AMERICAN REVOLUTIONAMERICAN REVOLUTION

Unit IIAUnit IIA

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Salutary Neglect/Benign Salutary Neglect/Benign NeglectNeglect

►British absenteeismBritish absenteeism Distance between England and AmericaDistance between England and America Political turmoil and relative peacePolitical turmoil and relative peace

►Colonies virtually on their ownColonies virtually on their own Developed unique economies based on regionDeveloped unique economies based on region Self-governmentSelf-government Still considered themselves as British subjects Still considered themselves as British subjects

entitled to same rights and privilegesentitled to same rights and privileges

Britain Exerts More ControlBritain Exerts More Control

►Navigation Acts strengthenedNavigation Acts strengthened Increased concept of mercantilismIncreased concept of mercantilism Vice-admiralty courtsVice-admiralty courts

►Merchant courts, juryless, “corrupt judges”Merchant courts, juryless, “corrupt judges”

Board of TradeBoard of Trade►Develop mercantilist policies over coloniesDevelop mercantilist policies over colonies

►Molasses Act (1733)Molasses Act (1733) Tax on non-British import of sugarTax on non-British import of sugar

French and Indian War (1754-French and Indian War (1754-1763)1763)

► England vs. FranceEngland vs. France Most Natives allied with Most Natives allied with

FrenchFrench Increased British troop Increased British troop

activity in Americaactivity in America Colonists contributed to Colonists contributed to

efforteffort► Albany Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union

(1754)(1754) Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

► Results/ConsequencesResults/Consequences British victoryBritish victory

► Acquisition of French Acquisition of French Canada and land east of Canada and land east of MississippiMississippi

► War debtWar debt 72M pounds (1755)72M pounds (1755) 129M pounds (1764)129M pounds (1764)

► British believed more control British believed more control necessarynecessary

Colonial prideColonial pride

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763► Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion

(1763)(1763) Extensive Native Extensive Native

alliance to deter alliance to deter colonistscolonists

► PurposePurpose Avoid conflictsAvoid conflicts

► Colonial ReactionColonial Reaction Denial of landDenial of land

Preliminary Rebellions

►Paxton Boys (1764) Pennsylvania Scots-

Irish upset with Quaker government and toleration of natives

Massacred Susquehannock

►Regulators (1764-1771) NC frontiersmen

upset with eastern corruption

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

► The Age of REASONThe Age of REASON► RationalismRationalism► Laws of Nature Laws of Nature

applied to societyapplied to society► DeismDeism

““the clockmaker”the clockmaker” Absent of human Absent of human

affairsaffairs► Inspired by John LockeInspired by John Locke

Second Treatise on Second Treatise on GovernmentGovernment

► PhilosophesPhilosophes► VoltaireVoltaire

Individual libertiesIndividual liberties Freedom of Freedom of

expressionexpression►MontesquieuMontesquieu

Separation of powersSeparation of powers► RousseauRousseau

Social ContractSocial Contract General welfareGeneral welfare

►WollstonecraftWollstonecraft

British Prime MinistersBritish Prime Ministers

Robert Walpole1721-1742

George Grenville1763-1765

William Pitt1766-1768

Frederick North1770-1782

Encouraged unrestricteddevelopment of colonies

Believed coloniesshould foot thebill for wars anddefense

Enforced Parliament’s power but defended colonies and desire for representation

Supported taxationof the colonies andran Parliamentduring Revolution

Charles TownshendChancellor of Exchequer1766-1767

Timeline of Parliamentary ActsTimeline of Parliamentary Acts► Sugar Act of 1764Sugar Act of 1764

Revenue taxRevenue tax

► Quartering Act of 1765Quartering Act of 1765► Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765

First direct taxFirst direct tax

► Declaratory Act of 1766Declaratory Act of 1766 Parliament’s right to tax Parliament’s right to tax

whatsoeverwhatsoever

► Townshend Acts of Townshend Acts of 17671767 Pay royal colonial Pay royal colonial

officialsofficials Writs of assistanceWrits of assistance

► Tea Act of 1773Tea Act of 1773 Support British East India Support British East India

CompanyCompany► ““Intolerable Acts”Intolerable Acts”

Coercive Acts of 1774Coercive Acts of 1774► Massachusetts Government Massachusetts Government

Act (royal appointments)Act (royal appointments)► Port Act (Boston closed)Port Act (Boston closed)► Administration of Justice Act Administration of Justice Act

(trial of royal officials moved)(trial of royal officials moved) Quebec Act of 1774Quebec Act of 1774

► Appointed government; Appointed government; Catholicism recognizedCatholicism recognized

► Prohibitory Act of 1775Prohibitory Act of 1775 Colonies in open rebellionColonies in open rebellion

Parliamentary ActsThe Sugar Act (1764)

►Purpose Increased regulation of

colonial trade Raise revenue for war

debt►Lowered tax rate

Sugar, spices, lumber Vice-admiralty courts

►Colonial Reaction Colonial merchants and

shippers Boycotts

►Repealed in 1766

Parliamentary ActsStamp Act (1765)

►Purpose First direct tax Generate revenue for

troops in America

►Colonial Reaction “No taxation without

representation.” - James Otis

Stamp Act Congress Sons and Daughters of

Liberty Committees of

Correspondence

Parliamentary ActsTownshend Acts (1767)

►Purpose Raise revenue for

administration of colonies

Glass, tea, paper, lead, paint

►Colonial Reaction Letters from a

Farmer in Pennsylvania - John Dickinson

Engraving by Paul Revere, 1768

Boston Massacre (1770)

Parliamentary ActsTea Act (1773)

►Purpose Support British

East India Company

►Reaction Boston Tea

Party

Parliamentary Acts“Intolerable” Acts (1774)

►Purpose Boston Port Act Quartering Act Administration

of Justice Act Massachusetts

Government Act Quebec Act

►Colonial Reaction Suffolk Resolves First Continental

Congress

Which Side Are You On?Which Side Are You On?

► Fought and died in wars Fought and died in wars with Natives and with Natives and European enemiesEuropean enemies

► Risk life and health in a Risk life and health in a new environmentnew environment

► Proud and loyal English Proud and loyal English subjects entitled to rightssubjects entitled to rights

► Developed economies Developed economies which benefit the Empirewhich benefit the Empire

► Familiar with life in Familiar with life in colonies more so than in colonies more so than in EnglandEngland

► God-given libertyGod-given liberty

► Provide protection from Provide protection from Natives and EuropeansNatives and Europeans

► Benefit exceptionally Benefit exceptionally well from success of well from success of British Empire with British Empire with little contributionlittle contribution

► Abide by the rule of lawAbide by the rule of law► Colonists as second-Colonists as second-

class citizensclass citizens► ““virtual representation”virtual representation”► Britons pay 2-3 times Britons pay 2-3 times

taxes than coloniststaxes than colonists

Colonies British Empire/Parliament

Lexington and Concord Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)(April 19, 1775)

► Organization of Organization of militia (Minutemen) militia (Minutemen) compels Governor compels Governor Gage to send 700 Gage to send 700 British soldiers to British soldiers to arrest rebel leaders arrest rebel leaders and confiscate armsand confiscate arms

► William Dawes and William Dawes and Paul ReverePaul Revere

► 8 Minutemen die and 8 Minutemen die and 1 Redcoat wounded 1 Redcoat wounded at Lexingtonat Lexington

► ““Shot heard ‘round Shot heard ‘round the world” at the world” at ConcordConcord

(about from FIU to South Beach)

Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress► Battles of Breed’s Hill Battles of Breed’s Hill

and Bunker Hill (June and Bunker Hill (June 1775)1775) British victory costing British victory costing

1,154 of 2,2001,154 of 2,200 Americans lost 311Americans lost 311

► Olive Branch Petition Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)(July 1775)

► Continental Army and Continental Army and WashingtonWashington

► Prohibitory ActProhibitory Act► Declaration of Declaration of

Independence (July Independence (July 1776)1776)

Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common Common SenseSense► Pamphlet published in January Pamphlet published in January

17761776► Society grows to the point of Society grows to the point of

requiring government with laws requiring government with laws and representationand representation

► Denounces monarchism and Denounces monarchism and aristocracyaristocracy

► ““an island cannot rule a an island cannot rule a continent”continent”

► ““America is not English but a America is not English but a mix of peoples”mix of peoples”

► ““distance a problem”distance a problem”► ““threat of European wars”threat of European wars”► ““colonies exploited”colonies exploited”

Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence (1776)(1776)

► Applies laws of NatureApplies laws of Nature► People’s right to People’s right to

revolutionrevolution ““self-evident”self-evident” ““all men are created equal”all men are created equal” Endowed…with certain Endowed…with certain

unalienable rights…life, unalienable rights…life, liberty, pursuit of liberty, pursuit of happiness”happiness”

► List of grievances against List of grievances against the British Empire, the British Empire, specifically toward George specifically toward George IIIIII

► WHAT’S WRONG WITH WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?

America vs. BritainAmerica vs. Britain► American American

Advantages/TacticsAdvantages/Tactics Militia’s guerilla tacticsMilitia’s guerilla tactics Familiar with the territory Familiar with the territory

and environmentand environment Prolong the warProlong the war Hope for support from Hope for support from

Britain’s enemies (France, Britain’s enemies (France, Spain)Spain)

► American DisadvantagesAmerican Disadvantages No well-trained regular No well-trained regular

army or officersarmy or officers Insufficient funds and Insufficient funds and

suppliessupplies Small support among Small support among

population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 neutral, slaves)neutral, slaves)

► British Advantages/TacticsBritish Advantages/Tactics 11 million Britons to 11 million Britons to

America’s 2.5 million (1/3 America’s 2.5 million (1/3 slaves or loyalists)slaves or loyalists)

World’s largest navyWorld’s largest navy Disciplined and experienced Disciplined and experienced

armyarmy Support from Loyalists, Support from Loyalists,

Natives, and slavesNatives, and slaves Entrenched forts and Entrenched forts and

garrisons in Americagarrisons in America► British DisadvantagesBritish Disadvantages

War debt and war fatigueWar debt and war fatigue American privateers (pirates) American privateers (pirates)

hounded British shipshounded British ships Unpopular home supportUnpopular home support Spread thin around the worldSpread thin around the world

Patriots, Loyalists, NeutralsPatriots, Loyalists, Neutrals► Patriots (aka Whigs) supported Patriots (aka Whigs) supported

independence, but may disagree on course of independence, but may disagree on course of action (war, petition, boycott, etc.)action (war, petition, boycott, etc.) Advocated independence based on rhetoric and Advocated independence based on rhetoric and

education on rights and libertieseducation on rights and liberties

► Loyalists (aka Tories) supported BritainLoyalists (aka Tories) supported Britain Loyalty to the CrownLoyalty to the Crown Agreed about excess taxes, but against separationAgreed about excess taxes, but against separation Fear of a possible American victoryFear of a possible American victory Recent British immigrantsRecent British immigrants

► Some neutral due to ignorance, apathy, or Some neutral due to ignorance, apathy, or economic reasonseconomic reasons

The WarThe War► In the NorthIn the North

Boston under siege and Boston under siege and New York captured in 1776New York captured in 1776

Battles of Trenton (1776) Battles of Trenton (1776) and Princeton (1777) and Princeton (1777) boosted moraleboosted morale

Gates defeats Burgoyne at Gates defeats Burgoyne at Saratoga (Oct 1777)Saratoga (Oct 1777)

Valley ForgeValley Forge► In the WestIn the West

An escalation of Natives vs. An escalation of Natives vs. ExpansionistsExpansionists

Natives lost large amounts Natives lost large amounts of lands in defeatsof lands in defeats

Resentment toward pro-Resentment toward pro-British Natives will lingerBritish Natives will linger

► In the SouthIn the South British plan to capture British plan to capture

Southern ports and lands to Southern ports and lands to launch re-invasion of the launch re-invasion of the NorthNorth

Lord Cornwallis claimed Lord Cornwallis claimed victories, but stalled in the victories, but stalled in the South as Americans South as Americans refortifiedrefortified

Battle of Yorktown (Aug-Oct Battle of Yorktown (Aug-Oct 1781)1781)► Washington’s army, Washington’s army,

Lafayette’s force, and Lafayette’s force, and French fleet laid siege to French fleet laid siege to CornwallisCornwallis

► British surrender led to British surrender led to American victoryAmerican victory

Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)► John Adams, Benjamin John Adams, Benjamin

Franklin, John JayFranklin, John Jay► British recognition of British recognition of

USAUSA► USA granted all lands USA granted all lands

east of the Mississippieast of the Mississippi► Natives left out of the Natives left out of the

treatytreaty► States applying own States applying own

interests led to British interests led to British remaining in remaining in Northwest fortsNorthwest forts

► Brand new and bigger Brand new and bigger nation… What now?nation… What now?

Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West

A New American A New American Society/RepublicanismSociety/Republicanism

► Before the war, the Before the war, the distinction between distinction between elites and commoners elites and commoners was visibly evident was visibly evident given the economical given the economical success of the coloniessuccess of the colonies

► Patriotic rhetoric of Patriotic rhetoric of equality and liberty equality and liberty regained a sense of regained a sense of egalitarianism within egalitarianism within the populationthe population Rights and liberties a Rights and liberties a

central core valuecentral core value Promote the Promote the

common goodcommon good

► Merit, not inheritance, Merit, not inheritance, defined a mandefined a man Against corruptionAgainst corruption

► More and more self-More and more self-made men participate made men participate in political leadershipin political leadership

► Despite a new Despite a new perception, the small perception, the small upper class retained its upper class retained its status as owners of status as owners of most of America’s most of America’s wealthwealth

Women of the RevolutionWomen of the Revolution► Upper-class women Upper-class women

promoted cause promoted cause through through correspondencecorrespondence

► Participated against Participated against Stamp Act and Stamp Act and Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

► Spinning beesSpinning bees

► Ran households and Ran households and estates during estates during husband’s absencehusband’s absence

► Formed campaigns to Formed campaigns to promote war and fundspromote war and funds

► Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams “…“…Remember the Ladies.”Remember the Ladies.”

Blacks and Slaves of the Blacks and Slaves of the RevolutionRevolution

► Increased Increased tensions tensions between colonies between colonies and Britain and Britain inspired slaves inspired slaves to resistto resist

► Most slaves Most slaves sided with Britishsided with British

► Lord Dunmore’s Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation Proclamation (1775)(1775) Join to reassert Join to reassert

royal authorityroyal authority

► 500,000 blacks in America500,000 blacks in America Only 25,000 were free menOnly 25,000 were free men

► Some slaves escaped to freedom in Some slaves escaped to freedom in confusion of warconfusion of war Pose as free menPose as free men Escape on British ships or to British Escape on British ships or to British

territoriesterritories► Participation as PatriotsParticipation as Patriots

Early banEarly ban Armies needed supportArmies needed support

► Northern states lead to abolish or phase Northern states lead to abolish or phase out slaveryout slavery Quakers led the chargeQuakers led the charge Slave imports almost eliminatedSlave imports almost eliminated

► New opportunities, same discriminationNew opportunities, same discrimination Free blacks as second-class citizensFree blacks as second-class citizens Prince Hall and “return to Africa”Prince Hall and “return to Africa” Granted civil rightsGranted civil rights Slavery as “necessary evil”Slavery as “necessary evil”

Natives of the RevolutionNatives of the Revolution

►Half of the population from 1754 to Half of the population from 1754 to 1783 wiped out1783 wiped out

►New land acquisitions led to increased New land acquisitions led to increased hostilitieshostilities

►Adapted lifestyle by incorporating Adapted lifestyle by incorporating European goodsEuropean goods

►Appealed to Congress on recognizing Appealed to Congress on recognizing territories; little to no supportterritories; little to no support