Anaes Related Drugs

8/16/2019 Anaes Related Drugs

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Basic pharmacology ofBasic pharmacology of

anaesthesia-related drugsanaesthesia-related drugs


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Premedication Drugs

Premedication is defined as administration ofPremedication is defined as administration ofmedication prior to anaesthesia.medication prior to anaesthesia.

Aims:Aims: AnxiolysisAnxiolysis

AnalgesiaAnalgesia

Antisialagogue (drying of airway secretions)Antisialagogue (drying of airway secretions) Anti-emeticAnti-emetic

Acid aspiration prophylaxisAcid aspiration prophylaxis


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MidazolamMidazolam

It is a short acting benzodiazepine.It is a short acting benzodiazepine.

It is the most common drug used for sedationIt is the most common drug used for sedation

and anxiolysis preoperatielyand anxiolysis preoperatiely

Perioperatie indications arePerioperatie indications are

sedatie!anxiolysis!amnesic!anticonulsantsedatie!anxiolysis!amnesic!anticonulsant

Preoperatiely midazolam can be gien iaPreoperatiely midazolam can be gien ia

intraenous or orally.intraenous or orally.


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MidazolamMidazolam (continued)

(continued)

"ose : #ral - $.%mg&'g"ose : #ral - $.%mg&'g

II - $.-$.%mg&'g - $.-$.%mg&'g

* should be gien %$-+$ min preop* should be gien %$-+$ min preop

,ide ffect:,ide ffect:

hypotension! respiratory depression!hypotension! respiratory depression!

apnoeaapnoea

aution:aution: reduce dose in elderly ( ery sensitie )reduce dose in elderly ( ery sensitie )


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DiazepamDi

azepam

It is a long acting benzodiazepineIt is a long acting benzodiazepine

Perioperatie indication are sedation!Perioperatie indication are sedation!

termination of status epilepticustermination of status epilepticus

/or preoperatiely diazepam normally be/or preoperatiely diazepam normally be

gien orallygien orally

"ose: oral $.-$.%mg&'g"ose: oral $.-$.%mg&'g

,ide effect : ,edation! circulatory depression,ide effect : ,edation! circulatory depression


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MorphineMor

phine

It is an opioidIt is an opioid

It be gien before op as an analgesiaIt be gien before op as an analgesia

an be gien ia i or scan be gien ia i or sc "ose: $.0-$.%mg&'g. 1otal dose $ mg."ose: $.0-$.%mg&'g. 1otal dose $ mg.

,ide effect of morphine are histamine,ide effect of morphine are histamine

release! hypotension! bronchospasm! nausea!release! hypotension! bronchospasm! nausea!

omiting! pruritus! dysphoriaomiting! pruritus! dysphoria

,hould be used with caution as it can cause,hould be used with caution as it can cause

prolonged ris' of respiratory depression.prolonged ris' of respiratory depression.


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PethidinePethidine

It is an synthetic opioidIt is an synthetic opioid

2sed preoperatiely as an analgesia (agent2sed preoperatiely as an analgesia (agent

of choice in asthma)of choice in asthma) an be used postoperatiely foran be used postoperatiely for

postoperatie shieringpostoperatie shiering

Analgesic dose -.0mg&'g I&I3Analgesic dose -.0mg&'g I&I3


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PethidinePethidine (continued)(continued)

,ide effect :,ide effect :

4espiratory depression! hypotension!4espiratory depression! hypotension!

dysphoriadysphoria ,hould be used with caution because it can,hould be used with caution because it can

cause seizure in high dosage - maximumcause seizure in high dosage - maximum

daily dose g&day ( %$ mg&'g&day)daily dose g&day ( %$ mg&'g&day)

ontraindication in pt on 3A#Iontraindication in pt on 3A#I


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Atropine sulphateAtropine sulphate

AnticholinergicAnticholinergic

2ses:2ses:

Preoperatie: Antisialogogue! reduce incidence ofPreoperatie: Antisialogogue! reduce incidence of

laryngospasm and reflex bradycardia arrythmialaryngospasm and reflex bradycardia arrythmiaduring general anaesthesiaduring general anaesthesia

Postoperatie: ounteract muscurinic effects ofPostoperatie: ounteract muscurinic effects of

anticholinergic agents used for reersal ofanticholinergic agents used for reersal of

neuromuscular bloc'ing agents.neuromuscular bloc'ing agents.ardiac: ,inus bradycardia or asystole durigardiac: ,inus bradycardia or asystole durig

cardiopulmonary resuscitation or drug toxicity.cardiopulmonary resuscitation or drug toxicity.


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"osage:"osage:

Administered I&I3 at a dose of Administered I&I3 at a dose of

$.$0-$.$%mg&'g$.$0-$.$%mg&'g

Antisialogogue:I ($.5-$.6mg) 5$ min before op .Antisialogogue:I ($.5-$.6mg) 5$ min before op .

7radyarrythmias: adult I&I3 $.0- mg max7radyarrythmias: adult I&I3 $.0- mg max

%mg. hild I&I3 $.$-$.$5 mg&'g max $.6 mg%mg. hild I&I3 $.$-$.$5 mg&'g max $.6 mg


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,ide effects:,ide effects:

"ecrease secretions! decreases lower"ecrease secretions! decreases lower

oesophageal sphincter tone! relaxes bronchialoesophageal sphincter tone! relaxes bronchial

smooth muscle.smooth muscle.

onfusion in elderly.onfusion in elderly.

#bstructie uropathy#bstructie uropathy

ontraindications&Precautions: angle closureontraindications&Precautions: angle closureglaucoma! obstructie uropathy! obstructieglaucoma! obstructie uropathy! obstructie

disease of 8I1.aution in I9"! 3I and feer.disease of 8I1.aution in I9"! 3I and feer.


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GlycopyrollateGlycopyrollate

It is an anticholinergic agentIt is an anticholinergic agent

Perioperatie indication :Perioperatie indication :

7loc'ade of muscarinic effects of7loc'ade of muscarinic effects of

anticholinesterases!anticholinesterases!

Potent antisialogoguePotent antisialogogue

uaternary ammonium thereforeuaternary ammonium therefore

cannot cross blood brain barriercannot cross blood brain barrier "ose i&im : $.$$+-$.$$;mg&'g 5$ min preop"ose i&im : $.$$+-$.$$;mg&'g 5$ min preop


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GlycopyrollateGlycopyrollate (continued)(continued)

,ide effect : Paradoxical bradycardia in small,ide effect : Paradoxical bradycardia in small

doses.doses.

4educes lower oesophageal4educes lower oesophageal

sphincter tone.sphincter tone.

aution in glaucoma and cardioascularaution in glaucoma and cardioascular

disease.disease.


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PromethazinePromethazine It is a phenothiazine groupIt is a phenothiazine group

It has an antihistamine with sedatie andIt has an antihistamine with sedatie and

antiemetic propertieantiemetic propertie

ommonly used as pediatric sedationommonly used as pediatric sedation

"ose $.%0-$.0mg&'g oral"ose $.%0-$.0mg&'g oral

,ide effect extrapyramidal reactions,ide effect extrapyramidal reactions


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MetoclopromideMetoclopromide

A procainamide deriatie.A procainamide deriatie.

It is a pro'inetic drugs .It is a pro'inetic drugs .

Act at the dopaminergc receptor.Act at the dopaminergc receptor.

Increases gastric emptying and lowerIncreases gastric emptying and lower

oesophageal sphinter tone .oesophageal sphinter tone .

"opaminergic anti-emetic"opaminergic anti-emetic

Prescribes for premedication drug in patientPrescribes for premedication drug in patient

at ris' of acid aspiration.at ris' of acid aspiration.

e.g: pregnancy! gastric outlet obstruction!e.g: pregnancy! gastric outlet obstruction!

obese!etcobese!etc


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MetoclopromideMetoclopromide (continued)(continued)

"ose : #ral&I3&I 0-%$mg"ose : #ral&I3&I 0-%$mg

,ide effect: sedation!extrapyramidal&dystonic,ide effect: sedation!extrapyramidal&dystonic

reactions.reactions.

aution with concomitant usage withaution with concomitant usage with

neuroleptic and anticholinergic! patient withneuroleptic and anticholinergic! patient with

abnormal renal or lier function! elderly ..abnormal renal or lier function! elderly ..


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RanitidineRanitidine

8astric P9 increasing drugs8astric P9 increasing drugs

9istamine (9%) receptor antagonist9istamine (9%) receptor antagonist4eduction in gastric acid secretion.4eduction in gastric acid secretion.

2se as premedication drug in patient at ris'2se as premedication drug in patient at ris'

of acid aspirationof acid aspiration


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RanitidineRanitidine (continued)(continued)

"ose :- Adult : #ral - 0$mg #< = morning"ose :- Adult : #ral - 0$mg #< = morning I - 0$-$$mg 9 preopI - 0$-$$mg 9 preop

hild : #ral - % mg&'g&dose % hourlyhild : #ral - % mg&'g&dose % hourly

or + mg&'g at nightor + mg&'g at night

I - mg&'g&dose slowly 6-;I - mg&'g&dose slowly 6-;

hourlyhourly

,ide effect : 8enerally infre>uent. 9eadache!,ide effect : 8enerally infre>uent. 9eadache!

malaise! dizziness! thrombocytopenia (clinicallymalaise! dizziness! thrombocytopenia (clinically

insignificant )insignificant )


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#meprazole#meprazole

Proton pump inhibitor.Proton pump inhibitor.

8astric P9 increasing.8astric P9 increasing.

,ignificantly reduces olume of gastric acid,ignificantly reduces olume of gastric acid

secretion but no effect on gastric emptying.secretion but no effect on gastric emptying.

linical usage: 1reatment of peptic ulcer disease!linical usage: 1reatment of peptic ulcer disease!

peptic esophangitis ! zollinger llison and can alsopeptic esophangitis ! zollinger llison and can also

be use in patient at ris' of gastric acid aspiration.be use in patient at ris' of gastric acid aspiration.


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"osage:"osage:

#ral:+$mg #< = %-5h preop#ral:+$mg #< = %-5h preop I :+$mg oer 5$ minI :+$mg oer 5$ min

,ide effect : In general well tolerated . 9eadache,ide effect : In general well tolerated . 9eadache

and diarrhoea! myalgia! rash and abdominal pain.and diarrhoea! myalgia! rash and abdominal pain.


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Na itrate !"#MNa itrate !"#M

8astric P9 increasing drugs.8astric P9 increasing drugs.

2ses: 8ien as premedication drug for patient at2ses: 8ien as premedication drug for patient at

ris' of gastric acid aspiration in particularris' of gastric acid aspiration in particular

pregnancypregnancy

"ose : #ral"ose : #ral $-5$mls ?5$ min preop$-5$mls ?5$ min preop


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Reversal DrugsReversal Drugs

Includes reersal of :Includes reersal of :

3uscle relaxation3uscle relaxation

"rug action ( antagonist )"rug action ( antagonist )


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NeostigmineNeostigmine

AnticholinesteraseAnticholinesterase

reersal of non-depolarizing muscle relaxantreersal of non-depolarizing muscle relaxant

treatment of myasthenia graistreatment of myasthenia grais

"ose:"ose:

4eersal of muscle relaxant I $.$+-$.$0mg&'g in4eersal of muscle relaxant I $.$+-$.$0mg&'g in

combination with anticholinergic agentcombination with anticholinergic agent


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Aderse&,ide effects:Aderse&,ide effects:

3uscarinic effects3uscarinic effects: nausea! omiting! epigastric: nausea! omiting! epigastric

discomfort! abdominal cramps! increase saliationdiscomfort! abdominal cramps! increase saliation

and bronchial secretions! bradycardia! miosis!and bronchial secretions! bradycardia! miosis!

hypotension.hypotension.


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Nalo$oneNalo$one

#pioid antagonist. Pure mu-receptor antagonist#pioid antagonist. Pure mu-receptor antagonist

2ses:2ses:

. 4eersal respiratory depression due to opiods.. 4eersal respiratory depression due to opiods.

%.the diagnosis of opioid oerdose.%.the diagnosis of opioid oerdose.

"osage:"osage:

4eersal of opioid:4eersal of opioid: adultadult II .0mcg&'g I $. mg.0mcg&'g I $. mg

increments at %-5 minutes interals to theincrements at %-5 minutes interals to the

desired effect.desired effect. hildhild I $.$$0-$. mg&'g repeatedI $.$$0-$. mg&'g repeated

eery %-5 min up to 5 doses if necessaryeery %-5 min up to 5 doses if necessary


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Aderse& side effects:Aderse& side effects:

Abrupt reersal of analgesia may produce aAbrupt reersal of analgesia may produce acatecholamine surge resulting in tachycardia!catecholamine surge resulting in tachycardia!

hypertension! pulmonary oedema and cardiachypertension! pulmonary oedema and cardiac

dysrhythmiasdysrhythmias

4emar's:4emar's:

7eware of renarcotization if reersing long-acting7eware of renarcotization if reersing long-acting

opioid.opioid.

aution in opiod addicts-may precipitate acuteaution in opiod addicts-may precipitate acutewithdrawal.withdrawal.


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%lumazenil%lumazenil

7enzodiazepine antagonist7enzodiazepine antagonist

2ses: reersal of centrally sedatie effects of2ses: reersal of centrally sedatie effects of

benzodiazepines.benzodiazepines.

"ose:"ose: II $.% mg increments up to -% mg$.% mg increments up to -% mg

ontraindicated in patient 'nown allergy. 3ixedontraindicated in patient 'nown allergy. 3ixed

intoxications with benzodiazepine and cyclicintoxications with benzodiazepine and cyclicantidepressants since toxic effect of the latterantidepressants since toxic effect of the latter

may emerge with the reersal of themay emerge with the reersal of the

benzodiazepine effect.benzodiazepine effect.


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aution in seere head inury or epileptic patient.aution in seere head inury or epileptic patient.


Arrythmias!seizuresArrythmias!seizures

4emar's:4emar's:

,pecial precaution in benzodiazepine dependence,pecial precaution in benzodiazepine dependence

because can cause acute withdrawal.because can cause acute withdrawal.7eware of resedation if long-acting7eware of resedation if long-acting

benzodiazepinebenzodiazepine


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3iscellaneous:3iscellaneous:#ther drugs that are commonly used in#ther drugs that are commonly used in

anaesthesia .anaesthesia .

&asopressor ' inotropes&asopressor ' inotropes

lectrolyte replacementlectrolyte replacement

AntiarrythmiasAntiarrythmias

AntihypertensionAntihypertension


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phedrinephedrine

"irect and indirect sympathomimetic (B and C"irect and indirect sympathomimetic (B and C

adrenergic action ).adrenergic action ).

2ses: 1reatment of hypotension particularly2ses: 1reatment of hypotension particularlyfollowing general! spinal or epidural anaesthesia.following general! spinal or epidural anaesthesia.

As a nasal decongestant.As a nasal decongestant.

"ose:5-6 mg repeated ( dilute 5$ mg in $ mls"ose:5-6 mg repeated ( dilute 5$ mg in $ mlssaline) ml increments. I3: 5$ mgsaline) ml increments. I3: 5$ mg


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aution in elderly! hypertension and , disease.aution in elderly! hypertension and , disease.

an cause tachyphylaxis.an cause tachyphylaxis.

Aoid with 3A#I and tricyclic antidepressantsAoid with 3A#I and tricyclic antidepressants

may increase alpha-adrenergic effects ofmay increase alpha-adrenergic effects of

ephedrine.ephedrine.

,ide effect: Increase heart rate and blood,ide effect: Increase heart rate and blood

pressure! acute urinary retention! anxiety!pressure! acute urinary retention! anxiety!

palpitation.palpitation.


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PhenylephrinePhenylephrine

,electie direct-acting B adrenergic agonist.,electie direct-acting B adrenergic agonist.Peripheral asoconstrictionPeripheral asoconstriction

2ses: 1reatment of hypotension.2ses: 1reatment of hypotension.

"ose:"ose:

II $.-$.0 mg increments.$.-$.0 mg increments.

($mg in %$ ml saline! ml ali>uots.)($mg in %$ ml saline! ml ali>uots.)

I3: %-0 mgI3: %-0 mg Infusion: 5$-6$ D&minInfusion: 5$-6$ D&min


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ontraindication&precaution:ontraindication&precaution:

3A#I.3A#I.

aution in elderly or , diseaseaution in elderly or , disease

,ide- effects:,ide- effects:

4eflex 7radycardia! arrhythmias4eflex 7radycardia! arrhythmias


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AdrenalineAdrenaline

ndogenous cathecolamine with alpha and betandogenous cathecolamine with alpha and beta

actionaction

2ses:2ses:. 1reatment of anaphylaxis. 1reatment of anaphylaxis

%. 7ronchodilator%. 7ronchodilator

5. Positie inotrope5. Positie inotrope

+. 8ien by nebulizer for croup+. 8ien by nebulizer for croup


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"ose:"ose:

I&I3&11:I&I3&11:

ml ali>uots of :$ $$$ up to 0-$ ml ($.0- ml ali>uots of :$ $$$ up to 0-$ ml ($.0-

mg)mg)

infusion:infusion: %-%$%-%$ mcg&min($.$+-$.+mcg&min($.$+-$.+ mcg&'g&min)mcg&'g&min)

nebulisation:0ml :$$$nebulisation:0ml :$$$ max dose for infiltration:max dose for infiltration: % mcg&'g% mcg&'g

"ilution: 5mg&0$mlEml&hrEDg &min"ilution: 5mg&0$mlEml&hrEDg &min

"iluent:


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aution in elderly.aution in elderly.

an cause arrhythmias especially with halothane.an cause arrhythmias especially with halothane.

,ide effects:,ide effects:9ypertension! tachycardia! anxiety!9ypertension! tachycardia! anxiety!

hyperglycaemia! arrhythmias.hyperglycaemia! arrhythmias.

4educes uterine blood flow4educes uterine blood flow

4emar's: should be administered ia central4emar's: should be administered ia central

catheter wheneer possible.catheter wheneer possible.


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DopamineDopamine


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ontraindicated in phaeochromocytoma (due toontraindicated in phaeochromocytoma (due to

noradrenaline release)!tachyarrythmias and /.noradrenaline release)!tachyarrythmias and /.

aution in patient with peripheral ascularaution in patient with peripheral ascular

diseasedisease

4emar's:4emar's:

,hould be administered ia central catheter.,hould be administered ia central catheter.


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DoutamineDoutamine

ββ adrenergic agonist! positie inotrope and adrenergic agonist! positie inotrope and

chronotrope. 2se in cardiac failurechronotrope. 2se in cardiac failure

"ose: %.0-$ mcg&'g&min"ose: %.0-$ mcg&'g&min"ilution:%0$mg&0$ml"ilution:%0$mg&0$ml (0mg&ml)(0mg&ml)


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ontraindicated in arrhythmias and hypertension.ontraindicated in arrhythmias and hypertension.


1achycardia! decreased peripheral and pulmonary1achycardia! decreased peripheral and pulmonaryascular resistance.ascular resistance.

4emar's:4emar's:

an cause pan cause phlebitis! but can behlebitis! but can beadministereed peripherallyadministereed peripherally


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NoradrenalineNoradrenaline

Potent cathecolaminePotent cathecolamine αα adrenergic agonist.adrenergic agonist.

asoconstriction.asoconstriction.

2ses: 1reatment of hypotension2ses: 1reatment of hypotension"ose:%-%$ mcg&min"ose:%-%$ mcg&min ($.$+-$.+ mcg&'g&min)($.$+-$.+ mcg&'g&min)

"ilution:"ilution: + mg&+$ml+ mg&+$ml ($$ mcg&ml)($$ mcg&ml)

"iluent: 0F dextrose"iluent: 0F dextrose


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,ide effects: 4eflex bradycardia! arrhythmia!,ide effects: 4eflex bradycardia! arrhythmia!

hypertensionhypertension

4emar':4emar':Administered ia central catheter only.Administered ia central catheter only.

Potentiated by 3A#I and tricyclic antidepressantsPotentiated by 3A#I and tricyclic antidepressants


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&asopressin&asopressin

-A"9.-A"9.

-asoconstriction.-asoconstriction.2ses:2ses:

1reatment of hypotension1reatment of hypotension

1reatment of diabetes insipidus1reatment of diabetes insipidus

"ose: %$ unit&ml in +$ ml


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alcium gluconatealcium gluconate

2ses:2ses:

. lectrolyte replacement. lectrolyte replacement%. Positie inotrope.%. Positie inotrope.

5. 1reatment for hyper'alemia and5. 1reatment for hyper'alemia and

hypermagnesaemia.hypermagnesaemia.

"escription:"escription:

alcium gluconate $F contains a%G %%$alcium gluconate $F contains a%G %%$

Dmol&ml.Dmol&ml.

alcium chloride contains a%G 6;$Dmol&mlalcium chloride contains a%G 6;$Dmol&ml


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"ose:"ose:

%-0 ml $F solution ($mg&'g! $.$ mmol&'g)%-0 ml $F solution ($mg&'g! $.$ mmol&'g)

,ide effects:,ide effects:Arrythmias! hypertension! hypercalcaemiaArrythmias! hypertension! hypercalcaemia

4emar's:4emar's:Jess phlebitis than calcium chlorideJess phlebitis than calcium chloride


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Potassium chloPotassium chlorideride

2ses: lectrolyte replacement2ses: lectrolyte replacement

"ose:"ose:

$-%$ mmol&h (max concentration +$ mmol&litre$-%$ mmol&h (max concentration +$ mmol&litre

peripherally).peripherally).

Kith 8 monitoring:Kith 8 monitoring:

2p to %$-+$ mmol&h ia central line (3ax %$$2p to %$-+$ mmol&h ia central line (3ax %$$mmol&day)mmol&day)

"ilution: gm in 0$mls run oer h"ilution: gm in 0$mls run oer h


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4emar's:4emar's:

"ilute solution before administration with $.HF"ilute solution before administration with $.HF

normal saline!"extrose 0F.normal saline!"extrose 0F.

4apid administration can cause cardiac arrest.4apid administration can cause cardiac arrest.

9igh concentration can cause phlebitis.9igh concentration can cause phlebitis.


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Magnesium sulphate

ssential mineral used to treat:ssential mineral used to treat:.9ypomagnesaemia.9ypomagnesaemia

%.clamptic seizures.%.clamptic seizures.

5. Arrhythmias5. Arrhythmias

3agnesium sulphate3agnesium sulphate

0$FE0$$mg&mlE%mmol 3g%G&ml.0$FE0$$mg&mlE%mmol 3g%G&ml.

&litre.&litre.


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2ses:2ses:

. 9ypomagnesaemia: $-0 mg&'g oer %$ min!. 9ypomagnesaemia: $-0 mg&'g oer %$ min!

then g&h.then g&h.

%. Arrythmias:%. Arrythmias: %g oer $ min.%g oer $ min.

5. clampsia: +g oer $ min then g&h for %+h5. clampsia: +g oer $ min then g&h for %+h..

aution:aution:

Potentiate muscle relaxants.Potentiate muscle relaxants.

3onitoring of serum leel essential during3onitoring of serum leel essential duringtreatment. an cause heart bloc'treatment. an cause heart bloc'



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*odium icaronate*odium icaronate

1reatment for acidosis1reatment for acidosis

"ose:"ose:

Kt('g)x base deficit x $.5) mmolKt('g)x base deficit x $.5) mmol


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AmiodaroneAmiodarone

3ixed class I and III antiarrhythmic3ixed class I and III antiarrhythmicuseful in treatment of supraenticular anduseful in treatment of supraenticular and

entricular arrhythmias.entricular arrhythmias.

"ose:"ose:,hould be diluted with 0F dextrose only,hould be diluted with 0F dextrose only

Joading infusion : 0 mg&'g oer -% 9 thenJoading infusion : 0 mg&'g oer -% 9 then

0mg&'g oer %+h0mg&'g oer %+h

3aximum .% g in %+93aximum .% g in %+9


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ontraindication:ontraindication:

I in ,inoatrial heart bloc'! thyroid dysfunctionI in ,inoatrial heart bloc'! thyroid dysfunctionand pregnancyand pregnancy


ommonly causes thyroid dysfunction! reersibleommonly causes thyroid dysfunction! reersiblecorneal deposits! prolongation of 1 interal.corneal deposits! prolongation of 1 interal.

Jung /ibrosis (rare)Jung /ibrosis (rare)

4emar's: administered ia central catheter.4emar's: administered ia central catheter.


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smololsmolol

,hort acting cardioselectie beta-bloc'er.,hort acting cardioselectie beta-bloc'er.3etabolized by red cell esterases.3etabolized by red cell esterases.

1reatment of supraentricular tachycardia or1reatment of supraentricular tachycardia or

intra-operatie hypertensionintra-operatie hypertension

"ose:"ose:

,1: $.0 mg&'g oer min! then 0$-,1: $.0 mg&'g oer min! then 0$-

%$$Dg&'g&min.%$$Dg&'g&min.

9ypertension:9ypertension: %0-$$ mg then 0$-5$$%0-$$ mg then 0$-5$$Dg&'g&minDg&'g&min

"ilution: %.0g&0$ml"ilution: %.0g&0$ml (0$ mg&ml)(0$ mg&ml)


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ontraindication:ontraindication:

Asthma! heart failure! A bloc'Asthma! heart failure! A bloc'

,ide effects:,ide effects:9ypotension! bradycardia9ypotension! bradycardia


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+aetolol+aetolol

ombined B (mild) and C adrenergic receptorombined B (mild) and C adrenergic receptor

antagonist.antagonist.

7lood pressure control without reflex tachycardia.7lood pressure control without reflex tachycardia.

"uration %-+ h"uration %-+ h

"ose:"ose:0 mg increments up to $$ mg.0 mg increments up to $$ mg.

Infusion:Infusion: %$-6$mg&h%$-6$mg&h

ontraindicated in asthma!heart failure! A bloc'.ontraindicated in asthma!heart failure! A bloc'.

,ide effects:,ide effects: 9ypotension! bradycardia!9ypotension! bradycardia!

bronchospasmbronchospasm


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Anaes Related Drugs