An Insight to Cancer

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AN INSIGHT TO CANCER

PRESENTED BY

SAMPRITI JANA (11106231)

D.Pharm (Ayu)SIDDHENDU BHATTACHARJEE

M.Pharm (Ayu)

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

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CONTENTS

DEFINATION INTRODUCTION

OLDEST DESCRIPTION

ORIGIN OF CANCER (ca) CAUSES

TYPES OF CANCER

SYMPTOMS & SIGN & TESTS.

MODERN KNOWLEDGE OF CANCER

AYURVEDA AND CANCER2


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DEFINATION

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormalcells in the body.*

Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.

* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002267/

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002267/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002267/


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INTRODUCTION WHAT IS CANCER??

Cancer known medically as a broad group ofvarious diseases, all involving unregulated cellgrowth.

Cancer cells divide and grow uncontrollably,forming malignant tumors, and invade nearbyparts of the body.

Spread to more distant parts of the bodythrough the lymphatic system or bloodstream

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph


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Contd.

Not all tumors are cancerous*.

* Moscow JA, Cowan KH. Biology of cancer. In Goldman L, SchaferAI,eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2011:chap185.

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Demonstration of Cancer

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by

out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100

different types of cancer, and each is classified

by the type of cell that is initially affected.

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Contd.

More dangerous, or malignant, tumors formwhen two things occur:

a cancerous cell manages to move

throughout the body using the blood orlymph systems, destroying healthy tissue in

a process called invasion

that cell manages to divide and grow, makingnew blood vessels to feed itself in a process

called angiogenesis.

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Oldest descriptions Human beings and other animals have had

cancer throughout recorded history. So its no

surprise that from the dawn of history people

have written about cancer.

Some of the earliest evidence of cancer is

found among fossilized bone tumors, human

mummies in ancient Egypt.

Growths suggestive of the bone cancer calledosteosarcoma have been seen in mummies.

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Contd. Edwin Smith Papyrus (copy of part of an

ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery)

Describe 8 cases of tumors/ ulcers

Writing says about Cancer

There is no

treatment.

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Origin of the word cancer

The credit goes to Greek physician-Hippocrates- Father of Medicine.

The Roman physician, Celsus translated the

Greek term into cancer, the Latin word forcrab.

Galen used the word oncos (Greek for

swelling) to describe tumors. cancer specialistsoncologists.

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CAUSES, INCIDENCE, AND RISK

FACTORS

Determining what causes cancer is complex.

Many things are known to increase the risk of

cancer-

Radiation- High level of radiation (X-rays)-

breast cancer, thyroid, lung and stomach

cancer.

Ultra-violet radiation- prolonged exposure to

sun- skin damage

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Causes

Viruses- Hepatitis B, HPV- disease such asAIDS.

Chemicals- Pesticides, Nickel, Asbestos,

Benzene- Cigarette smokers-lung cancer.

Tobacco- Smoking- Mouth, larynx, pancreas,

kidney- Mouth, tongue, throat cancer.

Alcohol- Heavy drinkers- Mouth, throat,esophagus, liver.

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Causes

Diet- High fat, high cholesterol- Colon, uterus,

prostate- obesity- breast cancer.

Hereditary- abnormal gene.

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HUMORAL THEORY

HIPPOCRATES believed- body had 4humors

(body fluids): blood, phlegm, yellow bile, andblackbile.

Anexcess of black bilein various body sites was

thought tocause cancer. This theory of cancer waspassed on by the Romans and was embraced by the

influentialdoctor Galens medical teaching

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Lymph theory:

Of all thefluids, themost importantwereblood and

lymph. Stahl and Hoffmantheorized thatcancer was

composed of fermenting and degenerating lymph, varying

in density, acidity, and alkalinity.

lymph theorygained rapid supportand theory said

tumors grow from lymphconstantlythrown out by the

blood.

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Blastema theory

German pathologistJohannesMuller- cancerismade upof

cells and not lymph, but hebelieved thatcancer cells did not

come from normal cells.

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Contd.

Chronic irritation theory- cancersspread like a liquid.

Trauma theory- This belief was maintained

despite the failureof injury to cause cancerinexperimental animals.

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As we age, there is an increase in the number

of possible cancer-causing mutations in ourDNA. This makes age an important risk factor

for cancer.

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Cancer Metastasis

Symptoms of metastasis are due to the spread

of cancer to other locations in the body. They

can include enlarged lymph nodes (which can

be felt or sometimes seen under the skin and

are typically hard), hepatomegaly (enlarged

liver) or splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) which

can be felt in the abdomen, pain or fracture ofaffected bones, and neurological symptoms.

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Pathophysiology

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Some other types of cancers

stomach cancer Brain cancer

Cervical cancer

Hodgkin's lymphoma Kidney cancer

Leukemia

Liver cancer

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

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Contd.

Ovarian cancer

Skin cancer

Testicular cancer Thyroid cancer

Uterine cancer

Lung Cancer.

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Symptoms Symptoms of cancer depend on the type and

location of the cancer.

Lung Cancer- Coughing, chest pain, shortness

of breath

Colon cancer- diarrhea, constipation,and blood in the stool.

Some cancers may not have any symptoms at

all. pancreatic cancer, symptoms often do not start until the disease

has reached an advanced stage.

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The following symptoms can occur with

most cancers Chills

Fatigue

Fever Loss of appetite

Malaise

Night sweats Weight loss

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Like symptoms, the signs of cancer also vary

based on the type and location of the tumor.Common tests include the following:

Biopsy of the tumor

Blood tests (which look for chemicals such as

tumor markers)

Bone marrow biopsy (for lymphoma or

leukemia)

Chest x-ray

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Contd. Complete blood count (CBC)

CT scan

Liver function tests

MRI scan

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Viral and chemical carcinogens year-1915- Katsusaburo Yamagiwa- Tokyo

University- induced cancer in lab animals for

the first time by applying coal tar to rabbitskin.

Clinician John Hill of London recognized

tobacco as a carcinogen.

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Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

During the 1970s, scientists discovered 2 particularlyimportant families of genes related to cancer:

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

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Evolution of cancer treatments

Surgery

Hormone therapy

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

Targeted therapy

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Twenty-first century-Cancer

- monoclonal

antibodies and small signaling pathway inhibitors,

researchers are developing new classes of molecules

such as antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and small

interfering RNA (siRNA), PARP inhibitors. New technology for

producing materials form extremely tiny particles is

leading to very promising imaging tests that can more

accurately show the location of tumors.

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Contd. This term refers to

manipulation of surgical instruments remotely byrobot arms and other devices controlled by a surgeon.

Robotic systems have been used for several types of

cancer surgery; radical prostatectomy is among the

most common uses in surgical oncology.

Expression profiling lets scientists determine relative

output of hundreds or even thousands of molecules(including the proteins made by RNA, DNA, or even

a cell or tissue) at one time.

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Cancer-treatment timeline 1961- The first treatment of cancer patients

with beams of subatomic particles

1963- Allan Cormack of South Africa devises

a method for computerised tomography

scanning

1969- Godfrey Hounsfield creates the CT

scanner at EMI Laboratories, UK

1973- The first PET image is taken by Michael

Phelps and Edward Hoffman

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Contd. 1974- The first commercial PET machine is

built

1975- CT scanners are introduced in hospitals

1980- The first clinically useful magnetic

resonance imaging image is taken

1990- A national breast cancer screening

campaign is started in the UK

1995- Cancer Research UK develops CHART,

a technique for giving radiotherapy in many

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Contd. 2002- The mortality rate of breast cancer is

down by 15% on 1994 levels

Today- Scientists are working on non-invasive

cancer tests, such as the breath test, SIFT.

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CLASSICAL AYURVEDA AND CANCER

Around 5000 years ago- Ayurvedic doctors-

treated treating patients with problems of

abnormal growth or tumors- detailed

descriptions of cancer- Charaka Samhita,

Sushruta Samhita ,Ashtanga Hridayam.

These texts clearly signal the fact that tumors

and cancer are not modern diseases, but are

already for centuries known in Ayurveda.

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SUSHRUTA SAMHITA Arbuda is the Sanskrit word for tumor.

According to Sushrut the three doshas (Vata,

Pitta and Kapha) when aggravated, may

develop a malignant tumor; especially

aggravated Kapha and Vata doshas. Thisaffects the tissue, which might result in

developing a malignant tumor.

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Features of Tumor

Round Firm

Causing mild pain

Large Deeply rooted in the body

Slow growth

Showing no suppuration

A swollen, fleshy growth In the Sushruta Samhita, the internal medicine describes the existence of

benign and malignant tumors in a similar manner. 37


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SUSHRUT DESCRIBES 6 TYPES OF TUMORS

TUMOR CAUSED BY:

(adipose tissue) Affected adipose tissue

(blood tumor) Affected blood

(muscle tumor) Affected muscle tissue

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Charak explains that largeand rough tumors in the

abdomen and intestines,neck and vital organs are

exceedingly difficult tocure.

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ASTANGA HRDAYAM

written a few centuries after Charak and

Sushrut.

gives a summary of the two previous works.

Tumors and cancer are also discussed in this

work.

nine types of benign tumors

From these nine tumors, six are described

that can possibly develop into malignant

tumors (three doshas and three tissues).

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benign tumor

starts to grow

starts to grow

roots deeply into the tissue

Symptoms compatible with increased Kaphadosha and fatty tissue, a malignant tumor is

occurring.

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Contd.

They are no longer removed by the body

grow quickly and cover a large area

Caused by three vitiated doshas and always

affect muscle tissue, adipose tissue and blood.

classification of tumors could be:

a. Granthi

b. Arbuda.

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Other than body functions, there are also mental qualities that can

contribute to the development of a tumor: the Triguna. This concept

exists in the following qualities:

Sattva (goodness, purity)

Rajas (passion)

Tamas (ignorance)

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NAMES TO OF PLANTS TO


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NAMES TO OF PLANTS TO

RECOVER CANCER Bala

Sida cordifolia

Bhringaraj - Eclipta erecta

Dashmooltraditional herbal formula.

guduchi

Tinosporia cordifolia KounchMucuna pruriens

Amrit prashherbal paste.

AshwagandhaWithania somnifera (Indian Ginseng)

Tulsi

Ocimum sanctum vidari-KandaIpomoea digitata

YashtimadhuGlycyrrhiza Glabra

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Directions: Golden Triangle

Modern Science

Traditional Medicine Modern Medicine

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REFERENCES Angiogenesis Inhibitors Therapy: National Cancer Institute. A

fact sheet that describes the process of eliminating the blood

supply to tumors.

www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/digestpage/angiogenesis-

inhibitors

Kardinal C, Yarbro JA. Conceptual history of cancer. Semin

Oncol 1979;6:396408. [PubMed:394325]

The history of cancer. 2009. Web site accessed at:

http://www.bordet.be/en/presentation/history/cancer_e/cancer1

.htm

Dr. Anil Kumar Mehta. Ayurveda and Cancer. P. 1-5

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http://www.bordet.be/en/presentation/history/cancer_e/cancer1.htmhttp://www.bordet.be/en/presentation/history/cancer_e/cancer1.htmhttp://www.bordet.be/en/presentation/history/cancer_e/cancer1.htmhttp://www.bordet.be/en/presentation/history/cancer_e/cancer1.htm


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An Insight to Cancer