A&P I 2017 Exam 2A

1) Functions of epithelia include all of the following except A) providing physical protection. B) controlling permeability. C) absorption. D) producing specialized secretions. E) supporting muscle cells.

2) Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are calledA) gap junctions. B) intermediate junctions. C) tight junctions. D) desmosomes. E) junctional complexes.

3) Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by A) keratin. B) interfacial canals. C) a basement membrane. D) a reticular lamina. E) proteoglycan.

4) In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?A) tight junctionsB) basolateral junctionsC) gap junctionsD) hemidesmosomesE) desmosomes

5) You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the A) trachea. B) urinary bladder. C) secretory portions of the pancreas. D) surface of the skin. E) stomach.

6) Which of the following statements about simple epithelia is false? A) They afford little mechanical protection. B) They are characteristic of regions where secretion or absorption occurs. C) They line internal compartments and passageways. D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress. E) They are avascular.

7) The two major types of cell layering in epithelia areA) simple and proper. B) stratified and pseudostratified. C) squamous and simple. D) simple and stratified. E) cuboidal and columnar.

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8) Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are ________ glands. A) apocrine B) sudoriferous C) holocrine D) endocrine E) merocrine

9) The pancreas produces ________ secretions. A) serous and sebaceous B) mucous and acidC) merocrine and holocrine D) exocrine and endocrine E) secretory and absorptive

10) Which cell produces the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue? A) squamous cell B) adipocyte C) fibroblast D) chondroblast E) chondrocyte

11) Cells that store fat are calledA) lipocytes. B) macrocytes. C) adipocytes. D) podocytes. E) melanocytes.

12) The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is A) collagen. B) elastin. C) actin. D) myosin. E) connectin.

13) The three categories of connective tissues areA) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue. B) epithelial connective tissue, muscle connective tissue, and neural connective tissue.C) glandular connective tissue, exocrine connective tissue, and endocrine connective tissue. D) connective tissue proper, cartilage connective tissue, and bone connective tissue.E) areolar connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue.

14) Osseous tissue is also called A) cartilage. B) fat. C) cellulite. D) bone. E) ligament.

15) Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?A) areolar connective tissueB) hyaline cartilage C) elastic cartilage D) fibrous cartilage E) dense regular connective tissue

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16) Unlike cartilage, bone A) is a connective tissue. B) has a matrix that contains collagen. C) is highly vascular. D) has an outer covering. E) has cells within lacunae.

17) The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of A) cutaneous membranes. B) mucous membranes. C) serous membranes. D) synovial membranes. E) the lamina propria.

18) The two components of the integumentary system are the A) epidermis and dermis. B) cutaneous membrane and hypodermis. C) cutaneous membrane and accessory structures. D) integument and hypodermis. E) epidermis and superficial fascia.

19) The tough superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the stratumA) corneum. B) lucidum. C) basale. D) granulosum. E) spinosum.

20) The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the A) dermis. B) subcutaneous layer. C) epidermis. D) stratum basale. E) sebaceous layer.

21) The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue? A) keratinized stratified squamous epitheliumB) simple squamous epithelium C) transitional epithelium D) areolar connective tissue E) nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

22) The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the A) stratum corneum. B) stratum basale. C) papillary layer. D) basal lamina. E) stratum granulosum.

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23) The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are A) carotene, hemoglobin, and xanthophyll. B) carotene, melanin, and hemoglobin. C) melanin, chromatin, and chlorophyll. D) xanthophyll, hemoglobin, and melanin. E) melanin, carotene, and chromatin.

24) All of the following are true of the pigment melanin, except that it A) decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun. B) is usually some shade of brown or black. C) protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation. D) is produced from the amino acid tyrosine.E) is produced by cells called melanocytes.

25) Cyanosis signifies that a patient hasA) had too much sun. B) been kept out of the sun. C) an allergic reaction. D) oxygen-starved skin. E) been exposed to cyanide.

26) Exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of A) hemoglobin. B) carotene. C) collagen. D) keratin. E) melanin.

27) Which of the following is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight?A) vitamin AB) vitamin B C) vitamin CD) vitamin D E) vitamin E

28) Epidermal growth factor exerts which of these effects on the epidermis?A) promotes cell divisionB) stimulates keratin synthesisC) accelerates tissue repairD) speeds up glandular functionE) All of the answers are correct.

29) The protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is A) collagen. B) melanin. C) keratin. D) elastin. E) carotene.

30) A surgical incision parallel to the lines of cleavage A) closes and heals with relatively little scarring. B) has a tendency to reopen. C) heals slower than incisions made perpendicular to the lines of cleavage. D) does not affect the healing process. E) requires no sutures.

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Figure 5-1 The Components of the Integumentary System

Use Figure 5-1 to answer the following questions:

31) From what structure does sensible perspiration occur? A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 9 E) 10

32) Which layer is the primary barrier against environmental hazards? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

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33) Which layer contains most of the accessory structures?A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

34) Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by A) keratinocytes. B) melanocytes. C) dermal papillae. D) soft keratin. E) carotene cells.

35) When the arrector pili muscles contract, A) "goose bumps" are formed. B) hairs are shed. C) sweat is released from sweat glands. D) shivering occurs. E) the skin changes color.

36) Earwax is produced by ________ glands. A) sebaceous B) apocrine sweat C) merocrine sweat D) ceruminous E) eccrine sweat

37) Merocrine sweat contains ________ to protect against bacteria.A) metabolic wastesB) waterC) penicillinD) dermicidinE) organic nutrients

38) Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?A) stem cellB) dissolves matrixC) mature bone cellD) secretes organic matrixE) immature bone cell

39) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) osteoid cells.

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Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone

Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:

40) Which structure is called an osteon? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

41) Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

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42) The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process? A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons B) surface growth of bone C) remodeling of compact boneD) remodeling of spongy bone E) osteoporosis

43) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model. C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoid model.

44) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteolytic C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte

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Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification

Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):

45) Where does growth in length occur?A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

46) What type of tissue occurs at #1? A) elastic tissue B) fibrocartilage C) boneD) hyaline cartilage E) marrow tissue

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47) What process is shown at #6? A) primary ossificationB) secondary ossification C) length growth D) width growth E) fracture repair

48) Identify the structure at #4. A) intramembranous bone B) spongy bone C) hyaline cartilage D) periosteum E) mesenchyme

48) Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except A) vitamin A. B) vitamin E. C) vitamin C. D) the hormone thyroxine. E) vitamin D.

50) The hormone calcitonin functions to A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) decrease the rate of calcium excretion. C) decrease the rate of calcium absorption. D) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts.

Xtra Credit (1 point ea)

1) Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely ________ tissue. A) muscle B) neural C) epithelial D) connective E) adipose

2) Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance and adipocytes and mast cells fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the A) inner wall of a blood vessel. B) lungs. C) spleen. D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle. E) bony socket of the eye.

3) While assessing a patient, you discover that after pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remains peaked. This is a sign of A) hydration intoxication. B) water intoxication. C) dehydration. D) advanced skin cancer. E) malfunctioning elastin.

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4) When stress is applied to a bone, A) the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts. B) osteoclast activity increases and osteoblast activity decreases. C) the bone becomes thin and brittle and ultimately fractures. D) the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress. E) blood supply through the nutrient artery diminishes and thus remodeling proceeds at a much slower rate.

5) In normal adult bones, A) there is no turnover of minerals. B) a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year. C) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed. D) osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases. E) exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling.

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