An Introduction to Biochemistry and Cells Student Edition 5/23/14 Pharm. 304 Biochemistry Fall 2014...
If you can't read please download the document
An Introduction to Biochemistry and Cells Student Edition 5/23/14 Pharm. 304 Biochemistry Fall 2014 Dr. Brad Chazotte 213 Maddox Hall [email protected]
An Introduction to Biochemistry and Cells Student Edition
5/23/14 Pharm. 304 Biochemistry Fall 2014 Dr. Brad Chazotte 213
Maddox Hall [email protected] Web Site:
http://www.campbell.edu/faculty/chazotte
http://www.campbell.edu/faculty/chazotte Original material only
2004-14 B. Chazotte
Slide 2
GOALS Re-familiarize yourself with chemical functional groups
that are biologically important. Understand how biochemistry is
understood from the basic forces affecting the interaction of atoms
on up to the macromolecular structures of living organisms.
Understand how biochemical reactions and biochemical structures
form the basis for the living cell. Development an understanding of
structure/function as a basis for understanding biochemistry and
life.
Slide 3
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION!
Slide 4
Common Biochemical Functional Groups I Voet, Voet & Pratt
2013 Table 1.2
Slide 5
Common Biochemical Functional Groups II Voet, Voet & Pratt
2013 Table 1.2
Slide 6
Principle Areas of Biochemistry 1.Structural Chemistry: the
components of living matter and the relationship of biological
function to chemical structure. 2.Metabolism: the totality of
chemical reactions that occur in living matter. 3.The chemistry of
the processes and substances that transmit and store biological
information (viz. Molecular Genetics).
Slide 7
Biochemistry: The chemistry of life The chemical and 3-D
structures of biological molecules. The interaction of biological
molecules with each other. The cells synthesis and degradation of
biological molecules The cells use and conservation of energy. The
mechanisms for organizing biological molecules and coordinating
their activities The storage, transmission and expression of
genetic information.
Slide 8
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.4 Timeline of the Evolution of Life on
Earth Evolution: is not directed towards a particular goal, i.e.,
random changes. requires some built-in sloppiness, i.e., adaptable
to unexpected changes. is constrained by the past, i.e., new arises
from the old is ongoing.
Slide 9
The Scale of Life Alberts et al., 2004 Figure 1.9 People tend
to look from the large to the small. In biochemistry one wants to
see how the small creates the large
Slide 10
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.1 Universal Cell Characteristics Where
does biochemistry occur?
Cellular Internal Structures Alberts et al., 2004 Figure 1.7
Human skin cell seen via light microscopy Newt cell seen with DIC
light microscopy
Slide 15
Cell Electron Micrographs Alberts et al., 2004 Figure 1.8Lodish
et al., 20004 Figure 5.42
Slide 16
Cell Nucleus (Eukaryotes) Alberts et al., 2004 Figure 1.15 Site
of genetic material Double membrane around nucleus Pores in
membrane to allow movement of molecules
Slide 17
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.12 Human Chromosome Alberts et al.,
2004 Figure 1.16
Slide 18
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.11 Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope
Slide 19
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.9 Cell Endomembrane System Electron
micrographs
Slide 20
Cell Organelles Rough ER: protein synthesis Smooth ER: lipid
synthesis, drug and toxic compound metabolism Golgi: receives and
often chemically modifies molecules made in ER directing them to
other locations including the cell exterior. An asymmetric
organelle, e.g. cis and trans sides Lysosomes: contain enzymes that
digest proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids cellular
recycling centers Peroxisomes: vesicles performing a number of
oxidative reactions to degrade amino acids and fats- produce free
radicals that can damage the cell thus isolated from cell
Mitochondria: cell power plants; metabolic centers
Slide 21
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.13Mitochondrion Alberts et al., 2004
Figure 1.17 Chazotte, 2002 MA04006_08.TIF
Slide 22
The Cytoskeleton Actin Filaments (SF) Microtubules (MT)
Intermediate Filaments [Also seen here: Polyribosomes (R)] A
dynamic structure responsive to the cells needs and the
environment. Structures are built up from monomeric subunits.
Slide 23
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.16a Cytoskeleton: Actin Filaments
Stress Fibers Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.17 Actin protein found in all
eukaryotic cells. Monomers assemble in presence of ATP to form 6-7
nm filaments
Slide 24
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.16ab Formed
from and tubulins 22 nm hollow tube structure Undergo constant
polymerization and depolymerization Other proteins move along
microtubules using ATP as energy
Slide 25
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.16c Cytoskeleton: Intermediate
Filaments 8 10 nm filaments Several proteins involved in reversible
binding Distribution subject to regulated changes Provide
mechanical support
Slide 26
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.18 Cell Organelle Transport
Slide 27
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.19 The Cells Molecular Motors Use
energy of ATP for protein to move on microtubule There is a
polarity to movement on the microtubules a particular protein will
move unidirectionally
Slide 28
The Cytoplasm Is actually crowded, highly organized and
dynamic. Filaments & organelles are dynamic Endomembrane system
separates specific metabolic processes & provides surfaces for
enzyme-catalyzed reactions Exocytosis & endocytosis provide
paths between the cell interior and the surrounding medium
Slide 29
Lehninger 2000 Figure 2.22 Cellular Connections Animal cells
Provide barrier between tissue & external environment
Strengthen physical connections between cells Provide small
reinforced openings between adjacent cells through which ions,
electric currents, and small molecules can pass.
Slide 30
Extracellular Matrix The complex network of polysaccharides
(e.g. glycosamineglycans) or proteins (e.g. collagen) secreted by
cells that serves as a structural element in tissues and also
influences their development and physiology.
Slide 31
End of Lecture Excellent Website for cell images by the
American Society for Cell Biology: The Cell Image Library
http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/
