An introduction to the OECD Development Centre

1 AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANKAFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

An introduction to theAn introduction to the OECD Development CentreOECD Development Centre

European CommissionBrussels 12 September 2006

Javier Santiso, Deputy Director and Chief Economist, OECD Development Centre


A bridge between OECD Members A bridge between OECD Members and Partners …and Partners …

… to engage in dialogue on development issues

of mutual strategic interest …

… and foster capacity building in policy development


… OECD members and partnersGoverning Board open to non-OECD: South Africa, Brazil, Chile, India, Romania, Thailand are members

… research and policyIntellectual autonomy, no obligation of consensus

… policy communitiesAll development policies, not just aid

… different actors (private, public, etc.)Informal dialogue

The OECD’s Knowledge Centre The OECD’s Knowledge Centre on Developmenton Development

A bridge between …


Part of the OECD’s Part of the OECD’s Development ClusterDevelopment Cluster

OECD Development Cluster

Sahel & West Africa Club(SAH - 1975)

DevelopmentCentre

(DEV - 1962)

Africa Partnership

Forum(APF - 2006)

DevelopmentAssistance Committee(DAC - 1961)

• Club of bilateral donors

• Best practice• Peer reviews

Informal discussion Forum OECD /

ECOWAS + Mauritania & Cameroon

• Bridge OECD members and partners

• Research / policy• Intellectual autonomy

• Informal dialogue

Monitoring commitmentsG8/OECD – AU/NEPAD


Programme of Work 2005-2006Programme of Work 2005-2006

Monitoring economic Performance (AEO …)

Monitoring public opinion

Development Finance

Policy coherence

Strengthening productive

capacity building

Governance,institutions

Horizontal, e.g.: Impact of China & India on Africa, Agricultural policy,

Impact of migrations …


A resource for policy makers, researchers, students, A resource for policy makers, researchers, students, investors, …investors, …

A tool for policy dialogue amongst African partners A tool for policy dialogue amongst African partners (APRM, …) and with their partners (EC, G8, OECD)(APRM, …) and with their partners (EC, G8, OECD)

An innovative product (new indicators …)An innovative product (new indicators …) An innovative process (tri-partnership OECD-ADB-An innovative process (tri-partnership OECD-ADB-

EC, network of African experts, gradual transfer EC, network of African experts, gradual transfer 2002-07…)2002-07…)

African Economic Outlook:African Economic Outlook: monitoring the performance of African monitoring the performance of African

economieseconomies


African Economic Outlook 2006African Economic Outlook 2006

European CommissionBrussels 12 September 2006


11 What is the African Economic Outlook What is the African Economic Outlook Project?Project?African Performance: A two Speed African Performance: A two Speed Continent?Continent?

22

Promoting Transport InfrastructurePromoting Transport Infrastructure33


What is the AEO Project?What is the AEO Project? Joint Publication of the AfDB and the OECD Development Joint Publication of the AfDB and the OECD Development

Centre, supported by the EC – 5Centre, supported by the EC – 5thth edition. edition. Independent, comprehensive and comparative analysis Independent, comprehensive and comparative analysis

of 30 countries, combining economic, social and political of 30 countries, combining economic, social and political review and short-term macroeconomic forecasts.review and short-term macroeconomic forecasts.

An input for African policy makers, incl. NEPAD APRM, aid An input for African policy makers, incl. NEPAD APRM, aid practitioners and investors.practitioners and investors.

Annual focus on major theme (2006: transport Annual focus on major theme (2006: transport infrastructure; 2007: access to drinking water and infrastructure; 2007: access to drinking water and sanitation).sanitation).

Improvements in successive editions (peer-review Improvements in successive editions (peer-review process, improved modelling, broader country process, improved modelling, broader country coverage…)coverage…)


AEO 2006AEO 2006

Algeria

Libya Egypt

Mauritania

Mali

Niger

Chad

Dem.Rep. Congo

Sudan

Central AfricanRepublic

Equatorial Guinea

GabonCongo

Cameroon

Angola

Guinea-BissauGuinea

Sierra Leone

Liberia

Côted'Ivoire

Tunisia

BurkinaFaso

Ghana

NigeriaTogo Ethiopia

Somalia

Djibouti

Eritrea

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

SouthAfrica

Botswana

Zimbabwe

Namibia

Zambia

Swaziland

Lesotho

Malawi

Uganda

BurundiRwanda

Madagascar

SenegalGambia

Morocco

Mauritius

Coverage 2006: 30 African countriesCoverage 2006: 30 African countries

90% of GDP90% of GDP87% of 87% of populationpopulation


11 What is the African Economic Outlook What is the African Economic Outlook Project?Project?African Performance: A two Speed African Performance: A two Speed Continent? Continent?

22



Africa’s growth remains robustAfrica’s growth remains robust

Sources: African Economic Outlook 2006, IMF, OECD

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005(e) 2006(p) 2007(p)

grow

th ra

te

Total OECDTotal OECD

AFRICAAFRICA

%


Oil producing countries are leading Oil producing countries are leading growthgrowth

3

4

5

6

7

19971998199920002001200220032004200520062007

Real

GDP

Grow

th

Oil Exporting Countries Total Africa

0 5 10 15 20

GabonCameroon

TunisiaLibya

NigeriaEgypt

AlgeriaChad

Equat. GuineaSudanCongoAngola

Real GDP Growth 2005Source: African Economic Outlook 2006Source: African Economic Outlook 2006

Performance of oil producers

(%)

(%)


Oil importers performed better than Oil importers performed better than expectedexpected

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Oil Importing Countries

0 5 10

Oil importersMadagascar

ZambiaKenya

South AfricaSenegal

MaliBurkina FasoOil exporters

UgandaGhana

EthiopiaTanzania

Mozambique

Real GDP Growth 2005Sources: African Economic Outlook 2006Sources: African Economic Outlook 2006

Best Performers in 2005 (%)

(%)


TThanks to rising commodity prices and hanks to rising commodity prices and increased productionincreased production

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

Jan-

00

Jul-0

0

Jan-

01

Jul-0

1

Jan-

02

Jul-0

2

Jan-

03

Jul-0

3

Jan-

04

Jul-0

4

Jan-

05

Jul-0

5

Jan-

06

Petroleum Gold Copper Aluminium

Sources: African Economic Outlook 2006Sources: African Economic Outlook 2006


Thanks to good harvest … and better Thanks to good harvest … and better internal policiesinternal policies

Inflation is under controlInflation is under control

Sources: African Economic Outlook Sources: African Economic Outlook 20062006

(%)

02468

101214161820

Oil Importers Oil Exporters


Fiscal disciplineFiscal discipline

Budget Balance to GDP Ratio Region 1997-

2003 2004 2005(e) 2006(p) 2007(p) Central Africa -0.7 1.7 6.0 5.7 5.2 East Africa -3.2 -2.7 -3.4 -3.6 -3.3 North Africa -1.6 -0.9 3.2 3.9 3.4 Southern Africa -2.9 -1.8 -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 West Africa -2.5 3.1 6.6 6.3 4.2 Total -2.2 -0.5 2.1 2.3 1.8 Memorandum items: Oil-exporting countries -1.2 1.9 6.4 7.0 5.9 Non oil-exporting countries -3.1 -2.6 -2.4 -2.7 -2.7 Note: Due to lack of data, these aggregates do not include Liberia and Somalia. Source: African Economic Outlook 2006.


… … and increased political stabilityand increased political stabilityPolitical Troubles and Hardening of the Regime

0

50

100

150

200

250

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Har

deni

ng o

f the

regi

me:

wei

ghte

d su

m o

f ev

ents

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Polit

ical

trou

bles

: wei

ghte

d su

m o

f eve

nts

Hardening of the regime indicator Political troubles trend

Sources: African Economic Outlook 2006 Political IndicatorsSources: African Economic Outlook 2006 Political Indicators


Ratio of Trade Balance to GDP Region 1997-

2003 2004 2005(e) 2006(p) 2007(p) Central Africa 11.3 19.7 27.8 28.9 26.3 East Africa -9.6 -12.3 -14.1 -14.3 -13.5 North Africa -1.7 3.5 6.9 7.0 5.0 Southern Africa 3.4 2.1 2.3 4.3 5.6 West Africa 7.2 12.9 14.3 12.9 10.3 Total 1.2 4.3 6.8 7.2 6.3 Memorandum items: Oil-exporting countries 4.4 14.2 19.8 20.1 18.1 Non oil-exporting countries -1.8 -4.2 -5.6 -5.7 -5.8 Note: Due to lack of data, these aggregates do not include Liberia and Somalia. Source: African Economic Outlook 2006.

A divided AfricaA divided Africa


Despite recent improvements, major Despite recent improvements, major development challenges remain …development challenges remain …

Africa is still behind in reaching the MDGsAfrica is still behind in reaching the MDGsProgress Towards Achieving Millennium Development Goals

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Goal 1: Halvethe% of peoplesuffering from

hunger

Goal 2: Achieveuniversalprimary

education(netprimary enrol.

ratio)

Goal 3:Eliminategender

disparity(secondaryeducation)

Goal 4: Reduceby 2/3 under 5mortality rates

Goal 5: Reducematernal

mortality by 3/4

Goal 6: Halt andreverse thespread of

Tubercolosis

Satisfactory Non Statisfactory

Sources: African Economic Outlook 2006Sources: African Economic Outlook 2006


Africa receives about 50 per cent of Africa receives about 50 per cent of total aidtotal aid

Source: OECD/DAC Statistics (2006). DAC Members’ ODA: 1990-2004 and simulations to Source: OECD/DAC Statistics (2006). DAC Members’ ODA: 1990-2004 and simulations to 2006 and 2010, based on Monterrey and subsequent2006 and 2010, based on Monterrey and subsequent commitmentscommitments

0.33

0.22

0.26

0.30

0.36

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.4019

90

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

% o

f GN

I

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

OD

A (2

004

$ bi

llion

)

ODA as a % of GNI (left scale)

Total ODA(right scale)

Total ODA to Africa(right scale)


……with ODA increases driven by debt with ODA increases driven by debt relief and emergency assistancerelief and emergency assistance

Total net official development assistance (ODA), non-aid official flows and private flows in Total net official development assistance (ODA), non-aid official flows and private flows in Africa, 1993-2004Africa, 1993-2004. (Source: OECD/DAC). (Source: OECD/DAC)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

2003 US$ billion

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

other ODA Bilateral debt forgiveness Emergency aid Non-aid official flows Private flows


Progress in diversifying exports is Progress in diversifying exports is variedvaried

Source: Export Diversification Index, African Economic Outlook 2006

The higher the index, the more diversified the The higher the index, the more diversified the economyeconomy

0 10 20 30 40 50

Uganda

Ethiopia

Africa

Tanzania

Kenya

Tunisia

Morocco

19962003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Algeria

Cote d'Ivoire

Mozambique

Cameroon

Senegal

Madagascar

SACU

1996

2003


Long term development Long term development requires capitalising on requires capitalising on

windfall gains & mobilising windfall gains & mobilising additional resources to additional resources to

finance productive activities, finance productive activities, including… including…

transport infrastructuretransport infrastructure


11 What is the African Economic Outlook What is the African Economic Outlook Project?Project?African Performance: A two Speed African Performance: A two Speed Continent? Continent?

22



MDG7Environmental sustainability

MDG6Combating

diseases MDG5Improving maternal health

MDG4Reducing child

mortality

MDG3Eliminate gender

disparity

MDG2Achieve universal

1ary education

MDG 1Eradicate extreme poverty

and hunger

Transport Infrastructure

Improve mobilityReduce prices

Improve mobilityFree time

Women benefit the mostBetter supply of food, water & medicinesFaster hospitalisationBetter supplies &

staff

Better use of networksProject selection


Missing links …

Source: Pourtier (2003)


Transport & insurance costs as % of trade Transport & insurance costs as % of trade valuevalue

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

SSA Least Developed Landlocked

SSA Landlocked

SSA Coastal countries

All land locked Developing

All Developing Countries

OECD Countries IMPORTEXPORT

Source: Faye, McArthur, Sachs and Snow (2004) and UNCTAD (2003)


Critical condition of all transport modesCritical condition of all transport modes

Road– Only 19% is paved (against 27% in lat Am & 43% in South Asia)– 4% of registered vehicles, 10% of total deaths– Accidents cost 3% of GDP every year in Egypt

Rail– 3.5% of developing countries passenger flows, but 20% of GDP

& population

Air– <2% of developing countries passenger and freight flows– Few airports with international standard– 4.5% of traffic, 25% of accidents

Ports– Most ports are under equipped and have reached maximum

capacity– Inefficient: ZAF (17 c.u/h), Dar es Salam (21) ≠ Brazil (42)


1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

300

1300

2300

3300

4300

5300

6300

7300

Tota

l am

ount

($ m

illio

n 20

03)

Year

Total aid in transport Total aid in social and governance sectors

Source: OECD/DAC Creditor reporting System (commitments) data Source: OECD/DAC Creditor reporting System (commitments) data aggregated by sectors : 1980-2004aggregated by sectors : 1980-2004

Shift in ODA to social sectors


Infrastructure is back on donors’ Infrastructure is back on donors’ agendaagenda

Decline in the 1990’s of bilateral ODA, not compensated by multilateral flows– Shift of attention to poverty reduction (MDGs)– Disappointment over past experiences

Renewed interest as shown by report by Commission for Africa and UN Millennium Summit

Bilateral donors insist on linkage between infrastructure & poverty reduction and leverage for private funds (ex: the Emerging Africa Infrastructure Fund)

Increased involvement of non traditional donors (China, Arab countries)


PPP experiences in transportPPP experiences in transport Prompted by lack of public finance and lack of access to

international financial markets, although second-generation second-generation road fundsroad funds and investment of windfall gainsinvestment of windfall gains are helping

Not full privatisationNot full privatisation but concession & management contracts to allow better risk sharing in volatile environment

Positive outcome with respect to transport service deliverytransport service delivery (ex: cargo handling)

Under certain conditions (high private sector stakehigh private sector stake), privatisation of infrastructure is successful (ex. toll road of Maputo corridor)

In most cases, investment in infrastructure remains public


Money is not enoughMoney is not enough Strong regulation needed

– Strong commitment / negotiation skills– Autonomous regulatory body (ex. Zambia)

Better planning (ex. Master Plan for Greater Cairo)– Selection of projects and solve trade-offs– Integration in poverty reduction strategy & medium-term

expenditure framework

Community participation– Maximising employment generation and easing maintenance– Gender dimension is crucial (ensure participation)

Regional cooperation– Economies of scale– Partnering with NEPAD & regional organisations


Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

Contacts:Contacts:www.afdb.orgwww.afdb.org

www.oecd.org/dev/aeowww.oecd.org/dev/aeo

http://www.afdb.org/

http://www.oecd.org/dev/aeo


Top ODA beneficiariesTop ODA beneficiaries

1081.0

1144.1

1159.0

1228.4

1235.8

1357.6

1457.7

1746.0

1815.0

1823.1

Zambia

Angola

Uganda

Mozambique

Madagascar

Ghana

Egypt

Tanzania

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Ethiopia

60.662.563.165.465.767.4

73.284.6

89.190.3

102.7103.9

Equatorial Guinea (18)

Liberia (17)Mauritania (16)

Mozambique (15)Ghana (14)

Sierra Leone (13)

Madagascar (12)

Angola (11)Namibia (10)

Djibouti (9)

Senegal (8)Zambia (7)

Source: OECD/DAC, 2006Source: OECD/DAC, 2006

Net ODA Receipts (USD million) ODA per capita (USD)


Composition of ODA in top ODA Composition of ODA in top ODA beneficiariesbeneficiaries

31

42

28

28

25

34

15

16

4

31

8

2

5

6

9

3

5

4

9

3

17

10

27

17

11

38

52

7

10

40

15

101

13

1

1

5

15

1

2

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Zambia

Tanzania

Ghana

Ethiopia

Egypt

Congo Dem. Rep.

SOCIAL ECONOMICPRODUCTION MULTISECTOR

GENERAL PROGRAMME AID DEBTEMERGENCY OTHERS

Source: OECD/DAC, 2006Source: OECD/DAC, 2006


Transport in Africa & the worldTransport in Africa & the world

Africa North Africa SSA% dvping countries

% world % dvping countries

% world % dvping countries

Population, 2004 20.2 2.3 3.3 11.7 16.9

GDP, 2004 19.7 2.0 12.4 1.2 7.3

Trade, 2004 6.4 0.9 2.4 1.4 4.0Air transport (f), 2004 1.8 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Air transport (p), 2004 1.9 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Rail transport, 2003 3.5 0.2 0.3 1.7 3.2Road transport, 2002 >24.0 n.a. n.a. 7.6 24.0

Sea transport, 2004 43.9 10.4 25.5 7.5 18.4

Source: African Economic Outlook 2006 and various sources

Documents

An introduction to the OECD Development Centre