American National Standard for Funiculars – Safety Requirements · 2020. 7. 29. · Surface Lifts, Tows and Conveyors - Safety requirements, ANSI B77.1-1999.. Section 1 provides

ANSI®

B77.2-20?? Revision of ANSI B77.2-2014

American National Standard

for Funiculars – Safety Requirements

Secretariat National Ski Areas Association Approved Date American National Standards Institute, Inc.

Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.

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Contents

Page

Foreword.................................................................................................... ii

Section 1 General requirements ......................................................... 1

1.1 Scope ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................ 1 1.3 Reference to other codes and standards ........................................ 2 1.4 Definitions ........................................................................................ 2 1.5 Quality assurance program .............................................................. 5

Section 2 Funiculars ........................................................................... 7

2.1 Design and installation ..................................................................... 7 2.2 Electrical design and installation ................................................... 19 2.3 Operation and maintenance .......................................................... 22

Section 3 Normative references ....................................................... 30

Annexes

A Wire Rope ................................................................ (Normative) 31

A.1 Physical properties .................................................................... 31 A.2 Testing ...................................................................................... 31 A.3 End connections for wire rope .................................................. 36 A.4 Maintenance and replacement ................................................. 37

B Measuring the diameter of wire rope ............................................. 40

C Formulas for calculating allowable broken wires .......................... 41

D Ventilation ...................................................................................... 42

E Operator control devices .......................................... (Normative) 43

F Combustion engines and fuel handling ................... (Normative) 44

G International system of units (SI) metric conversion factors .......... 50

H Tunnels and Enclosure Ventilation ................................................ 52

J Safety-Related Control Function Performance ......... (Normative) 54

Index ....................................................................................................... 60

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Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard B77.2-year)

This standard deals with passenger transportation systems that use wire ropes to provide motion to the carriers that ride on rails or are contained by a guideway. Several names are used regionally to identify these systems (i.e., Cable Railways, Inclines, Planes), but are all considered Funiculars. These systems have unique requirements that rely on ropeway technology. The B77.2 will give guidance to these systems that are not classified as elevators or Automated People Movers.

This standard is a revision of B77.2-2014 - American National Standard for Funiculars – Safety requirements and was originally based on the American National Standard for Passenger Ropeways - Aerial tramways, Aerial Lifts, Surface Lifts, Tows and Conveyors - Safety requirements, ANSI B77.1-1999..

Section 1 provides the scope and general definitions for Funiculars covered in this standard. Sections 2 covers mechanical design, electrical design, and operational requirements. Four (4) Normative Annexes and four (4) Informative Annexes are included in the standard. Normative Annexes are considered part of the standard. Informative Annexes are presented for the information provided and are not considered part of this standard.

Because of the diverse nature of the industries that may use this standard, it is recommended that authorities having jurisdiction consider an effective date of one year from the approval date of the standard. The approval date of this standard is a criterion selected by the committee and not by the American National Standards Institute.

Suggestions regarding improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the ASC B77, c/o National Ski Areas Association, 133 South Van Gordon Street, Suite 300, Lakewood, CO 80228 or e-mailed to [email protected].

This standard was approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) B77 on Aerial Passenger Ropeways. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all the committee members voted for its approval or the approval of every requirement in the standard. At the time this standard was approved, the ASC B77 Committee had the following members:

Brian Heon*, Chairman ...............................................................Sunday River Resort Matt Vohs*, Vice Chairman .........................................................Cascade Mountain Resort Michael Lane*, Committee Administrator ...................................National Ski Areas Association Paul Ehlert, P.E., Funicular Subcommittee Chairman ................Doppelmayr USA, Inc.

Organization Represented .......................................................Name of Representative

Above & Beyond .........................................................................Jason Zakotnik All Ski Lifts ..................................................................................Larry Wollum Alyeska Resort ...........................................................................Michelle Cosper Beneficial Designs, Inc. ..............................................................Peter Axelson Boyne Resorts ............................................................................John McGregor Chairkit North America ................................................................Marc Wood, P.E. Colorado Mountain College ........................................................Brian Rosser Colorado Tramway Board ...........................................................Lawrence Smith, P.E. Dendrite Engineering, Inc. ..........................................................Brooks Beal, P.E. Diamond Peak Resort .................................................................John Olson Disney Resorts ...........................................................................Todd Ruoff, P.E. Doman Engineering ....................................................................Mark Doman, P.E. Doppelmayr USA, Inc. ................................................................Paul Ehlert, P.E

............................................................................................ Edward DiRosa, P.E. (Alt) ............................................................................................Shawn Marquardt, P.E. ............................................................................................ Steve Kirner, P.E.MBA (Alt) ............................................................................................Russell Roselius, P.E.*

Eldora Mountain Resort ..............................................................Jim Spenst Geise Engineering ......................................................................Sam Geise, P.E. Gmuender Engineering, LLC ......................................................Joe Gmuender, P.E. Gogebic Community College ......................................................Jim Vander Spoel* Iron Mountain Engineering, LLC .................................................Jeff Peterson, P.E. Killington Resort .........................................................................Jeff Temple* ...........................................................................................Kirsten Ericksen, P.E.

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Leitner-Poma of America, Inc. ....................................................Charles Atchison, P.E.

............................................................................................ Mark Thorpe (Alt) ............................................................................................Jon Mauch ............................................................................................ Justin Gross, P.E. (Alt) ............................................................................................Natlaie Tusberg, P.E.

Lutsen Mountain .........................................................................Tom Rider Magic Carpet Ski Lifts, Inc. .........................................................Dave Kelly Mountain Management Services, LLC ........................................Chris Stoddard Mountain Wire Rope Service ......................................................Jonathan Anderson MountainGuard Insurance Programs ..........................................Tim Hendrickson Mt Baker Ski Area .......................................................................Gwyn Howat National Ski Patrol ......................................................................Mary Davis North Carolina Dept. of Labor .....................................................Thomas Petty Park City Mtn. Resort ..................................................................Gustavo Gonzalez Resort Consulting Services ........................................................Douglas Clyde Rockwell Automation ..................................................................Michael Kingsley, CFSE Safehold Special Risk .................................................................Tom Scully* ............................................................................................Wally Shank SCJ Alliance ...............................................................................James Bunch, P.E.

............................................................................................ Mike Deiparine, P.E. (Alt) ............................................................................................Jim Fletcher, P.E.

............................................................................................ Steve Dorau, P.E. (Alt) S-K-I Electric ...............................................................................Bruce Wyman Skyride Enterprises Inc. ..............................................................C W Craven Skytrac, Inc.. ...............................................................................Alan Hepner, P.E.*

............................................................................................ Carl Skyling (Alt) Snowbird Ski & Summer Resort .................................................Richard Taxwood* Star Lifts .....................................................................................Conor Rowan Steamboat Ski & Resort Corporation ..........................................Kurt Castor State of Vermont .........................................................................Michael Nellis* Stevens Engineering ...................................................................Ross Stevens, P.E. ............................................................................................ Robert Farrell (Alt) Sun Valley Company ..................................................................Tim Silva Superior Tramway Company ......................................................Frank Judge, P.E. USDA - Forest Service ...............................................................Curt Panter, P.E.*

............................................................................................Evald Rimnbenieks ............................................................................................Seth Wallacer, P.E.

Utah Ropeway Safety Committee ...............................................Brian Allen, P.E. Vail Mountain Resort ..................................................................Phil Patterson Expert .........................................................................................Clyde Wiessner

Honorary Members ....................................................................................................Doug Allen ....................................................................................................George Boyden ....................................................................................................Jim Ellis, P.E. ....................................................................................................Selden Hannah, P.E. ....................................................................................................Chris Hanrahan, P.E. ....................................................................................................Stan Judge ....................................................................................................Dave Larson ....................................................................................................Jimmy Lawrence ....................................................................................................Sid Roslund ....................................................................................................Onno Wieringa Observer Members ....................................................................................................Chuck Melichar Above and Beyond .....................................................................Terry Zakotnik ............................................................................................Rick Redin Aerial NDT Inspection, Inc. .........................................................Scott Shanaman Amptech .....................................................................................Michael Stuart AP Electrical Services LLC .........................................................Andrew Pierce State of California, OSHA ...........................................................Mike Schopfer Carrick Engineering Corp. ..........................................................Jonathan Carrick, P.E. Dendrite Engineering, Inc. ..........................................................Harlan Bryant, P.E.

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Doppelmayr USA, Inc. ................................................................David Gulini Fatzer AG Wire Rope .................................................................Philip Enzer Garaventa AG .............................................................................Maurice Andrey Hyland Hills Ski and Snowboard Area ........................................Damon Johnson Knight Equipment .......................................................................Justin Knight LaVenture Engineering, Inc. .......................................................Tom LaVenture, P.E. Loveland Ski Area.......................................................................Cindy Olson MND Group ................................................................................Jay Bristow MSAA ........................................................................................David Thomas New Hampshire Dept Safety ......................................................Brigs Lockwood NYS Dept of Labor ......................................................................Edward Smith, P.E. Palm Springs Aerial Tramway ....................................................Chris Bartsch Portland Aerial Tramway ............................................................Ray Gardner Skytrac, Inc. ................................................................................Ross Palmer ............................................................................................William Hartman Stephenson Engineering, Ltd .....................................................Mike Stephenson The Greenbrier ...........................................................................Jason Brown, P.E. Tramway Engineering .................................................................Charles Peterson, P.E. USDA Forest Service ..................................................................John Kamb, P.E. .............................................................................................Johnny Fleming, P.E. ............................................................................................Kevin Forrest, P.E. Walt Disney World Co. ................................................................John Harrison Welch Village Ski Area, Inc .........................................................Perry Eisert Woodward Park City ...................................................................Casey Fauver * National Tramway Standards Board Member

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Section 1 – Page 1 July, 2020


for Funiculars – Safety Requirements Section 1 General requirements Funicular systems, especially systems operated on 1 steep inclines with simultaneous ascending and 2 descending carriers on (usually very nearly parallel) 3 guideways counterbalancing one another, are also 4 known as cable railways or inclines. 5

Carriers reciprocate between the terminals, propelled 6 and controlled by a wire rope or other flexible element 7 operating through drive and tensioning equipment 8 installed in the terminals. 9

Provisions of this section envision a system having a 10 reversible operating mode. See Subsection 1.1 for 11 applicable component requirements for systems in a 12 continuous or intermittent circulation with stop-to-load 13 features, such as a fixed attachment individual carrier or 14 grouped carrier, which are not covered by this standard. 15

1.1 Scope 16

This document establishes a standard for the 17 design, manufacture, construction, operation, and 18 maintenance of funiculars for passenger transport. 19

Funiculars typically have the following characteristics: 20

– carrier capacity over 20 passengers; 21 – maximum operating speed over 300 feet per 22

minute (1.5 meters per second); 23 – complex guideway that may contain curves, 24

variable inclinations and a passing zone; 25 – direct operator supervision. 26

There are other types of transportation systems that 27 utilize similar characteristics such as Incline Elevators 28 (see ASME A17), Automated People Movers (see 29 ASCE 40193), etc. The authority having jurisdiction, 30 using information from the manufacturer and owner, 31 shall specify any or all provisions of this standard that 32 apply to the funicular. 33

1.2 Purpose 34

The purpose of this standard is to develop a system of 35 principles, specifications, and performance criteria that 36 will meet the following objectives: 37

a) reflect current state-of-the-art for funicular 38 design, operation, and maintenance; 39

b) be acceptable for adoption by government 40 agencies and others. 41

It is recognized that certain dangers and risks are 42 inherent in machines of this type and their operation. It 43 is also recognized that inherent and other risks or 44

dangers exist for those who are in the process of 45 embarking, riding, or disembarking from funiculars. 46 This system is intended to result in funiculars that are 47 designed, constructed, operated, and maintained in a 48 manner that helps reduce danger, exposure to risk to 49 passengers and maintenance and operational 50 personnel, and to encourage improvements in 51 productivity, efficiency, development, and progress 52 consistent with the objectives. 53

Such a system with these stated objectives constitutes 54 a safety standard. 55

1.2.1 Other classifications 56

Funicular configurations that do not fall within the 57 definition specified in 1.4 - funicular, but fall within the 58 general category of funiculars should be evaluated by 59 the authority having jurisdiction based upon the design 60 engineer’s specifications and the applicable provisions 61 of this standard. 62

1.2.2 New materials and methods for funiculars 63

Adoption of technological improvements in materials 64 and advances in techniques is essential to enable the 65 industry to keep pace with progress. If a designer or 66 manufacturer proposes to use materials or methods not 67 covered by this standard, those materials, methods, or 68 both, shall be clearly identified. Complete design and 69 test information shall be provided to the purchaser or 70 the owner and the authority having jurisdiction (see 1.4 71 – authority having jurisdiction). 72

1.2.3 Exceptions 73

Strict application of the provisions of this standard may 74 not be appropriate in every instance. Wherever it may 75 be proposed to depart from the provisions of this 76 standard, the authority having jurisdiction may grant 77 exceptions from the literal requirements or permit the 78 use of other devices or methods that provide features 79 comparable to those included in this standard. 80

1.2.4 Installations 81

1.2.4.1 Existing installations 82

Existing installations, and those with design review 83 completed by the authority having jurisdiction prior to 84 the effective date of this standard, need not comply with 85 the new or revised requirements of this edition, except 86 where specifically required by the authority having 87 jurisdiction. 88

Operation and maintenance shall be in compliance with 89 those requirements specifically listed (not included by 90 reference) in the operation and maintenance subsection 91 2.3. and normative Annexes A and F in the most current 92 edition of this standard. 93

1.2.4.2 Relocated installations 94

An existing funicular, when removed and reinstalled, 95 shall be classified as a new installation (see 1.2.4.3). 96

1.2.4.3 New installations 97

New installations, and those with a design review 98


completed by the authority having jurisdiction after the 1 effective date of this standard, shall comply with the 2 new or revised requirements of this edition. 3

1.2.4.4 Modifications 4

A modification shall be defined as an alteration of the 5 current design of the funicular that results in any of the 6 following: 7

a) a change that increases the design speed of the 8 system; 9

b) a change in the rated capacity by changing the 10 number of carriers, load capacity of the carriers, or a 11 change in weight or carrier size; 12

c) a change in the path of the rope or guideway; 13

d) a change in the type of brakes and devices or 14 components thereof; 15

e) a change in the structural arrangements; 16

f) a change in energy source or type of power unit, 17 evacuation power unit or alternate carrier unloading 18 system (used in evacuations); 19

g) a change of the control system logic. 20

Modified funiculars shall be inspected and/or tested to 21 assure compliance with the modified design. Test 22 procedures and inspection criteria shall be provided by 23 the designer or manufacturer. 24

1.2.5 Interpretation of standard 25

In cases where additional explanation or interpretation 26 of this standard is required, such requests should be 27 referred to Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) 28 B77, c/o National Ski Areas Association, 133 South Van 29 Gordon Street, Suite 300, Lakewood, CO 80228-1706 30 or e-mail [email protected]. 31

1.3 Reference to other codes and standards 32

The design, installation, operation, and maintenance of 33 funiculars and their components that are not covered by 34 this standard should conform to applicable standards or 35 codes. To the extent that they are available, applicable 36 codes or standards shall be selected to cover all 37 features, including, but not limited to, ADA, allowable 38 unit stresses, and properties of materials. Each code or 39 standard should be of the most recent issue, and the 40 designer shall state which code or standard was 41 followed. 42

Features not covered by this standard, shall be handled 43 in accordance with sound engineering judgment to the 44 satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction. 45

1.4 Definitions 46

ADA accessible: Describes a site, building, facility, or 47 portion thereof that complies with ADAAG (Americans 48 with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines). 49

approved: The word “approved” means “approved by 50 the authority having jurisdiction”. 51

attendant: The individual assigned to particular duties 52

or functions in the operation of a funicular (also see 1.4 53 – supervisor). 54

authority having jurisdiction: The phrase “authority 55 having jurisdiction” means any government agency 56 empowered to oversee the design, manufacture, 57 construction, operation, maintenance, and use of 58 funiculars. Where no such agency exists, the owner of 59 the funicular shall be considered the authority having 60 jurisdiction. 61

auxiliary power unit (APU): Generic term to 62 generally describe a gas or diesel engine generally 63 used as a backup to the prime mover. It can be 64 designated as a prime mover or evacuation power unit 65 depending upon use and configuration. 66

barrier: A device or object that provides a physical 67 boundary to a hazard. 68

Basic Life Support (BLS): Medically accepted non-69 invasive procedures used to sustain life. 70

brake: A device consisting of one or more friction 71 devices which if applied, accomplishes braking. 72

braking: The process of absorbing energy in order to 73 maintain or reduce the speed of the funicular. 74

NOTE – The typical resistances effective in absorbing the energy of a 75 funicular include: 76 a) the inherent resistance in the system (e.g., friction); 77 b) incidental resistance (e.g., slope, gravity, wind); 78 c) applied resistance (e.g., brake, power unit regeneration). 79

buffer: A device placed at the end of the carrier 80 guideway, or installed on the carrier as an energy 81 absorbing device in the event of overtravel. 82

bullwheel: A large grooved wheel at a terminal that 83 rotates continuously when the haul rope is moving and 84 deflects the haul rope by an angle of 10 degrees or 85 more. 86

bullwheel, deflection: A bullwheel that deflects the 87 haul rope at least 10 degrees. 88

bullwheel, diameter of: Wherever the term diameter 89 is used in specifying bullwheels, it refers to the diameter 90 at the bottom of bullwheel grooves (tread diameter). 91

bullwheel, drive: A bullwheel that delivers power to 92 the haul rope. 93

bullwheel, fixed return: When acting simply as a 94 fixed return for the haul rope. 95

bullwheel, tension: A bullwheel that maintains 96 tension in the haul rope by changing its position. 97

cabin, enclosed: A cabin utilized for the 98 transportation of passengers in which no part of the 99 passenger can extend more than 6 inches horizontally 100 through any opening, including windows and doors. 101

cabin, open: A cabin utilized for the transportation of 102 passengers in which passengers can enter or exit 103 through open doors or the sides of the cabin, or when 104 windows are not covered allowing passengers outside 105 access during operation. 106


carriage: A structural framework for supporting the 1 cabin(s) on the guideway, providing attachment points 2 for the rope(s). 3

carrier: The structural and mechanical assemblage in 4 or on which the passenger(s) or freight of a funicular 5 system are transported. Unless otherwise specified, 6 the carrier includes the cabin and carriage. 7

circuit, electrical: A pathway for electrical current 8 generally to do work or effecting a function and 9 implemented using electrical potential, electrical 10 current, conductors, components, etc. 11

circuit, electrical power: The electrical power circuit 12 is a normally de-energized circuit that, when energized, 13 provides electrical power to the drive motor, other 14 funicular-related electrical power equipment, or both. 15

circuit(s), bypass: A circuit(s) that partially or entirely 16 circumvents monitoring devices and remote signal 17 inputs of a malfunctioning device to allow operation of 18 the funicular, under the specific conditions set forth. 19

combustible liquid: A liquid having a closed cup flash 20 point at or above 100° F (38° C). (Does not include 21 compressed gas or cryogenic fluids). Combustible 22 liquids are subdivided as follows (also see 1.4 – diesel 23 fuel): 24

– Class II Flash point at or above 100° F and below 25 140° F. 26

– Class III Flash point at or above 140° F and below 27 200° F. 28

control function: Function that evaluates input 29 information or signals and produces output information 30 or activities (also see 1.4 – safety related control 31 function). 32

deropement: The term used when the rope leaves its 33 intended operating zone relative to the groove of a 34 bullwheel or sheave. 35

design capacity: The number of passengers per hour 36 (pph) established by the designer as the current 37 ultimate operating capability of the facility in the 38 direction specified. 39

device: A component, attachment, or mechanism 40 designed to serve a specific purpose or perform a 41 specific function. 42

Diesel fuel: A Class II combustible liquid fuel (also 43 see 1.4 – combustible liquid). 44

double reversible: A funicular system wherein two 45 carriers or group(s) of carriers oscillate between the 46 terminals on two parallel guideways, or alternately on a 47 single guideway with a passing zone at the mid-section 48 of the guideway. 49

drive system: A group or combination of interrelated 50 elements which transmits power, or motion to the haul 51 rope. 52

emergency shutdown: A safety function that initiates 53 a Category 0 Stop (also see 1.4 – Stop, Category 0). 54

Engine room: A machine room where an internal 55 combustion engine(s) is located. 56

evacuation power unit: A power unit utilized for the 57 evacuation of a funicular that once engaged, passenger 58 loading ceases and the funicular operation is shutdown 59 once the funicular has been unloaded. 60

factor of safety (wire rope): The ratio of the 61 minimum breaking force of the rope and the maximum 62 static design tension of the rope. 63

flammable material: A material capable of being 64 readily ignited from common sources of heat or at a 65 temperature of 600°F (316° C) or less. 66

flammable liquid: A liquid having a closed cup flash 67 point below 100° F (38° C). (Does not include 68 compressed gas or cryogenic fluids). flammable liquids 69 are subdivided as follows (also see 1.4 – gasoline): 70

– Class IA flammable liquids have a flash point below 71 73°F and a boiling point below 100°F. 72

– Class IB flammable liquids have a flash point below 73 73°F and a boiling point greater than or equal to 100°F. 74

– Class IC flammable liquids have a flash point greater 75 than or equal to 73°F and below 100°F. 76

flue gas temperatures: The temperatures of the flue 77 products at the point or points of passing close to or 78 through combustible materials, whichever is applicable. 79

function (electrical): a relationship between cause and 80 effect (inputs and outputs). A function may be logical, 81 mathematical, physical, linear, non-linear, etc. A 82 function may be implemented with algorithms, 83 programmed logic, circuitry (electrical, mechanical), etc. 84 or any combination. 85

funicular: A system on which passengers or freight 86 are transported in/on carrier(s) that are supported and 87 guided by a level or inclined guideway (excluding 88 elevators) and propelled by means of a haul rope or 89 other flexible element that is driven by a power unit 90 remaining essentially at a single location. 91

gasoline: A Class IB flammable liquid fuel (also see 92 1.4 – flammable liquid).. 93

Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI): A device 94 intended for the protection of personnel that functions to 95 de-energize a circuit or portion thereof within an 96 established period of time when a current to ground 97 exceeds the values established for a Class A device. 98 Class A ground-fault circuit interrupters trip when the 99 current to ground has a value in the range of 4mA to 100 6mA. 101

ground fault protection: A system intended to 102 provide protection of equipment from damaging line-to-103 ground fault currents by causing a disconnecting means 104 to open the ungrounded conductors of the faulted 105 circuit. This protection is provided at current levels less 106 than those required to protect conductors from damage 107 through operation of a supply circuit overcurrent device. 108

guard: A barrier that prevents exposure to a hazard. 109


guideway: A surface of concrete, steel, or other 1 approved material that supports the carrier and controls 2 its lateral movement. 3

harm: Physical injury or damage to health of people. 4

haul rope: A wire rope used on a funicular that 5 provides motion to a carrier(s) and is powered by the 6 drive bullwheel. 7

hazard: A potential source of harm to people or 8 damage to the funicular. 9

hazard area: (a.k.a. hazard zone) Any space within 10 and/or around a machine in which a person can be 11 exposed to a hazard. 12

hazardous situation: circumstance in which a person 13 is exposed to a hazard. 14

loss of control: Any one of the following conditions is 15 considered a loss of control of a funicular: 16

a) Funicular will not SLOW DOWN when given the 17 command to do so; 18

b) Funicular will not STOP when given the command to 19 do so; 20

c) Funicular OVERSPEEDS beyond control settings 21 and/or maximum design speed; 22

d) Funicular ACCELERATES faster than normal design 23 acceleration; 24

e) Funicular SELF-STARTS or SELF-ACCELERATES 25 without the command to do so. 26

NOTE – Loss of control is outlined in Annex J. Table J.8, 27 item 1,”Emergency Shutdown” safety-related control 28 function. 29

machine room: A room or area where a combustion 30 engine(s), mechanical, hydraulic, or electrical 31 equipment are located. 32

magnetic rope testing (MRT): Non-destructive 33 magnetic rope testing (MRT) is the use of either 34 electromagnetic or permanent magnetic equipment 35 using magnetic-flux and/or magnetic flux leakage 36 principles capable of detecting discontinuities and/or 37 changes in metallic cross-sectional area in 38 ferromagnetic wire ropes and cables. 39

minimum breaking force: The specified value that 40 the actual (measured) breaking force must meet or 41 exceed in a test. 42

NOTE – The term “Minimum Breaking Force” has replaced the term 43 “nominal breaking strength” internationally and in the ASTM A1023 44 Wire Rope Standard. 45

nominal voltage: A nominal value assigned to a 46 circuit or system. The actual voltage at which a circuit or 47 system operates can vary from the nominal within a 48 range that permits satisfactory operation of the 49 equipment. 50

normal stop: A control function that initiates a 51 Category 0 Stop, Category 1 Stop, or Category 2 Stop 52 (also see 1.4 – Stop, Category 0, 1, 2). 53

obstacle: Any object that may interfere with the 54 funicular operation. 55

operator: The individual in charge of a funicular (also 56 see 1.4 – attendant). 57

overhauling: An operating condition in which 58 unbalanced loading exceeds system friction and 59 creates a torque, acting to produce rotation of drive 60 bullwheel in either direction when all brakes and the 61 prime mover are inactive. 62

owner: A person who owns, manages, or directs the 63 operations and maintenance of a funicular. Owner may 64 apply to a state or any political subdivision or 65 instrumentality thereof. 66

NOTE – The owner is sometimes referred to as the “operator” or 67 “area operator”. Not to be confused with the individual funicular 68 “operator” as herein used. 69

passenger: Any person utilizing a funicular for 70 personal transportation. 71

perimeter guarding: A guard or safeguard designed 72 to limit or detect an individual(s) entering a hazardous 73 area after which the individual(s) is not continuously 74 being detected. 75

prime mover: Power unit utilized for the continuous 76 operation of a funicular. 77

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): Any solid 78 state automatic device that has programmable memory 79 and is used to process input and output logic functions. 80

Qualified Engineer: An engineer who is registered as 81 a Professional Engineer in the United States of 82 America. 83

qualified personnel: Individuals who, as a result of 84 training and experience, understand and demonstrate 85 competence with the design, construction, operation or 86 maintenance of a funicular and associated hazards. 87

risk: The combination of the severity of possible harm 88 and the likelihood of that harm occurring for a given 89 hazard. 90

roller: Rotating cylinder used to guide or support the 91 rope in its proper operating zone. 92

rope: Unless otherwise specified, the term rope shall 93 mean wire rope, which consists of several strands 94 twisted together. (The terms rope, wire rope, and cable 95 are interchangeable). 96

ropeway: As used in this standard, this term refers to 97 equipment covered under ANSI B77.1 – Passenger 98 Ropeways. 99

rotation-resistant rope: Wire rope consisting of inner 100 strands laid in one direction covered by a layer of 101 strands laid in the opposite direction. This has the 102 effect of counteracting torque by reducing the tendency 103 of the finished rope to rotate. 104

safeguarding: Protection of personnel from hazards 105 by the use of guards, safeguarding devices, awareness 106 devices or safeguarding methods. 107


safeguarding method: Safeguarding implemented to 1 protect individuals from hazards by the physical 2 arrangement of distance, holding, openings, or 3 positioning of the machine or machine system to ensure 4 that a hazard cannot be reached. 5

safe-location safeguarding method: A method of 6 safeguarding by physically locating either the hazard or 7 the individual such that the hazard is not accessible. 8

safety related control function: (a.k.a. safety function) 9 - A control function of a machine whose failure can 10 result in an immediate increase of the risk(s) (also see 11 1.4 – control function). 12

shall: This word is to be used to convey a strict 13 requirement, from which the reader/user may not 14 deviate in order to be considered in conformance with 15 the standard. 16

sheave: Pulley or wheel grooved for wire rope. 17

sheave unit: The largest assembly of sheaves that 18 are independently articulated on a common shaft. 19

sheaves, diameter of: Wherever the term diameter is 20 used in specifying sheaves, it refers to the diameter at 21 the bottom of sheave grooves (tread diameter). 22

sheave, guideway: Sheaves that support or hold 23 down any ropes along the guideway or in terminals. 24 (The angle of rope deflection is usually small.) 25

sheave, tension system: A sheave used in the 26 tension reeving system. 27

should: This word is to be used to convey a 28 recommendation, describe a recommended practice or 29 procedure, or introduce a related standard (or 30 publication). 31

single reversible: A funicular system wherein a 32 single carrier or group of carriers moves back and forth 33 between the terminals on a single guideway. 34

stop: A function initiated manually or automatically 35 that decelerates the funicular and brings it to rest using 36 a Category 0, Category 1, or Category 2 stop (also see 37 1.4 – brake). 38

Stop, Category 0: A stop that when initiated causes 39 one or more brakes (if installed) to be applied and 40 power to be removed from the power unit. 41

Removing power from the power unit means: 42

– Electric motor: Full load rated contactor or circuit 43 breaker disconnect devices, or equivalent safety means 44 operate to shut down the motor; 45

– Internal Combustion engine: Engine shuts down. 46

NOTE – See 2.1.1.5, Stops and Shutdowns 47

Stop, Category 1: A stop with power to the power unit 48 available to achieve the stop. Once motion has stopped 49 a brake (if installed) shall be applied and power to the 50 prime mover removed. 51

Stop, Category 2: A stop with power to the power unit 52 available to achieve the stop. Once motion has stopped 53

a brake (if installed) shall be applied, and power to the 54 prime mover may be maintained. 55

strand: Unless otherwise specified, the term strand 56 shall mean wire strand, consisting of several wires 57 twisted together (as compared with wire rope, which 58 consists of several strands twisted together). 59

supervisor: An individual in responsible charge of 60 personnel and operations for the funicular (also see 1.4 61 – operator ). 62

tank, atmospheric storage: A storage tank that has 63 been designed to operate at pressures from 64 atmospheric through 1.0 psig (52mm Hg) measured at 65 the top of the tank. 66

tank, day: A fuel tank, located inside a structure that 67 provides fuel to an engine. 68

tank, integral: A fuel tank mounted on an engine and 69 is specified or furnished by a qualified engineer, the 70 engine, or the funicular manufacturer. 71

tank, supply: A separate fuel tank for supplying fuel 72 to the engine or to a day or integral tank. 73

voltage: Voltage of a circuit is the greatest root-mean-74 square difference of the potential between any two 75 conductors of the circuit. 76

voltage, low: A voltage limited to 24 volts nominal. 77

voltage, high: A voltage of more than 600 volts. 78

wire rope: see 1.4 – rope. 79

1.5 Quality assurance program 80

Written Quality Assurance (QA) programs shall be 81 developed and utilized to ensure the integrity of the 82 design, manufacture, construction, operation, and 83 maintenance of funiculars. The objective of these QA 84 programs is to assure that funiculars meet the 85 applicable requirements of this standard. 86

1.5.1 Design 87

A Qualified Engineer shall design, or be in responsible 88 charge of the design of new and modified funiculars 89 (see 1.2.4). 90

The designer’s QA program for new, modified, 91 relocated funiculars shall include verification and 92 documentation of the design criteria. This program 93 shall include calculations, analysis, and checking 94 procedures. 95

For relocated funiculars, the designer of the relocation 96 shall be responsible for the establishment of the QA 97 program for that installation. The designer shall 98 describe what QA methods were used for the various 99 components of the relocated funicular. These methods 100 may include sampling procedures, nondestructive 101 testing, and prior satisfactory “in use” service. 102

1.5.2 Manufacture 103

The manufacturer’s QA program for funiculars shall 104 include verification and documentation that 105 manufactured parts conform to the design criteria. For 106


relocated funiculars, this requirement is for newly 1 manufactured parts only. 2

1.5.3 Construction 3

For new or modified funiculars, a qualified engineer 4 shall certify to the owner that the construction and 5 installation has been completed in accordance with the 6 final design criteria for such work. 7

The installer’s QA program for all new or modified 8 funiculars shall include verification and documentation 9 that the funicular installation conforms to the design 10 criteria. 11

1.5.4 Operation and maintenance 12

The owner’s QA programs shall verify and document 13 that the funicular is operated and maintained in 14 accordance with the design criteria, including the 15 performance of in-use periodic testing, and general 16 inspections by qualified personnel. 17


Section 2 Funiculars 2.1 Design and installation 1

2.1.1 General 2

The designer shall specify the maximum design 3 capacities and the design loading conditions under 4 which the funicular may be operated. The maximum 5 rope speed shall be that specified by the designer and 6 established as functional by testing and operational 7 performance. 8

2.1.1.1 Design passenger weight 9

For purposes of design, a passenger shall be 10 considered as having a minimum average weight of 170 11 pounds (77.1 kilograms). It is the owners’ responsibility 12 to indicate unusual considerations that might affect the 13 design passenger weight. 14

If a funicular transports freight, the freight shall be 15 weighed and not exceed the design load capacity. The 16 designer shall determine the maximum design live load 17 for transporting freight on the funicular. The operational 18 manual shall document the live load parameters and 19 relevant operational conditions. 20

2.1.1.2 Passenger removal from stranded carriers 21

Funiculars shall be provided with means to evacuate 22 passengers from stranded carriers. 23

2.1.1.2.1 Carrier evacuation 24

Provisions shall be made in the design of the funicular 25 for emergency evacuation of all passenger types (see 26 2.3.2.5.7 and 2.3.2.6.4). The guideway shall have 27 access to a service road or walkway which allows 28 passengers to leave the stranded carriers at any place 29 along the guideway, including the passing zone. The 30 service road or walkway shall be a minimum horizontal 31 width of 32 inches (815 mm). 32

In tunnels, walking surfaces designed for evacuation of 33 passengers shall be constructed of non-combustible 34 slip resistant materials. 35

Adequate emergency lighting as well as normal lighting 36 shall be provided to accommodate all foreseeable 37 evacuation conditions (see 2.2.11.3). 38

2.1.1.3 Location 39

In selecting the location and alignment of an installation, 40 consideration shall be given to the following items, and 41 to any others that may be particularly pertinent to the 42 funicular type and location: 43

a) electric power lines and their supports; 44

b) railways; 45

c) highways; 46

d) structures; 47

e) rock and earth slides, cave-ins, wash-outs, and 48 the like; 49

f) snow creep, avalanches and snow 50 accumulations along the track; 51

g) wind action; 52

h) icing; 53

i) ski slopes and trails; 54

j) rivers and gullies; 55

k) buried installations, including pipelines; 56

l) crossing or close proximity to other passenger 57 ropeways, zip lines, amusement devices, 58 guywires or other funiculars; 59

m) control of air space below, above, and adjacent 60 to the installation; 61

n) carrier height above ground or surface; 62

o) ADA accessibility; 63

p) fire hazard. 64

2.1.1.4 Acceleration and speed control 65

2.1.1.4.1 Maximum sustained acceleration 66

The drive system shall be designed to accelerate the 67 funicular smoothly and to avoid severe oscillations or 68 undulation under any operating condition. 69

The funicular shall be started at its lowest point of 70 speed range after any type of stop. After any type of 71 stop is initiated, the stop cannot be canceled and the 72 funicular may not be started until it has come to a 73 complete stop. The funicular shall accelerate smoothly 74 from a stop to the intended speed. 75

The accelerations introduced by guideway geometry and 76 vehicle speed changes shall not exceed the limits stated in 77 table 2-1. “Sustained” refers to the nominal values 78 excluding random vibration effects above ½ Hz. 79

Table 2-1 includes limits for standing passengers, and a 80 column for seated passengers, showing higher 81 allowable accelerations. The limits in the “Seated” 82 column apply to those vehicles where provisions for 83 standing passengers are not included, resulting in a 84 vehicle interior where all passengers are seated. 85 Where the design allows for standing passengers, the 86 limits in the “Standing” column shall be used. 87

Horizontal, lateral, and vertical, accelerations are as 88 measured by an inertial accelerometer mounted at the 89 vehicle floor level. The lateral axis shall be 90 perpendicular to the direction of vehicle travel. 91


1

Table 2-1 – Maximum/Minimum allowable sustained accelerations

DESCRIPTION STANDING SEATED

Maximum Average Acceleration 3 ft/s2 (0.91 m/s2) 3 ft/s2 (0.91 m/s2)

Stop – Maximum Horizontal Deceleration 5 ft/s2 (1.52 m/s2) 11 ft/s2 (3.34 m/s2)

Emergency Shutdown - Maximum Horizontal Deceleration

10 ft/s2 (3.05 m/s2) 19 ft/s2 (5.76 m/s2)

Stop and Emergency Shutdown – Minimum Horizontal Deceleration

1 ft/s2 (0.30 m/s2) 1 ft/s2 (0.30 m/s2)

Vertical Accelerations ±8 ft/s2 (±2.44 m/s2) ±8 ft/s2 (±2.44 m/s2)

Lateral Accelerations 3 ft/s2 (0.91 m/s2) 8 ft/s2 (2.44 m/s2)

2.1.1.4.2 Carrier speed 2

The maximum carrier speed shall be that specified by 3 the designer and established as functional by testing 4 and operational performance. 5

2.1.1.4.3 Speed provisions 6

Funicular(s) with a carrier operating speed up to 1200 7 feet per minute (6 meters per second) shall meet the 8 following requirements: 9

a) the guideway shall be protected from 10 unauthorized access; 11

b) the control room shall contain indicators that will 12 show the location of the carrier(s) at all times. 13

Funicular(s) with a carrier operating speed over 1200 14 feet per minute (6.0 meters per second) shall meet the 15 above requirement plus the following: 16

c) haul ropes shall have a device or system that 17 detects haul rope departure from its normal zone of 18 operation and initiates a stop of the funicular (see 19 2.2.3(e)); 20

d) an attendant shall be in each carrier or group of 21 carriers. 22

2.1.1.4.4 Speed control 23

The following requirements shall be incorporated in the 24 design: 25

a) carrier(s) shall be brought to a stop for loading 26 and unloading, and provisions shall be made to keep 27 the carrier(s) in its approximate position during the 28 loading and unloading process; 29

b) provision shall be made for overhauling loads. 30 The system shall always operate at a controlled speed 31 not exceeding design speed by more than 6%. The 32 energy developed by the overhauling load shall be 33 dissipated in a satisfactory manner without using the 34 brakes specified under 2.1.5. 35

The drive system shall be capable of moving the 36 unloaded system at reduced speed for rope inspection 37 and equipment maintenance. This reduced-speed 38 operation may be obtained by the use of the evacuation 39

power unit. 40

2.1.1.5 Stops & Shutdowns 41

For all stops, the acceleration rates shall not exceed the 42 limits stated in table 2-1. These measurements shall be 43 measured over any one second interval under any 44 operating condition and referenced to the rope speed at 45 the drive system terminal. 46

Normal stop: The service brake shall have been 47 applied by the time the funicular comes to a stop (see 48 1.4 – normal stop). 49

Emergency shutdown: The bullwheel brake shall be 50 applied. The service brake shall have been applied by 51 the time the funicular comes to a stop. The designer 52 shall designate which control functions of the funicular 53 system shall initiate an emergency shutdown (see 1.4 – 54 emergency shutdown). 55

The designer may define other stopping modes in 56 addition to normal stop and emergency shutdown. For 57 other stopping modes, the designer shall specify the 58 method of stopping, including the type and timing of 59 brake(s) that may be applied, and the stopping criteria. 60

2.1.2 Clearances 61

2.1.2.1 Width of guideway 62

The funicular shall have a dedicated right-of-way with 63 total horizontal separation from any other transport 64 systems. 65

The guideway clearing shall be wide enough to prevent 66 interference with the funicular system by adjacent 67 vegetation. Such clearings shall be protected, if 68 necessary, to avoid washouts, avalanches, snow creep, 69 or other natural hazards that might endanger the 70 installation. 71

Clearances shall take into account the maximum 72 possible lateral and vertical movement of each carrier in 73 the direction of stationary objects, or in case of passing 74 carriers, of each simultaneously towards the other. 75

In no case shall trees or vegetation extend within 5 feet 76 (1.53 meters) of any portion of the carrier under normal 77 operating conditions. 78


2.1.2.2 Vertical clearances above carriers 1

In terminals, tunnels, overhead roadways, or other 2 covered areas, a minimum space of 18 inches (460 3 mm) shall exist between the highest point of the carrier 4 and the tunnel ceiling or any projection. For crossings 5 with passenger aerial ropeways, funiculars shall be 6 considered public transportation and have the 7 clearances required in latest edition of ANSI B77.1. 8

2.1.2.3 Vertical clearance below an elevated 9 guideway 10

The following minimum vertical clearances shall exist 11 between the lower edge of any funicular component 12 (i.e., guideway, carrier, etc.) of an elevated system and 13 any portion of the terrain or other obstructions, including 14 snow: 15

a) 16.5 feet (5.03 meters) for vehicle transportation; 16

b) 10 feet (3.05 meters) for ski under; 17

c) where clearance is less than 8 feet (2.44 18 meters), provisions shall be made to prevent access by 19 unauthorized persons to the area beneath the 20 guideway. 21

2.1.2.4 Horizontal clearances 22

The following clearances shall be maintained: 23

a) Clearance to obstructions: 24

1) Enclosed carriers shall maintain a minimum horizontal 25 clearance of 18 inches (460 mm); 26

2) Open carriers shall maintain a minimum horizontal 27 clearance of 3 feet (0.915 meters). 28

b) Clearance to another carrier in a passing zone: 29

1) Enclosed carriers shall maintain a minimum 30 horizontal clearance of 18 inches (460 mm) between 31 carriers; 32

2) Open carriers shall maintain a minimum horizontal 33 clearance of 6 feet (1.83 meters) between carriers. 34

The loading/unloading platforms in terminals and 35 stations shall be designed to allow for the unobstructed 36 passage of the carrier during all operating conditions. 37

For approaches and parallel runs with vehicular 38 roadways, a minimum distance of 5 feet (1.53 meters) 39 shall be maintained between the vertical boundary lines 40 of carriers, or guideway elements and the edge of the 41 roadway. Protective devices or barriers shall be used 42 where roadway vehicles could encroach upon the 43 guideway. 44

2.1.2.5 Tunnel clearances 45

In tunnels and overhead roadway crossings, clearances 46 of 2.1.2.4(a) shall be met. Additionally, where exit 47 doors are provided on carriers, at least 32 inches (815 48 mm) of clearance shall be provided on the side of the 49 carrier with the exit door. 50

If exit doors open outward, the minimum clearance shall 51 be measured from the outermost projection of a fully 52

opened door. 53

2.1.2.6 Funiculars crossing roadways 54

Funiculars shall not cross a roadway at grade level. 55

For funiculars crossing over roadways, a minimum 56 distance of 5 feet (1.53 meters) horizontal shall be 57 maintained between the guideway vertical supports and 58 the edge of the roadway unless the design 59 considerations for the guideway support include 60 possible vehicle contact. 61

For funiculars crossing under roadways, clearances 62 stated in 2.1.2.2 and 2.1.2.4 shall be maintained. 63

2.1.2.7 Guideway crossings with pedestrian 64 pathways 65

Pedestrian pathways crossing a guideway at grade 66 level is not permitted unless specific measures are 67 taken to protect pedestrians from funicular moving 68 components and moving carriers. 69

2.1.3 Structures and foundations 70

All structures and foundations shall be designed and 71 constructed in conformance with subsection 1.3 and 72 shall be appropriate for the site. Applied design loads 73 shall include dead, live, snow, wind, and dynamic loads 74 due to normal conditions and for foreseeable abnormal 75 conditions. 76

Structures and foundations located in snow creep areas 77 shall be designed for such conditions and loads, or 78 protective structures shall be provided as required by 79 the conditions. 80

2.1.3.1 Foundations 81

In determining the resistance of the soil to motion of the 82 foundation, the subsoil conditions at the site shall be 83 considered, including any buoyancy due to groundwater 84 that may be present. If the resistance of the soil is not 85 practically determinable, the foundation or anchorage 86 should be designed as a gravity anchor, using a 87 coefficient of friction appropriate to the general 88 character of the soil. Foundations on rock shall be 89 firmly anchored to solid rock unless designed as gravity 90 foundations. The design of foundations shall consider 91 the freezing and thawing of the soil. 92

The top of concrete foundations shall not be less than 6 93 inches (152 mm) above finished grade unless specific 94 directions for the protection of the foundation and 95 structural steel below grade is specified by the 96 designer. 97

The design shall have a minimum factor of safety of 2 in 98 resisting overturning and, concurrently, 2 against 99 sliding, under dead load and live load conditions. The 100 minimum factors shall be 1.5 under these loadings plus 101 wind or seismic activity acting simultaneously. 102

2.1.3.2 Underground construction materials 103

Where guideway sections are to be constructed by the 104 cut-and-cover method, perimeter walls and related 105 construction shall not be less than Type I or Type II or 106


combinations of Type I and Type II approved 1 noncombustible construction as defined in ANSI/NFPA 2 220-2018 Standard on Types of Building Construction, 3 as determined by an engineering analysis of potential 4 fire exposure hazards to the structure. 5

Where guideway sections are to be constructed by a 6 tunneling method through earth, unprotected steel 7 liners, reinforced concrete, shotcrete, or equivalent shall 8 be used. 9

EXCEPTION – Rock tunnels shall be permitted to utilize steel bents 10 with concrete liner if lining is required. 11 12 Noncombustible rail ties shall be used in underground 13 locations. Fire-retardant, pressure-treated ties are 14 permitted at switch or passing zone locations. 15

Structures such as remote vertical exit shafts and 16 ventilation structures shall be not less than Type I (332) 17 approved noncombustible construction as defined in 18 ANSI/NFPA 220-2018. 19

2.1.4 Machinery systems 20

2.1.4.1 General 21

Mechanical power transmission apparatus shall be 22 safeguarded by a guard, device, or safe-location 23 safeguarding method to prevent inadvertent contact 24 with hazardous machinery motion or thermal hazards. 25 Material used in the construction of guards shall be of 26 such design and strength as to protect individuals from 27 identified hazards. Where breakage of a mechanical 28 power transmission component can result in injury, 29 provision shall be made for appropriate containment of 30 components. 31

When tasks such as start-up, set-up, repair, adjustment, 32 or maintenance require removing, disabling, bypassing, 33 or suspending one or more safeguards, alternate 34 hazard reduction measures shall be required. Only 35 properly trained and authorized personnel shall be 36 allowed access to a hazard area. The bypass process 37 shall be documented and shall include specific 38 procedures and appropriate training of personnel. 39

Protection against static electricity shall be provided. 40

2.1.4.2 Machinery not housed in a machine room 41

Provisions shall be made to keep the public away from 42 the machinery. All machinery and controls shall be 43 rated for use in their intended environment. 44

2.1.4.3 Machinery housed in a machine room 45

The machine room shall be adequately ventilated. It 46 shall have a permanently installed lighting system, 47 including an emergency lighting system to provide 48 adequate illumination in case of a power outage, 49 adequate for required machinery maintenance and 50 safety of operating personnel. The arrangement of the 51 machinery shall permit required maintenance. A door 52 with a suitable lock shall be provided, and the design 53 shall keep the public away from the machinery. When a 54 passageway is provided between machines or 55 machinery and walls, a minimum passageway width of 56

18 inches (460 mm) shall be maintained. Means shall 57 be provided to heat the machine room unless the 58 designer or manufacturer certifies that the drive system 59 machinery is rated for operation in an unheated room. 60

2.1.4.4 Entrance and Egress 61

Permanent stairs and walkways shall be provided for 62 entrance, egress, and emergency evacuation from all 63 enclosed machinery areas. The angle of inclination for 64 the stairs shall not exceed 70 degrees to the horizontal. 65 Stairs and walkways shall have a minimum clear width 66 of 18 inches (460 mm). Walkway surfaces and stair 67 treads shall be of non-skid construction. Handrails shall 68 be provided on open sides of the stairway. Provisions 69 shall include extraction of incapacitated persons using 70 common emergency response equipment. 71

2.1.4.5 Automatic fire detection 72

Heat and smoke detectors shall be installed in all 73 machinery areas (see F.6.5 in Annex F). 74

2.1.4.6 Portable fire extinguishers 75

Fire extinguishers shall be provided (see F.6 in Annex 76 F). 77

2.1.4.7 Power units 78

All power units or combinations thereof shall have the 79 capacity to operate the funicular at the most unfavorable 80 design loading conditions, including the starting of the 81 funicular loaded to 110% of capacity in weight. 82

The prime mover or evacuation power unit for the 83 funicular shall be designed to prevent accidental 84 changing of directions whenever the funicular is in 85 motion. 86

2.1.4.7.1 Prime Mover 87

Power units engaged as a prime mover shall have the 88 systems required in subsections 2.1 and 2.2 functional 89 during operation (see 1.4 – prime mover). 90

The prime mover shall be disconnectable in the event of 91 a mechanical lockup. 92

If changes are made to the drive system components that 93 affect rotational inertia (i.e. removal of electric motor), the 94 resulting stopping distances and deceleration rates shall 95 meet the requirements of 2.1.1.5 96

2.1.4.7.2 Evacuation power unit or alternate carrier 97 unloading (docking) system 98

If the primary power unit(s) is not operational, an 99 alternate method shall be provided to return stranded 100 carriers and passengers to a terminal station or an 101 approved unloading area. It shall be capable of starting 102 and moving the carriers at a controlled speed under full 103 loading (110% of capacity in weight) and any partial 104 loading that may provide the most adverse operating 105 conditions. 106

The unloading method shall be designed to become 107 operational and move the carriers to a terminal station 108 or unloading area within 30 minutes of initiating its 109


connection. 1

One of the following methods shall be provided: 2

a) Evacuation power unit or other mechanical 3 system, when provided, shall be electrically wired to 4 meet the requirements of 2.2.3.1 so that it can be 5 stopped by the Emergency Shutdown Safety Function. 6 The evacuation power unit shall not depend upon the 7 mechanical integrity of the prime mover to drive the 8 unit; 9

b) An alternate carrier unloading system utilizing a 10 non-motorized drive system to move the carriers at a 11 controlled speed. 12

2.1.4.7.3 Power Unit Interlock 13

System(s) or device(s) shall be installed that allow only 14 one power unit to be actively connected to the 15 mechanical drive system while operating. Electrical 16 interlock systems shall comply with 2.2.4. 17

EXCEPTION – Multiple drive power units that are designed to operate 18 together. 19 2.1.4.7.4 Combustion engine(s) and fuel handling 20

Internal combustion engine installation and fuel handling 21 requirements are located in normative Annex F. 22

2.1.4.8 Speed reducers and gearing 23

All speed reducers and gearing shall have the capacity 24 for starting the funicular under the most unfavorable 25 design loading conditions without exceeding design 26 rating. They shall have a service factor appropriate for 27 the application. 28

Where manual multispeed transmissions are used on 29 either the prime mover or evacuation power unit, gears 30 shall not be shifted when the funicular is in motion. 31

2.1.4.9 Bearings, clutches, couplings, and shafting 32

Bearings, clutches, couplings, shafting and universal 33 joint shafts (cardan shafts) shall be selected on the 34 basis of the manufacturer’s published data for the 35 particular use. All shafting shall be designed in 36 accordance with accepted standard practices. 37 Guarding and containment shall be in accordance with 38 the provisions of 2.1.4.1. 39

Provisions shall be made for adjustment and lubrication 40 of all bearings, clutches, and couplings, when required. 41

2.1.5 Brakes 42

service brake (see 2.1.5.1); 43

bullwheel brake (see 2.1.5.2); 44

carrier brake (see 2.1.5.3). 45

They shall be designed and monitored to ensure that: 46

a) once the funicular begins movement in the 47 intended direction, the brakes are maintained in the 48 open position; 49

b) multiple brakes or brake systems shall not be 50 simultaneously applied such that excessive 51 deceleration is applied to the funicular under any 52

condition of loading (see 2.1.1.5); 53

c) the failure of one braking system to properly 54 decelerate the funicular shall automatically initiate a 55 second braking system. 56

The service brake and bullwheel brake shall be 57 designed such that failure of one braking system shall 58 not impair the function of the other systems. 59

Brakes shall have the braking force applied by springs, 60 weights, or other approved forms of stored energy. 61

Hydraulic systems shall be designed to reduce the 62 possibility of oil contaminating the braking surfaces in 63 the event of a failure of a hose, cylinder, or fitting. 64

Each braking system shall be capable of operation to 65 comply with daily inspections and periodic testing. 66

The manufacturer or a Qualified Engineer shall furnish 67 a written procedure to be followed and specify the 68 auxiliary equipment necessary for periodic testing and 69 adjustment of the holding force of each brake. 70

The procedure shall specify the minimum and maximum 71 holding force for the service brake and bullwheel brake. 72

This procedure shall be performed at the completion of 73 the acceptance test, and then at the frequency specified 74 in the procedure above, to demonstrate the ability of 75 each brake to produce the required torque. 76

Such testing shall be accomplished as part of normal 77 maintenance and shall be performed when the funicular 78 is not open to the public. As a minimum, this testing 79 shall be performed monthly while in operation. 80

If a device is permanently installed to cause a brake to 81 be disabled for testing, it shall be electronically 82 monitored so that the funicular cannot be operated in its 83 normal mode when the brake is so disabled. 84

2.1.5.1 Service brake 85

The service brake can be located at any point in the 86 drive system such that there is no belt, friction clutch, or 87 similar friction-type device between the brake and the 88 drive bullwheel. The service brake shall not act on the 89 same braking surface as the bullwheel brake. 90

The service brake shall be an automatic brake to stop 91 and hold the funicular under the most unfavorable 92 design loading condition. The brake force shall be 93 adjusted such that by itself it will stop the funicular from 94 maximum design speed, with the design loading 95 condition most unfavorable to stopping, within the 96 requirements specified in 2.1.1.5. 97

The brake shall be in a normally applied position and 98 shall not open prior to the prime mover providing control 99 to the funicular. It shall be held open for operation of 100 the funicular and shall be applied when power is 101 removed or the funicular is stopped. 102

Deceleration rates specified in 2.1.1.5 shall be achieved 103 by the service brake without the aid of other braking 104 devices or drive system regeneration. 105


2.1.5.2 Bullwheel brake 1

The bullwheel brake shall be an automatic brake to stop 2 and hold the funicular under the most unfavorable 3 design loading condition. 4

Bullwheel brake controls shall be located and the brake 5 activated in a manner that deceleration will begin within 6 3 seconds after the operator or attendant reacts to the 7 stimulus to apply the brake. 8

The bullwheel brake shall operate on any drive terminal 9 bullwheel assembly that meets the requirements of 10 2.1.6.2. 11

Application of the bullwheel brake shall automatically 12 disconnect the power source from the power unit in use. 13 This brake shall act automatically if a carrier travels 14 beyond its normal stopping position in either terminal 15 (see 2.2.3.2). 16

2.1.5.3 Carrier brake 17

Each carrier, whether one or more are used in a group 18 shall be equipped with a carrier braking system. 19

The braking system shall be designed to stop the 20 funicular while considering the risk of injury to 21 passengers and damage to the guideways or rails, 22 carriers, or structures under all design conditions. 23

The braking system shall be capable of: 24

a) holding a fully loaded carrier in case of a haul 25 rope or counter rope failure; 26

b) holding a fully loaded carrier at the point of 27 maximum gradient of the guideway with a safety factor 28 of 1.35 with new brake liners; 29

c) automatically functioning in case of a haul rope 30 failure or when the minimum rope tension specified by 31 the designer is not met; 32

d) manual activation by the attendant in the cabin; 33

e) interlocking so that the brake will not set until the 34 carrier’s upward travel has stopped except in an 35 overspeed condition; 36

f) automatically functioning in specified overspeed 37 conditions. 38

2.1.6 Bullwheels and sheaves in terminals and 39 stations 40

2.1.6.1 General 41

All bullwheels and sheaves, including their mountings 42 and frames, shall be designed to withstand static and 43 dynamic loads. Bullwheel and sheave bearings and 44 mountings shall be selected, designed, and installed in 45 accordance with the recommendations of the 46 manufacturers of the bearings. 47

When unlined grooves are used for wire rope, they 48 should be V-shaped and shall have rounded bottoms 49 with a radius equal to approximately 55% of the rope 50 diameter. 51

When lined bullwheel or sheave grooves are used, the 52

allowable bearing pressures of the liner material shall 53 not be exceeded. 54

The designer shall consider load increases for drive 55 bullwheels with more than one groove, and deviations 56 in groove diameter. 57

2.1.6.2 Haul rope terminal bullwheels 58

Provisions shall be incorporated in the terminal design 59 to retain the terminal bullwheels in their approximate 60 normal operating position in the event of failure of the 61 bearings, shaft, or hub. 62

Means shall be provided to prevent any haul rope 63 deropement on bullwheels. A flange extension of 1-1/2 64 times the rope diameter (measured radially from the 65 bottom of the rope groove) shall be deemed adequate 66 for retention. 67

The minimum diameter of bullwheels that act as driving, 68 braking or deceleration bullwheels shall be 72 times the 69 nominal diameter of the haul rope. The design safety 70 factor for bullwheels shall not be less than 2.0 to the 71 yield strength if residual rope tensions are considered. 72

EXCEPTION – Multi-groove, through-running bullwheels or bullwheel 73 systems not used for the passage of spliced ropes may have smaller 74 diameters and meet all other design requirements for driving, braking 75 and deceleration. The minimum diameter for these bullwheels shall be 76 loss of con40 times the nominal haul rope diameter. A reduction in 77 bullwheel diameter to between 72 and 40 times the nominal haul rope 78 diameter shall be based on approval of a qualified engineer. 79

Driving, braking, or holding bullwheels shall be so 80 designed that the haul rope does not slip in the groove. 81 The design coefficient of friction for a particular 82 bullwheel liner shall not exceed the values shown in 83 Table 2-2 or the manufacturer’s recommended value. 84

If climatic or other conditions tend to cause excessive 85 sheave groove contamination, groove scrapers and/or 86 contamination detection devices shall be mounted on all 87 bullwheels, except winch drum applications. 88

Table 2-2 Design coefficient of friction for bullwheel liners

Bullwheel liner Coefficient of friction

Steel or cast iron grooves Leather Rubber, neoprene, or others

0.070 0.150 0.205

2.1.6.3 Sheaves in tension systems and sheaves not 89 specifically covered elsewhere in this section 90

The minimum diameters for these sheaves shall be as 91 indicated in Table 2-3. 92

NOTE – Guideway sheave requirements under 2.1.7. 93 Condition A is applicable where rope bending around 94 sheaves is of major importance. 95

Condition B is applicable where rope bending around 96 sheaves is important, but some sacrifice in rope life is 97 acceptable to achieve reduction in weight, economy in 98 design, etc. 99


Condition C is applicable to sheaves that should not 1 rotate due to any tension system movement but should 2 rotate only due to tension system adjustment. 3

Provisions shall be made to assure that all tension 4 system sheaves rotate freely. 5

2.1.7 Guideway sheaves and mounts 6

2.1.7.1 Rope sheaves 7

The tread diameter of a haul rope sheave shall be not 8 less than 10 times the nominal rope diameter for 9 metallic sheaves or 8 times for sheaves with elastomer 10 liners. 11

The tread diameter of a counter rope sheave(s) shall be 12 not less than 8 times the nominal diameter of the rope. 13

The funicular designer shall determine the maximum 14 allowable load per sheave. 15

Sheave flanges shall be as deep as possible, 16 considering other features of the system. At the same 17 time, the attachments on the carriers shall be designed 18 in relation to the sheave groove so as not to contact 19 sheave flanges during normal operation, taking into 20 consideration the anticipated amount of wear of the 21 sheave liner groove. 22

2.1.7.2 Sheave and roller mounting 23

Sheaves and rollers shall be installed for proper 24 guidance of the rope along the guideway. They shall be 25 located and spaced to prevent the rope(s) from 26 contacting their mountings or structural members of the 27 guideway. 28

In the event of a deropement from a sheave, provision 29 shall be made for the rope to be returned to the sheave 30 groove as a carrier passes over the sheave or support, 31 as well as ensuring that the rope does not become 32 entangled in the guideway equipment. 33

Sheave and roller mountings design shall consider the 34 requirement for carrier brake actuation. 35

2.1.8 Tension systems 36

Counterweights, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, or 37 other suitable devices may be used to provide the 38 tensioning requirements of the particular installation. All 39 devices used to provide the tension shall have sufficient 40 travel to adjust to all normal operating changes in 41 loading and temperature. 42

The tension for haul/counter ropes for all modes of 43 operation shall be determined by the design engineer. 44 Tension systems may be automatic or manual; 45 however, all systems shall have monitoring equipment 46 that will automatically prevent operation outside of 47 design limits (see 2.2.3.3). 48

Tension systems may be adjustable to provide proper 49 tensions for different modes of funicular operation. 50

The tension system design shall consider changes, for 51 each mode of operation, in tensions due to rope 52 elongation, friction, and other forces affecting traction 53 on driving, braking, or holding bullwheels to assure that 54

tensions remain within design limits. 55

Friction and other forces developed in the tension 56 system composed of the movable carriage, 57 counterweight sheaves, reeving, and guide system shall 58 be included in calculated haul rope tension for all 59 conditions of loading. 60

Table 2-3 Minimum diameters for sheaves in tension systems and sheaves not specifically covered elsewhere in this section.

Sheave diameter

Rope Type

Condition A

Condition B

Condition C

6x7 6x19 6x37

72d 45d 27d

42d 30d 18d

24d 20d 12d

NOTE - d equals the nominal rope diameter

61

2.1.8.1 Tension bullwheel carriages 62

The available travel of the tension bullwheel and 63 tension bullwheel carriage shall be adequate for the 64 maximum limits of motion produced by the most 65 unfavorable design loading and operating conditions. 66

2.1.8.2 Rigid-mounted carriages 67

For carriage arrangements with vertical motion, guides 68 shall be provided. For all carriage arrangements other 69 than those whose motion is vertical, the mounting that 70 travels under the action of the tension system shall be 71 supported on rigid straight rails by means of wheels or 72 other low friction devices. All loads, including torsional 73 loads, due to driving torque and braking shall be 74 considered, and the structure and carriage shall 75 adequately transmit these loads to the foundation. 76

2.1.8.3 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems 77

Hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, when used, shall 78 have sufficient ram travel to accommodate all normal 79 operating changes in loading and temperature. 80 Provisions shall be made to keep the cylinder free from 81 climatic-induced conditions and contaminants that may 82 interfere with free movement. 83

If the system fails to provide the design operating 84 pressure, the funicular shall be able to be operated to 85 unload passengers. 86

Cylinders and their attachments shall each have a 87 minimum factor of safety of 5. The factor of safety is 88 equal to the ultimate tensile strength of the cylinder 89 divided by the maximum steady state design tension. 90

The systems providing operating pressure for the 91 cylinder shall have a minimum factor of safety of 5 92 unless a high-velocity check-valve or flow-control 93 device is used where the pressure line is connected to 94 the cylinder. The check-valve shall be rated to hold, at 95


a minimum, twice the normal operating pressure. The 1 remainder of the system shall not exceed the 2 manufacturer’s published working pressure. Provisions 3 shall be made to restrict the movement of pressure 4 lines or hoses should they become severed under 5 pressure. When pneumatic storage cylinders, 6 accumulators, or other similar devices are used, they 7 shall be located so that they cannot be knocked over or 8 damaged. 9

2.1.8.4 Counterweights 10

Counterweights, when used, shall be arranged to move 11 freely up and down. Enclosures for counterweights 12 shall be provided where necessary to prevent snow, 13 ice, water, and other materials from accumulating under 14 and around the counterweights and interfering with their 15 free movement. Visual access shall be provided to 16 areas beneath and above all counterweights contained 17 in enclosures or pits. When a counterweight is 18 contained in a structural frame, guides shall be provided 19 to protect the frame and to ensure free movement of the 20 counterweight. Where snow enclosures are not 21 required, guardrails or enclosures shall be provided to 22 prevent unauthorized persons from coming in contact 23 with or passing under counterweights. 24

2.1.8.4.1 Counterweight buffers (bumpers) 25

If counterweight buffers (bumpers) are used, they must 26 be designed to absorb the energy calculated from 27 carrier brake actuation at the most unfavorable load and 28 carrier position. 29

2.1.8.5 Wire ropes in tension systems 30

Wire ropes in tension systems shall have a minimum 31 factor of safety of 6 when new (see A.1.3.1 in Annex A). 32 On arrangements involving rope reeving, the maximum 33 design static tension with sheave friction taken into 34 account shall be the basis for determining the factor of 35 safety. No rotation-resistant ropes shall be used in 36 tension systems (see 1.4 - rotation-resistant rope). 37

Wire ropes in tension systems shall be adjusted so that 38 the counterweight will reach the end of its travel before 39 the attached tension bullwheel carriage comes within 6 40 inches (150 mm) of the end of its travel. When wire 41 ropes are used with pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, 42 they shall be adjusted so that connecting devices will 43 not contact the reeving devices before the ram reaches 44 the travel limits of the cylinder. 45

2.1.8.6 Cable winch adjusting devices 46

Winches or other mechanical devices that are used for 47 take-up and remain part of the system shall have a 48 minimum factor of safety of 6 against their ultimate 49 capacity. They shall have a positive lock against 50 release. Where this factor cannot be established by 51 manufacturer’s endorsement, a device shall be installed 52 on the tension system rope ahead of the winch/device 53 that will keep the tension system intact in the event of a 54 release or failure of the device. 55

The diameter of the winding drum shall not be less than 56 the specified minimum sheave diameters referenced as 57

Condition C in 2.1.6.3 for rope. 58

2.1.8.7 Anchoring devices 59

All anchoring end connections shall be above finished 60 grade. 61

Wire ropes or strands, and their connections, used to 62 anchor, tension, or otherwise secure terminal 63 structures, shall be designed with a minimum factor of 64 safety of 6. Where adjusting devices are used in the 65 arrangement, the devices shall be capable of being 66 securely locked or removed during operation. 67

All connections between ropes or cables used and 68 anchoring devices shall be in accordance with the 69 requirements of the designer. 70

2.1.9 Terminal provisions for passengers 71

2.1.9.1 Loading and unloading areas 72

Platforms, ramps, and related units comprising the loading 73 and unloading areas of the funicular are integrally related 74 to its operation. They shall be designed and installed in 75 conformance with subsection 1.3. 76

The loading and unloading areas shall be provided with 77 approximately level platforms at each cabin entryway 78 and the necessary handrails, steps or ramps to provide 79 access, guidance, and passenger control. Load gates, 80 slip resistant surfaces, and other loading aids shall be 81 designed and installed with consideration to all 82 passengers including those using adaptive equipment. 83 Platforms shall be provided with sufficient space to 84 accommodate passengers waiting to embark and 85 passengers disembarking the carriers. Provisions for 86 separation of incoming and outgoing passengers shall 87 be made to guide passengers to and from the carriers 88 and the routes shall be designated. 89

2.1.10 Provisions for operating personnel 90

Operator and attendant work positions shall be located 91 to provide visual surveillance of the station and the 92 guideway in the vicinity of the work position. The 93 operator controls and communicating devices shall be 94 within reach without leaving the established work 95 position. 96

Station work positions, when enclosed, shall be heated, 97 ventilated, and lighted as required to perform the 98 function of the work position. When enclosed, station 99 work positions shall include: 100

a) the communications and controls required of the 101 work position; 102

b) the operating instructions and emergency 103 procedures; 104

c) a fire extinguisher(s) (see F.6.1 in Annex F); 105

d) provisions to be locked to prevent unauthorized 106 entry when unattended. 107

This does not preclude additional communications and 108 controls to be located at other areas of the funicular. 109

The control room shall contain indicators that will show the 110


location of the carrier(s) at all times (see 2.1.1.4.3). 1

The use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) 2 surveillance shall be subject to approval by the authority 3 having jurisdiction. 4

2.1.10.1 Communications 5

A permanently installed two-way voice communication 6 system shall be provided between the prime mover and 7 alternate carrier unloading control point, drive system 8 building, loading, and unloading platforms. The power 9 for this system shall be independent of the primary 10 power and the communication system shall be 11 functional and audible during a power failure. 12

Audio indicators shall be audible over all ambient noise 13 levels, and visual indicators (e.g., Light Emitting 14 Diodes), if provided, shall be visible even in bright 15 sunlight. 16

An additional system of two-way voice communication 17 from operating station to all carriers and to opposite 18 terminal platform shall be provided where carriers are 19 attended by a cabin attendant. 20

2.1.11 Guideway design 21

The design of the guideway or rail bed and guideway 22 support structures shall conform to 1.3. 23

2.1.11.1 Guideway access 24

Means shall be provided for access to the guideway 25 structure(s). Means such as permanent ladders or 26 portable ladders shall be provided. If portable ladders 27 are used, they shall be readily available in sufficient 28 quantities (see 2.1.1.2.1). 29

2.1.11.2 Emergency exit detail 30

Emergency exits shall be provided from tunnels and 31 enclosed guideways to a point of safety. 32

Emergency exit stairways shall be provided throughout 33 the tunnels and spaced so that the distance to an 34 emergency exit shall not be greater than 1250 feet (381 35 meters) unless otherwise approved by the authority 36 having jurisdiction. The stairway shall be designed in 37 accordance with ANSI/NFPA 101-2015, Code for safety 38 to life from fire in buildings and structures, Class A 39 designation. The stairway shall be enclosed and shall 40 lead directly to the outdoors or to a safe refuge area. 41

Doors to the exit access shall open in the direction of 42 exit travel and shall be equipped with hardware in 43 accordance with ANSI/NFPA 101-2015. The force 44 required to open the doors fully when applied to the 45 latch side shall be as low as possible, not exceeding 50 46 lb (222 N). In addition, doors and hardware shall be 47 adequate to withstand positive and negative pressures 48 created by passing carriers. 49

Emergency exit facilities shall be suitably identified and 50 maintained to allow for their intended use. 51

2.1.11.3 Guideway rails 52

Guideways and terminals shall be arranged so as to 53

keep the rails securely fastened to the guideways and 54 terminal structure under the most adverse operating 55 and non-operating conditions. These provisions shall 56 not interfere with any carrier brake operation. The type 57 of rails chosen depends on the working load, the 58 bearing on the supports, and the functional type of the 59 carrier brake. The attachment of the rails to the 60 supports must be able to transfer all influencing forces, 61 especially those of the carrier brake. 62

2.1.11.4 Guideway curves 63

The minimum radius of a horizontal curve of the 64 guideway shall be a minimum of 328 feet (100 meters) 65 or the value generated by the following formula, 66 whichever is greater: 67

R = A x V2 where: 68

R = Radius of guideway curve 69

A = Constant 70

V = Velocity of the carrier 71

If R is measured in feet, V is measured in feet per 72 second, constant A = 0.7625; If R is measured in 73 meters, V is measured in meters per second, constant 74 A = 2.5. 75

Vertical curves of the guideway are permissible 76 provided the manufacturer’s recommended values for 77 minimum/maximum sheave loading limits are satisfied. 78

2.1.11.5 Guideway inclination 79

Inclinations in excess of 100% shall be subject to 80 approval by the authority having jurisdiction. 81

See Annex H for Tunnel and Enclosure Ventilation. 82

2.1.11.6 Guideway loads 83

Any individual carrier wheel load shall not be less than 84

20% x 1/n x L x cos 85

under the most unfavorable loading conditions (wind, 86 winding curves, centrifugal force) for conventional 87 double reversible funiculars with a passing zone, where: 88

L = Weight of one carrier 89

= Inclination of guideway 90

n = Number of wheels per carrier 91

2.1.11.7 Guideway passing zone 92

Where guideway mid-point passing zones are required 93 for the passage of the carriers, minimum clearances 94 between the carriers in accordance with 2.1.2.4(b) shall 95 be maintained for a length equal to or greater than the 96 length of a carrier or line of carriers. 97

Passing zone lengths shall take into consideration the 98 stopping distance of the carriers during a haul rope 99 failure from rated speed, such that the carriers do not 100 come into contact while in the passing zone. 101

2.1.11.8 End of guideway buffers (bumpers) 102


At the end of each guideway of the funicular, energy-1 absorbing buffers shall be provided to prevent carriers 2 from impacting the terminal structures in the event of an 3 over-travel. These buffers shall be designed to absorb 4 the energy of impact and bring a loaded carrier or line 5 of carriers to a full stop, without damage to the terminal. 6 The minimum velocity for the design of the buffers shall 7 be the lowest normal supervised speed during terminal 8 entry, as determined by the manufacturer. 9

2.1.12 Guideway equipment 10

2.1.12.1 Haul rope(s) 11

See annex A for additional wire rope requirements. 12

2.1.12.1.1 Factor of safety 13

Static factor of safety is equal to the nominal breaking 14 force divided by the computed maximum tension 15 caused by design loads, including the effects of friction, 16 but excluding dynamic loads, in the section of rope that 17 is most highly stressed. 18

All ropes shall have a minimum static factor of safety of 19 6, when new. During the use of the carrier brakes, the 20 counter or counterweight rope safety factor may be 21 reduced to a minimum of 3. 22

For funiculars, which, due to their location or alignment, 23 may be subject to adverse conditions relating to the 24 potential life of the haul rope, such as high corrosion, 25 rockslide potential or numerous horizontal curves, the 26 factor of safety shall be 8. This determination shall be 27 provided by the design engineer. 28

2.1.12.1.2 Minimum haul rope tension 29

The minimum operating haul rope tension under any 30 condition of loading and/or deceleration shall be greater 31 than the minimum rope tension value set for the 32 automatic triggering of the guideway carrier brake (see 33 2.1.5.3(c)). 34

In the haul rope system, a rope tension-monitoring 35 device shall be installed to stop the drive system if the 36 rope tension is beneath a minimum recommended 37 value specified by the funicular designer (see 2.2.3.4). 38

2.1.12.2 Rope retention 39

Provisions shall be made to retain all rope(s) in the 40 guideway sheave groove under all anticipated 41 conditions of loading, including concave guideway 42 profiles, and under all design normal operating 43 conditions including acceleration and braking, except as 44 required for carrier passage. 45

Near intermediate terminals or close access to the 46 adjacent guideway by the public at the inside of 47 horizontal curves, protective structures shall be 48 provided to protect passengers and public from a 49 deropement. 50

Rollers may also be used for rope support. Rollers do 51 not have to meet the minimum diameter as set forth in 52 table 2-3. 53

2.1.13 Carriers 54

2.1.13.1 General 55

The carrier and all carrier components shall be 56 designed by qualified engineers in accordance with 57 accepted practices of design. The maximum capacity of 58 each carrier shall be specified by the funicular designer. 59 The maximum operating load for the carrier shall be the 60 number of passengers multiplied by the design 61 passenger weight and/or any material handling 62 capabilities. 63

If the carrier design has not had prior successful use for 64 passenger transportation, its adequacy shall be verified 65 by test loading, trial operations, and test under 66 repetitive loadings. 67

Structural parts shall be designed so that application of 68 worst-case loads involving cabin weight, live load, 69 seismic and wind loads multiplied by a safety factor of 3 70 does not exceed the material yield strength at any point. 71

A minimum factor of safety of 2 must be maintained 72 against overturning at maximum lateral operational wind 73 speed. Consideration should be given to wind load, 74 centrifugal forces, rail alignment, inclination of 75 guideway, location of center of gravity of carrier, etc. 76 (see 2.1.11.4). 77

For a funicular using 3 rails, double track or single track, 78 overturning shall be positively prevented by applying 79 respective mechanical stops within the rails. 80

For operations utilizing a group of carriers, the carriers 81 shall be coupled by a means of rigid drawbars and a 82 secondary connection designed to withstand all normal 83 and emergency forces imposed on the carrier 84 undercarriages. Carrier connections shall have a safety 85 factor of 6. A group of carriers shall be electrically 86 connected and bonded. 87

For funiculars operating in tunnels or other enclosed 88 areas, the carriers shall use fire resistant materials 89 wherever possible. Fluids carried on the carriers for 90 brake systems, etc. in amounts exceeding 1 gallon U.S. 91 (3.8 liters) shall be nonflammable. 92

2.1.13.2 Undercarriage 93

The undercarriage shall be equipped with devices that 94 will, as far as is possible, prevent a derailment of the 95 carrier. Where icing conditions may exist, the 96 undercarriage shall be equipped with ice-scraping 97 devices that will not contact the rail under normal 98 anticipated operating conditions. 99

2.1.13.3 Carriage attachments 100

Haul rope attachments to carriages shall comply with 101 the requirements of A.3.2 in annex A. Use of a type of 102 attachment other than those listed in A.3.2 in annex A 103 shall require approval by the authority having 104 jurisdiction. The Qualified Engineer shall establish the 105 criteria and frequency for periodic inspection of the haul 106 rope attachment. 107

2.1.13.4 Cabin 108

A 60 in. (1525 mm) diameter clear space for wheelchair 109


turning should be provided. A minimum clear floor 1 space for wheelchairs of 48 inches by 30 inches (1220 2 mm x 760 mm) shall be provided. Floor surfaces shall 3 be slip resistant. 4

All carrier glazing and windows shall be of tempered 5 glass or shatterproof material. 6

The maximum capacity of each cabin, both in pounds 7 and kilograms and approximate number of adult 8 passengers, shall be posted in a conspicuous place in 9 each cabin. 10

For nighttime, underground, and enclosed guideways 11 longer than 50 feet (15.25 meters) or 1 car length 12 whichever is greater: 13

a) each cabin shall meet the illumination 14 requirements of 2.2.11.1 and 2.2.11.3.2; 15

b) carriers shall be equipped with exterior 16 headlights in each direction of travel. 17

Cabins with a capacity of under 35 persons shall be 18 equipped with a 10-lb. Dry Chemical ABC fire 19 extinguisher, clearly visible, with instructions concerning 20 its use. 21

Cabins with a capacity of over 35 persons shall be 22 equipped with a minimum of two 10-lb. Dry Chemical 23 ABC fire extinguishers, clearly visible, with instructions 24 concerning their use. 25

Additional carrier requirements are located under 26 2.3.2.6 for automated funicular operation. 27

2.1.13.4.1 Enclosed cabins 28

Passenger cabins shall be adequately ventilated. 29

All cabins or compartments shall have an emergency 30 exit. 31

2.1.13.4.2 Open cabins 32

The manufacturer shall determine the features or 33 devices that support and contain the passenger for the 34 purpose of riding in an open cabin. This may include 35 but not limited to entrances, seats, side walls, walls, 36 hand rails, passenger instructions, etc. 37

2.1.13.4.3 Cabin entrances and doors 38

Entrances to cabins shall meet the following: 39

a) the minimum width shall be 32 inches (815 mm); 40

b) have doors or be designed to minimize passenger 41 access while carrier is in motion; 42

c) the horizontal gap between the entrance floor edge 43 and platform edge shall not be greater than 44 1 inch (25.4 mm); 45

d) the height of the entrance floor and the platform 46 shall be within ±1/2 inch (±12.7 mm). 47

Cabin doors if installed shall be designed as follows: 48

e) fill the width of the opening; 49

f) each compartment door provided with a lock located 50

in such a manner that it can be locked and unlocked by 51 authorized persons or by automatic means; 52

g) at least one door in each passenger compartment 53 which is manually operable from the interior without 54 vehicle power; 55

h) if not closed and locked will prevent the start of a 56 trip; 57

i) if opened during a trip will initiate a stop; 58

j) a key or release placed under glass, posted to 59 prohibit use except under specified emergency 60 conditions; 61

k) equipped with a mechanism accessible from the 62 carrier exterior to manually unlock the doors without 63 carrier power; 64

l) swing type doors open outwards from passenger 65 compartment. 66

Automatic doors must not exert a closing force in 67 excess of 30 pounds (133 N) at any point in its travel. 68 All automatic doors shall be equipped with “safety 69 edges” or sensors that extend the full height of the 70 doorway and will stop and reopen the door in the event 71 that it is obstructed while closing. 72

2.1.13.4.4 Structural fire resistance 73

Portions of the carrier body separating major ignition, 74 energy, or fuel-loading sources such as flammable and 75 combustible liquids and flammable gas mixtures from 76 the passenger compartment including equipment-77 carrying portions of carrier roofs shall have sufficient 78 resistance to external fire penetration to the interior of 79 the cabin for a period consistent with the estimated 80 evacuation time of a full load of passengers from the 81 cabin in the worst-case situation. Design of floor 82 systems shall take into account the potential fire hazard 83 associated with under-floor operating components, 84 items carried onto a cabin by passengers, and the use 85 and right-of-way characteristics that affect evacuation 86 time. 87

2.1.13.4.5 Interior fire resistance 88

Materials and finishes in the cabin shall have sufficient 89 fire-resistive rating in the interior of the cabin for a 90 period consistent with the estimated evacuation time of 91 a full load of passengers from the carrier. The 92 aforementioned materials and finishes shall be 93 evaluated under a fire hazard assessment for cabin(s) 94 including material characteristics other than fire 95 resistance: such as smoke emission, ease of ignition, 96 rate of heat, and smoke release. 97

Two methods for assessing the fire hazard for materials 98 and finishes used in carriers are to do a hazard analysis or 99 use appropriate material properties. 100

NOTE – For examples, see Appendix D or Table 5-2.4 in ANSI/NFPA 101 130-2020, Standard for fixed guideway transit and passenger rail 102 systems. 103 The aforementioned materials and finishes shall include 104 the carriage structure, interior walls and ceiling linings, 105 floor coverings, ceiling, seats, shades, drapes, curtains, 106


glazing, transparencies, partitions, elastomer(s), and 1 nonelectrical insulation of carriers. 2

2.1.14 Acceptance inspection and tests 3

Prior to the acceptance inspection and the acceptance 4 tests, the funicular shall be continuously operated with 5 empty carriers on the line as follows: 6

a) 6-hours on each power unit classified as a prime 7 mover; 8

b) 1-hour on each power unit classified as an 9 evacuation power unit. 10

Stops shall be minimized to replicate normal operation 11 during the continuous operation. 12

All terminal and guideway structures and equipment 13 shall be thoroughly checked both before and during the 14 continuous run test to check for overheating of moving 15 parts, excessive vibration, or deflection of mechanical 16 or structural components, free movement of tension 17 systems, and other related conditions. 18

2.1.14.1 Acceptance inspection 19

Before a funicular that is new, relocated, modified (see 20 1.2.4) or that has not been operated for routine 21 maintenance within the previous 2 years is opened to 22 the public, it shall be given a thorough inspection by a 23 Qualified Engineer to verify compliance with the plans 24 and specifications of the designer. 25

It shall be the responsibility of the owner to ascertain or 26 verify that the following conditions have been met: 27

a) tightness of all structural connections; 28

b) lubrication of all moving parts; 29

c) alignment and clearances of all open gearing; 30

d) installation and alignment of all drive system 31 components; 32

e) position and freedom of movement of 33 counterweights or other tension systems and 34 carriages; 35

f) haul rope alignment at entrance to bullwheels; 36

g) operation of all electrical components, including 37 circuit protection and grounding; 38

h) brake torque testing; 39

i) minimum carrier clearances; 40

j) proper alignment of haul rope and sheave units; 41

k) actual testing of evacuation equipment and 42 procedures at the most difficult location; 43

l) proper location of terminals and guideway 44 elevations in accordance with the plans and 45 specifications. Terminals, guideway working points, 46 funicular working points, and carrier-loading areas shall 47 be documented by an “as built” survey. Any variations 48 shall be noted and approved by the qualified engineer 49 responsible for design. All designations of guideway 50 elevation are to indicate the top edge of the guideways 51

that support the carriers; 52

m) ventilation system (see Annex H). 53

2.1.14.2 Acceptance tests 54

Before a funicular that is new, relocated, modified (see 55 1.2.4), or that has not been operated for routine 56 maintenance within the previous 2 years is opened to 57 the public, it shall be given all required and appropriate 58 tests by a Qualified Engineer to verify compliance with 59 the plans and specifications of the designer. The 60 designer, manufacturer, or Qualified Engineer shall 61 propose and submit an acceptance test procedure. 62

Thorough load and operating tests shall be performed 63 under full loading and any partial loadings that may 64 provide the most adverse operating conditions. Test 65 load per carrier shall be 110% of the design live load. 66

The functioning of all push-button stops, automatic 67 stops, limit switches, deropement switches, and 68 communications shall be checked. Acceleration and 69 deceleration rates shall be satisfactory under all 70 loadings (see 2.1.1.5). Motive power and all braking 71 devices (see 2.1.5) shall be proved adequate under the 72 most adverse loadings and at design speeds. 73

2.1.14.3 Electrical system acceptance tests 74

Upon completion of the acceptance test and before public 75 operation of the funicular, the design and function of 76 software and/or relay logic shall be certified by the 77 Qualified Engineer of record and the certification shall be 78 included in the acceptance test report. Any modifications 79 made to the electrical design shall be clearly marked on 80 the on-site documentation and signed by a Qualified 81 Engineer (see 2.1.14.2). 82

2.1.15 Operational and maintenance manuals 83

2.1.15.1 Operational manual 84

The designer of each new or reinstalled funicular shall 85 prepare an operational manual in English for use with 86 each installation. The manual shall describe the 87 function and operation of the components and provide 88 instructions for the correct usage of the installation. 89

2.1.15.2 Maintenance manual 90

The designer of each new or reinstalled funicular shall 91 provide with delivery of the funicular, a maintenance 92 manual in English for each installation. The manual 93 shall describe recommended maintenance procedures, 94 including but not limited to: 95

a) types of lubricants required and frequency of 96 application; 97

b) definitions and measurements to determine 98 excessive wear; 99

c) recommended frequency of service to specific 100 components; 101

d) carrier testing procedures and acceptance 102 criteria; 103

e) brake testing and adjustment; 104


f) dynamic testing procedure. 1

2.2 Electrical design and installation 2

2.2.1 General design and installation testing 3

Prior to operation of a newly installed funicular, or after 4 any modification thereafter of the electrical system, the 5 electrical system shall be tested and shown to meet the 6 requirements of this standard and the test results shall 7 be recorded. Design of all electronic controls and 8 drives shall consider minimum sensitivity to electrical 9 noise and electrical emissions, such as noise spikes 10 from power lines and lightning, radio transmitters, 11 thyristors (SCR), or solenoid or relay noise at levels and 12 frequencies that could initiate loss of control. 13

2.2.1.1 Applicable codes 14

All electrical systems shall comply with American 15 National Standard National electrical code, ANSI/NFPA 16 70-2020, and American National Standard National 17 electrical safety code, ANSI/IEEE C2-2017. 18

2.2.1.2 Location 19

All electrical power transmission wiring located near or 20 proposed to cross over the funicular shall comply with 21 the applicable requirements of ANSI/IEEE C2-2017. 22

2.2.1.3 Protection 23

All electrical equipment with operating voltages above 24 24 volts nominal shall be marked conspicuously with 25 letters/numbers that are no smaller than ¼ inch (6 mm) 26 in height designating the greatest voltage that may be in 27 the equipment, the number of phases and whether the 28 voltage is alternating or direct current. All electrical 29 equipment rated over 600 volts shall be marked with 30 conspicuous warning signs stating “Danger High 31 Voltage”. 32

EXCEPTION – 120-volt single phase lighting circuits and convenience 33 outlets. 34 All power equipment shall be protected against 35 overloads by circuit breakers or fuses. 36

In locations where electrical equipment, including 37 batteries, is likely to be exposed to physical damage, 38 enclosures or guards shall be so arranged and of such 39 strength as to prevent such damage. 40

2.2.1.4 Reserved 41

2.2.1.5 Wiring 42

All wiring shall be in accordance with the designer’s 43 specifications and applicable codes. 44

2.2.1.5.1 Control wiring classification 45

All control wiring shall be Class 1 in accordance with 46 Article 725 of ANSI/NFPA 70-2020. 47

2.2.1.5.2 Communication wiring 48

All communication wiring and systems are exempt from 49 the requirements in Article 800 of ANSI/NFPA 70-2020. 50

2.2.1.5.3 Insulation 51

All control wiring is exempt from the requirements of 52

Article 725.49 Part B of ANSI/NFPA 70-2020. The 53 designer shall specify conductor size, type, and 54 insulation suitable for the electrical and mechanical 55 requirements of the application. 56

2.2.1.5.4 Exterior non-funicular-related circuits 57

All ungrounded non-funicular-related circuits, mounted 58 on or within 60 feet (18.3 meters) of the funicular 59 centerline, shall be ground fault protected. (see 1.4 – 60 ground fault protection). 61

2.2.1.5.5 Ground fault circuit interrupter protection 62 for personnel 63

All 120-volt single phase, 15 and 20 ampere 64 receptacles in areas where electrical diagnostic 65 equipment, electrical hand tools, or portable lighting 66 equipment may be used shall have ground fault circuit 67 interrupter protection for personnel (see 1.4 – ground-68 fault circuit interrupter). 69

EXCEPTION – Receptacles dedicated to permanently mounted 70 devices need not comply with this requirement. 71 2.2.1.6 Grounding 72

2.2.1.6.1 Structures 73

All metallic structures shall be bonded to form a 74 grounding electrode system as defined in Article 250 75 ANSI/NFPA 70-2020. Electrical continuity of all metal 76 parts of the structures shall be assured by mechanical 77 connection and shall be electrically bonded to the 78 common bonding conductor. 79

2.2.1.6.2 Drive terminal structure 80

The drive terminal structure shall have one point 81 referred to as a ground point, as defined in ANSI/NFPA 82 70-2020. All DC and AC electrical systems shall be 83 referenced to this point. If an electrical prime mover is 84 used, the electric service-grounding conductor shall 85 terminate at this point, as well as the structure’s ground 86 referenced in 2.2.1.6.1. Under the worst-case 87 conditions, the resistance from the ground point to any 88 grounded point within the funicular system shall not 89 exceed 50 ohms, for the purpose of grounding the 90 control circuit. The grounding system for the funicular 91 shall not be used as a grounding system for any other 92 system not related to the funicular system. 93

To ensure that the 50-ohm grounding requirement is 94 met under all conditions of soil, moisture, temperature, 95 and circulating ground and air currents, all terminal and 96 guideway structures shall be bonded together with a 97 bonding conductor. 98

2.2.1.6.3 Rope grounding 99

Grounding bullwheels or sheaves with conductive liners 100 or equivalent means should be provided at one location 101 for the purpose of grounding ropes, as applicable, for 102 static electrical discharge. For rope systems with an 103 isolated or insulated rope incorporated in the operating 104 circuitry, no means of grounding are required when the 105 operating circuit takes into consideration static electrical 106 discharge. 107


2.2.1.6.4 Lightning protection 1

If lightning protection is provided, it shall follow 2 ANSI/NFPA 780-2020, Standard for the installation of 3 lightning protection systems. 4

2.2.2 Electrical system function design and 5 classification 6

The designer or funicular manufacturer responsible for 7 the design shall identify and classify any function which 8 is not already classified as a safety related control 9 function (see 2.2.3) or control function (see 2.2.4). 10

2.2.2.1 Function priority 11

Safety functions shall have priority over all other 12 functions. 13

2.2.3 Safety related control functions 14

Safety functions shall be specified relative to the level of 15 corresponding risk being controlled. The performance of 16 each safety function shall meet the requirements 17 established in Annex J. 18

NOTE – Safety functions that have already been assigned a Risk 19 Reduction Level (RRL) do not need to be reevaluated. See criteria for 20 RRLnominal and RRLminimum in Table J.8. 21

The designer or manufacturer shall develop procedures 22 and frequency for testing safety functions. As a 23 minimum, all safety functions shall be calibrated and 24 tested annually. 25

Safety functions include, but are not limited to: 26

a) emergency shutdown (see 2.2.3.1); 27

b) carriage overtravel detection device (see 2.2.3.2); 28

c) tension system monitoring (see 2.2.3.3); 29

d) rope tension-monitoring (see 2.2.3.4); 30

e) guideway haul rope monitoring (2.1.1.4.3.(c)); 31

g) overspeed monitoring (see 2.2.3.5); 32

h) acceleration/deceleration monitoring (see 33 2.2.3.6); 34

i) speed regulation check points (see 2.2.3.7); 35

j) cabin door fault detection (see 2.1.13.4.3); 36

2.2.3.1 Emergency shutdown 37

All funicular systems shall include at least one category 38 0 stop function (see 1.4 – stop, category 0). This safety 39 function shall be labeled as “Emergency Shutdown” 40 (see 1.4 – emergency shutdown and 2.1.1.5). The 41 emergency shutdown shall have priority over all other 42 safety and control functions. 43

2.2.3.2 Carrier overtravel detection device 44

An overtravel sensing device shall be installed that 45 will stop the system if a carrier travels beyond its 46 normal stopping location. 47

2.2.3.3 Tension system monitoring 48

Active tension systems, (i.e., counterweight, 49

hydraulic, etc.) shall have a safety function that 50 initiates a stop when a tension system exceeds its 51 range of normal travel. 52

When pneumatic or hydraulic tension systems are 53 used, pressure or load-sensing devices shall also 54 be incorporated that will stop the funicular system 55 in case the monitoring device signal goes above or 56 below the design range. Such sensing devices 57 shall be located with respect to the actual 58 tensioning device, in a manner that will provide the 59 required monitoring. It shall not be possible to 60 isolate the sensing devices from the actual 61 tensioning device. 62

EXCEPTION – The sensing device may be isolated by a high- 63 velocity check valve (see 2.1.8.3). 64

2.2.3.4 Rope tension-monitoring 65

A rope tension-monitoring device shall be installed to 66 stop the drive system if the rope tension is beneath a 67 minimum recommended value specified by the funicular 68 designer (see 2.1.12.1.2). 69

2.2.3.5 Overspeed monitoring 70

A safety function shall be provided that will stop the 71 funicular when the rope speed at the drive terminal 72 exceeds the design speed by 10%. 73

2.2.3.6 Acceleration/deceleration monitoring 74

The rate of acceleration and deceleration of the 75 funicular shall be monitored. In the event that 76 acceleration or deceleration exceeds the provisions of 77 2.1.1.4, the funicular shall stop and annunciate the 78 error. 79

2.2.3.7 Speed regulation check points 80

A redundant device or system shall initiate a stop in the 81 event manual or automatic speed regulation fails to 82 reduce funicular speeds to the designated values in the 83 station and any other designated zones. 84

2.2.4 Control functions 85

The designer or manufacturer shall identify the control 86 functions that require periodic testing and develop 87 procedures and frequency for testing. 88

Control functions may include, but are not limited to: 89

a) information display units; 90

b) braking system monitoring (see 2.1.5(a) through 91 2.1.5(c); 92

c) normal stop (see 1.4 – normal stop and 2.1.1.5); 93

d) speed command circuits (i.e., fast, slow, etc.); 94

e) prime mover speed control; 95

f) power unit interlock (see 2.1.4.7.3); 96

g) combustion engine protective devices (see F.3 in 97 Annex F); 98

h) gearbox oil pressure, oil flow and temperature; 99


i) telephone and sound powered systems (see 1 2.1.10.1); 2

j) audible warning devices (see 2.2.9); 3

k) wind speed and direction systems; 4

l) contamination detection for bullwheel grooves if 5 installed (see 2.1.6.2). 6

m) carrier brake application detection (see 2.1.5.3) 7

2.2.5 Bypass circuits 8

A temporary circuit may be installed for the purpose of 9 bypassing failed electrical circuits. The use of these 10 bypass circuits shall meet the requirements of 2.3.2.5.9. 11

2.2.6 Electrical prime mover 12

All funicular systems equipped with electrical prime 13 movers (electrical motors) shall have the following when 14 speed regulation can be adversely affected by such 15 voltage variations. 16

a) phase loss protection on all power phases; 17

b) under voltage protection or over voltage 18 protection or both. 19

2.2.7 Electronic speed-regulated drive monitoring 20

All electronic speed-regulated drives and electric 21 motors shall shut down in the event of: 22

a) field loss (dc motors); 23

b) overspeed; 24

c) speed feedback loss as applicable; 25

d) overcurrent. 26

2.2.8 Manual control devices 27

All automatic and manual stop and shutdown devices 28 shall be of the manually reset type. An exception to this 29 requirement is allowed for magnetic or optically 30 operated automatic stop devices, if the operating circuit 31 is such that it indicates that such devices initiated the 32 stop and the circuit is of the manually reset type. 33

Manual stop switches (push button) shall be positively 34 opened mechanically and their opening shall not be 35 dependent upon springs. 36

Manual control devices shall be installed at all 37 attendants’ and operators’ work positions, in machine 38 rooms, and out-of-doors in proximity to all loading and 39 unloading areas. 40

As a minimum, each of these control locations shall 41 include an Emergency Shutdown device and a Normal 42 Stop device. All manual control devices located in or on a 43 control cabinet shall be identified and mounted so that 44 they are in the same plane or face of the cabinet. 45

The devices listed in annex E shall be conspicuously 46 and permanently marked with the proper function and 47 color code. 48

2.2.9 Safety of operating and maintenance 49 personnel 50

Provision shall be incorporated in the funicular design to 51 render the system inoperable when necessary for Lock-52 out Tag-out protection of personnel working on the 53 funicular. 54

The sign “Personnel Working on Funicular - Do Not 55 Start” or a similar warning sign shall be hung on the 56 main disconnect switch or at control points for starting 57 the prime mover or evacuation power unit when 58 persons are working on the funicular (see 2.3.1.1). 59

The funicular shall incorporate an audible warning 60 device that signals an impending start of the funicular. 61 After the start button is pressed, the device shall sound 62 an audible alarm for a minimum of 2 seconds and shall 63 continue until the funicular drive system begins to 64 move. The audible device shall be heard inside and 65 outside all terminals and machine rooms above the 66 ambient noise level. 67

2.2.10 Software security 68

The “as built” drawings shall include a procedure, 69 developed by the funicular manufacturer or Qualified 70 Engineer, to ensure the security of the software logic 71 and operating parameters that will control the funicular. 72 Upon completion of the acceptance testing, this 73 procedure shall be implemented in a manner that will 74 prevent unauthorized personnel from making changes 75 to the software logic or operating parameters. All 76 programmable logic software and parameters shall be 77 documented. 78

2.2.11 Illumination 79

2.2.11.1 Station illumination 80

Lights shall be located in a manner to provide generally 81 uniform illumination. Minimum illumination levels 82 measured at floor level should be 20 ft-candles (215 lux). 83

Lights shall be mounted on substantial poles or 84 standards. Terminal structures may be used for 85 supporting lights, subject to the following requirements: 86

a) approval shall be obtained from a Qualified 87 Engineer; 88

b) the service conductors to each funicular terminal 89 structure shall be underground or in rigid raceways; 90

c) a separate enclosed disconnect or circuit 91 breaker shall be required for each terminal structure; 92

d) all metallic raceways on a guideway or terminal 93 structure shall be grounded; 94

e) the lighting installation shall not conflict with 95 other requirements of this standard and shall not 96 interfere with operations of the funicular in any manner. 97

2.2.11.2 Cabin illumination 98

Under non-emergency operating conditions, interior 99 lighting levels shall be a minimum of 2 ft-candles (21 100 lux) measured at the vehicle floor, including all 101 doorways. When the carrier is stopped in the station, 102 interior lighting levels shall be 20 ft-candles (215 lux) 103 when measured 30 inches (760 mm) above the cabin 104


floor. Lighting shall be of a consistent level. 1

If required, cabin interiors shall be designed with 2 lighting fixtures that are secure, rattle free, and vandal 3 resistant. Fluorescent tubes, or other powered fixtures 4 shall be inaccessible to passengers. Diffusers of a 5 material that is shatterproof shall be provided. 6

2.2.11.3 Emergency lighting 7

Emergency lighting shall also be provided in the event 8 of electric power failure to permit: 9

a) regular unloading of funicular facilities; 10

b) emergency evacuation of carriers; 11

c) operation of the alternate carrier unloading 12 (docking) system. 13

2.2.11.3.1 Emergency station/guideway lighting 14

Emergency lighting systems shall be installed and 15 maintained in accordance with ANSI/NFPA 70-2020. 16

Exit lights, essential signs, and emergency lights shall 17 be included in the emergency lighting system and shall 18 be powered by a standby power supply or a supply 19 independent of the funicular’s main drive system. 20 Emergency fixtures, exit lights, and signs shall be wired 21 separately from the emergency distribution panels. 22

The illumination levels of underground or enclosed area 23 walkways and walking surfaces shall be a minimum of 24 0.25 ft-candles (2.6 lux) at the walking surface. 25

2.2.11.3.2 Emergency carrier lighting 26

Emergency lighting power is to be provided by vehicle-27 borne batteries, capable of sustaining required levels of 28 lighting for a minimum of 1 hour but not less than the 29 anticipated evacuation time. The emergency lighting 30 system shall provide minimum lighting levels of 5 ft-31 candles (54 lux) in the immediate area of the doors. 32

2.3 Operation and maintenance 33

This subsection covers the requirements for operation 34 and maintenance of funiculars. Many requirements are 35 listed elsewhere in Section 2 and referenced Annexes, 36 since they also regulate installation and design. It is 37 imperative that operating and maintenance personnel 38 be familiar with applicable provisions of this section and 39 the funicular operational and maintenance manuals 40 (see 2.1.15). 41

2.3.1 General and personnel safety 42

Operation and maintenance of funicular equipment can 43 be dangerous to personnel performing these tasks. 44 Procedures for performing these functions shall require 45 precautionary measures necessary to reduce the risks 46 for the personnel involved. Implementation of the 47 procedures intended for the protection of the public and 48 operating and maintenance personnel shall be the 49 responsibility of the owner, supervisor, and the 50 individual worker. 51

Passengers and operating personnel shall be cautioned 52 or prevented, as required, from transporting objects or 53

materials that may encroach upon limitations of carrier 54 clearances or design live loads. 55

2.3.1.1 Signs 56

All signs for instruction of the public shall be bold in 57 design with wording short, simple, and to the point. All 58 such signs shall be prominently placed, and those 59 pertaining to the funicular operations shall be 60 adequately lighted for night operation. Additional signs, 61 deemed necessary by the owner, may be posted, but 62 should not detract attention from any required sign. 63

The signs, as described below, shall be posted where 64 they may be easily seen by all passengers using the 65 funicular. 66

a) Instructions and warnings for use of the funicular 67 may include the duties and obligations of the passenger 68 and shall be posted in a location prior to the loading 69 platform; 70

b) maximum capacity of each cabin in pounds and 71 kilograms and approximate number of adult passengers 72 shall be posted prior to the loading platform and in each 73 cabin; 74

c) instructions for procedures in emergencies shall 75 be prominently posted inside each carrier; 76

d) to exclude the entry of unauthorized persons 77 posted at entrances to machine rooms, operators’, and 78 attendants’ rooms. 79

The sign – “Personnel Working on Funicular - Do Not 80 Start” or a similar warning sign applicable to “Lock-Out 81 Tag-Out” procedures shall be hung on the main 82 disconnect switch and at control points for starting the 83 prime mover or evacuation power unit when persons 84 are working on the funicular (see 2.2.9). 85

See F.1.6 in Annex F for signage requirements for 86 flammable and combustible liquid cabinets. 87

2.3.2 Operation 88

The requirements of this subsection are a basis for 89 operations of a funicular. The number of personnel at 90 each level may be increased and the required duties of 91 the operating personnel can be redistributed to meet 92 the requirements of the manufacturer and unique 93 specifics of the funicular operations requirements. 94 These revisions shall be specified in the documented 95 funicular operating procedures. 96

2.3.2.1 Personnel and supervision 97

Funiculars shall be operated by trained personnel, and 98 the owner shall be responsible for their supervision and 99 the training to perform the duties listed in 2.3.2.3. 100 Procedures for monitoring the operation and use of the 101 funicular and for advising and assisting passengers, 102 including passengers with common adaptive 103 equipment, shall be included in the training. One or 104 more persons familiar with emergency procedures shall 105 be on the site at all times when the funicular is in 106 operation. All personnel shall practice good 107 housekeeping. Personnel shall comply with the 108


operational procedures and regulations for the funicular. 1 Persons performing the duties of the funicular 2 personnel may exchange assignments as directed by 3 the supervisor; provided they are trained for each 4 assignment undertaken. 5

2.3.2.1.1 Supervisor 6

An individual shall be designated to oversee the 7 funiculars operating practices and operating personnel 8 for the purpose of public use. The designated 9 supervisor may delegate some authority to others, but 10 shall oversee the operations and operations personnel 11 of the funicular as called for by the owner as part of the 12 operations and maintenance quality assurance plan 13 (see 2.3). 14

2.3.2.1.2 Operator 15

An individual(s) shall be designated the operator and 16 shall be in charge of the funicular. The operator(s) shall 17 be trained and experienced in normal operational and 18 emergency procedures (see 2.3.2.1.2), and such 19 training shall be documented. 20

2.3.2.1.3 Attendants 21

Attendant(s) shall be assigned to particular duties under 22 direction of the operator. The attendant shall be trained 23 in operations and emergency procedures pertaining to 24 their assignments (see 2.3.2.1.3); and such training 25 shall be documented. 26

If a cabin attendant is provided, they shall be trained for 27 duty in connection with enclosed cabins, including 28 loading and unloading procedures, communications, 29 and the use of door locks and keys. The cabin 30 attendant shall be familiar with load limits and 31 applicable safety regulations, well versed in the use of 32 any manual control device under their control, and 33 trained in the use of emergency evacuation equipment 34 and procedures, and such training shall be 35 documented. 36

2.3.2.1.4 First aid 37

One or more persons trained to provide first 38 aid/emergency care at the Basic Life Support (BLS) 39 level, including CPR, shall be available at all times 40 when a funicular is operating and transporting 41 passengers. There shall be ready access to first 42 aid/emergency care supplies and equipment, including 43 provisions for transporting an injured person to an 44 enclosed and, if required heated shelter. 45

2.3.2.2 Minimum operating personnel 46

The following personnel are the minimum that shall be 47 required: 48

a) a supervisor shall be in charge of the funicular 49 operation and personnel. The individual may serve 50 concurrently as an operator if the additional role doesn’t 51 interfere with the duties of the supervisor; 52

b) an operator shall be in charge of the funicular 53 during the trip cycle. The individual may serve 54 concurrently as an attendant if the additional role 55

doesn’t interfere with the duties of the operator and is 56 approved by the supervisor; 57

c) an attendant shall be on duty at each 58 loading/unloading platform or station. Personnel 59 assigned to a cabin may also act as a platform or 60 station attendant; 61

d) an attendant shall be in each carrier or group of 62 carriers for speeds over 1200 feet per minute (6.0 63 meters per second); 64

e) one or more trained and competent persons 65 shall be available, consistent with the operational 66 procedures, to evaluate and address abnormal 67 operational conditions. 68

In addition, the staffing requirements (if any) specified 69 by the funicular manufacturer shall be observed. 70

2.3.2.3 Duties of operating personnel 71

All personnel shall use reasonable care while 72 performing their duties. 73

2.3.2.3.1 Supervisor 74

The duties of the individual designated as the 75 supervisor include: 76

a) to oversee practices that will determine that the 77 funicular is operational and that all operating personnel 78 are trained, equipped, and capable of performing their 79 duties prior to public operation; 80

b) to discontinue operations on the funicular due to 81 physical, weather, personnel, or other reasons; 82

c) to oversee operational procedures and 83 adherence to applicable regulations pertaining to the 84 funicular. 85

2.3.2.3.2 Operator 86

The duties of the individual designated as the operator 87 include: 88

a) to be knowledgeable of operational and 89 emergency procedures (see 1.4 – loss of control) and 90 the related equipment needed to perform the assigned 91 duties; 92

b) to assume responsible charge of the funicular; 93

c) to be knowledgeable of the attendant duties and 94 to assign and supervise all attendants on the funicular; 95

d) to verify that the preoperational inspection (see 96 2.3.2.4.2) is completed and documented before public 97 operation; 98

e) to maintain an operational logbook as required in 99 2.3.5.1; 100

f) to start the funicular while operating for the 101 public (see 2.3.2.5.2 and 2.3.2.5.4); 102

g) to deny access to the funicular to individuals, 103 using provided practices; 104

h) to advise the supervisor of observed abnormal 105 or unusual conditions that may adversely affect the 106


safety of the operation; 1

i) to terminate passenger operations (see 2 2.3.2.5.8); 3

j) to assist in evacuation of the funicular, as 4 assigned (see 2.3.2.5.7); 5

k) to be knowledgeable of the procedures for 6 reporting incidents and obtaining appropriate first aid 7 personnel. 8

2.3.2.3.3 Attendant 9

The duties of an attendant include: 10

a) to be knowledgeable of operational, emergency 11 and loss of control (see 1.4 loss of control and 2.2.3.1 – 12 Emergency shutdown) procedures and the related 13 equipment needed to perform the assigned duties; 14

b) to monitor the passengers’ use of the funicular, 15 including observing, advising and assisting them while 16 they are in the attendant’s work area as they embark on or 17 disembark from the funicular; and to respond to unusual 18 occurrences or conditions, as noted. The attendant should 19 respond by choosing an appropriate action, which may 20 include any of the following: 21

1) assisting the passenger; 22

2) slowing the funicular (if applicable); 23

3) stopping the funicular; 24

4) continuing operation and observation. 25

c) to deny access to the funicular to individuals, 26 using provided practices; 27

d) to advise the operator of observed abnormal or 28 unusual conditions that may adversely affect the safety 29 of the operation; 30

e) to reasonably maintain loading and unloading 31 platforms; 32

f) to assist in evacuation of the funicular, as 33 assigned (see 2.3.2.5.7); 34

g) to advise and assist passengers with adaptive 35 equipment, as assigned; 36

h) to be knowledgeable of the procedures for 37 reporting incidents and obtaining appropriate first aid 38 personnel. 39

2.3.2.4 Operational procedures 40

Operational procedures may supplement the designer’s 41 operational manual (see 2.1.15.1) and the owner’s 42 quality program (see 1.5.4). 43

2.3.2.4.1 Control of passengers 44

Each funicular shall have a definite method for 45 marshalling different passenger types for loading and 46 unloading. Fences, gates, and alternate access and/or 47 loading methods may be required to implement the 48 system for individuals/groups. 49

2.3.2.4.2 Daily pre-operational inspection 50

Prior to public operations, or at least once per day 51 during continuous operation, a daily preoperational 52 inspection shall be performed and documented. As a 53 minimum, the inspection shall consist of the following: 54

a) a visual inspection of each terminal, station, and 55 the entire length of the guideway; 56

b) assurance that the tension system, if applicable, 57 is functional and that tension system devices 58 (counterweights, cylinders, carriages, and the like) have 59 adequate travel with appropriate clearances at both 60 ends; 61

c) operation of all manual and automatic switches in 62 terminals, stations, carriers, and loading and unloading 63 areas per the manufacturer’s instructions; 64

d) operation of all drive system brakes; 65

NOTE – The designer of the funicular system may specify that this 66 inspection is to take place while the funicular is not moving. 67 e) operation of all communication systems; 68

f) operation of the funicular, including a visual 69 inspection of all ropes and carriers; 70

g) checking each control circuit for circuit continuity 71 and integrity at its most remote terminal on a daily 72 basis; 73

h) for a funicular having a primary power internal 74 combustion engine, determining that the fuel quantity is 75 sufficient to conduct the anticipated period of operation 76 without refueling. For those installations having internal 77 combustion engines used as evacuation power units, 78 the fuel supply shall be adequate to unload the 79 funicular. During refueling, power units shall be shut 80 down. 81

Funiculars having evacuation power units or alternate 82 carrier unloading (docking) system shall have the 83 engine(s) or system(s) checked during this inspection 84 and operated at least once each week. The evacuation 85 power unit shall be operated for at least 30 minutes per 86 month or two complete round trips of the carrier(s). 87 Alternate unloading systems shall be tested and 88 operated at the recommendations of the manufacturer; 89

i) inspecting the loading and unloading facilities 90 and, if necessary, clearing them of ice and snow to 91 permit the ingress and egress of passengers; 92

j) inspecting and checking the mechanical features 93 of the carriers for correct operation; 94

k) where applicable, checking of ventilation system 95 controls and power sources as required by the 96 manufacturer. 97

2.3.2.4.3 Periodic operation of drive units 98

During the normal operating period(s), funiculars having 99 internal combustion engines shall have the engine(s) 100 checked and started at least once each week. The 101 funicular shall also be operated using each internal 102 combustion engine designated as a prime mover for at 103 least 30 continuous minutes per month. 104


The funicular manufacturer or qualified engineer shall 1 designate the parameters, methods, and minimum 2 operating interval for additional drive systems that are 3 not designated as a prime mover that move the haul 4 rope for the evacuation of passengers. 5

The starting and operation of internal combustion 6 engines and additional drive systems shall be 7 documented. 8

2.3.2.4.4 Access to facilities 9

While in operation, entrances to all machinery, 10 operators’ and attendants’ rooms shall be restricted to 11 authorized personnel only. All entrances shall have the 12 signs required in 2.3.1.1. 13

While not in operation, entrances to all machinery, 14 operators’, and attendants’ rooms shall be locked. To 15 provide shelter and emergency telephone access for 16 public safety, specified entrances may remain unlocked 17 provided the funicular equipment cannot be operated by 18 unauthorized personnel. 19

2.3.2.4.5 Transport of flammable materials 20

Transport of flammable materials shall not be 21 simultaneous with the transport of passengers in any 22 car of a system. 23

2.3.2.5 Operational requirements 24

2.3.2.5.1 General 25

The owner and supervisor of each funicular shall review 26 the requirements of this standard to ascertain that 27 original design and installation conditions have not been 28 altered in a manner such as to violate the requirements 29 of the standard. 30

The owner/supervisor shall review the clearances 31 below, above and adjacent to the funicular and maintain 32 compliance with 2.1.2. 33

2.3.2.5.2 Starting 34

Following procedural clearances, the funicular shall be 35 started by the Operator or by direction of the Operator. 36

2.3.2.5.3 Loading and unloading areas 37

The maze or corral and platform surfaces shall be 38 reasonably maintained according to the prevailing 39 weather conditions and established procedures. 40

2.3.2.5.4 Stops 41

After any stop of a funicular, the operator shall 42 determine the cause of the stop, and not restart until 43 clearance has been obtained from all attended 44 positions. 45

2.3.2.5.5 Damage to carriers 46

Should any carrier or compartment become damaged 47 or otherwise rendered unfit for passenger transportation 48 during normal operation, it shall be clearly and 49 distinctively marked and not used for passengers until 50 repaired or replaced. 51

2.3.2.5.6 Hazardous conditions 52

When wind or icing conditions are such that operation is 53 hazardous to passengers or equipment, in accordance 54 with predetermined criteria based upon the owner’s 55 operational experience and the designer’s design 56 considerations, the funicular shall be unloaded and the 57 operation discontinued. If necessary, under the 58 predetermined criteria, device(s) shall be installed at 59 appropriate location(s) to ascertain wind velocity and 60 direction when funiculars are operated. No funicular 61 shall operate when there is an electrical storm in the 62 immediate vicinity that may affect operations. Should 63 such conditions develop while the funicular is in 64 operation, loading of passengers shall be terminated, 65 and operation shall be continued only as long as 66 necessary to unload all passengers. When such 67 shutdown has been caused by an electrical storm, 68 grounding of control circuits and haul ropes that are 69 used as conductors in communication systems is 70 permissible. Such grounding shall be removed prior to 71 resumption of passenger operations. 72

2.3.2.5.7 Evacuation 73

Provisions shall be made for the emergency evacuation 74 of the funicular carriers and stations (see 2.1.1.2.1 and 75 2.3.2.6.4). 76

The owner shall be responsible for the development, 77 training, implementation, documentation and annual 78 review of a plan for evacuation of passengers and 79 personnel from the funicular. At a minimum, the plan 80 shall include: 81

a) the definition of the line of authority in the event 82 of an evacuation. This line of authority shall list: 83

1) the individuals or positions responsible for 84 determining the need for and ordering an evacuation by 85 use of the evacuation power unit or evacuation from 86 individual carriers; 87

2) the individuals or positions responsible for 88 performing the evacuation, for first aid, and for ground 89 care of individual carrier evacuated passengers. 90

b) a description of the equipment necessary for 91 evacuation and where it will be stored; 92

c) training shall be performed throughout the year in 93 the steps and functions required for the evacuation of the 94 funicular. An evacuation simulation drill shall be performed 95 at a minimum of once per year. Training and drills shall be 96 recorded in the funicular evacuation log (see 2.3.5.4); 97

d) an estimate of the time necessary for the total 98 evacuation of each funicular; 99

e) a description of unusual terrain conditions and 100 how each of these conditions will be dealt with during 101 an evacuation; 102

f) an estimate of when the evacuation should begin 103 in the event the funicular becomes inoperable; 104

g) provisions for communications with passengers 105 of an inoperable funicular, the frequency of such 106 communication, how soon after the funicular becomes 107


inoperable such communication to the passengers will 1 start, and the frequency of communications thereafter; 2

h) the methods of evacuation to be used for the 3 typical passenger and the methods to be used for 4 incapacitated passengers and non-ambulatory 5 passengers; 6

i) provisions for communication with the 7 evacuation teams; 8

j) provisions for suspending the evacuation in the 9 event that the funicular is made operable during the 10 evacuation; 11

k) provisions for control and assistance of 12 evacuated persons until released; 13

l) provision for emergency lighting for evacuations 14 that occur in or may extend into the hours of darkness 15 (see 2.2.11.3(b)); 16

m) provisions for a post-evacuation report. 17

All nonmetallic rope used for evacuation shall be rated 18 for Life Safety applications. Breaking strength, when 19 new, shall be at least 15 times the maximum expected 20 operating load but in no case less than 4000 lbs (17.8 21 kN). No natural fiber or polypropylene ropes shall be 22 used. 23

These ropes shall be carefully stored when not in use 24 and shall be examined after each completed funicular 25 evacuation and prior to each season of operation, both 26 summer and winter, to ascertain that they are in 27 satisfactory condition. 28

Carabiners, if used, shall be of the self-closing, self-29 locking type and rated for rescue/life safety use. 30

2.3.2.5.8 Termination of daily operations 31

Procedures shall be established for terminating daily 32 operations in such a manner that passengers will not be 33 left on the funicular after it has been shut down. 34 Loading ramps, as required, shall be closed and so 35 marked. 36

When either loading or unloading portions of an 37 intermediate station is not in operation, it shall be so 38 signed, and the loading station shall be closed to public 39 access. 40

2.3.2.5.9 Bypass requirements 41

The use of temporary circuits that have been installed 42 for the purpose of bypassing failed electrical circuit(s) 43 (see 2.2.5) shall meet these requirements in the 44 following order: 45

a) the condition that the circuit indicated is in 46 default shall be thoroughly inspected to ensure an 47 electrical operating circuit malfunction, rather than the 48 indicated condition, actually exists; 49

b) the bypass shall be authorized only by the 50 funicular supervisor or his/her designated 51 representative; 52

c) when a bypass is in operation, the function 53

bypassed shall be under constant, close visual 54 observation; 55

d) the use of a bypass circuit shall be logged and 56 shall indicate when, who authorized, and for what 57 duration a bypass was used; 58

e) the operator control panel(s) shall indicate that a 59 bypass is in use. 60

2.3.2.6 Automatic operation 61

The automatic operation of a funicular without the 62 immediate presence of personnel at the installation is 63 permissible subject to approval by the Authority Having 64 Jurisdiction and the following conditions. 65

2.3.2.6.1 Operation monitoring 66

In the event of a shutdown, assistance shall arrive at 67 the funicular within 30 minutes to take appropriate 68 actions (see 2.3.2.2(e)). Communications with the 69 carriers should occur as soon as possible after the 70 shutdown. 71

Closed Circuit TV monitoring of all platforms shall be 72 provided with monitoring at a manned location such as 73 a security or monitoring station. 74

2.3.2.6.2 Fencing off the guideway 75

Those parts of the guideway which are accessible by 76 unauthorized personnel shall be fenced off. 77

The fencing shall be at least 5 feet (1.5 m) high. 78

2.3.2.6.3 Access to the guideway 79

Any doors in the fencing required by 2.3.2.6.2 shall be 80 fitted with safety devices. If doors are opened, the 81 installation shall automatically be brought to a stop and 82 further operation shall not be possible. 83

The doors shall not open in the direction of the track if 84 the horizontal clearances in section 2.1.1.4 are not 85 maintained. 86

When a door is also specified for use for the evacuation 87 of passengers, it shall be possible to open it from the 88 inside without a key, even if it is locked. 89

2.3.2.6.4 Evacuation 90

In addition to 2.3.2.5.7, it shall be possible for the 91 passengers to evacuate from the carriers by complying 92 with instructions displayed in the carrier or 93 communicated by the monitoring station. An 94 evacuation path conforming to 2.1.1.2.1 shall be 95 provided. It shall be possible to open the doors and 96 emergency exits from the inside. 97

2.3.2.6.5 Special safety devices at platforms 98

The station platforms shall be equipped with solid 99 sliding doors. The horizontal clearance between the 100 carrier door and the closed sliding door on the platform 101 shall not exceed 5 in. (127 mm) up to a height of 5.75 102 feet (1.8 meters) above the floor, unless additional 103 monitoring of this area is provided. 104

2.3.2.6.6 Special safety devices on carriers 105


The carriers shall be equipped with devices which 1 automatically stop the installation in the event of any 2 impact with an obstruction on the track. 3

2.3.2.6.7 Carrier voice communications 4

A full-duplex communications system shall be provided 5 to permit two-way voice communications between the 6 monitoring station and passengers or personnel within 7 each passenger compartment of each carrier. 8 Activation of two-way voice communications between 9 the monitoring station and the carriers shall be possible 10 only from the monitoring station. Passenger-initiated 11 communications requests from a carrier shall be 12 automatically annunciated at the monitoring station. The 13 monitoring station shall be able to activate this link upon 14 receiving an indication of a passenger-initiated 15 communication request or at any other time to receive 16 communications. A passenger-initiated communications 17 request shall include an audio and visual on-board 18 indication that the call has been requested. 19

2.3.3 Maintenance 20

2.3.3.1 General 21

Foundations and all structural, mechanical, and 22 electrical components shall be inspected regularly and 23 kept in a state of good repair. The maintenance and 24 testing requirements (see 2.1.15.2) of the designer or 25 Qualified Engineer shall be followed. Maintenance 26 records shall be kept (see 2.3.5). 27

2.3.3.1.1 Maintenance 28

A written schedule for systematic maintenance shall be 29 developed and followed. The schedule shall establish 30 specific frequencies for periodic lubrication, inspection, 31 and adjustment. The schedule shall include, but not be 32 limited to, the following: 33

a) all wire rope and end connections; 34

b) guideway sheave units, sheaves, bearings, and 35 liners; 36

c) bullwheels, bearings, and liners; 37

d) tension systems; 38

e) drive system, including bearings and couplings; 39

f) braking systems; 40

g) electrical control systems; 41

h) communication systems; 42

i) carriers; 43

j) structures; 44

k) guideway structures; 45

l) ventilation system (if any). 46

2.3.3.2 Maintenance personnel 47

Funiculars shall be maintained by trained and 48 competent personnel. The owner shall be responsible 49 for their supervision and training, and such training shall 50 be documented. All personnel shall practice good 51

housekeeping, with particular emphasis on avoiding the 52 development of any condition that might contribute to 53 personal injury. Personnel shall comply with the 54 operational rules and regulations of the specific 55 funicular. 56

2.3.4 Inspections and testing 57

2.3.4.1 General inspection 58

Each funicular shall be inspected annually by a 59 funicular specialist independent of the owner. 60 Inspection(s) shall verify preservation of original design 61 integrity and cover the requirements of this standard for 62 maintenance, operation, inspections, and record 63 keeping. Items found either deficient or in 64 noncompliance shall be noted. A report signed by the 65 funicular specialist shall be filed with the owner. 66

2.3.4.2 Dynamic testing 67

Dynamic testing shall be performed at intervals not 68 exceeding seven (7) years. 69

A written schedule for systematic dynamic testing shall 70 be developed and followed. The owner shall provide 71 experienced personnel to develop and conduct the 72 dynamic test. The schedule shall establish specific 73 frequencies and conditions for dynamic testing. The 74 testing shall simulate or duplicate inertial loadings. The 75 test load shall be equivalent to the design live load. 76 The results of the testing shall be documented in the 77 maintenance log. 78

The testing shall include, but not be limited to the 79 following as applicable: 80

a) braking systems; 81

b) evacuation systems; 82

c) tension system; 83

d) electrical systems. 84

2.3.4.3 Wire rope, and end connection inspection 85

Inspection of wire rope and end connections shall 86 comply with A.4 in annex A. 87

2.3.4.4 Carrier testing 88

All carriers shall be tested against acceptance criteria, 89 established by the designer or manufacturer; or in 90 cases in which the designer or manufacturer is no 91 longer in business and the original criteria are no longer 92 applicable, by a Qualified Engineer. 93

Each carriage and cabin shall be uniquely identified by 94 the manufacturer or the owner. If any defects are 95 found, the designer/manufacturer/Qualified Engineer 96 shall be consulted. Units failing to meet the acceptance 97 criteria shall not be placed back into service until their 98 defects are corrected. 99

If the carriages and cabins are tested by an agency 100 other than the original equipment manufacturer, then 101 the original funicular manufacturer shall receive a copy 102 of the test procedure and results. In all cases, the 103 owner shall receive a copy of the test procedure and 104


the test results. 1

Testing personnel shall be qualified in accordance with 2 the designer/manufacturer/Qualified Engineer’s 3 requirements. The testing agency shall provide 4 certification of qualification of personnel performing the 5 test and to certify to the owner that testing has been in 6 accordance with criteria prescribed by the 7 designer/manufacturer/Qualified Engineer. 8

2.3.5 Records 9

2.3.5.1 Operational log 10

A logbook shall be maintained for each funicular. Daily 11 entries shall be made giving the following minimum 12 information: 13

a) date; 14

b) names and work positions of operating 15 personnel; 16

c) operating hours and purpose of operations; 17

d) temperature, wind, and weather conditions; 18

e) record of compliance with daily pre-operational 19 inspection including loading and unloading platforms, 20 signs, and ramps; 21

f) position and condition of the tension carriage, 22 counterweights, or other tension system devices; 23

g) accidents, malfunctions, or abnormal 24 occurrences during operation; 25

h) signature of operator; 26

i) record of funicular evacuations and evacuation 27 drills (see 2.3.2.5.7(c)) and 2.3.2.6.4. 28

2.3.5.2 Maintenance log 29

A signed complete log shall be maintained wherein the 30 actual execution of maintenance work shall be recorded 31 daily or at the time maintenance is performed. The log 32 shall state components serviced and the condition of 33 the components. A record shall be kept of replacement 34 of components. 35

2.3.5.3 Wire rope and end connection log 36

A logbook shall be maintained for each funicular, giving 37 the following information on each wire rope and end 38 connection: 39

a) specification (see A.1.1 in annex A); 40

b) copy of wire rope(s) certified test report; 41

c) date installed; 42

d) splicing certificate for each splice or laid-in 43 strand; 44

e) record of lubrication, including type of lubricant 45 and date applied; 46

f) record of maintenance inspections (see A.4.1 in 47 annex A); 48

g) report of wire rope inspections (see A.4.1 in 49

annex A); 50

h) report of accidents or injury to wire rope or 51 strand; 52

i) documentation of end attachment (see A.4.2 in 53 annex A). 54

2.3.5.4 Evacuation log 55

An evacuation log shall be maintained including records 56 of: 57

a) evacuation training conducted for each funicular 58 (see 2.3.2.5.7(c)); 59

b) the post-evacuation report for each evacuation 60 of the funicular (see 2.3.2.5.7(m)); 61

c) maintenance and inspection of evacuation 62 equipment. 63

2.3.6 Passenger conduct and responsibilities 64

2.3.6.1 Passenger responsibilities 65

It is recognized that certain dangers and risks are 66 inherent in machines of this type, and their operation. It 67 is also recognized that inherent and other risks or 68 dangers exist for those who are in the process of 69 embarking, riding, or disembarking from funiculars (see 70 1.2). Passengers accept the risks inherent in such 71 participation of which the ordinary prudent person is or 72 should be aware. 73

Passengers shall use good judgment and act in a 74 responsible manner while using the funicular including: 75

a) participating in the embarkation, riding, and 76 disembarkation processes in such a manner as to 77 reduce risks for themselves and others; 78

b) obeying all written and oral instructions and 79 warnings; 80

c) refraining from using the funicular while under 81 the influence of drugs or alcohol; 82

d) properly use the funicular and equipment 83 provided. 84

2.3.6.2 Passenger dexterity and ability 85

All passengers who use a funicular shall be responsible 86 for their own embarkation, riding and disembarkation. 87 They shall be presumed to have sufficient ability, 88 physical dexterity, and/or personal assistance to 89 negotiate and to be evacuated from the funicular safely. 90

2.3.6.3 Passenger embarkation and 91 disembarkation 92

A passenger shall get on and get off a funicular at 93 designated areas. No passenger shall embark without 94 first understanding and observing the proper loading, 95 riding, and unloading procedures (see 2.3.1.1). 96

2.3.6.4 Passenger riding 97

Passengers, while riding a funicular, shall not throw or 98 expel therefrom any object, nor shall any passenger do 99 any act or thing that shall interfere with the operation of 100


the funicular. Passengers shall not willfully engage in 1 any type of conduct that may contribute to or cause 2 injury to any other person. 3

ANSI B77.2-201X


Section 3 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. ANSI/IEEE C2-2017, National electrical safety code

ANSI/NFPA 10-2018, Standard for portable fire extinguishers

ANSI/NFPA 58-2020, Liquefied petroleum gas code

ANSI/NFPA 70-2020, National electrical code

ANSI/NFPA 72-2019, National fire alarm and signaling code

ANSI/NFPA 91-2020, Standard for exhaust systems for air conveying of vapors, gasses, mists, and noncombustible particulate solids

ANSI/NFPA 130-2020, Standard for fixed guideway transit and passenger rail systems

ANSI/NFPA 780-2020, Lightning protection code

American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 2000, Venting atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks

For Underground Installations only:

ANSI/NFPA 101-2021, Life safety code

ANSI/NFPA 110-2019 Standards for emergency and standby power systems

ANSI/NFPA 220-2018, Standard on types of building construction

ANSI B77.2-20??

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex A – Page 31 July 2020

Annex A (normative)

Wire rope and end connections requirements

A.1 Physical properties 1

A.1.1 Specifications 2

Wire rope used as tension members shall be 3 specified by the funicular designer. 4

This specification shall state that the wire rope 5 complies with the rope provisions of A.1. 6

Only wire rope and strand that are the subject of 7 and in compliance with the specification shall be 8 installed on a funicular. 9

The funicular designer or wire rope manufacturer 10 shall prescribe the frequency and methods for any 11 additional maintenance or inspections of wire rope 12 or strand not covered in this annex. 13

Copies of the specification shall be furnished to 14 the funicular manufacturer, owner, and authority 15 having jurisdiction. 16

A.1.1.1 Wire rope specification 17

The specification for wire rope shall include the 18 following: 19

a) nominal diameter; 20

b) diameter tolerance; 21

c) number and arrangement of wires; 22

d) strength grade; 23

e) type of core; 24

f) lay of wire rope; 25

g) minimum breaking force; 26

h) type of lubrication. 27

A.1.1.2 Relocated Wire Rope 28

For relocated wire rope, the wire rope inspector 29 shall be supplied with the service history, perform 30 a visual wire rope inspection, and perform an 31 internal inspection of the rope at several random 32 locations to determine its condition. An MRT 33 examination shall be performed in conjunction with 34 the visual inspections on wire ropes to be used on 35 funiculars. A Qualified Engineer shall determine 36 whether the rope meets the requirements of this 37 standard and the funicular specifications. Copies 38 of the test and the inspections shall be furnished 39 to the owner and authority having jurisdiction. 40

41

A.1.2 Diameter tolerance 42

A.1.2.1 Wire rope 43

Wire rope shall have a diameter tolerance of +5% 44 oversize, 0% undersize. Measurements shall be 45 made on new wire rope when the rope is 46 tensioned between 10% and 20% of its minimum 47 breaking force. 48

A.1.3 Minimum breaking force 49

In a test, an acceptable wire rope shall not break 50 under a tension less than its minimum breaking 51 force (see A.2.1.3). 52


The strength of the wire rope on which the 54 designer shall base the funicular calculations 55 including design factor of safety shall not be more 56 than the minimum breaking force (see 1.4 – 57 minimum breaking force) listed in the 58 manufacturer’s published catalog or 59 table A-1 for the diameter, classification, and 60 strength grade selected by the designer. 61

The factor of safety is equal to the minimum 62 breaking force of the rope divided by the maximum 63 steady state tension. 64

A.1.4 Torsion requirements 65

A.1.4.1 Wire torsion values for wire rope 66

Wires shall meet the applicable torsional values 67 shown in table A-2. 68

Wire torsion tests are not required for wire ropes in 69 tension systems. 70

A.2 Testing 71

Before operation, a certified test report in English 72 covering the test required herein shall be provided 73 from an experienced, qualified testing laboratory. 74 Unless otherwise specified, the manufacturer of 75 the wire rope is responsible for all testing 76 requirements in this standard. 77

Copies of the test reports shall be furnished to the 78 owner, funicular manufacturer, and the authority 79 having jurisdiction. 80

A.2.1 Testing procedures – wire rope 81

A.2.1.1 Sampling – wire rope 82

A sample long enough to provide 9 feet (2.75 83

ANSI B77.2-20??


meters) of free length shall be cut from each 1 manufactured length to be used for the actual rope 2 ultimate strength test and diameter measurement. 3

If torsion tests are to be performed on wires 4 removed from the finished rope, a second sample, 5 36 inches (915 mm) long, shall be cut. 6

From each short sample, a minimum of one 7 specimen of each size of main wires from each 8 strand shall be taken. The total number of 9 specimens shall not be less than 15% of the total 10 number of main wires. 11

When wires are tested prior to fabrication, the 12 same density of sampling shall be employed. 13 Records shall be kept by the manufacturer to 14 enable identification of such wires with the actual 15 rope produced. 16

A.2.1.2 Examination of diameter – wire rope 17

The diameter shall be measured on the long 18 sample, 9 feet (2.75 meters), at the center of its 19 length, and 36 inches (915 mm) on each side of 20 center (see A.1.2.1). The average of these three 21 measurements shall be the diameter of the wire 22 rope being inspected. 23

A.2.1.3 Breaking force test 24

An actual (measured) breaking force test shall be 25 made on a complete rope. The tests shall be 26 made on the long sample (see A.2.1.1). The 27 actual (measured) breaking force shall meet or 28 exceed the minimum breaking force specified for 29 the wire rope. 30

A.2.1.4 Wire torsion tests 31

Wire torsion value shall be determined by either of 32 the two following methods: 33

a) wires shall be tested prior to fabrication into 34 rope; 35

b) wires shall be removed from a rope after 36 fabrication and tested. 37

A.2.1.4.1 Test procedure 38

Wires for the torsional test shall be hand 39 straightened. The free length of wires in the 40 testing machine, before the test, shall be 8 inches 41 + 1/16 inch (203.2 mm + 1.6 mm). One clamp in 42 the testing machine shall be movable parallel to 43 the axis of the tested wire, and an axial tensile 44 force in accordance with table A-3 shall be applied 45 to keep the tested wire straight during the test. 46 The tested wire shall be twisted by either of two 47 methods: Both clamps may be rotated in opposite 48 directions or one clamp may be rotated while the 49 other is held stationary at a uniform rate of not 50 more than 60 revolutions per minute. In either 51 case, the total rotations shall be counted and 52 reported. 53

A.2.1.4.2 Alternate test procedure 54

Because the number of revolutions in the torsional 55 test is proportional to the free length, a free length 56 before the test may be 4 inches + 1/16 inch (101.6 57 mm + 1.6 mm) for wires up to 0.040 inch (1.02 mm) 58 in diameter or 6 inches + 1/16 inch (150 mm + 1.6 59 mm) for wires not more than 0.060 inch (1.52 mm) in 60 diameter. The wire specimens with a free length of 4 61 inches (101.6 mm) shall not break when twisted one-62 half the number of revolutions shown in table A-2. 63 The wire specimens with a free length of 6 inches 64 (152.4 mm) shall not break when twisted three-65 fourths the number of revolutions shown in table A-2. 66 Testing shall be done in the same manner as 67 described in A.2.1.4. 68

A.2.3 Test reports 69


The test reports for wire rope shall include the 71 following: 72

a) complete description of wire rope furnished 73 for the test, including cross-sectional metallic 74 area; grade; type of core; minimum breaking 75 force of the rope. The number, diameter, 76 arrangement, and cross-sectional metallic area 77 of wires; 78

b) actual rope diameter; 79

c) actual (measured) breaking force (see 80 A.2.1.3); 81

d) results of torsion testing including the size 82 of wires tested (see A.2.1.4). 83

A.2.4 Rejects and retests 84

A.2.4.1 Rejects 85

If only one test sample is supplied from a 86 manufactured length, and any test specimens taken 87 from this sample fail to pass any specified tests, all 88 reels or coils of rope from that manufactured length 89 shall be rejected. 90

If a separate test sample is furnished from each 91 piece of rope that is reeled or coiled for shipment, 92 failure of any test specimens to pass any specified 93 tests shall be cause for rejection of only the particular 94 reel or coil from which the faulty specimens have 95 been taken. 96

A.2.4.2 Retests 97

In the ultimate-strength test of the wire rope, if the 98 measured breaking force falls below the 99 requirement, one retest shall be made on a sample 100 from the same reel or coil. If the measured breaking 101 force meets or exceeds the requirement, this shall 102 pass for acceptance. 103

Where the test specimen breaks in the jaws of the 104 machine or at a termination, the results may be 105 discarded and another specimen tested without 106

ANSI B77.2-20??


considering it a retest. 1

In torsion tests of wires, one wire may fall below 2 the requirement, but by not more than 20% below. 3 In such a case, six additional wires of the same 4 size will be tested, all of which shall pass. 5


1

Table A.1 Wire Rope Minimum Breaking Force (Nominal Breaking Strength) 6 x 7 FC 6X19 AND 6X36 FC 6X19 AND 6X36 IWRC DIAMETER RANGE

DIAMETER IPS 1770 IPS 1770 EIP 1960 EEIP 2160 IPS 1770 EIP 1960 EEIP 2160 (see A.1.2.1)

in. mm tons kN tons kN tons kN tons kN tons kN tons kN tons kN Min.-in. Max.-in.

6 21.2 21 23.3 25.7 22.7 25.1 27.7 0.236 0.250 1/4 2.64 2.74 3.01 2.94 3.40 0.250 0.265

7 28.8 28.6 31.7 34.9 30.9 34.2 37.7 0.276 0.292 5/16 4.1 4.26 4.69 4.58 5.27 0.313 0.331

8 37.6 37.4 41.4 45.6 40.3 44.7 49.2 0.315 0.331 9 47.6 47.3 52.4 57.7 51.0 56.5 62.3 0.354 0.372

3/8 5.86 6.1 6.71 7.38 6.56 7.55 8.30 0.375 0.394 10 58.8 58.4 64.7 71.3 63.0 69.8 76.9 0.394 0.413 11 71.1 70.7 78.3 86.2 76.2 84.4 93.0 0.433 0.455

7/16 7.93 8.27 9.1 10 8.89 10.2 11.2 0.438 0.459 12 84.6 84.1 93.1 103 90.7 100 110.7 0.472 0.496

1/2 10.3 10.7 11.8 12.9 11.5 13.3 14.6 0.500 0.525 13 99.3 98.7 109 120 106 118 130 0.512 0.537 14 115 114 127 140 124 137 151 0.551 0.579

9/16 13 13.5 14.9 16.3 14.5 16.8 18.5 0.563 0.591 5/8 15.9 16.7 18.4 20.2 17.7 20.6 22.7 0.625 0.656

16 150 150 166 182 161 179 197 0.630 0.661 18 190 189 210 231 204 226 249 0.709 0.744 19 212 211 233 257 227 252 278 0.748 0.785

3/4 22.7 23.8 26.2 28.8 25.6 29.4 32.4 0.750 0.788 20 235 234 259 285 252 279 308 0.787 0.827 22 284 283 313 345 305 338 372 0.866 0.909

7/8 30.7 32.2 35.4 39.0 34.6 39.8 43.8 0.875 0.919 24 338 336 373 411 363 402 443 0.945 0.922

1 39.7 41.8 46 50.6 44.9 51.7 56.9 1.000 1.050 26 397 395 437 482 426 472 520 1.024 1.075 28 461 458 507 559 494 547 603 1.102 1.157

1 1/8 49.8 52.6 57.9 63.6 56.5 65.0 71.5 1.125 1.181 1 1/4 61 64.6 71.1 78.2 69.4 79.9 87.9 1.250 1.313

32 602 598 662 730 645 715 787 1.260 1.323 1 3/8 73.1 77.7 85.5 94.0 83.5 96.0 106 1.375 1.444

36 762 757 838 924 817 904 997 1.417 1.488 1 1/2 86.2 92 101 111 98.9 114 125 1.500 1.575

40 935 1035 1140 1008 1116 1230 1.575 1.654 1 5/8 107 118 129 115 132 146 1.625 1.706

44 1131 1252 1380 1220 1351 1489 1.732 1.819 1 3/4 124 136 150 133 153 169 1.750 1.838 1 7/8 141 155 171 152 174 192 1.875 1.969

48 1346 1490 1642 1452 1608 1772 1.890 1.984 2 160 176 194 172 198 217 2.000 2.100 52 1579 1749 1927 1704 1887 2079 2.047 2.150

2 1/8 179 197 217 192 221 243 2.125 2.231 56 1832 2028 2235 1976 2188 2411 2.205 2.315

2 1/4 200 220 242 215 247 272 2.250 2.363 60 2103 2328 2566 2268 2512 2768 2.362 2.480

2 3/8 222 2344 269 239 274 301 2.375 2.494 NOTES – Tons = 2000 lbs 1770, 1960, 2160 = Grade in SI unites

37

AN

SI B

77.2-20

14

ANSI B77.2-20??


Table A-2 Torsion values for main rope wires 1

Wire diameter (inch)

Revolutions in a gage length of 8 inches*

Improved plow steel

Extra-

improved plow steel

Extra-extra improved plow steel

Wires tested prior to fabrication of rope

0.000-0.079 0.080-0.159

(2.36/d) - 2 (2.36/d) - 2

(2.20/d) - 2 (1.92/d) - 2

(2.20/d) - 2 (1.92/d) - 2

Wires removed from rope after fabrication

All Diameters

(2.24/d) - 2

(2.16/d) - 8

(2.16/d) - 8

NOTE – d equals diameter of wire in inches * To convert to torsions (revolutions) in 100d, multiply values by 12.5d

Table A-3 Tensile force on wires during torsional test 2

Wire diameter

Tensile force

From (in)

To (in)

Minimum

(lb)

Maximum

(lb)

0.000 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160

0.009 0.014 0.019 0.029 0.039 0.049 0.059 0.069 0.079 0.089 0.099 0.109 0.119 0.129 0.139 0.149 0.159 and up

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 A.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 A.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0

1.0 2.0 A.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0

ANSI B77.2-20??


A.3 End connections for wire rope 1

The funicular designer, wire rope manufacturer, 2 fitting manufacturer, or a Qualified Engineer shall 3 specify the parameters for installation, inspections, 4 and intervals for replacement of end connections. 5

End connection installation shall be performed by 6 or under the supervision of a competent facility or 7 person and in accordance with instructions 8 approved by the funicular designer, fitting 9 manufacturer or Qualified Engineer. 10

Documentation shall be provided by the facility or 11 person performing any splice or end connection 12 stating that it has been accomplished in 13 accordance with the provisions of this standard. 14 This document shall become part of the wire rope 15 log. 16

A.3.1 Splices 17

A.3.1.1 Haul ropes 18

Splicing shall be performed by an experienced 19 splicer. The minimum length of the splice shall be 20 1200 times the nominal rope diameter. The tails, 21 or lengths of the rope strands tucked into the core 22 of the rope on splicing, shall be a minimum of 30 23 times the nominal rope diameter in length. 24

When two or more contiguous long splices occur in 25 a rope, they shall be separated by an undisturbed 26 length of rope that is a minimum of 2400 times the 27 nominal rope diameter. 28

No type of connection other than the conventional 29 “long” splice shall be used in a haul rope. 30

A.3.1.2 Ropes used in tension systems 31

No splices shall be permitted in tension system 32 ropes. 33

A.3.2 End connections 34

A.3.2.1 Wire ropes used in tension systems 35

End connections shall be designed to not fail or 36 slip under a tension equal to 80% of the minimum 37 breaking force of the rope and shall be in 38 accordance with A.3.2.3. 39

A.3.2.2 Anchoring devices 40

When rope or strands are used as guys or anchors 41 to structures, the rope or strand and its end 42 connections shall have a factor of safety of 6. 43

A.3.2.3 Types and methods 44

Rope and cable sockets (poured or swaged) shall 45 be designed so that they shall not be stressed 46 beyond the yield point of the material used when 47 the ropes or cables they anchor are under tensions 48 equal to the design working load of the funicular 49 multiplied by the applicable design factor of safety. 50

NOTE – An acceptable method of establishing the 51 competence of a facility or person to make poured or 52 swaged socket end connections is to perform a breaking 53 force test of a length of wire rope or strand similar to and 54 prepared in the manner that will be used in the working 55 assembly. The test specimen shall not fail below the 56 minimum breaking force. The purpose of this test is to 57 establish the ability of the facility or person to make a proper 58 connection. 59

60 Some common end attachments and information 61 concerning their attachment are listed in the 62 following subsections. 63

A.3.2.3.1 Poured sockets 64

Zinc sockets shall have documentation of all 65 pertinent data including chemical composition of 66 the material used in the socket, temperature of 67 pouring material and preheated socket body. 68

Resin sockets shall have documentation of all 69 pertinent data including the cleaning process and 70 the material used in the socket. 71

A.3.2.3.2 Mechanical and Clamping sockets 72

The funicular designer, wire rope manufacturer, 73 fitting manufacturer, or a Qualified Engineer shall 74 specify the parameters for installation, inspections, 75 and intervals for replacement of mechanical 76 sockets. 77

Mechanical and clamping sockets shall have 78 documentation of all of the pertinent data including 79 the baseline measurements of rope and socket 80 positions after tension is applied (seating in the 81 housing); subsequent measurements and/or 82 inspections required during initial running. 83

A.3.2.3.3 Swaged sockets 84

Swaged sockets shall be attached by a competent 85 person or facility (see note in A.3.2.3) using fittings 86 of a design in general acceptance and in common 87 use by wire rope manufacturers and with attention 88 to the following minimum particulars: 89

a) rope shall be inserted to the bottom of the 90 hole; 91

b) the bottom of the hole shall be one rope 92 diameter beyond the swaged section; 93

c) critical dimensions are as follows: Outside 94 diameter before swaging; outside diameter after 95 swaging; inside diameter; depth of hole; 96

d) swaged sockets shall be applied only to 97 wire rope having a steel center in the section of 98 rope inserted to the bottom of the hole. Fiber 99 core rope shall have the core removed from this 100 section and a strand of IWRC of the proper 101 diameter installed before swaging. 102

103

ANSI B77.2-20??


A.3.2.3.4 Wire rope clips and thimbles 1

Wire rope clips and thimbles shall be used as 2 follows: 3

a) wire rope clips and thimbles shall be limited 4 to ropes used in tension systems, anchors, and 5 guys; 6

b) wire rope clips shall be of forged steel. 7 Malleable wire rope clips shall not be used; 8

c) wire rope clips and thimbles shall be used 9 in the number and the spacing stipulated by the 10 wire rope clip manufacturer; 11

d) wire rope clips of the single saddle type 12 shall be installed with the U-bolt against the 13 “dead end” and the saddle against the “live 14 end”; 15

e) torque values and retightening procedures 16 shall conform to the wire rope clip 17 manufacturer’s instructions; 18

f) the radius of curvature of the rope in 19 combination with the correct clip application 20 shall be designed to achieve a minimum 21 attachment efficiency of 80%. 22

A.3.2.3.5 Mechanical thimble splices 23

Two types of mechanical thimble splices shall be 24 permitted: 25

a) flemish thimble splices with swaged metal 26 sleeve(s); 27

b) fold-back, or return loop, with thimble and 28 swaged metal sleeve(s). 29

A.3.2.3.6 Bollards 30

The funicular manufacturer shall state the number 31 of wraps required on the bollard. At least one 32 securing clamp plus one gage clamp shall also be 33 required. The diameter of the bollard shall not be 34 less than 18 times the wire rope diameter. 35

A.4 Maintenance, inspections, and 36 replacement 37

A.4.1 Wire rope 38

A.4.1.1 Lubrication 39

The type of lubricant and frequency as 40 recommended by the rope manufacturer or 41 designer shall be used. Ropes that have little or 42 no motion, such as wire ropes in tension systems, 43 anchors, and guys, require special consideration 44 for protection against corrosion. 45

46

A.4.1.2 Inspection 47

All ropes shall be subject to detailed visual 48 inspections at regularly established intervals, not to 49 exceed 1 year, or immediately after any accident 50 possibly affecting the integrity of the wire rope. 51

The visual and MRT inspections shall be made by 52 a qualified wire rope inspector. A qualified wire 53 rope inspector is a person who by his/her 54 knowledge, experience, and training in the field of 55 wire rope application is capable of judging the 56 current condition of the wire rope. 57

Inspection of the entire rope, end connections, and 58 splices including measurements of diameter, lay, 59 and rope length (as determined by counterweight 60 or tension carriage position with reference to 61 temperature and loading) is required as a 62 minimum. 63

During visual inspection, the inspector shall be 64 positioned sufficiently close to the rope to observe 65 and physically examine it. In the case of moving 66 haul ropes, the inspection shall be made by slowly 67 moving the rope past a fixed inspection station. 68 Frequent stops shall be made to permit detailed 69 inspection and make necessary measurements. 70

Splices shall be given close attention in haul ropes. 71 The haul rope shall be stopped to examine each 72 splice in detail. End connections require close 73 attention. 74

MRT inspections of haul ropes shall be required for 75 any of these conditions: 76

a) when the ratio of the bull wheel diameter to 77 the haul rope diameter of a funicular is less than 78 80; 79

b) when the design factor of safety of the haul 80 rope for a funicular is less than 5; 81

c) funiculars operating over 600 fpm (3 82 meters/second). 83

When MRT inspections are required, a base line 84 inspection shall be performed during the first year 85 of operation. Additional MRT inspections shall be 86 performed at 3-year intervals. 87

The wire rope inspector may require more frequent 88 visual or MRT inspections due to the condition of 89 the wire rope. 90

Records shall be retained by the owner including 91 the name of the inspector, method of inspection, 92 date, measurements (including location taken), 93 anomalies, condition of the rope, and condition of 94 the splice and/or end connections. 95

The inspector shall verify that the rope(s) have not 96 met the replacement criteria in A.4.1.3. A written 97 and signed report stating that the rope is 98 satisfactory for continued use shall be filed with the 99

ANSI B77.2-20??


owner. The report shall be included in the wire 1 rope log (see 2.3.5.3) and be available to the 2 general inspector 3 (see 2.3.4.1). 4

A.4.1.3 Repair/replacement of wire rope 5

The following shall be applied to the entire length 6 of the wire rope excluding any sections in end 7 connections or splices. For areas in end 8 connections or splices, see A.4.2.1 9

No rope is allowed to remain in service when, in 10 the opinion of a qualified wire rope inspector, the 11 rope has been reduced to less than 80% of its 12 minimum breaking force or nominal cross-sectional 13 metallic area as a result of broken wires, wear, and 14 corrosion. 15

The cross-sectional metallic area repair/discard 16 criteria of the wire rope due to broken wires shall 17 be in accordance with the values given in table A-18 4. 19 20 The wire rope inspector shall consider the items 21 listed in A.4.1.3.1 in addition to table A-4 to 22 determine the repair or replacement of a wire rope. 23 As a result of the visual inspection of the wire rope, 24 the inspector may require that, “opening of the 25 rope”, or more frequent inspections including MRT 26 be performed. 27

If an inspection indicates that a rope is damaged 28 so as to make it unusable, the rope shall be 29 repaired or replaced. Repair of wire rope shall 30 conform to the requirements of A.4.1.4. 31

A.4.1.3.1 Criteria 32

The following items should be considered by the 33 wire rope inspector in determination of the 34 continued use of the wire rope. Observed 35 anomalies should be included in the wire rope 36 inspection report: 37

a) general condition, lubrication, and history of 38 the wire rope; 39

b) more than one valley break in one rope lay 40 may indicate some abnormal condition, possibly 41 fatigue and breakage of other wires not readily 42 visible; 43

c) abrasion, scrubbing, or peening causing 44 loss of the original diameter of the outside wires 45 reducing the cross-sectional metallic area of the 46 rope; 47

d) evidence of rope deterioration from 48 corrosion; 49

e) severe kinking, severe crushing, or other 50 damage resulting in distortion of the rope 51 structure; 52

f) evidence of any heat damage. (Sources 53 could be a burn from a torch, or an arc caused 54 by contact with electrical wires, natural electrical 55 charges, or fires of any nature); 56

g) reduction of rope diameter under tension 57 system tension to a diameter less than 94% of 58 the original nominal rope diameter. This 59 procedure includes wear of the outer wires; 60

h) significant localized increase in the lay 61 length after the rope has broken in; 62

i) significant increase in the rate of rope 63 stretch after original constructional stretch has 64 been removed. This is determined from records 65 showing the movement of the counterweights or 66 tension carriage. This final stretching indicates 67 deterioration of the wire rope and is 68 accompanied by a further reduction in wire rope 69 diameter and a further increase in lay length; 70

j) increase of uniform wire breakage rate due to 71 fatigue for anomalous conditions approaching 72 25% in 500d not including localized mechanical 73 damage. 74

A.4.1.3.2 Accidental damage 75

When damage to a rope is accidental and is a non-76 repetitive event, wire breaks in excess of those 77 stated in table A-4 may exist provided that: 78

a) the area is inspected by a qualified wire 79 rope inspector; 80

b) the damaged area has not been reduced to 81 less than 80% of the minimum breaking force or 82 nominal cross-sectional metallic area of the wire 83 rope; 84

c) details of the cause are apparent and 85 identifiable; 86

d) the cause is corrected; 87

e) the area is appropriately marked and 88 observed at intervals required by the wire rope 89 inspector; 90

Table A-4 Loss of cross-sectional metallic area

Maximum permissible loss of metallic area

Reference length

7.5% 6d

10% 30d

25% (one strand) 6d

NOTES – d = nominal wire rope diameter

When calculating the number of broken wires from the metallic cross-sectional area, the results will be rounded down to the next whole wire. See annex C for examples of how to calculate the number of broken wires allowed.

ANSI B77.2-20??


f) written documentation shall be entered into 1 the wire rope log. 2

A.4.1.4 Repairs of wire rope 3

If the haul rope damage is local, it is permissible to 4 splice in a section of rope of the same size, grade, 5 and construction. Repairs shall conform to 6 requirements of A.3.1.1. 7

In the event that damage occurs to the haul rope 8 and such damage is confined only to one or two 9 strands of the rope, replacement of the damaged 10 strand or strands will be permitted and the rope 11 may be continued in service under the following 12 conditions: 13

a) A competent wire rope splicer shall advise 14 the owner, prior to the rope’s being placed back 15 in operation, that a suitable replacement strand 16 was available and that all other conditions were 17 such that he/she was able to make a proper 18 repair to the rope by use of this method; 19

b) the minimum length of the new piece of 20 strand shall be at least 360 times the nominal 21 rope diameter between end tucks, and the 22 length of the tail tucked into the core at each 23 end shall be at least 30 times the nominal rope 24 diameter; 25

c) the repaired area shall be outside of an 26 existing splice, and the closest tuck shall be at 27 least 96 times the nominal rope diameter from 28 the nearest tuck in an existing splice. When the 29 repair involves laying-in two strands, the tuck 30 position for one strand shall be at least 96 times 31 the nominal rope diameter from the tuck 32 position of the second strand. If the calculated 33 distance from the closest tuck of a laid-in 34 strand, or strands, is less than 96 times the 35 nominal rope diameter distance from the closest 36 tuck in an existing splice, the laid-in strand, or 37 strands, shall be run into the splice; 38

d) the repaired area shall be inspected at the 39 completion of the repair and once weekly for a 40 period of 6 weeks of operation. Thereafter, it 41 shall be subject to routine wire rope inspection. 42 The wire rope shall be removed from operation 43 immediately if core collapse, pulling, high 44 stranding, or other significant distortions occur; 45

e) documents showing splice diagrams and 46 diagrams of laid-in strand, or strands, shall be 47 prepared by the splicer, dated, and signed for 48 the owner. A copy shall be placed in the wire 49 rope log for that rope; 50

f) If operating equipment contacting the rope 51 is the cause of the damage, it should be 52 corrected immediately and proper repairs made. 53

54

A.4.2 Connections 55

A.4.2.1 Splices 56

Damage within splices can often be corrected by 57 proper repair. 58

Splices shall be retired or repaired if any of the 59 following conditions exist: 60

a) the cross-sectional metallic area of broken 61 wires at a tuck exceeds the values given in 62 table 63 A-4. Leading and trailing tuck strands shall be 64 considered independent of one another when 65 making this evaluation; 66

b) any sign of slippage; 67

c) significant distortion of the rope at the tucks 68 has occurred; 69

d) the rope diameter measures less than 90% 70 of the original nominal rope diameter. 71

EXCEPTION - Measurements in the tuck area will not 72 be considered. 73 74

A.4.2.2 End connections 75

Cracked, deformed, or excessively worn 76 attachments shall be replaced. End connections 77 shall be reterminated or replaced if any of the 78 following conditions exist: 79

a) more than one broken wire at the 80 connection; 81

b) connection is installed improperly; 82

c) slippage of attachment fitting outside of 83 design parameters; 84

d) evidence of deterioration from corrosion; 85

e) does not meet the parameters specified in 86 A.3.2. 87

Sections of rope permanently deformed or 88 damaged by the application of wire rope clips or 89 bent around thimbles, sheaves, or other anchoring 90 devices not meeting the minimum diameters 91 specified in 92 Condition C of 2.1.2.8.3 shall not be relocated and 93 reused as part of the section under load. 94

95

96

ANSI B77.2-20??

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex B – Page 40 July 2020

Annex B (normative)

Measuring the diameter of wire rope

It is easy and not uncommon to mismeasure the diameter of a wire rope. Figure B-1 shows the correct method to measure the diameter of a wire rope. Figure B-2 shows the incorrect method.

An average diameter for a 6-strand wire rope at a single location is obtained by taking three (3) measurements between the three sets of opposite strands using the method shown in figure B-1. The three measurements are added together and divided by 3 to obtain an average value for the diameter. Four (4) measurements would be taken at one location for an 8-strand rope and the total of the measurements divided by 4.

Figure B-1 – Correct method for measuring

Figure B-2 – Incorrect method of measuring

ANSI B77.2-20??

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex C – Page 41 July 2020

Annex C (informative)

Wire rope – Formulas for calculating allowable broken wires

The size and actual number of outside wires has a great influence on the number of allowable broken wires when using a percentage based on different rope constructions and sizes.

Each rope must have the calculations done based on the data from the wire rope specifications and test reports due to variations between manufacturers. (See A.2.3 in annex A.)

7.5% of rope in 6d Cross-Sectional Metallic Area of Rope x 0.075 = Broken Wires Cross-Sectional Area of Outer Wire

10% of rope in 30d Cross-Sectional Metallic Area of Rope x 0.1 = Broken Wires Cross-Sectional Area of Outer Wire

25% of one strand in 6d Cross-Sectional Metallic Area of Rope x 0.25 = Broken Wires Cross-Sectional Area of Outer Wire X 6

NOTE: 1. All calculated values for broken wires are rounded down to the next whole wire.

2. An “outside” broken wire should be measured to verify the diameter (and cross-sectional metallic area) as listed in the wire rope specifications and/or wire rope test report.

3. For specialty ropes such as 8-stand, refer to the formulas provide by the wire rope manufacturer.

Figure C-1 – Wire rope log sample chart for calculated broken wires allowances

Diameter / rope

construction

Cross-

sectional metallic area

of rope

Outside wire

diameter

Cross-

sectional metallic area

of outside wire

Number of broken wires

7.5%

of rope in 6d

10%

of rope in 30d

25%

of one strand in 6d

ANSI B77.2-20??

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex D – Page 42 July 2020

Annex D (informative)

Ventilation

D.1 General

The purpose of this annex is to provide guidelines for the potential compatibility of the emergency ventilation system with the normal ventilation of funiculars and their stations. This annex does not present all factors to be considered in the normal ventilation criteria. For normal ventilation, refer to the ASHRAE Handbook Series, (Fundamentals, Applications, Systems and Equipment). Current technology is capable of analyzing and evaluating all unique conditions of each property to provide proper ventilation for normal operating conditions. The same ventilating devices might or might not serve both normal operating conditions and pre-identified emergency requirements. The goals of the funicular ventilation system, in addition to addressing fire and smoke emergencies, are to assist in the containment and purging of hazardous gasses and aerosols such as those that could result from a chemical/biological release.

D.1.1 Tenable environments

Some factors that should be considered in maintaining a tenable environment for periods of short duration can be defined as follows:

a) air temperatures as follows: maximum of 140°F (60°C) for a few seconds, averaging 120°F (49°C) or less for the first 6 minutes of the exposure and decreasing thereafter;

b) air carbon monoxide (CO) contents as follows: maximum of 2000 ppm for a few seconds, averaging 1500 ppm or less for the first 6 minutes of the exposure, averaging 800 ppm or less for the first 15 minutes of the exposure, averaging 50 ppm or less for the remainder of the exposure. These values should be adjusted for altitudes above 3000 feet (914 meters);

c) CO generated during smoke conditions that does not exceed 800 ppm based on a 30-minute evacuation period. CO concentrations should decrease as the evacuation period increases;

d) smoke obscuration levels that are continuously maintained below the point at which a sign illuminated at 7.5 ft-candles (80 lux) is discernable at 100 feet (30.5 meters), doors and walls are discernable at 33 feet (10 meters);

e) radiation heat flux as follows: maximum of 2000 Btu/ft2/hr (6305 W/m2) for a few seconds, averaging 500 Btu/ft2/hr (1576 W/m2) or less for the first 6 minutes of exposure, averaging 300 Btu/ft2/hr (946 W/m2) for the remainder of the exposure;

f) air velocities in the exposed funicular tunnel should be greater than or equal to 150 feet per minute (0.76 meters per second) and less than or equal to 2200 feet per minute (11.2 meters per second);

g) Noise levels as follows: maximum of 115 dBa for a few seconds, maximum of 92 dBa for the remainder of the exposure.

D.1.2 Rating fans

Fans can be rated in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE 51/AMCA 210-1999 (and ANSI/ASHRAE 51-2007, ANSI/AMCA 210-2007, Addendum 1), Laboratory methods of testing fans for rating, AMCA 300-96, Reverberant room method for sound testing fans, or the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Handbook Fundamentals.

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex E – Page 43 July, 2020

Annex E (normative)

Operator control devices

Table E-1 – Device function and characteristics

FUNCTION COLOR LABEL FEATURES EXCEPTIONS

Normal Stop RED STOP Mushroom operator with a minimum diameter of 1-3/8 inches (38 mm)

If a designer defines an additional stop function and the button for that function meets the size and color requirements of normal stop, then the normal stop button does not need to meet the same requirements

Emergency Shutdown RED EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN

Actuator must be visible but shielded to prevent inadvertent operation.

Shield is not required if the circuit is the only stop circuit on the ropeway

ANSI B77.2-201X

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex F - Page 44 July, 2020

Annex F (normative)

Combustion engine(s), fuel supply handling, and fire hazard reduction

F.1 Combustion engines 1

Engines shall be situated so that they are accessible for 2 maintenance, repair and firefighting (see 2.1.4.3). 3

F.1.1 Machine and engine rooms 4

Machine and engine rooms must be of noncombustible 5 or fire-resistive construction and fire resistive rating 6 shall be in accordance with type of construction and 7 classification. 8

F.1.2 Engine rooms located within buildings and 9 structures 10

When engine rooms are located within occupied 11 buildings or structures, the engine room enclosure 12 (interior walls, floors, and ceilings) shall not have less 13 than a 1-hour fire-resistive rating or in accordance with 14 a fire hazard analysis. 15

EXAMPLE – One layer on walls and two layers on ceiling of properly 16 installed 5/8” Type X gypsum wallboard, or its, covering all 17 combustible wall and ceiling members would meet this requirement. 18

Doors or other openings in the engine room that open 19 into other mixed occupancy sections of attached, 20 building, structure or tunnel shall be provided with 21 automatic or self-closing fire doors or dampers in 22 accordance with NFPA 80 and be labeled with 23 manufacturer and fire-resistive rating to contain a fire to 24 the engine room. 25

F.1.3 Hazard Reduction 26

F.1.3.1 Drive and Return Terminals and Intermediate 27 Stations 28

Drive and return terminals and intermediate stations 29 shall use appropriate material properties and have 30 sufficient fire-resistive rating for a period of time 31 consistent with estimated time for evacuation of 32 cabin(s). Drive and return terminals or intermediate 33 stations containing flammable and combustive liquids or 34 flammable gases shall be in accordance with structural 35 fire resistance requirements. (See 2.1.13.4.4 and 36 2.1.13.4.5). 37

F.1.3.2 Cabins 38

Cabin construction and materials shall meet 39 requirements identified by fire hazard assessment. (See 40 2.1.13.4.5). 41

Fire detection and firefighting devices (fire 42 extinguishers, etc.) shall be provided on each cabin as 43 required by type of use. (See F.6.1 and F.6.5.1) 44

Smoking or any open flame shall not be allowed on any 45 open or closed cabin(s) or in adjacent terminals, 46 intermediate stations or platforms. 47

Flammable materials such as paper, cardboard, wood, 48 and cleaning cloths shall only be stored in appropriate 49 containers and in designated locations. 50

F.1.3.3 Fire Response 51

Maintenance and operating personnel response training 52 and inspections of evacuation routes, fire detection, 53 firefighting equipment and extinguishers shall be 54 conducted at least annually. 55

When fire is detected, the following alert-save-56 extinguish measures shall be taken as far as possible 57 and be implemented appropriately. 58

Inform personnel in all stations and on carriers and stop 59 loading; 60

Alert internal/external emergency firefighting personnel; 61

Evacuate carriers and stations; and 62

Begin firefighting activity. 63

F.1.4 Air supply and ventilation 64

There shall be provisions for sufficient air for 65 combustion, and proper cooling, of combustion engines. 66 The air supply requirements will vary with the types and 67 sizes of combustion engines, the driven equipment and 68 other air-consuming equipment within the engine room. 69

There shall be provisions for adequate ventilation within 70 the engine room to prevent a hazardous accumulation 71 of flammable vapors in order to reduce risk of fires and 72 explosions both when the engine is operating or shut 73 down. 74

F.1.5 Flammable and combustible liquids, 75 flammable materials, and battery use and storage 76

In engine or machine rooms, incidental storage of 77 flammable and combustive liquids and flammable 78 materials is permissible as long as storage meets the 79 requirements below. Only flammable and combustible 80 liquids and flammable materials specified by 81 manufacturer/designer/Qualified Engineer for the 82 operation and maintenance of funicular equipment may 83 be stored within an engine or machinery room. 84 Quantities shall be consistent with specified usage. 85

Class I flammable liquids shall be contained in UL listed 86 or original container and shall be limited to 2 gallons. 87 Any Class I flammable liquids in excess of 2 gallons 88 shall be contained in an OSHA approved or UL listed 89 flammable liquid storage cabinet. 90

Any Class II or III combustible liquids shall be contained 91 in UL listed or in original container. Any Class II or III 92 combustible liquids in excess of 10 gallons shall be 93 stored in an OSHA approved or UL listed combustible 94 fluid storage cabinet. 95

No flammable materials may be stored in an engine or 96 machine room unless used for the maintenance and 97 operation of funicular. Stored flammable material shall 98 be protected from any source of heat to reduce fire 99 hazard. 100

ANSI B77.2-201X


In engine and machinery rooms, or in other areas 1 where batteries are used or stored, batteries shall be 2 enclosed to reduce risk of damage to equipment or 3 injury to personnel from corrosion or explosion from 4 shorting or arcing or release of flammable gas mixtures. 5 Batteries shall be situated and maintained to reduce fire 6 hazard from flammable, combustive and hydraulic 7 fluids. 8

F.1.6 Signage 9

Flammable and combustible liquid storage cabinets 10 shall be conspicuously labeled, “FLAMMABLE or 11 COMBUSTIBLE, KEEP FIRE AWAY”. Smoking shall 12 not be permitted adjacent to areas where flammable 13 and combustible liquids are stored or other designated 14 locations such as cabins, stations or platforms. “NO 15 SMOKING” signs shall be conspicuously posted. 16

A sign shall be posted stating that “Passengers are 17 prohibited from concealing and/or carrying flammable 18 liquids or gases onto the cabin.” 19

When a fire extinguisher is partially or totally hidden 20 from view within a cabin, a sign stating “Fire 21 Extinguisher” shall be posted to identify the location of 22 the fire extinguisher. 23

F.1.7 Open flames 24

Gasoline, natural gas or liquid phase LP-gas fueled 25 engines shall not be installed in rooms or locations 26 containing fired equipment or open flames. 27

F.1.8 Engine support 28

Engines shall be securely mounted on substantial 29 noncombustible supports. 30

F.2 Electrical installations 31

F.2.1 Hazardous locations 32

Engine rooms or other locations shall not be classified 33 as hazardous locations as defined in Article 500 of the 34 NFPA 70-2020, solely by reason of the engine fuel. 35

F.2.2 Combustion engine wiring 36

Wire and insulation materials shall remain flexible over 37 typical engine operating temperature ranges and have the 38 minimum possible absorption of oils, fuels, and other fluids 39 commonly found on or near the engine. 40

Wiring shall be protected by either fuses or circuit 41 breakers in accordance with its ampacity. Batteries, 42 wiring and electrical protective devices shall be 43 protected against arcing and accidental shorting. 44

F.3 Combustion engine protective devices 45

F.3.1 Evacuation power unit 46

Engines used only for evacuation purposes shall be 47 equipped with the following devices: 48

a) an automatic engine shutdown device for low 49 lubricating oil pressure or, in the case of a splash 50 lubricated engine, for low oil level; 51

EXCEPTION – All combustion engines of 50 HP and under. 52

b) all engines must be wired into the emergency 53 shutdown safety function; 54

c) if the engine can drive the rope to exceed 100% 55 of design rope speed under the most unfavorable 56 loading conditions, one of the following devices shall be 57 required: 58

1) Engine governor: The governor shall limit 59 the engine speed to a maximum of 100% of the design 60 rope speed; 61

2) Overspeed device: The overspeed device 62 shall initiate an engine shutdown if the line speed exceeds 63 the design speed by more than 10%. 64

F.3.2 Prime mover 65

Engines intended for continuous operation shall have 66 the devices specified in F.3.1 and the following 67 additional protection shall be provided: 68

a) an automatic engine shutdown device for engine 69 over speed which shall initiate an engine shutdown 70 when the lift speed exceeds the design speed by 10%; 71

b) an automatic engine shutdown device for high 72 coolant temperature. 73

F.4 Fuel supply and location 74

F.4.1 Structural members used as fuel tanks 75

Structural members shall not be used as fuel tanks or 76 contain fuel tanks. 77

F.4.2 Outside aboveground fuel supply tanks 78

Outside aboveground fuel supply tanks, including those 79 incorporating secondary containment, shall be built in 80 accordance with recognized standards of design or 81 approved equivalents. Tanks shall be built, installed, 82 and used within the scopes of their approvals. 83

F.4.3 Underground tanks and piping 84

Underground tanks and piping containing flammable 85 liquids shall comply with all federal, state and local 86 regulations. 87

F.4.4 Provisions for internal corrosion 88

Tanks shall be designed to protect against internal 89 corrosion in accordance with the American Petroleum 90 Institute, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, or 91 the Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Standards. 92

F.4.5 Fuel Tanks 93

F.4.5.1 Fuel Tank Capacity 94

Fuel tanks shall have adequate capacity to permit 95 uninterrupted operation during the expected operation 96 period. 97

F.4.5.2 Integral or day tanks 98

Integral or day tanks shall be of steel or aluminum with 99 weld or brazed joints. 100

F.4.5.3 Integral tanks 101

Class IB liquids: The storage capacity of an “integral 102

ANSI B77.2-201X


tank” shall not exceed 25 gallons (95 liters). 1

Class II liquids: The storage capacity of an “integral or 2 day tank” shall not exceed 660 gallons (2500 liters) per 3 tank. 4

F.4.5.4 Day or supply tanks 5

Day or supply tanks shall be securely mounted on 6 substantial noncombustible supports. 7

F.4.5.5 Supply Tanks 8

Aboveground Class IB and Class II tanks at ground 9 level shall be located a minimum of 10 feet (3 meters) 10 horizontally from a vertical plane created by the path of 11 the haul rope. 12

Underground supply tanks shall comply with all federal, 13 state and local regulations. 14

F.4.5.6 Supply tanks located aboveground 15

Fuel tanks greater than 25 gallons (95 liters) capacity 16 located above grade shall have secondary containment. 17 Alternately, a wall, curb or dike having a capacity at 18 least equal to that of the largest surrounded tank, or a 19 wall, curb, or dike of lesser capacity equipped with an 20 overflow or drainage system that shall be adequate in 21 size and location to convey any spillage of fuel to a tank 22 or other containment. 23

F.4.5.7 Marking fuel tanks 24

When a fuel tank is partially or totally hidden from view 25 within a machine room, any surfaces blocking the tank 26 from view shall be conspicuously marked to inform 27 personnel of the presence of the fuel tank. Markings 28 shall define the limits and contents of the fuel tank. 29

F.4.6 Fuel flow control 30

F.4.6.1 Liquid fuel supply systems 31

Liquid fuel supply systems, including drains from 32 carburetors, shall be designed and installed to minimize as 33 far as practicable the accidental discharge of fuel into the 34 engine room or structure. Adequate alarms, float-35 controlled valves, and mechanical or remote reading level 36 gauges or protected sight gauges shall be installed to aid 37 personnel in properly operating the fuel system. 38 Stationary powered fuel pumps supplying integral or day 39 tanks shall have “stop” controls sensitive to a tank’s high 40 liquid level. 41

If a supply tank is located higher than the engine room 42 floor, an anti-siphon device is required. 43

F.4.6.2 Pumps 44

Where supplied by pumps, day tanks or integral tanks 45 shall be provided with an overflow return line, a high 46 level alarm, and a high level automatic shutoff. The 47 overflow line shall be continuous piping to the supply 48 tank without valves or traps. Its capacity shall exceed 49 the delivery capacity of the supply lines it serves. 50

F.4.6.3 Engine air intake 51

Overflows, vents, and fuel piping of fuel tanks shall not 52

be located at or near engine air intake, exhaust piping, 53 mufflers or filters. 54

F.4.7 Filling 55

F.4.7.1 Fill pipes 56

Fill pipes located beyond the sides of a building or 57 engine room shall have a locked fuel cap. Fill pipes 58 shall be located to avoid toxic fumes and fire hazard 59 during refueling. 60

F.4.7.2 Gasoline and diesel fuel tanks 61

Fuel tanks shall be filled by a closed piping system. 62

EXCEPTION – Fuel tanks may be filled by other than closed piping 63 systems when engine is shut down and with no passengers on the 64 funicular. If containers are utilized for filling, they must be UL listed. 65

F.4.7.3 Fuel quality 66

A procedure or program shall be established to ensure 67 a liquid fuel’s quality is suitable for use in the intended 68 combustion engine. 69

F.4.8 Fuel piping, valves, venting, piping and 70 fittings 71

F.4.8.1 Atmospheric storage tanks 72

Atmospheric storage tanks shall be adequately vented 73 to prevent the development of vacuum or as a result of 74 filling or emptying and atmospheric temperature 75 changes. Normal vents shall be piped. 76

EXCEPTION – Integral tanks of 25 gallons or less do 77 not require vent piping. 78

F.4.8.2 Normal vents 79

Normal vents and piping shall be sized in accordance 80 with either: 81

a) the American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 82 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage 83 Tanks, or; 84

b) another accepted standard, or shall be at least 85 as large as the filling or withdrawal connection, 86 whichever is larger, but in no case less than 1-1/4 87 inches (32 mm) nominal inside diameter. 88

F.4.8.3 Fill or withdrawal connection 89

If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one fill or 90 withdrawal connection and simultaneous filling or 91 withdrawal can be made, the vent size shall be based 92 on the maximum anticipated simultaneous flow. 93

F.4.8.4 Vent pipe outlets 94

Vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class IB, or Class II 95 liquids shall be located so that vapors are released at a 96 safe point outside of terminal enclosure or other 97 buildings and not less than 12 feet (3.66 meters) above 98 the adjacent ground or normal snow level. Vapors shall 99 be discharged upwards or horizontally away from 100 adjacent walls to assist in vapor dispersion. Vent 101 outlets shall be located so that flammable vapor will not 102 be trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall be 103 at least 5 feet (1.53 meters) from building openings. 104

ANSI B77.2-201X


F.4.8.5 Location and arrangement of vents for 1 Class II liquids 2

Vent pipes from tanks storing Class II liquids shall 3 terminate outside of the building and be higher than the 4 fill pipe opening. Vent outlets shall be above normal 5 snow level. They may be fitted with return bends, 6 coarse screens, or other devices to minimize ingress of 7 foreign material. 8

F.4.8.6 Vent piping for storage 9

Tank vent pipes and vapor return piping shall be 10 installed without sags or traps in which liquid can 11 collect. Condensate tanks, if utilized, shall be installed 12 and maintained so as to preclude the blocking of the 13 vapor return piping liquid. The vent pipes and 14 condensate tanks shall be located so that they will be 15 protected from physical damage. The tank end of the 16 vent pipe shall enter the tank through the top. 17

F.4.8.7 Vent manifolding 18

Vent piping for storage tanks storing Class IB liquids 19 shall not be manifolded with vent piping for tanks with 20 Class II liquids unless positive means are provided to 21 prevent the vapors from Class IB liquids from entering 22 tanks storing Class II liquids to prevent contamination 23 and possible change in classification of the less volatile 24 fuel. 25

F.4.8.8 Emergency relief venting 26

Every aboveground storage tank shall be equipped with 27 additional venting that will relieve excessive internal 28 pressure caused by exposure to fires. 29

F.4.8.9 Piping systems 30

Piping systems shall be substantially supported and 31 protected against physical damage and excessive 32 stresses. The use of approved metallic or nonmetallic 33 flexible connectors for protection against damage 34 caused by settlement, vibration, expansion, contraction 35 or corrosion is acceptable. 36

F.4.8.10 Valves 37

Sufficient valves shall be provided to control flow of 38 liquid fuel in the normal operation and to shut off the 39 flow of fuel in the event of a pipe break. These valves 40 shall be adequately labeled at the valve. 41

F.4.8.11 Openings for gauging 42

Openings for gauging on tanks storing Class IB liquids 43 shall be provided with a vapor tight cap or cover. The 44 cap or cover shall be closed when not gauging. 45

F.4.8.12 Fill pipes and discharge lines 46

For top-loaded tanks other than day or integral tanks, a 47 metallic fill pipe shall be designed and installed to 48 minimize the generation of static electricity by 49 terminating the pipe within 6 inches (152 mm) of the 50 bottom of the tank, and it shall be installed in a manner 51 that it is resistant to damage from vibration. 52

F.4.9 Transfer of liquid fuel to engines 53

Liquid fuel shall feed to engines by pumps only. If the fuel 54 tank(s) are located above the engine fuel intake, the fuel 55 tank shall be equipped with an anti-siphon device. 56

F.5 Exhaust piping 57

F.5.1 Design and construction 58

F.5.1.1 Engine exhaust 59

Engine exhaust discharge systems shall be designed 60 on the basis of flue gas temperatures (see 1.4 – flue 61 gas temperature). 62

F.5.1.2 Exhaust pipes 63

Exhaust pipes shall be of wrought iron or steel and of 64 sufficient strength to withstand the service. Fittings of 65 cast iron shall be acceptable. 66

F.5.1.3 Low points 67

Low points in the exhaust system shall be provided with 68 suitable means for draining of condensate. 69

F.5.2 Installation 70


Exhaust pipes shall terminate outside the terminal, 72 building or engine room. Hot gases or sparks shall not 73 be discharged against combustible material, other 74 adjacent buildings, into atmospheres containing 75 flammable gases or vapors or combustible dusts. Exhaust 76 pipes shall not terminate under loading platforms or 77 structures, or near ventilation air inlets. Additionally, 78 exhaust pipes shall be adequately supported and shall be 79 connected to the engine or muffler so that emission of 80 sparks, flame or gas within the structure is prevented. 81

F.5.2.2 Flexible connections 82

Where necessary, a flexible connector shall be provided 83 in an exhaust pipe from the engine to minimize the 84 possibility of a break in the engine exhaust system 85 because of engine vibration or heat expansion. This 86 connection shall not permit the release of dangerous 87 quantities of gas into the engine room. 88

F.5.2.3 Exhaust system guards 89

Exhaust stacks, manifolds and turbochargers within 90 reach of personnel shall be equipped with guards or 91 heat shields for a distance of 8 feet (2.44 meters) above 92 the floor or other walking or working surface, or to the 93 ceiling if less than 8 feet (2.44 meters). 94

F.5.3 Clearance from combustible materials 95


Exhaust pipes shall be installed with clearances of at 97 least 9 inches (230 mm) to combustible material, except 98 as provided in F.5.3.2 and F.5.3.3. 99

F.5.3.2 Exhaust pipes through roofs 100

Exhaust pipes passing directly through combustible 101 roofs shall be guarded at the point of passage by 102 ventilated metal thimbles that extend not less than 9 103 inches (230 mm) above and below roof construction 104

ANSI B77.2-201X


and are at least 6 inches (150 mm) in diameter larger 1 than the exhaust pipe. 2

F.5.3.3 Exhaust pipes through walls 3

Exhaust pipes passing directly through combustible 4 walls or partitions shall be guarded at the point of 5 passage by one of the following methods: 6

a) metal ventilated thimbles not less than 12 inches 7 (305 mm) larger in diameter than the exhaust pipe, or; 8

b) metal or burned fire clay thimbles built in 9 brickwork or other approved fireproofing materials 10 providing not less than 8 inches (200 mm) of insulation 11 between the thimble and combustible material. 12

F.6 Fire protection 13

F.6.1 Fire extinguishers, classification 14

F.6.1.1 Low hazard 15

Operator and attendant building (enclosed work 16 positions) used for the operation and maintenance of a 17 funicular which are not designated as a Moderate 18 Hazard shall be classified as Light (Low) Hazard, as 19 defined by NFPA 10-2018. 20

Carriers shall be classified as Light (Low) Hazard as 21 defined by NFPA 10-2018. 22

Light (Low) Hazard areas shall be protected by a 23 minimum of a 10-lb. (or two 5-lb.) Dry Chemical ABC 24 fire extinguisher or equivalent. 25

F.6.1.2 Moderate hazard 26

Terminals and intermediate stations or other buildings 27 with engine rooms or machine rooms shall be classified 28 as Ordinary (Moderate) Hazard, as defined by NFPA 29 10-2018. 30

Ordinary (Moderate) Hazard areas shall be protected by 31 a minimum of a 20 lb. (or two 10-lb. or four 5-lb.) Dry 32 Chemical ABC fire extinguisher or equivalent. 33

F.6.2 Fire extinguishers, location 34

Extinguishers shall be conspicuously located where they 35 will be readily accessible and immediately available in the 36 event of fire. Preferably, they shall be located along 37 normal paths of travel, including exits from areas. Both 38 attended and unattended carriers shall have extinguishers 39 located in passenger cabins. Attended carriers shall have 40 an extinguisher located in carrier operator’s immediate 41 vicinity. (See F.1.6 Signage) 42

F.6.2.1 Obstructions 43

Extinguishers shall not be obstructed or obscured from 44 view. 45

F.6.2.2 Mounting 46

Extinguishers shall be installed in a bracket and 47 protected from dislodgment and physical damage. 48

F.6.2.3 Travel distances 49

Travel distances within an engine room or machine 50 room for portable extinguishers shall not exceed 30 feet 51

(9.1 meters). Extinguishers should be placed at regular 52 intervals within an engine room or machine room so 53 that the maximum walking distance from any point to 54 the nearest extinguisher does not exceed the maximum 55 travel distance. 56

EXCEPTION – The travel distance between fire extinguishers can be 57 increased to 50 feet (15.25 meters) maximum, if the area is protected 58 with a 20 lb. Dry Chemical ABC fire extinguisher or equivalent. 59 F.6.3 Inspection and maintenance of fire 60 extinguishers 61

Each extinguisher shall have a tag or label securely 62 attached that indicates the month and year of 63 inspections, maintenance, recharging and identifies the 64 person performing the following services. 65

a) monthly inspections (see F.6.3.1); 66

b) annual Maintenance (see F.6.3.2); 67

c) recharging (see F.6.3.3). 68

F.6.3.1 Inspection 69

F.6.3.1.1 Frequency 70

Extinguishers shall be inspected when initially placed in 71 service and thereafter at approximately 30-day intervals 72 during funicular operation and the inspection recorded 73 in the maintenance log. 74

F.6.3.1.2 Procedures 75

Periodic inspections shall include a check of at least the 76 following items: 77

a) located in designated place; 78

b) no obstructions to access or visibility; 79

c) operating instructions on nameplate legible and 80 facing outward; 81

d) seals and tamper indicators not broken or 82 missing; 83

e) determine fullness by weighing or “hefting” 84 (CO2); 85

f) examine for obvious physical damage, corrosion, 86 leakage, or clogged nozzle; 87

g) pressure gauge reading or indicator in the 88 operable range or position. 89

When an inspection of any rechargeable extinguisher 90 reveals a deficiency in any of the conditions listed in (c), 91 (d), (e), (f), and (g) stated above, it shall be subjected to 92 applicable maintenance procedures. When an inspection 93 of any non-rechargeable dry chemical extinguisher reveals 94 a deficiency in any of the conditions listed in (c), (d), (e), 95 (f), and (g) stated above, it shall be discharged, marked 96 “used” and removed from service. 97

F.6.3.2 Maintenance of fire extinguishers 98

F.6.3.2.1 Frequency 99

Extinguishers shall be subjected to maintenance not 100 more than one year apart or when specifically indicated 101 by an inspection. 102

ANSI B77.2-201X


F.6.3.2.2 Maintenance 1

Maintenance procedures shall include a thorough 2 examination of the three basic elements of an 3 extinguisher: 4

a) mechanical parts; 5

b) extinguishing agent, and; 6

c) expelling means. 7

EXCEPTION – During annual maintenance, it is not necessary to 8 internally examine non-rechargeable extinguishers, carbon dioxide 9 extinguishers, or stored pressure extinguishers except for those types 10 specified in NFPA 10-2018, 4-4.1.1. However, such extinguishers 11 shall be thoroughly examined externally in accordance with the 12 applicable item (a) stated above. 13

Every six years, stored rechargeable pressure 14 extinguishers shall be emptied and subjected to the 15 applicable maintenance procedures. When the 16 applicable maintenance procedures are performed 17 during periodic recharging and hydrostatic testing, the 18 six-year requirement shall begin from that date. 19

EXCEPTION – Non-rechargeable extinguishers shall not be 20 hydrostatically tested but shall be removed from service at a 21 maximum interval of 12 years from the date of manufacture. 22 F.6.3.3 Recharging of fire extinguishers 23

All rechargeable extinguishers shall be recharged after 24 any use or as indicated by an inspection or when 25 performing maintenance. When performing the 26 recharging, the recommendation of the manufacturer 27 shall be followed. Only those agents specified on the 28 nameplate, or agents proven to have equal chemical 29 composition and physical characteristics shall be used. 30

F.6.4 Operating instructions of fire extinguishers 31

Operating instructions shall be located on the front of 32 the extinguisher. Other labels and markings shall not 33 be placed on the front. 34

EXCEPTION – In addition to manufacturers’ labels, other labels that 35 specifically relate to operation, classification, or warning information 36 shall be permitted on the front. 37

F.6.5 Automatic fire detection and alarms 38

All engine rooms located beneath the path of the haul 39 rope (vaulted) shall have an automatic fire detection 40 system conforming to ANSI/NFPA 72-2016. Actuation 41 of a single smoke detector or other automatic fire 42 detection device shall immediately activate an audible 43 and visual alarm at an operator station from which 44 emergency action can be initiated. 45

F.6.5.1 Cabin Fire Detection 46

Fire detection devices are required on cabins that travel 47

in tunnels longer than 1000 feet (305 meters). Devices 48 shall transmit an alarm to the cabin operator or to the 49 drive terminal control station if cabin is unattended. 50

If there is risk that fire will damage a fire detection 51 device on board a cabin, and risk can cause operation 52 failure, there shall be: 53

(a) For an attended cabin; 54

1) A dedicated bidirectional audible 55 communication system between the cabin and 56 terminal control station (i.e. “push to talk” full 57 duplex phone systems); 58

2) Cabin operator and passengers communicate 59 with each other either orally or via a specific 60 device 61

(b) For an unattended cabin; 62

1) A dedicated bidirectional, audible 63 communication system shall remain 64 operational during the cabin evacuation period. 65

F.7 Liquefied petroleum gas 66

F.7.1 Fuel handling and location 67

LP-gas shall be handled in accordance with the latest 68 edition of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 69 ANSI/NFPA 58. 70

The minimum horizontal separation between a liquefied 71 petroleum gas (LP-gas) container and a Class I, II, or III 72 liquid storage tank shall be in accordance with 73 ANSI/NFPA 30. 74

Any aboveground or underground ASME LP-gas 75 containers shall be located a minimum horizontal 76 distance from a funicular terminal enclosure or 77 operator/attendant station or work position as listed in 78 ANSI/NFPA 58, Appendix I. 79

ASME container offset distances: 80

- 125 to 500 Gallons Water Capacity 10 feet 81 (3.05 meters) minimum. 82

- Up to 2000 Gallons Water Capacity 83 (Underground) 10 feet. (3.05 meters) minimum. 84

- Up to 2000 Gallons Water Capacity 85

(Aboveground) 25 feet (7.6 meters) minimum. 86

NOTE- Regardless of its size, any ASME container filled on-87 site must be located so that the filling connection and fixed 88 liquid level gauge are at least 10 feet from external source of 89 ignition. 90

ANSI B77.2-2014

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex G – Page 50 July 2020

Annex G (informative)

International system of units (SI) metric conversion factors

The ropeway industry is an international industry. Manufacturers and authorities having jurisdiction may be involved in using a variety of dimensional factors in describing their equipment. The following is offered as assistance.

To convert from To Multiply by

Acceleration feet per second2 meter per second2 (m/s2) 3.048 000 E–01 inches per second2 meter per second2 (m/s2) 2.540 000 E–02 feet per minute2 meter per minute2 (m/m2) 1.828 800 E+00

Angle degree (angle) radian (rad) 1.745 329 E–02 minute (angle) radian (rad) 2.908 882 E–04 second (angle) radian (rad) 4.848 137 E–06

Area feet2 meter2 (m2) 9.290 304 E–02 inch2 meter2 (m2) 6.451 600 E–04

Bending Moment of Torque pound-foot • inch newton meter (N•m) 1.129 848 E–01 pound-foot • foot newton meter (N•m) 1.355 818 E+00

Bending Moment or Torque per Unit Length pound-foot • foot/inch newton meter per meter (N•m/m) 5.337 866 E+01 pound-foot • foot/inch newton meter per meter (N•m/m) 4.448 222 E+00

Force kip (1000 lbf) newton (N) 4.448 222 E+03 pound-force (lbf avoirdupois) newton (N) 4.448 222 E+00

Force per Unit Length pound-foot/foot newton per meter (N/m) 1.459 390 E+01 pound-foot/inch newton per meter (N/m) 1.751 268 E+02

Length foot meter (m) 3.048 000 E–01 mile (statute) meter (m) 1.609 3E+03 inch meter (m) 2.540 000 E–02

ANSI B77.2-2014

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex G – Page 51 July 2020

To convert from To Multiply by

Mass pound (lb avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E–01 ton (short, 2000 lb) kilogram (kg) 9.071 847 E+02

Mass per Unit Area pound/foot2 kilogram per meter2 (kg/m2) 4.882 428 E+00 pound/inch2 kilogram per meter2 (kg/m2) 7.031 000 E+02

Mass per Unit Length pound-foot • inch kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.448 164 E+00 pound-foot • foot kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.785 797 E+01

Mass per Unit Volume pound/foot3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.601 846 E+01 pound/inch3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 2.767 990 E+04

Temperature degree Fahrenheit degree Celsius (C) t°C = ( t°F – 32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit degree Kelvin (K)) t°K = ( t°F + 459.67)/1.8

Velocity feet/hour meter per second (m/s) 8.466 667 E–05 feet/minute meter per second (m/s) 5.080 000 E–03 feet/second meter per second (m/s) 3.048 000 E–01 inch/second meter per second (m/s) 2.540 000 E–02

Volume feet3 meter3 (m3 ) 2.831 685 E–02 gallon (us dry) meter3 (m3 ) 4.404 884 E–03 inch3 meter3 (m3 ) 1.638 706 E–05 yard3 meter3 (m3 ) 7.645 549 E–01

Volume per Unit Time feet3/minute meter3 per second (m3/s) 4.719 474 E–04 feet3/second meter3 per second (m3/s) 2.831 685 E–02 inch3/minute meter3 per second (m3/s) 2.731 177 E–07

Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol 1000 = 103 kilo k 100 = 102 hecto h 10 = 101 deka da

0.1 = 10-1 deci d

0.01 = 10-2 centi c 0.001 = 10-3 milli m

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex H – Page 52 July 2020

Annex H (Normative) Tunnels and Enclosure Ventilation H.1 Emergency ventilation system 1

The following environmental conditions and the 2 mechanical ventilation system requirements shall be used 3 for a fire emergency within a funicular tunnel or any 4 associated passageway(s) (see 2.1.3.8). 5

NOTE – Annex D provides information on types of mechanical systems 6 for normal ventilation of funicular systems for determining a tenable 7 environment. 8 The following ventilation requirements are based on the 9 length of the underground or enclosed guideway: 10

a) greater than 1000 feet (305 meters) shall require a 11 mechanical emergency ventilation system; 12

b) less than or equal to 1000 feet (305 meters) and 13 greater than 200 feet (61 meters) shall comply with one of 14 the following: 15

1) a mechanical emergency ventilation system shall be 16 provided; 17

2) an engineering analysis to determine the need for a 18 mechanical emergency ventilation system shall be done. 19

c) less than or equal to 200 feet (61 meters), a 20 mechanical emergency ventilation system shall not be 21 required. 22

The mechanical emergency ventilation system shall make 23 provisions for the protection of passengers, employees, 24 and emergency personnel from fire and smoke during a 25 fire emergency. It shall be designed to maintain the 26 required airflow rates for a minimum of 1-hour but not less 27 than the anticipated evacuation time. 28

H.2 Design 29

The emergency ventilation system shall be designed to do 30 the following; 31

a) provide a tenable environment along the path of egress 32 from a fire incident; 33

b) produce airflow rates sufficient to prevent back-layering 34 of smoke in the path of egress; 35

c) be capable of reaching full operational mode within 120 36 seconds. 37

The design shall encompass the following: 38

d) the heat release rate produced by the combustible load 39 of a vehicle and any combustible materials that could 40 contribute to the fire load at the incident site; 41

e) the fire growth rate; 42

f) tunnel and enclosure geometries; 43

g) a system of fans, shafts, and devices for directing 44 airflow in tunnels and enclosures; 45

h) a program of predetermined emergency response 46 procedures capable of initiating prompt response from the 47 operator in the event of a fire emergency. 48

H.3 Emergency ventilation fans 49

The ventilation system fans that are designated for use in 50 fire emergencies shall be capable of satisfying the 51 emergency ventilation requirements in either the supply or 52 exhaust mode. Individual emergency ventilation fan 53 motors shall be designed to achieve their full operating 54 speed in no more than 30 seconds from a stopped 55 position when started across the line and in no more than 56 60 seconds for variable speeds motors. 57

Emergency ventilation fans, their motors, and all related 58 components exposed to the exhaust airflow shall be 59 designed to operate in an ambient atmosphere of 482°F 60 (250°C) for a minimum of one hour with actual values to 61 be determined by analysis. In no case shall the operating 62 temperatures be less than 300°F (149°C). 63

NOTE – Examples of fan rating systems are given in Annex D. 64 Local fan motor starters and related operating control 65 devices shall be located away from the direct airstream of 66 the fans to the greatest extent practical. Thermal overload 67 protection devices on motor controls of fans used for 68 emergency ventilation shall not be permitted. 69

Fans associated only with passenger or personnel comfort 70 and that are not designed to function as a part of the 71 emergency ventilation system shall shut down 72 automatically on identification and initiation of a fire 73 emergency ventilation program so as not to jeopardize or 74 conflict with emergency airflows. Non-emergency 75 ventilation airflows that do not impact the emergency 76 ventilation airflows shall be permitted to operate where 77 identified in the engineering analysis. 78

Critical fans required in battery rooms or similar spaces 79 where hydrogen gasses or other hazardous gasses might 80 be released shall be designed to meet the ventilation 81 requirements of ANSI/NFPA 91-2020, Standard for 82 exhaust systems for air conveying of vapors, gasses, 83 mists, and noncombustible particulate solids. These fans 84 and other critical fans in automatic funicular control rooms, 85 communications rooms, and other related 86 enclosures/spaces shall be identified in the engineering 87 analysis and shall remain operational as required during 88 the fire emergency. 89

H.4 Ventilation Components 90

Components that are interrelated with the emergency 91 ventilation fans and that are required to meet the 92 emergency ventilation system airflows shall be structurally 93 capable of withstanding both maximum repetitive and 94 additive piston pressures of moving funiculars and 95 emergency airflow velocities. 96

Components shall be constructed of noncombustible, fire-97 resistant materials capable of functioning at anticipated 98 operating temperatures. 99

EXCEPTION – Finishes applied to noncombustible devices. 100 Component controls shall be protected against fire in the 101

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Annex H – Page 53 July 2020

immediate area to the greatest extent practical. 1

Shafts that penetrate the surface and that are used for 2 intake and discharge in fire or smoke emergencies shall 3 be positioned or protected to prevent re-circulation of 4 smoke into the system through surface openings. If this is 5 not possible, surface openings shall be protected by other 6 means to prevent smoke from re-entering the system. 7 Adjacent structures and property uses also shall be 8 considered. 9

H.5 Emergency ventilation system control/operation 10

Operation of the emergency ventilation system 11 components shall be initiated from the supervisor’s control 12 station. The supervising station shall receive verification 13 of proper emergency ventilation fan(s) and interrelated 14 device(s) response. Local controls shall be permitted to 15 override the central supervising station in all modes in the 16 event where the central supervising station becomes 17 inoperative or where the operation of the emergency 18 ventilation system components is specifically redirected to 19 another site. 20

Operation of the emergency ventilation system shall not 21 be discontinued until directed by the supervisor. 22

H.6 Power and wiring 23

The power for the emergency ventilation fan plants shall 24 originate from two separate and distinct utility sources. 25 The feeders from those two sources to the individual 26 components shall be isolated from one another to the 27 greatest degree possible. If a second feeder is not 28 available, an emergency backup system shall be 29 permitted to provide the second power source if designed 30 to meet the demands of the emergency modes. Where an 31 emergency backup system is utilized, it shall comply with 32 the provisions of ANSI/NFPA 110-2019, Standards for 33 emergency and standby power systems. 34

All wiring materials and installations shall conform to the 35 requirements of ANSI/NFPA 70-2020, National Electrical 36 Code, and in addition, shall satisfy the following 37 requirements: 38

a) materials manufactured for use as conduits, raceways, 39 ducts, boxes, cabinets, equipment enclosures, and their 40 surface finish shall be capable of being subjected to 41 temperatures up to 932°F (500°C) for 1 hour and shall not 42 support combustion under the same temperature 43 condition. Other materials, when encased in concrete, 44 shall be acceptable; 45

b) all conductors shall be insulated. Ground wires shall 46 be permitted to be bare. All thicknesses of jackets shall 47 conform to ANSI/NFPA 70-2020; 48

c) all insulation shall conform to Article 310 of ANSI/NFPA 49 70-2020 and be moisture- and heat-resistant types 50 carrying temperature ratings corresponding to the 51 conditions of application and in no case lower than 194°F 52 (90°C); 53

d) wire and cable constructions intended for use in control 54 circuits and power circuits to related emergency devices 55

shall pass the flame- propagating criteria of IEEE Std 383-56 2003, Standard for type tests of Class 1E electrical cables, 57 field splices, and connections for nuclear power 58 generating stations; 59

e) all conductors for emergency ventilation fans and 60 related emergency devices shall be protected from 61 physical damage by funicular vehicles or other normal 62 funicular system operations and from fires in the funicular 63 system by suitable embedment, encasement, or location. 64 Encased conductors shall be enclosed in their entirety in 65 armor sheaths, conduits, or enclosed raceway boxes and 66 cabinets, except in ancillary areas or other nonpublic 67 areas. Conductors in conduits or raceways shall be 68 permitted to be embedded in concrete or to run in 69 concrete electrical duct banks but shall not be installed 70 exposed or surface-mounted in air plenums that might 71 carry elevated temperatures accompanying fire 72 emergency conditions; 73

f) overcurrent elements that are designed to protect 74 conductors serving motors for both emergency fans and 75 related emergency devices that are located in spaces 76 other than the main electrical distribution system 77 equipment rooms shall not depend on the thermal 78 properties for operation. 79

H.7 Emergency ventilation system testing 80

The Manufacturer or a Qualified Engineer shall furnish a 81 written procedure to be followed for testing the ventilation 82 system. This procedure shall be performed during the 83 acceptance test and then at the frequency specified not to 84 exceed one year. 85

B77.2 Final Ballot Annex J – Page 54 July, 2020

Annex J (Normative)

Safety-Related Control Function Performance

Annex J relates to product design and more 1 specifically to the design of safety-related control 2 functions only. Annex J should not be used outside 3 of this intended purpose. 4

The performance of safety-related control functions 5 shall be specified relative to the level of 6 corresponding risk being controlled. The process 7 defined herein shall be utilized for estimating risk and 8 defining a suitable level of performance for each 9 applicable safety-related control function identified in 10 this standard, and when defining additional safety-11 related control functions not currently specified. 12

Tables with criteria for selecting risk parameters and 13

estimating risk, including an example 5-step process 14 are included in the pages following. Risk shall be 15 estimated without the effect of the applied safety-16 related control function in place. 17

Table J.8 Provides a benchmark and identifies both 18 nominal and minimum risk reduction levels for each 19 safety-related control function specified in this 20 standard. 21

The designer shall specify, design and validate each 22 safety-related control function in accordance with 23 ISO 13849-1:2015 & ISO 13849-2:2012, or IEC 24 62061:2015 (See Table J.6) 25

26 27

AND Severity of possible harm (S) RISK =

Likelihood of harm occurring (L)

+

Frequency of the hazardous situation (F)

+

Probability of avoiding or limiting harm (A)

Probability of harm (P)


Risk Parameter Selection Tables 1

Table J.1 - Severity (S)

Severity of harm that might occur as a result of the hazardous situation (S)

Major irreversible injury such as losing an eye or limb, or fatality 4

Irreversible injury such as a major broken limb(s) or losing finger(s) 3

Major reversible injury requiring attention from a medical practitioner, such as minor broken bones 2

Reversible injury requiring general first aid 1

The estimation of severity should be conservative, yet reasonable. For example, a fatality is certainly possible when someone trips and falls while walking along a sidewalk, but this is not very likely. It is more reasonable to assume that a person will catch and brace them self during the fall, suffering bruising and lacerations possibly a sprained wrist or minor fracture. For this example, a reasonably conservative selection might be (S) = 2.

2 Table J.2 - Hazard Exposure Frequency (F)

Frequency of the hazardous situation (F)

once per hour or more 5

several times per day but less than once per hour 4

several times every two weeks but less than once per day 3

several times per year but less than once every two weeks 2

less than once per year 1

Note – Exposure frequency is the frequency of the hazardous situation and should not be misconstrued with the frequency for which the hazard situation is monitored. For example, a system might continuously monitor for an overspeed condition, while an overspeed condition in a well-tried and proven drive control system might only occur only once or twice per year due to an unforeseen system dynamic. For this example, a reasonably conservative selection might be (F) = 2.


1

Table J.3 - Probability of Harm (P)

Probability of harm occurring during the hazardous situation (P)

Very high 5

Likely 4

Possible 3

Rarely 2

Negligible 1

Depending on the application and the conditions, not every hazardous situation will result in harm. For example, if a carrier travels between stations with an open door, the possibility of a passenger falling out of the carrier through the open door is feasible but very rare, and a reasonable selection might be (P) = 2 to maybe 3. Another situation, however, might be a carrier arriving at a terminal at a speed for which it cannot decelerate and stop safely, the probability of passengers being injured as a result would be likely to very high, and a reasonably conservative selection might be (P) = 5.

2

Table J.4 Probability of Avoidance (A)

Probability of avoiding or limiting harm (A)

Impossible 5

Possible in some, but not all foreseen circumstances 3

Possible in all foreseen circumstances 1

Many factors can influence a person’s ability to avoid a hazard or limit harm. For instance, the speed of which the hazard arises, the person’s awareness of the hazardous situation and their reaction time, their ability to escape or brace themselves, etc. For example, if a carrier door were to open, in most cases it would be possible for passengers to back away from the door or secure themselves from falling out, but in the rare situation the door may open unexpectedly and it might not be possible to avoid falling out. In this example, a reasonably conservative selection would be (A) = 3. Another situation, however, might be a carrier arriving at a terminal at a speed for which it cannot decelerate and stop safely, where the probability of being able to grab a handle or brace themselves well enough to reduce or limit harm might be impossible, where a conservative selection might be (A) = 5.

3


Risk Reduction Level Assignment and Circuit Performance 1

2

Table J.5 – RRL Assignment Matrix

Severity (S) Likelihood of harm occurring (L) = F + P + A

(3-4) (5-7) (8-10) (11-13) (14-15)

4 RRL2 RRL2 RRL2 RRL3 RRL3

3 RRL-LOW RRL0 RRL1 RRL2 RRL3

2 RRL-LOW RRL-LOW RRL0 RRL1 RRL2

1 RRL-LOW RRL-LOW RRL-LOW RRL0 RRL1

3

Table J.7 Reserved for future use. 4

5

Table J.6 RRL correlation to performance and safety integrity levels

Risk Reduction Level (RRL) ANSI B77.2

Safety Integrity Level (SIL) IEC 62061

Performance Level (PL) ISO 13849-1

RRL3 3 e

RRL2 2 d

RRL1 1 c

RRL0 1 b

RRL-LOW N/A a

Note: All safety-related control functions shall be specified, designed, and validated in accordance with ISO 13849-1:2015 & ISO 13849-2:2012, or IEC 62061:2015


Example RRL selection process 1

Step 1: Create a tabular worksheet like the one below. All notes and assumptions utilized in the selection of each 2 parameters shall also be documented, either in additional columns or another document. 3

Step 2: Estimate the risk parameters S, F, P, and A utilizing Tables J.1 thru J.4 and enter these parameters into 4 their respective columns. 5

6

Step 3: Calculate the likelihood (L) by adding parameters F, P, and A, and enter this value into the likelihood column. 7

8

Step 4: With (S) and (L) derived above, use Table J.5 to derive the RRL value. 9

Severity (S) Likelihood of hazardous event (L) = F + P + A

(3-4) (5-7) (8-10) (11-13) (14-15)

4 RRL2 RRL2 RRL2 RRL3 RRL3

3 RRL-LOW RRL0 RRL1 RRL2 RRL3

2 RRL-LOW RRL-LOW RRL0 RRL1 RRL2

1 RRL-LOW RRL-LOW RRL-LOW RRL0 RRL1

10

Step 5: Use table J.6 to find the required PL or SIL value relative to the derived RRL. For this example, RRL2 = 11 PLd (ISO 13849) or SIL2 (IEC 62061). 12

13

Hazardous Situation

Severity (S) Frequency (F) Probability (P) Avoidance (A) Likelihood (L) =

(F + P + A) RRL

Hazardous Situation


(F + P + A) RRL

Example Hazardous Event 3 2 4 5

Hazardous Situation


(F + P + A) RRL

Example Hazardous Event 3 2 4 5 11

Hazardous Event Severity (S) Frequency (F) Probability (P) Avoidance (A) Likelihood (L) =

(F + P + A) RRL

Example Hazardous Situation

3 2 4 5 11 RRL2


Table J.8 – Risk Reduction Level (RRL) 1

The purpose of Table J.8 is to serve as a benchmark for safety-related control function design. The values for 2 RRLNominal were derived through Ad Hoc committee assessment activities. The values for RRLMinimal are a simple 3 reduction of 1 from the nominal RRL to accommodate various applications whilst maintaining a minimum 4 benchmark. 5

RRLNominal is the recommended risk reduction level to be applied to the defined safety-related control function. 6 When this value is applied, it is not necessary to perform a risk estimation process unless the ropeway is of a 7 novel or atypical ropeway design. Applying a risk reduction level higher than RRLNominal to a safety-related control 8 function is acceptable. 9

RRLMinimum is the lowest recommended risk reduction level that may be applied to the defined safety-related 10 control function. It may only be applied when a risk estimation process has been performed and documented in 11 accordance with Annex J and can be justified. Applying a risk reduction level lower than RRLMinimum may also be 12 justified in certain applications where conditions are warranted (See section 1.2.3 Exceptions.) 13

14

Item Hazardous Situation Safety-Related Control Function

Section RRLMinimum RRLNominal

1 Passengers exposed to severe oscillations in carrier speed during operation

Over Acceleration 2.1.1.4 RRL-Low RRL0

2 Passengers exposed to high (forward) forces created by excessive carrier deceleration during operation, such as when slowing or stopping

Over Deceleration 2.1.1.5 RRL-Low RRL0

3

A carrier traveling between terminals with a door not closed and locked, where the doors could potentially be open when departing a terminal, or open on their own or by a passenger during travel between terminals.

Door Closed and Locked Monitor

2.1.13.4.3 RRL1 RRL2

4 Unforeseen event or condition, or the operator perceives a loss of normal funicular control or undetected hazardous situation;

Emergency Shutdown 2.2.3.1 RRL1 RRL2

5 Carrier travels beyond its normal stopping location in either terminal (docking position)

Carrier Overtravel 2.2.3.2 RRL-Low RRL-Low

6

Haul rope carriage tension exceeds its range of normal operation (tension too low or too high).

Note: Scenarios involving too much tension on the haul rope will not likely result in a hazardous event as the specified design parameters for the haul rope would first have to be exceeded.

Tension System Monitoring

2.2.3.3 RRL1 RRL2

7 Carrier travels beyond maximum design speed setpoint by 10%

Carrier Overspeed 2.2.3.5 RRL2 RRL3

8 The speed of the carrier arrives at a terminal entry checkpoint at a speed above the design target entry speed

Speed Regulation Checkpoint Monitoring

2.2.3.7 RRL2 RRL3

B77.2 Funicular Final Ballot Index – Page 60 July, 2020

Index 1

(Numbers refer to subclause in this standard.) 2

This index is intended as a supplement to the table of contents to aid the reader in finding particular subjects or requirements 3 described in this standard. It is not all-inclusive, but rather is directed to the most commonly encountered topics. 4

Subject Subclause Subject Subclause 5

6 7

A Acceleration 2.1.1.4 8 maximum sustained 2.1.1.4.1 9 monitoring 2.2.3.6 10 Acceptance inspection 2.1.1.14 and 11 2.1.1.14.1 12 Acceptance tests 2.1.1.14 and 13 2.1.1.14.2 14 of electrical system 2.2.14.3 15 Access to facilities 2.3.2.4.4 16 Anchorage 2.1.3.1 17 Anchoring devices 2.1.8.7 and 18 A.3.2.2 19 Anemometers (wind gauges) 2.3.2.5.6 20 Attendants 21 definition of (see 1.4) 22 duties of 2.3.2.3.3 23 minimum number of 2.3.2.2 24 requirements for 2.3.2.1.3 25 Audible warning device 2.2.9 26 Authority having jurisdiction (see 1.4) 27 Automatic operation 2.3.2.6 28 Auxiliary power unit (APU) (see 1.4) 29 (also see combustion engines) Annex F 30

B Bearings 2.1.4.9 31 Brakes 2.1.5 32 carrier 2.1.5.3 33 minimum tension 2.1.12.1.2 34 drive bullwheel 2.1.5.2 35 deceleration rate 2.1.5.1 and 36 Table 2-1 37 requirements for 2.1.5 38 service 2.1.5.1 39 testing 2.1.5 40 Buffer, 41 definition (see 1.4) 42 guideway 2.1.11.8 43 counterweight 2.1.8.4.1 44 Bullwheel 45 definition (see 1.4) 46 terminal and stations 2.1.6 47 coefficient of friction 2.1.6.2 and 48 Table 2-2 49 design of 2.1.6.2 50 diameter 2.1.6.2 and 51 Table 2-3 52 general 2.1.6.1 53 drive 2.1.6.1 54 Bypass circuits 2.2.5 55 Bypass requirements 2.3.2.5.9 56

C Cabin 2.1.13.4 57 ADA space 2.1.13.4 58 definitions (see 1.4) 59 doors 2.1.13.4.3 60 capacity posting 2.1.13.14 61 enclosed (see 1.4) and 62 2.1.13.4.1 63 entrances 2.1.13.4.3 64 illumination 2.1.13.4 (a) 65 interior fire resistance F.1.3.2 and 66 2.1.13.4.5 67 open (see 1.4) and 68 2.1.13.4.2 69 structural fire resistivity F.1.3.2 and 70 2.1.13.4.4 71 Capacity 2.1.1 72 change of 1.2.4.4 (b) 73 posting limitations 2.3.1.1 (b) 74 power units 2.1.4.7 75 Carriages, tension 2.1.8.1 76 rigid 2.1.8.2 77 Carrier 2.1.13 78 attachments (haul rope) 2.1.13.3 79 brakes 2.1.5.3 80 brake fluid 2.1.13.1 81 cabin 2.1.13.4 82 damage 2.3.2.5.5 83 definition (see1.4) 84 design of 2.1.13.4 85 evacuation 2.1.1.2.1 86 general 2.1.13.1 87 grouped 2.1.13.1 88 horizontal clearances 2.1.2.4 89 loading platforms 2.1.9.1 90 speed of 2.1.1.4.2 91 testing 2.3.4.4 92 undercarriage 2.1.13.2 93 vertical loads 2.1.13.1 94 vertical clearances 2.1.2.2 95 Circuits 96 bypass circuit 2.2.6 97 design and classification 2.2.2 98 emergency shutdown 2.1.1.5 99 priority 2.2.2.1 100 control function 2.2.4 101 safety function 2.2.3 102 Classification, system 1.2.1 103 Clearances 2.1.2 104 horizontal 2.1.2.4 105 passing zone 2.1.2.4 106 pedestrian 2.1.2.7 107 roadway 2.1.2.6 108 tunnel 2.1.2.5 109 vertical (carrier) 2.1.2.2 110 vertical (guideway) 2.1.2.3 111 width (guideway) 2.1.2.1 112

113


Clearing, width of 2.1.2.1 1 Clutches 2.1.4.9 2 Codes, reference to 1.3 3 Combustion engines 2.3.2.4.3 4 Communications 2.1.10.1 5 Communication wiring 2.2.1.5.2 6 Complex electronic element (see 1.4) 7 Control functions 2.2.4 8 Control functions, safety related 2.2.3, Annex J 9 Definition of (see 1.4) 10 Counterweights 11 (see also Tension Systems) 2.1.8.4 12 general 2.1.8.4 13 buffers 2.1.8.4.1 14 sheaves 2.1.6.3 15 winches 2.1.8.6 16 wire rope 2.1.8.5 17 Couplings 2.1.4.9 18

D Definitions 1.4 19 Design 1.5.1 20 Deropement retention 2.1.6.2 21 Drive bull wheel brake 2.1.5.2 22 Dynamic Testing 2.3.4.2 23

E Electrical 24 acceptance test 2.2.11 25 applicable codes 2.2.1.1 26 circuits – See Circuits 27 design and installation 2.2 28 electronic speed-regulated drives 2.2.7 29 emergency lighting 2.2.11.3 30 emergency shutdown circuit 2.2.3.1 31 general 2.2.1 32 grounding 2.2.1.6 33 lighting 2.2.11 34 lightning protection 2.2.1.6.4 35 manual control devices 2.2.8 36 phase loss protection 2.2.6(a) 37 software security 2.2.10 38 wiring 2.2.1.5 39 Electromagnetic Wire Rope Testing Annex A.4.1.2 40 Emergency shutdown 2.1.1.5 41 circuit 2.2.3.1 42 definition of (see 1.4) 43 Emergency exits 44 cabins 2.1.13.4.1 and 45 2.1.13.4.3(g) 46 enclosed guideways 2.111.2 47 Engineer, Qualified, (see 1.4) 48 Entrances, Facilities 2.3.2.4.3 49 Evacuation 50 alternate carrier docking 2.1.4.7.2 51 carrier 2.1.1.2.1 52 lighting 2.1.1.2.1 53 plan 2.3.2.5.7 54 requirement for 2.1.1.2.1 55 walkways 2.1.1.2.1 56 Evacuation power unit 2.1.4.7.2 57 Definition of (see 1.4) 58 Protective devices Annex F.3.1 59 Exceptions 1.2.3 60 Exhaust systems Annex F.5 61 Existing installations 1.2.4.1 62

63

F 64 Fire detection Annex F.6.5 65 machinery areas 2.1.4.5 and 66 Annex F.6 67 Fire extinguishers 2.1.4.5 and 68 Annex F.6.1 69 cabins 2.1.13.4 and 70 F.1.3.2 71 machinery rooms 2.1.4.6 and F.6.2 72 stations 2.1.10 73 tunnels 2.1.4.6 and 74 F.6 75 First Aid 2.3.2.1.4 76 Flammable materials 77 transportation of 2.3.2.4.5 78 brake fluids – carriers 2.1.13.1 79 Foundations 2.1.3 80 design of 2.1.3.1 81 factor of safety 2.1.1.3.1 82 Fuel storage Annex F.4 83

G Gear box 2.1.4.8 84 Grandfather clause 1.2.4.1 85 Grounding 2.2.1.6 86 drive terminal structure 2.2.1.6.2 87 of structures 2.2.1.6.1 88 of wire rope 2.2.1.6.3 and 89 2.3.2.5.6 90 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) 2.2.1.5.5 91 definition of (see 1.4) 92 Ground fault protection 2.2.1.5.4 93 Guarding 94 for machinery 2.1.4.1 95 for pedestrian 2.1.1.4.3.3 96 Guideway (see 1.4) 97 access 2.1.11.1 98 buffer (bumper) 2.1.11.8 99 curves 2.1.11.4 100 design 2.1.11 101 emergency exit 2.1.11.2 102 end buffers (bumpers) 2.1.11.8 103 inclination 2.1.11.5 104 loads 2.1.11.6 105 passing zone 2.111.7 106 pathways 2.1.1.2.1 and 107 2.1.2.7 108 rails 2.1.11.3 109 sheaves 2.1.7 110 sheave mounting 2.1.7 111 vertical clearances 2.1.2.3 112 width of 2.1.2.1xx 113


H Haul rope (also see wire rope) 2.1.12.1 1 factor of safety 2.1.12.1.1 2 grounding 2.2.1.6.3 3 minimum tension 2.1.12.1.2 4 retention 2.1.12.2 5 Hazardous operating conditions 2.3.2.5.6 6 Horizontal clearances 2.1.2.4 7

I Illumination 2.2.11 8 cabin 2.2.11.2 9 carrier headlights 2.1.13.4 10 machine room 2.1.4.3 11 station 2.2.11.1 12 emergency 2.2.11.3 13 emergency carrier 2.2.11.3.2 14 emergency station/guideway 2.2.11.3.1 15 Inspection 16 acceptance 2.1.14.1 17 carriage attachments 2.1.13.3 18 carrier 2.3.4.4 19 daily pre-operational 2.3.2.4.2 20 general 2.3.4.1 21 wire rope Annex A.3.4.1 22 wire rope – Magnetic Rope Test (MRT) Annex A.3.4.1 23 Installations 1.2.4 24 existing 1.2.4.1 25 modifications 1.2.4.4 26 new 1.2.4.3 27 relocated 1.2.4.2 28 Internal combustion engine Annex F.1 29 exhaust system Annex F.5 30 fire protection Annex F.6 31 fuel storage Annex F.4 32 installation Annex F.1 33 gear shifts 2.1.4.8 34 protective devices Annex F.3 35 Interpretation of standard 1.2.5 36

L Lighting (see illumination) 37 Lightning protection 2.2.1.6.4 38 Loading areas 2.1.9.1 39 operational requirements 2.3.2.5.3 40 Location, requirements for 2.1.1.3 41 Logs 2.3.5 42 Bypass 2.3.2.5.9(d) 43 maintenance 2.3.5.2 44 operational 2.3.5.1 45 wire rope 2.3.5.3 46

M Machinery systems 47 fire detection 2.1.4.5 48 fire extinguishers 2.1.4.6 49 guarding 2.1.4.1 50 housed 2.1.4.3 51 not housed 2.1.4.2 52 Maintenance 53 log 2.3.5.2 54 manual 2.1.15.2 55 personnel 2.3.3.2 56 schedule and requirements 2.3.3 57 Manual stop devices 2.2.8 58 Manuals 59 maintenance 2.1.15.2 60 operational 2.1.15.1 61 Modifications 1.2.4.4 62 Motors 2.1.4.7 63

N New installations 1.2.4.2 and 64 1.2.4.3 65 New materials and methods 1.2.2 66 Normal Stop 2.1.1.5 67 definition of (see 1.4) 68

O Operating personnel 2.3.2 69 duties of 2.3.2.3 70 minimum required 2.3.2.2 71 personnel and supervision 2.3.2.1 72 provisions for 2.1.10 73 safety of 2.2.9 74 Operation 2.3.2 75 Operational log 2.3.5.1 76 Operational manual 2.1.15.1 77 Operational procedures 2.3.2.4 78 Operational requirements 2.3.2.5 79 loading and unloading areas 2.3.2.5.3 80 starting 2.3.2.5.2 81 stops 2.3.2.5.4 82 Operators 83 definition of (see 1.4) 84 duties of 2.3.2.3.2 85 minimum number 2.3.2.2 86 provisions for 2.1.10 87 requirements for 2.3.2.1.2 88 Overhauling loads 89 definition (see 1.4) 90 speed control 2.1.2.4.4 (b) 91 Overspeed device 92 carrier 2.1.2.5.3(f)) 93 drive system 2.2.3.5 94


P Passenger 1 definition of (see 1.4) 2 conduct and responsibilities 2.3.6 3 control of 2.3.2.4.1 4 dexterity and ability 2.3.6.2 5 embarkation and disembarkation 2.3.6.3 6 evacuation 2.1.1.10 7 riding 2.3.6.4 8 weight 2.1.1.1 9 Passing zone 2.1.3.6 10 Pedestrian crossing 2.1.1.4.3.3 11 Personnel safety 12 procedure for 2.3.1 13 provisions for 2.2.9 14 signs 2.3.1.1 15 phase-loss protection 2.2.7 16 Power units 2.2.4.7 17 alternate carrier docking 2.1.4.7.2 18 evacuation power unit 2.1.4.7.2 19 power unit interlock 2.1.4.7.3 20 prime mover 2.1.4.7.1 21 pre-operational inspection 2.3.2.4.2 22 Prime mover 2.1.4.71.1 23 definition of (see 1.4) 24 internal combustion Annex F 3.2 25 Purpose 1.2 26

Q Quality assurance program 1.5 27

R Records 2.3.5 28 maintenance log 2.3.5.2 29 operational log 2.3.5.1 30 wire rope log 2.3.5.3 31 Rescue (see evacuation) 32 Relocated Installations 1.2.4.2 33 Rigid mounted tension carriage 2.1.8.2 34 Roadway crossing 2.1.2.6 35 Rollers 2.1.7.2 36 definition of (see 1.4) 37 Rope (see wire rope) 38 39

S Safety 40 maintenance personnel 2.2.9 41 operating personnel 2.2.9 42 personnel 2.3.1 43 Safety related control functions 2.2.3, Annex J 44 Definition of (see 1.4) 45 Scope 1.1 46 Service Brake 2.1.5.1 47 Shafting 2.1.4.9 48 Sheaves 49 definition of (see 1.4) 50 diameter, definition of (see 1.4) 51 guideway sheaves 2.1.4.7 52 design 2.1.4.7.1 53 diameter 2.1.4.7.1 54 load 2.1.4.7.1 55 mounting 2.1.4.7.2 56 retention 2.1.4.7.3 57 tension systems and stations 2.1.6.3 58 definition of (see 1.4) 59 design of 2.1.6.3 60 diameter 2.1.6.3 61 Signs 2.3.1.1 62 cabin 2.1.13.4 63 electrical safety 2.2.9 64 electrical warning 2.2.1.3 65 Software security 2.2.10 66 Specifications 2.1.1 67 Speed 2.1.1.4.2 68 control of 2.1.1.4.4 69 overhauling control 2.1.1.4.4 (b) 70 provisions for 2.1.1.4.3 71 Speed reducers 2.1.4.8 72 Splices Annex A.3.1 73 counterweight rope Annex A.3.1.2 74 repairs Annex A.4.1.4 75 haul rope Annex A.3.1.1 76 inspection Annex A.1.4.2 77 Starting 2.3.2.5.2 78 warning device 2.2.9 79 Stops 2.1.1.5 80 Strand (see 1.4) 81 Structures, design of 2.1.1.6 82 Supervisors 83 definition (see 1.4) 84 duties of 2.3.2.3.1 85 minimum number 2.3.2.2 86 requirements for 2.3.2.1.1 87 Survey, as built 2.1.14.1 88


T Tension, minimum 2.1.12.1.2 1 Tension systems 2.1.8 2 bullwheel carriage 2.1.8.1 3 counterweights 2.1.8.4 4 hydraulic 2.1.8.3 5 overtravel 2.2.3.2 6 pneumatic 2.1.8.3 7 winches 2.1.8.6 8 wire rope 2.1.8.5 9 rigid mounted sheave carriage 2.1.8.2 10 Terminal 11 illumination 2.2.11 12 loading platform 2.1.9.1 13 loading platform cabin interface 2.1.13.4.3 14 ventilation Annex H 15 Termination of daily operations 2.3.2.5.8 16 Test load 17 acceptance 2.1.14.2 18 dynamic 2.3.4.2 19 Testing 20 acceptance 2.1.14.2 21 brakes 2.1.2.6 22 carrier 2.3.4.4 23 dynamic 2.3.4.2 24 electrical 2.2.1 25 emergency ventilation Annex H.7 26 Testing of wire rope Annex A.2 27 procedures Annex A.2.1 28 rejects Annex A.2.4.1 29 reports Annex A.2.3 30 retest Annex A.2.4.2 31 breaking force test Annex A.2.1.3 32 Tunnels 33 evacuation 2.1.1.2.1 34 horizontal clearance 2.1.2.5 35 underground construction 2.1.3.2 36 ventilation systems Annex H 37

U Unloading area 2.1.9.1 38 operational requirements 2.1.9.1 39 Undercarriage 2.1.13.2 40 Underground construction 2.1.3.2 41

V Ventilation system Annex H 42 emergency ventilation Annex H.1 43 control/operation Annex H.5 44 design Annex H.2 45 fans Annex H.3 46 power/wiring Annex H.6 47 testing Annex H.7 48 guidelines Annex D 49 Vertical clearances carriers 2.1.2.2 50 Vertical clearances guideway 2.1.2.3 51 52

W Weight, passenger 2.1.1.1 53 Width of guideway 2.1.2.1 54 Winches, tension systems 2.1.8.6 55 Wind Gauges 2.3.2.5.6 56 Wire Rope 57 accidental damage Annex A.4.1.3.2 58 attachment carrier 2.1.13.3 59 breaking force Annex A.1.3 60 definition of (see 1.4) 61 diameter tolerances Annex A.1.2 62 end connections Annex A.3.2 63 carrier 2.1.13.3 64 counterweight rope Annex A.3.2.1 65 factor of safety for Annex A.3.2.1 66 haul rope 2.1.12.1 67 inspection Annex A.4.1.2 68 log 2.3.5.3 69 maintenance of Annex A.4.1 70 measuring diameter Annex B 71 repair/replacement criteria Annex A.4.1.3.1 72 repair of 73 end connection Annex A.4.2.2 74 haul rope Annex A.4.1.4 75 splice Annex A.4.2.1 76 specifications for Annex A.1.1 77 splices 78 haul rope Annex A.3.1.1 79 tension system Annex A.3.1.2 80 tension minimum 2.1.12.1.2 81 tension system 2.1.8.5 82 tests of Annex A.2.1 83 84

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American National Standard for Funiculars – Safety Requirements · 2020. 7. 29. · Surface Lifts, Tows and Conveyors - Safety requirements, ANSI B77.1-1999.. Section 1 provides