the !robem of so deaing 7ith the man of one coor as to secure him therights that no one 7oud grudge him if he 7ere of another coor. To so)e this !robem it is, of course, necessar' to educate hito !erform the duties a faiure to !erform 7hich 7i render him a curse to himsef and to a around him.

ost certain' a cearHsighted and generous men in the =orth a!!reciate the difficut' and !er!eNit' of this !robem,s'm!athie 7ith the +outh in the embarrassment of conditions for 7hich she is not aone res!onsibe, fee an honest 7ish to hher 7here he! is !racticabe, and ha)e the heartiest res!ect for those bra)e and earnest men of the +outh 7ho, in the face offearfu difficuties, are doing a that men can do for the betterment ai3e of 7hite and of bac3. The attitude of the =orth to7a

the negro is far from 7hat it shoud be and there is need that the =orth aso shoud act in good faith u!on the !rinci!e of gi)into each man 7hat is ust' due him, of treating him on his 7orth as a man, granting him no s!ecia fa)ors, but den'ing him no!ro!er o!!ortunit' for abor and the re7ard of abor. 8ut the !ecuiar circumstances of the +outh render the !robem there fargreater and far more acute.

=either ; nor an' other man can sa' that an' gi)en 7a' of a!!roaching that !robem 7i !resent in our time e)en ana!!roNimate' !erfect soution, but 7e can safe' sa' that there can ne)er be such soution at a uness 7e a!!roach it 7ith theffort to do fair and eua ustice among a menM and to demand from them in return ust and fair treatment for others. ?ur effshoud be to secure to each man, 7hate)er his coor, euait' of o!!ortunit', euait' of treatment before the a7. As a !eo!estri)ing to sha!e our actions in accordance 7ith the great a7 of righteousness 7e cannot afford to ta3e !art in or be indifferento the o!!ression or matreatment of an' man 7ho, against crushing disad)antages, has b' his o7n industr', energ', sefHres!and !erse)erance strugged u!7ard to a !osition 7hich 7oud entite him to the res!ect of his feo7s, if on' his s3in 7ere of

different hue.

9)er' generous im!use in us re)ots at the thought of thrusting do7n instead of he!ing u! such a man. To den' an' man thefair treatment granted to others no better than he is to commit a 7rong u!on him a 7rong sure to react in the ong run u!on thguit' of such denia. The on' safe !rinci!e u!on 7hich Americans can act is that of -a men u!, not that of -some mendo7n. ;f in an' communit' the e)e of inteigence, morait', and thrift among the coored men can be raised, it is, human's!ea3ing, sure that the same e)e among the 7hites 7i be raised to an e)en higher degreeM and it is no ess sure that thedebasement of the bac3s 7i in the end carr' 7ith it an attendant debasement of the 7hites.

The !robem is so to adust the reations bet7een t7o races of different ethnic t'!e that the rights of neither be abridged noreo!ardedM that the bac37ard race be trained so that it ma' enter into the !ossession of true freedom, 7hie the for7ard race isenabed to !reser)e unharmed the high ci)iiation 7rought out b' its forefathers. The 7or3ing out of this !robem must

necessari' be so7M it is not !ossibe in offhand fashion to obtain or to confer the !riceess boons of freedom, industriaefficienc', !oitica ca!acit', and domestic morait'. =or is it on' necessar' to train the coored manM it is uite as necessar' train the 7hite man, for on his shouders rests a 7eHnigh un!araeed socioogica res!onsibiit'. ;t is a !robem demanding best thought, the utmost !atience, the most earnest effort, the broadest charit', of the statesman, the student, the !hianthro!isof the eaders of thought in e)er' de!artment of our nationa ife. The Church can be a most im!ortant factor in so)ing it arig8ut abo)e a ese 7e need for its successfu soution the sober, 3ind', steadfast, unsefish !erformance of dut' b' the a)erag!ain citien in his e)er'da' deaings 7ith his feo7s.

The idea of eementa ustice meted out to e)er' man is the idea 7e shoud 3ee! e)er before us. ;t 7i be man' a ong da'before 7e attain to it, and uness 7e sho7 not on' de)otion to it, but aso 7isdom and sefHrestraint in the eNhibition of thatde)otion, 7e sha defer the time for its reaiation sti further. ;n stri)ing to attain to so much of it as concerns deaing 7ith mof different coors, 7e must remember t7o things.

;n the first !ace, it is true of the coored man, as it is true of the 7hite man, that in the ong run his fate must de!end far moreu!on his o7n effort than u!on the efforts of an' outside friend. 9)er' )icious, )ena, or ignorant coored man is an e)en greatfoe to his o7n race than to the communit' as a 7hoe. The coored mans sefHres!ect entites him to do that share in the !oit7or3 of the countr' 7hich is 7arranted b' his indi)idua abiit' and integrit' and the !osition he has 7on for himsef. 8ut the!rime reuisite of the race is mora and industria u!ifting.

Lainess and shiftessness, these, and abo)e a, )ice and criminait' of e)er' 3ind, are e)is more !otent for harm to the bac3race than a acts of o!!ression of 7hite men !ut together. The coored man 7ho fais to condemn crime in another coored ma7ho fais to coHo!erate in a a7fu 7a's in bringing coored criminas to ustice, is the 7orst enem' of his o7n !eo!e, as 7eas an enem' to a the !eo!e. La7Habiding bac3 men shoud, for the sa3e of their race, be foremost in reentess and unceasin7arfare against a7Hbrea3ing bac3 men. "f the standards of pri#ate morality and industrial effi!ien!y !an $e raised hi%h


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enou%h amon% the $la!k ra!e, then its future on this !ontinent is se!ure 'he sta$ility and purity of the home is #ital to

the welfare of the $la!k ra!e, as it is to the welfare of e#ery ra!e

"n the ne(t pla!e the white man who, if only he is willin%, !an help the !olored man more than all other white men put

to%ether, is the white man who is his nei%h$or, North or South )a!h of us must do his whole duty without flin!hin%, an

if that duty is national it must $e done in a!!ordan!e with the prin!iples a$o#e laid down But in endea#orin% ea!h to $

his $rother*s keeper it is wise to remem$er that ea!h !an normally do most for the $rother who is his immediate

nei%h$or "f we are sin!ere friends of the ne%ro let us ea!h in his own lo!ality show it $y his a!tion therein, and let us ea

show it also $y upholdin% the hands of the white man, in whate#er lo!ality, who is stri#in% to do +usti!e to the poor and

the helpless, to $e a shield to those whose need for su!h a shield is %reat

The heartiest ac3no7edgments are due to the ministers, the udges and a7 officers, the grand uries, the !ubic men, and thegreat dai' ne7s!a!ers in the +outh, 7ho ha)e recent' done such effecti)e 7or3 in eading the crusade against 'nching in th+outhM and ; am gad to sa' that during the ast three months the returns, as far as the' can be gathered, sho7 a smaer numbeof 'nchings than for an' other three months during the ast t7ent' 'ears. Let us u!hod in e)er' 7a' the hands of the men 7hha)e ed in this 7or3, 7ho are stri)ing to do a their 7or3 in this s!irit. ; am about to uote from the address of the RightRe)erend Robert +trange, 8isho! Coadutor of =orth Caroina, as gi)en in the -+outhern Church man of ?ctober $, "G5#.

The bisho! first enters an em!hatic !ea against an' socia interminging of the racesM a uestion 7hich must, of course, be efthe !eo!e of each communit' to sette for themse)es, as in such a matter no one communit' and indeed no one indi)idua cadictate to an' other M a7a's !ro)ided that in each ocait' men 3ee! in mind the fact that there must be no confusing of ci)i!ri)ieges 7ith socia intercourse. Ci)i a7 cannot reguate socia !ractices. +ociet', as such, is a a7 unto itsef,and 7i a7

reguate its o7n !ractices and habits. Fu recognition of the fundamenta fact that a men shoud stand on an eua footing, aregards ci)i !ri)ieges, in no 7a' interferes 7ith recognition of the further fact that a refecting men of both races are unitedfeeing that race !urit' must be maintained. The bisho! continues:

-hat should the white men of the South do for the ne%ro? 'hey must %i#e him a free hand, a fair field, and a !ordial

Godspeed, the two ra!es workin% to%ether for their mutual $enefit and for the de#elopment of our !ommon !ountry .

must ha#e li$erty, e/ual opportunity to make his li#in%, to earn his $read, to $uild his home .e must ha#e +usti!e, e/u

ri%hts, and prote!tion $efore the law .e must ha#e the same politi!al pri#ile%es0 the suffra%e should $e $ased on

!hara!ter and intelli%en!e for white and $la!k alike .e must ha#e the same pu$li! ad#anta%es of edu!ation0 the pu$li!

s!hools are for all the people, whate#er their !olor or !ondition 'he white men of the South should %i#e hearty and

respe!tful !onsideration to the e(!eptional men of the ne%ro ra!e, to those who ha#e the !hara!ter, the a$ility and the

desire to $e lawyers, physi!ians, tea!hers, prea!hers, leaders of thou%ht and !ondu!t amon% their own men and women

-e should %i#e them !heer and opportunity to %ratify e#ery lauda$le am$ition, and to seek e#ery inno!ent satisfa!tionamon% their own people 1inally, the $est white men of the South should ha#e fre/uent !onferen!es with the $est !olor

men, where, in frank, earnest, and sympatheti! dis!ussion they mi%ht understand ea!h other $etter, smooth diffi!ulties

and so %uide and en!oura%e the weaker ra!e2

+ure' 7e can a of us oin in eN!ressing our substantia agreement 7ith the !rinci!es thus aid do7n b' this =orth Caroinabisho!, this re!resentati)e of the Christian thought of the +outh.

; am s!ea3ing on the occasion of the ceebration of the birthda' of Abraham Lincon, and to men 7ho count it their !ecuiar!ri)iege that the' ha)e the right to hod Lincons memor' dear, and the dut' to stri)e to 7or3 aong the ines that he aid do7We can !a' most fitting homage to his memor' b' doing the tas3s aotted to us in the s!irit in 7hich he did infinite' greaterand more terribe tas3s aotted to him.

Let us be steadfast for the rightM but et us err on the side of generosit' rather than on the side of )indicti)eness to7ard those 7differ from us as to the method of attaining the right. Let us ne)er forget our dut' to he! in u!ifting the o7', to shied from7rong the humbeM and et us i3e7ise act in a s!irit of the broadest and fran3est generosit' to7ard a our brothers, a ourfeo7Hcountr' menM in a s!irit !roceeding not from 7ea3ness but from strength, a s!irit 7hich ta3es no more account of ocathan it does of cass or of creedM a s!irit 7hich is resoute' bent on seeing that the *nion 7hich Washington founded and 7hiLincon sa)ed from destruction sha gro7 nober and greater throughout the ages.

; beie)e in this countr' 7ith a m' heart and sou. ; beie)e that our !eo!e 7i in the end rise e)e to e)er' need, 7i in theend trium!h o)er e)er' difficut' that rises before them. ; coud not ha)e such confident faith in the destin' of this might'!eo!e if ; had it mere' as regards one !ortion of that !eo!e. Throughout our and things on the 7hoe ha)e gro7n better andnot 7orse, and this is as true of one !art of the countr' as it is of another. ; beie)e in the +outherner as ; beie)e in the

=ortherner. ; caim the right to fee !ride in his great uaities and in his great deeds eNact' as ; fee !ride in the great uaitie


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and deeds of e)er' other American. For 7ea or for 7oe 7e are 3nit together, and 7e sha go u! or go do7n togetherM and ;beie)e that 7e sha go u! and not do7n, that 7e sha go for7ard instead of hating and faing bac3, because ; ha)e an abidifaith in the generosit', the courage, the resoution, and the commonHsense of a m' countr'men.

The +outhern +tates face difficut !robemsM and so do the =orthern +tates. +ome of the !robems are the same for the entirecountr'. ?thers eNist in greater intensit' in one sectionM and 'et others eNist in greater intensit' in another section. 8ut in the ethe' 7i a be so)edM for fundamenta' our !eo!e are the same throughout this andM the same in the uaities of heart andbrain and hand 7hich ha)e made this Re!ubic 7hat it is in the great toHda'M 7hich 7i ma3e it 7hat it is to be in the infinitegreater toHmorro7. ; admire and res!ect and beie)e in and ha)e faith in the men and 7omen of the +outh as ; admire and res!and beie)e in and ha)e faith in the men and 7omen of the =orth. A of us ai3e, =ortherners and +outherners, 9asterners and

Westerners, can best !ro)e our feat' to the =ations !ast b' the 7a' in 7hich 7e do the =ations 7or3 in the !resent M for onthus can 7e be sure that our chidrens chidren sha inherit Abraham Lincons singeHhearted de)otion to the great unchangicreed that -righteousness eNateth a nation.

+ource: htt!:IIdiemmaHN.netI25"4I52I54Ibac3Hhistor'HmonthHandHtheHmodernHuHsH!residentsHandHtheirH)ie7HonHraceI

8oo3er T. Washington 1center, right istens to Theodore Roose)et 1center, eft dei)er a s!eech on stage at Tus3egee ;nstitu1no7 Tus3egee *ni)ersit', Aabama. ?n (une 2#, "$G%, 8oo3er T. Washington became the first African American to recei)ean honorar' degree from /ar)ard *ni)ersit'. 3Photo $y meri!an Press sso!iation4'heodore Roose#elt Colle!tion5
http://dilemma-x.net/2013/02/03/black-history-month-and-the-modern-u-s-presidents-and-their-view-on-race/http://dilemma-x.net/2013/02/03/black-history-month-and-the-modern-u-s-presidents-and-their-view-on-race/


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Andre7 Carnegie 1front ro7, center and Robert C. ?gden 1front ro7, far eft )isiting facut' members of the Tus3egee ;nstiin Tus3egee, Aabama in "G5%. 8oo3er T. Washington and his 7ife argaret (ames urra' are sitting bet7een Carnegie and?gden. 1Photo: Librar' of Congress

8oo3er T. Washingtons 7or3 to im!ro)e education of Americans of African descent ed to his association 7ith some of thenations most !o7erfu and 7eath' figures. /ere, he !oses 7ith education reformer R.C. ?gden 1eft, future *.+. !residentWiiam /o7ard Taft 1second from eft, and industriaist and !hianthro!ist Andre7 Carnegie 1right.1Photo: Librar' of CongressIhtt!:II777.enc'co!ediaofaabama.orgIfaceIutimedia.s!idXmH&"&4
http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-5153http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-5153


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Order Out of Chaos, Part *: =ntellectual and 0"iritual Reconstruction

Corne *ni)ersit', ocated in ;thaca, =e7


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7em!ers of 0kull and Bones class of 1+1

0eated 3left to ri(ht4: 0e6tus 0hearer and William 8. %uller. 0tandin( 3left to ri(ht4: Ro!ert L. Cham!erlain, 0imeon 5. Baldi-Goernor of 'onnecticut6 (7((1(7(8/, 8u!ert 0. Bron, %rancis 5. Jernochan, William 5. Park, Ral"h O. Williams, %ranklin

)e6ter -Secretary of .ale Uniersity6 ()*71()77/, ohn 7itchell, 5dard R. 0ill, $le6ander P. Root, 0tanford ;eel -U9S9:inister to t"e Net"erlan!s6 ()7;1(7


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7em!ers of 0kull and Bones class of 1++

0eated 3left to ri(ht4: $nson Phel"s 'inker and LeBaron Bradford Colt -U9S9 Senator6 (7(=1(7>/.0tandin( 3left to ri(ht4: M%irst to are not identified on the /erso of the "icture.N 'homas Chalmers 0loane, 8enry P. Wri(ht -@ean of .aleUniersity6 ())1(7


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-olf in Sheep*s Clothin%? Skull & Bones and 'heir Parti!ipation in meri!an Chur!hes durin% Re!onstru!tion

Left !hoto: 8road7a' Tabernace 1!resentHda' 8road7a' *nited Church of Christ 7as ocated at 4#th +treet and +iNth A)enin =e7 8 "$&G, the Protestant 9!isco!a 8isho! for the 9!isco!a Diocese of issouri 1"$%$H"$$%


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0u""orters of the Prussian?ins"ired com"ulsory school system: 8orace 7ann 3left, 1?1+-4 and ohn )eey 3ri(ht, 1+-?1-A4. 8orac7ann 3$.B. Bron


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A grou! of American schoochidren of African descent !erform the -8eam' saute to the American fag in /am!ton, 0irginia,*.+.A. in circa "$GG. Francis 8eam' 1"$&&H"G4", a 8a!tist minister and a Christian sociaist 7ho 7rote the origina Pedge ofAegiance in "$G2, ado!ted a stiffHarmed saute 7ith the right armM the stiffHarmed saute ater became 3no7n as the -8eam' sautThe -8eam' saute 7as discontinued in "G#2 and re!aced 7ith the handHo)erHheart saute. 1Photo: Librar' of Congress

A grou! of schoochidren saute the American fag using the miitar' saute in /em!stead, =e7


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(ohns /o!3ins *ni)ersit', ocated in 8atimore, ar'and, 7as estabished in "$6&.

*ni)ersit' of Caifornia at 8er3ee', ocated in 8er3ee', Caifornia, 7as estabished in "$%G.


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$ statue of )aniel Coit 9ilman, the inau(ural President of ohns 8o"kins 14, a""ears at ohns 8o"kins


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$ statue of $ndre )ickson White, the inau(ural President of Cornell


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@$L5


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Prominent Antebeum A

President of WilliamsColle(e 31+A1?1+D4

Bennet 'ylerB.$. @ale 1+>*

President of )artmouthColle(e 31+AA?1+A+4

8eman 8um"hreyB.$. @ale 1+>-

President of $mherstColle(e 31+AD?1+*-4

William 7a6ellB.$. @ale 1+>A

President of 8am"den?0ydney Colle(e Mir(iniaN

31+D+?1+*-4

$u(ustus B. Lon(streB.$. @ale 1+1D

President of


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@ale 4Orris 0anford %erry 3B.$. 1+**, 0B 1+**4 K Bri(adier 9eneral in the 4 K Protestant 5"isco"al Bisho" for the 5"isco"al )iocese of %lorida 31+-1?1+4'homas 7arch Clark 3B.$. 1+D14 K Protestant 5"isco"al Bisho" for the 5"isco"al )iocese of Rhode =sland 31+-*?1>D4William =n(raham Ji" 3B.$. 1+D14 K Protestant 5"isco"al Bisho" for the 5"isco"al )iocese of California 31+-?1+>4Richard 8ooker Wilmer 3B.$. 1+D4 K Protestant 5"isco"al Bisho" for the 5"isco"al )iocese of $la!ama and Louisiana 31+>?1>>49ardiner 0"rin( 3B.$. 1+>-4 K Pastor of Brick Pres!yterian Church in ;e @ork City 31+1>?1+D4ose"h Parrish 'hom"son 3B.$. 1+D+, 0B 1+D+4 K Pastor of Broaday 'a!ernacle in ;e @ork City 31+*-?1+149eor(e Washin(ton Bla(den 3B.$. 1+AD4 K Pastor of Old 0outh Church in Boston 31+D?1+A4ohn Chester Backus 3B.$. 1+D>4 K Pastor of the %irst Pres!yterian Church in Baltimore, 7aryland 31+D?1+-40amuel Wolcott 3B.$. 1+DD4 K Pastor of 8i(h 0treet Con(re(ational Church in Pro/idence, Rhode =sland 31+-D?1+-4I Pastor of ;e 5n(land Churn Chica(o 31+-?1+A4I Pastor of Plymouth Church in Cle/eland, Ohio 31+A?1+*4Charles 8enry 8all 3B.$. 1+*A4 K Rector of the Church of the 5"i"hany in Washin(ton, ).C. 31+-?1+4I Rector of the 8oly 'rinity Church in Brook;e @ork 31+?1+-4Ray Palmer 3B.$. 1+D>4 K Pastor of %irst Con(re(ational Church in $l!any, ;e @ork 31+->?1+4

Others:ames )arrach 3B.$. 1+A4 K 0u"erintendent of the ;e @ork 8os"ital in ;e @ork City Mon Broaday o""osite Pearl 0treetN 31+-*?1+*4Charles %. Pond 3B.$. 1+D>4 K President of the ;e 8a/en, 8artford and 0"rin(field Railroad Com"any 31+*A?1+4osiah )i(ht Whitney 3B.$. 1+D4 K 0tate 9eolo(ist of California 31+>?1+*4I 0tur(is?8oo"er Professor of 9eolo(y at 8ar/ard 0chool of 7ines31+-?1+4

%rederick $dol"hus Porcher 3B.$. 1+A+4 K President of 0outh Carolina 8istorical 0ociety 31+-?1+++4


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@ale


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8u(h White 0heffey 3B.$. 1+D-, 0B 1+D-4 K ud(e of the 0u"erior Court of ir(inia 31+-?1+4$l!ert Pierson Condit 3B.$. 1+->, 0B 1+->4 K 7em!er 31+?1+, 1+14 and 0"eaker 31+14 of the ;e ersey 0tate Le(islature9eor(e 7orris Woodruff 3B.$. 1+-4 K Connecticut 0tate Railroad Commissioner 31+*?1+4I President of the !oard of the Connecticut 0tRailroad Commission 31+-?1+4I 7em!er of Connecticut 0tate Board of 5ducation 31+-?1+45li#ur Wri(ht 3B.$. 1+A4 K 7assachusetts Commissioner of =nsurance 31+-+?1+4I author of Politics and ysteries of (ife )nsurance31+a!olitionistI 0ecretary of ;e @ork $nti?0la/ery 0ociety 31+DD4

Colle(e Presidents:Re/. 'heodore )i(ht Woolsey 3B.$. 1+A>4 K President of @ale D4William =n(raham Ji" 3B.$. 1+D14 K Protestant 5"isco"al Bisho" for the 5"isco"al )iocese of California 31+-?1+>4Richard 8ooker Wilmer 3B.$. 1+D4 K Protestant 5"isco"al Bisho" for the 5"isco"al )iocese of $la!ama and Louisiana 31+>?1>>4Charles %. Ro!ertson 3B.$. 1+-, 0B 1+-4 K Protestant 5"isco"al Bisho" for the 5"isco"al )iocese of 7issouri 31++?1++49ardiner 0"rin( 3B.$. 1+>-4 K Pastor of Brick Pres!yterian Church in ;e @ork City 31+1>?1+D4ose"h Parrish 'hom"son 3B.$. 1+D+, 0B 1+D+4 K Pastor of the Broaday 'a!ernacle in ;e @ork City 31+*-?1+14ose"h $u(ustine Benton 3B.$. 1+*A, 0B 1+*A4 K Pastor of Plymouth Con(re(ational Church in 0an %rancisco 31+D?1+45dard ). 7orris 3B.$. 1+*, 0B 1+*4 K Pastor of the 0econd Pres!yterian Church of Colum!us, Ohio 31+--?1+4William 5/es 7oore 3B.$. 1+*, 0B 1+*4 K Pastor of the 0econd Pres!yterian Church of Colum!us, Ohio 31+A?1+*4ames 9ardiner ose 3B.$. 1+-1, 0B 1+-14 K Pastor of the Beneficent Church in Pro/idence, Rhode =sland 31+?1>14William 8enry %enn 3B.$. 1+-*, 0B 1+-*4 K Pastor of 8i(h 0treet Con(re(ational Church of Portland, 7aine 31+?1>*4$le6ander 0. 'om!ly 3B.$. 1+-*, 0B 1+-*4 K Pastor of Winthro" 3Con(re(ational4 Church in Boston 31+A?1+140amuel W. )uffield 3B.$. 1+D4 K Pastor of + thPres!yterian Church in Chica(o 31+*?1+4I Pastor of the Jenderton Pres!yterian Church iPhiladel"hia 31+?1+>4Charles 8enry 8all 3B.$. 1+*A4 K Rector of the Church of the 5"i"hany in Washin(ton, ).C. 31+-?1+4I Rector of the 8oly 'rinity Church

Brooklyn, ;e @ork 31+?1+-40amuel Wolcott 3B.$. 1+DD4 K Pastor of 8i(h 0treet Con(re(ational Church in Pro/idence, Rhode =sland 31+-D?1+-4I Pastor of ;e 5n(laChurch in Chica(o 31+-?1+A4I Pastor of Plymouth Church in Cle/eland, Ohio 31+A?1+*49eor(e Washin(ton Bla(den 3B.$. 1+AD4 K Pastor of Old 0outh Church in Boston 31+D?1+A48enry 7artyn )e6ter 3B.$. 1+*>4 K Pastor of Pine 0treet Con(re(ational Church in Boston 31+*?1+48enry $u(ustus Boardman 3B.$. 1+A4 K Pastor of 'enth Pres!yterian Church of Philadel"hia 31+DD?1+4ohn Chester Backus 3B.$. 1+D>4 K Pastor of the %irst Pres!yterian Church in Baltimore, 7aryland 31+D?1+-4I 'rustee of Princeton?1+A48iram Phel"s $rms 3B.$. 1+A*4 K Pastor of %irst 3Con(re(ational4 Church of ;orich, Connecticut 31+D?1+D4William =/es Budin(ton 3B.$. 1+D*4 K Pastor of Clinton $/enue Con(re(ational Church in Brooklyn, ;e @ork 31+--?1++4

Layers:ohn William 0terlin( 3B.$. 1+*, 0B 1+*4 K Co?%ounder and 7em!er of 0hearman 0terlin( Mla firm in ;e @ork CityN 31+D?11+4'homas 'hacher 3B.$. 1+1, 0B 1+14 K Co?%ounder and 7em!er of 0im"son, 'hacher Bartlett Mla firm in ;e @ork CityN 31+-?11Ro!ert Weeks de %orest 3B.$. 1+>, 0J 1+>4 K 9eneral Counsel of Central Railroad of ;e ersey 31+*?1A*4


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@ale 14William 8enry %enn 30B 1+-*4 K Pastor of 8i(h 0treet Con(re(ational Church of Portland, 7aine 31+?1>*4$le6ander 0. 'om!ly 30B 1+-*4 K Pastor of Winthro" 3Con(re(ational4 Church in Boston 31+A?1+14

Others:William C. Whitney 30B 1+D4 K Cor"oration Counsel of ;e @ork City 31+-?1++A4ohn William 0terlin( 30B 1+*4 K Co?%ounder and 7em!er of 0hearman 0terlin( Mla firm in ;e @ork CityN 31+D?11+4'homas 'hacher 30B 1+14 K Co?%ounder and 7em!er of 0im"son, 'hacher Bartlett Mla firm in ;e @ork CityN 31+-?114William 7. 5/arts 30B 1+D4 K President of the ;e @ork City Bar $ssociation 31+>?1+4'homas $nthony 'hacher 30B 1+D-4 K 7em!er of the Connecticut 0tate Board of 5ducation 31+-?1+4

ose"h Bur!een Walker 30B 1+**4 K 7em!er of the Board of 5ducation of Concord, ;e 8am"shire 31+-?1+>4


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$nte!ellum $merican %ederal and 0tate 9o/ernment Officials 30kull Bones4

%ederal 9o/ernment Officials:William 8enry Washin(ton 30B 1+D*4 K , 1+-?1+14'homas 7arshall Jey 30B 1+D+4 K Ohio 0tate 0enator 31+-+?1+14BenEamin 'ucker 5ames 30B 1+*D4 K Rhode =sland 0tate 0enator 31+-*?1+-4I 7em!er of Rhode =sland 8ouse of Re". 31+-?1+>4William Barrett Wash!urn 30B 1+**4 K 7em!er of 7assachusetts 0tate 8ouse of Re"resentati/es 31+-D?1+--4

Constantine C. 5sty 30B 1+*-4 K 7assachusetts 0tate 0enator 31+-?1+-+48enry B. 8arrison 30B 1+*4 K Connecticut 0tate 0enator 31+-*?1+-4$u(ustus Brande(ee 30B 1+*4 K 7em!er of Connecticut 0tate 8ouse of Re"resentati/es 31+-*?1+-, 1+-?1+14

$merican 0tate 9o/ernment Officials durin( the $merican Ci/il War 30kull Bones4

)i(ht %oster 30B 1+*+4 K $ttorney 9eneral of 7assachusetts 31+1?1+*4ohn $ndre Peters 30B 1+*A4 K $ttorney 9eneral of 7aine 31+*?1+4I 7aine 0tate 0enator 31+A?1+D4Chauncey 7. )e"e 30B 1+-4 K 0ecretary of 0tate of ;e @ork 31+*?1+-4I 7em!er of ;e @ork 0tate $ssem!ly 31+1?1+D48enry Cham"ion )emin( 30B 1+D4 K 7ayor of 8artford, Connecticut 31+-*?1+-+, 1+>?1+A4I Pro/isional 7ayor of ;e Orleans under, 1+*?1+-, 1+4ohn Ball Bris!rin 30B 1+*4 K 7em!er of 7innesota 0tate Le(islature 31+-+?1+*4


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Prominent Re!el 3Confederate4 BonesmenRichard 'aylor 30B 1+*-4 K Lieutenant 9eneral in the Confederate $rmyI Commander of the )e"artment of $la!ama, 7ississi""i, and 5aLouisiana 31+*?1+-4I Commander of the MConfederateN $rmy of 'ennessee 31+-4I 0urrendered to the 4 K Ca"tain in 1th Re(iment of Connecticut olunteersI died at Battle of $ntietam on 0e"t. 1, 1+A

'homas 8ed(e 30B 1+4 K 0econd Lieutenant in Com"any 9, 1>th Re(iment of ;e @ork olunteer =nfantry 31+*?1+-4Leonard 5u(ene Wales 30B 1+*-4 K 0econd Lieutenant in %irst )elaare olunteers in 1+15dard %oster Blake 30B 1+-+4 K $dEutant in the -th Re(iment of Connecticut olunteersI killed in action in ir(inia on $u(ust , 1+A)iodate Cushman 8annahs 30B 1+-4 K Ca"tain in the th ;e @ork Ca/alryI killed in action in ir(inia on 0e"tem!er 1>, 1+A)aniel 8e!ard 30B 1+>4 K $ssistant $dEutant?9eneral of olunteers Mof OhioNI died on $u(ust , 1+A9eor(e Coit Ri"ley 30B 1+A4 K 1st LieutenantI 'enth Connecticut Re(iment, Com"any $I $ide?de?cam" to 9en. Orris 0. %erry 30B 1+*n 1+-Charles 7iller Bliss 30B 1+-A4 K And LieutenantI 0econd ermont =nfantry durin( the Ci/il War0amuel 8ensha Bates 30B 1+DD4 K ser/ed as a "ri/ate in the A*th Re(iment of 7assachusetts olunteers durin( Ci/il WarWilliam Baldin Ross 30B 1+-A4 K mem!er of the 0e/enth Re(iment ;e @ork 0tate 9uard durin( the Ci/il Waraco! Coo"er 30B 1+-A4 K Cha"lain of the 'hird Jentucky Re(iment,


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8$R$R) 4, and Cornelius Conay %elton 31+>?1+A4. 3Photo: Wikimed
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=2682178http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=2682178


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$merican merchants in Boston, 8artford, ;e @ork City, Philadel"hia, and Baltimore relied on fast?mo/in( cli""er shi"s in the 1+*>s and1+->s as they e6"anded their trade ith the British 5m"ire and o"ened trade ith China 3includin( 8on( Jon( and 0han(hai4 and a"an3!e(innin( in 1+-D4. Warren )elano (ained a hu(e fortune in the o"ium trade in 8on( Jon(. Warren )elano&s son %rederic $. )elano, a8ar/ard (raduate, ser/ed as the first ice Chairman of the %ederal Reser/e from 11* to 11. Warren )elano&s (randson %ranklin )elanRoose/elt, a 8ar/ard (raduate, ser/ed as the President of the 4 and as 4, a 0"eaker of the


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Prominent Antebeum /ar)ard Kraduates

9eor(e BancroftB.$. 8ar/ard 1+1

4

0amuel $. 5liotB.$. 8ar/ard 1+17ayor of Boston

31+D?1+D4

$l/a WoodsB.$. 8ar/ard 1+1

inau(ural President


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8ar/ard *4 K ud(e of the


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Chandler Ro!!ins 3B.$. 1+A4 K Pastor of 0econd MCon(re(ationalN Church of Boston 31+DD?1+*45dard 5/erett 8ale 3B.$. 1+D4 K 7inister of 0outh Con(re(ational Church in Boston 31+-?1+40te"hen 8i((inson 'yn( 3B.$. 1+14 K Pastor of 0t. 9eor(e&s Church in ;e @ork City 31+*-?1++4William 8enry %urness 3B.$. 1+A>4 K 7inister of the %irst 4 K President of ;e 5n(land 7utual Life =nsurance Com"any 31+*?1+>4'homas 0herin 3B.$. 1+A-4 K Princi"al of 5n(lish 8i(h 0chool in Boston 31+D?1+40ydney 8oard 9ay 3B.$. 1+DD4 K 5ditor of $merican $nti?0la/ery 0tandard in ;e @ork City 31+*D?1+-4I $(ent for the under(round rail31+*D?1+-4I 7em!er of the 5ditorial 0taff of %ew &ork Tri*uneMnes"a"erN 31+-?1+A4I 7ana(in( 5ditor of %ew &ork Tri*une31+A?1+7ana(in( 5ditor of +icago Tri*une31+?1+14I 7em!er of the 5ditorial 0taff of %ew &ork Evening PostMnes"a"erN 31+A?1+*45#ra 0tiles 9annett 3B.$. 1+A>4 K Pastor of %ederal 0treet Church in Boston 31+A*?1+14I O/erseer of 8ar/ard


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PR=;C5'O; -, mortally ounded $le6ander 8amilton in a duel atWeehaken, ;e ersey on uly 11, 1+>*. Burr as indicted for murder in ;e @ork and ;e ersey !ut ne/er tried in either EurisdictionI esca"ed to 0outh Carolina and later returned to Washin(ton, ).C. to com"lete his time in office. $aron Burr r. as arrested and tried fortreason in $u(ust 1+> for attem"tin( to esta!lish a re"u!lic in the 0outhest of hich he as to !e the head. Burr as acuitted of treaand ent to 5n(land in 1+>+. $aron Burr r. returned to ;e @ork City in 1+1AI he died in 0taten =sland, ;e @ork on 0e"tem!er 1*, 1+D;icholas Biddle 3$.B. Princeton 1+>14 ser/ed as the President of the 0econd Bank of the


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Colonel 5dard 7. 8ouse 3left4 and


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Princeton 4William P. %inley 3$.B. 1+A>4 K 0i(ner of the 0outh Carolina Ordinance of 0ecession 31+>4$le6ander 7a#yck 3$.B. 1+A>4 K 0i(ner of the 0outh Carolina Ordinance of 0ecession 31+>4$!raham W. ena!le 3$.B. 1+14 K 7em!er of the Confederate Con(ress 3;orth Carolina, 1+A?1+*4$le6ander R. Boteler 3$.B. 1+D-4 K 7em!er of the Confederate Con(ress 3ir(inia, 1+A?1+*4I 4 K Bri(adier 9eneral of the Confederate $rmy 31+D?1+-4Williams 0te/enson Walker 3$.B. 1+-14 K Bri(adier 9eneral of the Confederate $rmy 31+A?1+-4


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BROW; ?1+11, 1+A*?1+D1,

1+*D?1+*-4

onathan 7a6cy$.B. Bron 1+

President of *?1+A>4

8orace 7ann$.B. Bron 1+1


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Bron


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)$R'7O?1+A4

ohn )udley Phil!rick$.B. )artmouth 1+*A

0u"erintendent of Pu!lic0chools of Boston

31+-?1+*, 1+-?1++4

0yl/anus 'hayer$.B. )artmouth 1+>0u"erintendent of 4 K 7em!er of the Confederate 8ouse of Re"resentati/es 3Louisiana, 1+*?1+-4William '.0. Barry 3B.$. 1+*1, 0B 1+*14 K Chairman of the 7ississi""i 0ecession Con/ention in 1+1I 0i(ner of the Confederate ConstituWilliam Preston ohnston 3B.$. 1+-A, 0B 1+-A4 K Confederate President efferson )a/is&s aide?de?cam"Burton ;or/ell 8arrison 3B.$. 1+-, 0B 1+-4 K Pri/ate 0ecretary to Confederate President efferson )a/is$llen 'aylor Ca"erton 3B.$. 1+DA4 K Confederate 0enator 3ir(inia, 1+1?1+-4William ;athan 8arrell 0mith 3B.$. 1+D*4 K 7em!er of the Confederate 8ouse of Re"resentati/es 3;orth Carolina, 1+A?1+-4

ames 8. $dams 3B.$. 1+D14 K 9o/ernor of 0outh Carolina 31+-*?1+-4I Si4ner of t"e Sout" 'arolina Or!inance of Secession -()*


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+?*T/ CAR?L;=A > ;0< L9AK*9 +T*D9=T+

Princeton A4 K 14 K 9o/ernor of 0outh Carolina 31+1?1+1+4as"er $dams 3$.B. 1+1-4 K President of the Colle(e of Charleston M0outh CarolinaN 31+A*?1+A, 1+A+?1+D4ames P. Boyce 3$.B. 1+*4 K President of the 0outhern Ba"tist 'heolo(ical 0eminary 31+D?1+++4I 7em!er of the 0outh Carolina 0tate$ssem!ly 31+A?1+D, 1+*?1+-4

@ale *4 K Protestant 5"isco"al Bisho" of 0outh Carolina 31+*>?1+-D4$u(ustus Baldin Lon(street 3B.$. 1+1D4 K President of

Documents

American Civil War: Organized Crime? Part 2: Reconstruction