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7/30/2019 American Jsm
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History of American Journalism
Newspapers have not alwaysbeen the sophisticated, full-color extravaganzas we knowtoday. American journalism
had its humble beginnings inthe Colonial period with thepublication of BenjaminHarrisPublick Occur rencesBoth Forreign and Domestick,which was shut down after itsone and only issue on Sept. 26,1690.
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This newspaper wasprinted on threesheets of stationery-size paper and the
fourth page was leftblank so that readerscould add their ownnews before passing
it on to someone else.
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Unfortunately, theessays which thispaper contained didnot please the
authorities, andHarris had notbought the requiredlicense, so the paper
was shut down afterjust one issue.
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The first continuouslypublished Americannewspaper did not comealong for 14 more years.The Boston News-Letterpremiered on April 24,1704. The publisher wasJohn Campbell. Thepaper originally appearedon a single page, printedon both sides and issuedweekly.
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In the early years of itspublication the News-
Letter was filled mostlywith news from Londonjournals detailing theintrigues of Englishpolitics, and a variety ofevents concerning theEuropean wars. The restof the newspaper wasfilled with items listingship arrivals, deaths,sermons, politicalappointments, fires,accidents and the like.
http://earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/firsts/newspaper/lottery.html7/30/2019 American Jsm
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One of the mostsensational storiespublished when the News-Letter was the only
newspaper in the colonieswas the the account ofhow Blackbeard thepirate was killed in hand-
to-hand combat on thedeck of a sloop that hadengaged his ship in battle.
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On view here is the May 14,
1761 issue of the News-Letter. The front page isdisplayed in its entirety. Aswas the custom then, the
front page was devoted toevents overseas. This issuecontains news from London,a speech by the King to theHouse of Commons, andvarious accounts fromWestminster and Whitehall
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Also displayed from this issue is
an ad from the back page for aScheme of a Lottery. The lottery
was created to sell 6000 tickets at
$2 each to raise funds to pave the
highway in Charlestown from theFerry to the Neck. Of the $12,000
to be raised, according to the ad,
$10,800 is earmarked for prizes
and $1200 for paving thehighway.
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Perhaps the most famous
name in early Americanjournalism is that of PeterZenger. Publisher of the NewYork Weekly Journal, Zenger
was accused and tried forlibel against the colonialBritish government in 1735.In this picture, Zenger is
arrested and his printingpress is burned by Colonialauthorities.
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Zenger was found innocent and it was that one verdict that paved
the way for a free and independent press in America. For the firsttime it was considered proper for the press to question and criticize
the government. This is a pillar of a free press in the United States
and any country that is free. Journalists have to be able to question
the actions of the government in order to make them accountable.
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All that is needed for newspapers to become
a mass medium is a good idea. Along comesBenjamin Day in 1833. Day opened the New
York Sun and created the Penny Press.
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Newspapers of the day cost about 10 cents each . . .
too expensive for the masses. But there was a large
literate audience out there. Day took advantage of
the fact that he could print thousands of papers
inexpensively and sold the papers for a penny
each.
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He also changed the content of newspapers to make itmore sensational and more popular to the lower class. He
hired boys to hawk the newspapers on street corners. Itwas the Penny Press that also began using advertising as away to bring readers information, but advertising alsohelped by paying for the printing and distribution of
newspapers.
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Cheap newspapers sold to the workers were a hit. His
idea was huge success and newspapers crossed that line
that made them truly mass media. Others were quick tofollow his lead. They became so powerful that they were
called Lords of the Press.
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The Civil War era brought some new technology
to the publishing industry. Photography became a
popular addition to newspapers. Matthew Brady
set up a camera on the battlefields and
photographed the soldiers at war. One of his
photographs appears above.
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An invention that
helped speed
news along wasthe telegraph.
Reporters were
able to sendencoded news
back to their
papers as it was
happening.
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Abraham
Lincoln became
the firstpresident to
direct armies in
the field directlyfrom the White
House.
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During thedarkest days of
the terrible warLincoln wouldpace back andforth in the
telegraph officeawaiting news ofthe fate of thenation thatwould emergefrom the newtelegraph
invention.
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Because the
telegraph wires
kept going downon a regular
basis, sometimes
the story that areporter was
trying to send got
cut off before it
was finished.
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To alleviate this
situation,
reportersdeveloped the
inverted
pyramid formof writing,
putting the most
important facts
at the beginning
of the story.
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This way, the
most important
part of the storywould most likely
reach the
newspaper, andif anything got
cut off, it would
be the lesser
important details
of what
happened.
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As newspapers began to compete more and more
with one another to increase circulation and obtaimore advertising revenue, a different type ofjournalism was developed by publishers JosephPulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
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In the mid-1890s, Pulitzer (in the New YorkWorld)
and Hearst (in the San Francisco Examinerand late
the New YorkMorning Journal) transformed
newspapers with sensational and scandalous news
coverage, the use of drawings and the inclusion of
more features such as comic strips.
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After Pulitzer
began publishing
color comicsections that
included a strip
entitled "TheYellow Kid" (left)
in early 1896, this
type of paper was
labeled "yellow
journalism."
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Drawn by R.F.
Outcault, the
popular (if now-unfunny) strip
became a prize in
the strugglebetween Pulitzer
and Hearst in the
New York
newspaper wars.
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Yellow Kid
cartoonist Richard
Outcault
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One of the most popular
reporters of the Yellow
Journalism era was a woman
named Elizabeth Cochrane
who wrote under the name
Nellie Bly. She wrote with
anger and compassion. Shewrote to expose the many
wrongs that developed in
nineteenth century cities after
the industrial boom. Most ofher reporting was on women.
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She directed her articles to
upper class women to open
their eyes and hearts to their
impoverished, hungry, hopeless
sisters. She felt very strongly
that women and their issues
were not represented innewspapers or any where else.
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She wanted people to know
different womens plights and
understand why some became
fallen women." She hoped
that by reading her articles
other women would want to
help their sisters. She wantedpeople to realize the unfairness
that women were afforded at
the turn of the century.
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Shegot a job on the Pittsburgh
Dispatch when she wrote a
furious letter complaining
about an editorial that claimed
that women were good for little
but housework. She covered
social questions such asdivorce, slum life, and
conditions in Mexico for the
paper.
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In 1887 she moved to Joseph
Pulitzer's New York World, for
which she exposed the
conditions in which the insane
lived by pretending to be mad
and getting herself committed
to the asylum on Blackwell'sIsland.
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The high point in her life,
however was the round-the-
world trip, which she made in
72 days, 6 hours,11 minutes
and 14 seconds. Joseph Pulitzer
sent a special train to meet her
return to San Francisco, andshe was greeted by fireworks,
gun salutes, brass bands and
parade on Broadway.
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After William Randolph Hearst moved toNew York, he and Joseph Pulitzer competed
for readers by making their papers more
and more sensational.
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In 1895, Hearst purchased the New YorkMorning Journal and entered into a head-to-
head circulation war with his former mentor,
Joseph Pulitzer, owner of the New York World.
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To increase circulation both started to include
articles about the Cuban Insurrection. Many
stories in both newspaper greatly exaggerated
their claims to make the stories more
sensational.
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Both Hearst and Pulitzer published images of
Spanish troops placing Cubans into
concentration camps where they were suffered
and died from disease and hunger.
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The American public purchased more
newspapers because of the sensational writing,
and this strongly encouraged Hearst and
Pulitzers newspapers to write more
sensationalized stories.
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Circulation continued to soar as the Journal
reported that an American civilian was
imprisoned without a trial and stating that no
American was safe in Cuba as long as Weyler
was in charge.
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Another major story that enraged the American
public was written by one of Hearst's
reporters, Richard Harding Davis, who came
upon the story while on his way back from Cuba.
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The reporter learned of the story of Senorita
Clemencia Arango. Arango was forced out of
Cuba for helping the rebels, and was supposedly
strip-searched by Spanish detectives.
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This angered the Victorian ideals of the
American public even though the story was found
to be in error and that a woman searched Arango
and not Spanish male detectives.
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This cartoon made fun of the way Hearst and
Pulitzer were each claiming to own the story
about the Spanish-American War.
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As the U.S. population in the
latter half of the 20th
century has shifted fromcities to suburbs, and with
the growth in competition
from other media, many
large city newspapers havehad to cease publication,
merge with their
competitors, or be taken over
by a chain of newspaperpublishers such as the
Gannett Company or
Knight-Ridder Inc.
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In 1982, using satellite
transmission and color
presses, the Gannett chainestablished a new national
newspaper, USA Today,
published and circulated
throughout the UnitedStates, Europe, and Asia.
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As the U.S. population in the
latter half of the 20th
century has shifted fromcities to suburbs, and with
the growth in competition
from other media, many
large city newspapers havehad to cease publication,
merge with their
competitors, or be taken over
by a chain of newspaperpublishers such as the
Gannett Company or
Knight-Ridder Inc.
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Since the invention of the
telegraph, which enormously
facilitated the rapid
gathering of news, the great
news agencies, such as
Reuters in England, Agence
France-Presse in France, andAssociated Press and United
Press International in the
United States, have sold their
services to newspapers andto their associate members.
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Improvements in
photocomposition and in
printing (especially the web
offset press), have enhanced
the quality of print and made
possible the publication of
huge editions at great speed.Modern newspapers are
supported primarily by the
sale of advertising space.
Computer technology hasalso had an enormous impact
on the production of news
and newspapers.
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By the 1990s this technology
had also affected the nature
of newspapers, as the first
independent on-line daily
appeared on the Internet. By
the decade's end some 700
papers had web sites, someof which carried news
gathered by their own staffs,
and papers regularly
scooped themselves bypublishing electronically
before the print edition
appeared.