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Analog to Digital Converter
SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-
Mr. Peeyush Sanam Madhusudhan Agarwal
CONTENTS
Definition
Need of ADC in EMBEDDED
Registers of ADC
Types of ADC
Applications
DEFINITION
An analog-to-digital converter, or ADC as it is more
commonly called, is a device that converts analog signals
into digital signals.
OR
An analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A to D) is a
device that converts a continuous physical quantity
(usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the
quantity's amplitude
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
Terminology
analog: continuously valued signal, such as
temperature or speed, with infinite possible values in
between
digital: discretely valued signal, such as integers,
encoded in binary
An embedded system’s surroundings typically involve
many analog signals.
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS
proportionality
Vmax = 7.5V
0V
11111110
0000
0010
0100
0110
1000
1010
1100
0001
0011
0101
0111
1001
1011
1101
0.5V1.0V1.5V2.0V2.5V3.0V
3.5V4.0V4.5V5.0V
5.5V6.0V6.5V7.0V
analog to digital
4
3
2
1
t1 t2 t3 t40100 0110 0110 0101
time
an
alo
g i
np
ut
(V)
Digital output
NEED OF ADC IN EMBEDDED
The microcontroller is a digital device so it needs
digital input to process.
But a number of input devices available which
gives analog signal.
So its necessary to convert analog signals to
digital signals
Its done by Analog to Digital Circuit inside a
microcontroller.
REGISTERS OF ADC
There are four type of register which we use in ADC
A. ADMUX(ADC Multiplexer Selection Register)
B. ADCSRA(ADC Status and Control Register)
C. ADCH Storing the ADC result
D. ADCL
ADMUX(ADC MULTIPLEXER SELECTION REGISTER)
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
REFS1 REFS0 ADLAR MUX 4 MUX 3 MUX 2 MUX 1 MUX 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Initial
value
REFS1 REFS0 Vref
0 0 OFF
0 1 5V
1 0 REVERS
E
1 1 2.56V0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADCSRA(ADC STATUS AND CONTROL REGISTER)
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
ADEN ADSC ADATE ADIF ADIE ADPS2 ADPS1 ADPS0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Initial
value
ADC
enab
le
ADC
start
convers
ion
Auto
trigge
r
enable
Interru
pt flagInterr
upt
enable
ADC pre scale
factor
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
Types of Analog to Digital Converters
1. Counter Type
2. Integrating or Dual Slope
3. Parallel or Flash
4. Successive Approximation
Counter Type
Control Logic
D A C Counter
START
Vin
Comparator
Digital Output
clock
•When START is received,
•control logic initializes the system, (sets counter to 0),
and
•turns on Clock sending regular pulses to the counter.
As the Clock sends regular pulses to the counter, the counter outputs
a digital signal to the Digital-to-Analog converter
D A C Counter
START
Vin
Comparator
Digital Output
clock
Control Logic
Control Logic
D A CCounter
START
Vin
Comparator
Digital Output
clock
As the counter counts, its output to the D A C generates a staircase
ramp to the comparator.
Control Logic
D A CCounter
START
Vin
Comparator
Digital Output
clock
As the ramp voltage increases to the comparator, it rises closer and
closer to Vin at which point the comparator shifts states
Control Logic
D A C Counter
START
Vin
Comparator
Digital Output
clock
Once the digital output has been read by the associated circuitry, a new
start signal is sent, repeating the cycle.
Track & Hold Logic
D A C
Up/Down
Counter
Vin
Comparator
Digital Output
clock
Tracking ADC - similar to the counter type except it uses an
up/down counter and can track a varying signal more quickly
Vin
-Vref
Control logic
Counter
clock
comparator
integrator
Digital Output
Integrating or Dual Slope A/D
Successive-Approximation A/D
Successive
Approximation
Register
D/A ConverterVref
clock
analog
input
Digital
Outpu
t Data
At initialization, all bits from the SAR are set to zero, and conversion
begins by taking STRT line low.
comparato
r
STRT
APPLICATIONS
Music recording
Digital signal processing
Scientific instruments
AND
Thank you……….