Analysis of Artificial Lift Methods

8/18/2019 Analysis of Artificial Lift Methods

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Vertical section Not usually deviated

Gas lift Poor in horizontal

Full horizontal

Jet pump Full horizontal Moderate

Plunger Not used

Full horizontal Good, but rate limited

Chamber lift est in vertical !n"no#n

Rod Pumping

Wide Wide Market $he most popular arti%cial lift system, &'(

Capital Cost

Operating Cost

Downhole Equipment

LiftMechanism

Deviationpplica!ilit"

Lift E#cienc" in$ori%ontal

eam lift)suc"er rods * pump+

Can be run to any

position

-P )electricsubmersible pump+

.cellent)if gas shielded+

$o about /''

Progressive Cavitypump

0o# to moderate1Cost increases #ith depth and larger surfaceunits1

0o# for shallo# to medium depth )2 3'''ft+and lo# production )2&''blpd+1!nits easily changed to other #ells )re4use+#ith minimum cost1

5easonably good rod design and operatingpractices needed1 Good selection operatingand repair practices needed for rods andpumping1


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&acilities &ootprint

E#cienc" 'Operating(

&le)i!ilit" .cellent, can control production rate1

Relia!ilit"

*"stem '+otal(

!sage 6 7utloo"

-mall footprint on surface1Faciliites often have po#er generationalready installed8 hence the addition ofpo#er for a rod pump unit does not have aslarge an impact as for gas compression1

.cellent total system e9ciency1 $ypically :'to ;'(

.cellent8 run time e9eincy P? and5P@s1ach #ell is an individual system1

.cellent, used on about A:( of !->arti%cial lift #ells1 $he normal standardarti%cial lift method1

Volume high liftcapabilities

Fair, restricted to shallo# depths using large

plungers1 Ma.imum rate about &''' bfpdfrom B'''@ * B''' bfpd from :'''@1

Volume lo# liftcapabilities

.cellent, most commonly used method for#ells producing 2B'' bfpd1


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Production rate range

ra#do#n

Flo# stabilityNot recommended for unstable Do#1

5ecovery

5ecommended for constant Ps1

Eater Cut

5ecommended for the full range of #atercut1

5ate is dependent on setting depth1 Feasiblefor lo# rates )2B'' b6d+ and lo# G75)2/:'+1 ?n general due to e9ciency, rodpump is not recommended as a liftmechanism of choice on high producing#ells1

Flo#ing bottom holepressure

$he pump depth and the dynamic headrestrict achieving a lo# FP1 $he e.cellentresult can obtain at inta"e pressure less than/: psig providing adeuate displacementand gas venting,typically about :' to B'' psig FP1

$he pump depth and the dynamic head limitacievable dra#do#n1

5ecommended for primary and secondary#aterDood1

Pressure support)Constant Ps+

5eservoir pressuredecline

?f there is no pressure support from thereservoir, production rate #ill decline and the#ell #ill be Hpumped4oIH1


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Gas oil ratio

ubble point

Gas coning

Eater coning

7il gravity P?1

Fluid viscosity

-afety

Feasible for lo# rate and lo# G75 )2:''scf6stb+1For range :'' to /''', Gassy #ells usually

have lo#er volumetric e9ciency1 Gashandling ability is rather poor if one has topump


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?nta"e capabilities

-urveillance

5eservoir access

Number of #elis

5ecommended for single or more1

Eell intervention

Eell inclination

uals completion

Not recommended1

.cellentK 2/: psi provided adeuetedisplacement * gas venting1 $ypically about:' to B'' psig1

.cellentK can be easily analyzed1 ?mprovedanalysis by use of dynamometers andcomputers1

No reservoir access1 Cnnot run any type ofsurveillance log1

Eor"over or pulling rig1 5un time e9ciency isgreater than ='( if good operating practicesare follo#ed and if corrosion, #a.,

asphatenes, solid, etc11 >re controlled1

Eell suited to vertical #ells1 Not highlyrecommended for deviated1 -lanted andcroo"ed #ells present a friction problem1

$here are increased load and #ear problemsin high angle deviated holes )


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-tart up

epth limit

$emperature limitation

Gas handling ability

7nce po#er is available to the facility, rodpump system #ill be able to be run1

For less than /:'' ft, pump must be landedbelo# dynamic Duid level1 7ptimal to haveinta"e belo# perforations, #hich allo#natural gas separation and vent to annulus1epth is tied to dynamic Duid level1Ma.imum depth is B&,''' ft $V1 ue toe.cessive polished rod load, depth is limited15odsor structure may limit rate at depth1

Casing size limit )3H+ *5estricts tbg size1

Problems only if high rate #ells reuiring

large plunger pumps1 -mall casing sizes)&1:H * :1:H+ may limit free gas separation1

$here is a limitation of do#nhole pumpdesign in of do#nhole pump design in smalldiameter casing1

7perating temperature range from ' to::'f1 Can lift high temperature and viscousoils1

Good if can vent and use gas anchor #ithproper designed pump1 Poor if must pump)


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>sphaltene

Can be treated1

lectrical po#er

Gas source

igh viscosity Duid

handling capability

Good for up to 2/'' cp viscosity Duids andlo# rates )&'' bfpd+1 5od Dil problem for highrates1 igher rates may reuire diluent tolo#er viscosity1For greater than :'' cp, not recommended,as pump e9ciency #ill reduce1

-cale handlingcapability

Good to e.cellent1 atch treating inhibitordo#n annulus feasible1

Para9n handlingcapability

-usceptible to para9n problems1 ot#ater6oil treating and6or uses of scraperspossible, but they increase operatingproblems and costs1

$reatment )-cale *Corrosion inhibitor+

Corrosion and scale treatments easy toperform1 Good batch treating inhibitor do#nannulus used freuently for both corrosionand scale control1

Can use electricity as po#er source1 Primemover De.ibility is goodK either engines ormotors can be used easily )motors morereliable and De.ible+1

Gas engines could be used in locations #ith

no electricity1


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Poor 5euires separation

Varies #ith gas used .cellent .cellent


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Fair,


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Not recommended for unstable Do#1

$he full range of production rates can behandled1Ehen unconstrained an -P can bedesigned to produce the full #ell potential tothe surface )>7F+, thus achieving higherDo# rates than gas lift1

$he full range of produhandled10ess than :' P up tproduction rate cannot

>chieving any FP is not a constraint #ith-P1>7F can be achieved if the #ell andreservoir properties do not constrain the -Pdesign1

For range of B'' to B'target is a minimum ofof lift1?nta"e pressure should#ith lo# G051 For FPpump cannot deliver D

>ny dra#do#n can be achieved #ith a given-P design, ho#ever #ell and reservoirconstraints limit %nal dra#do#n1

Good dra#do#n but cadeplete a #ell1

Continuous and smootDuids1

5ecommended for primary and secondary#aterDood1

5ecommended for pri#aterDood1

5ecommended as an -P is able to movethe same Duid volume no matter #hat#atercut1

5ecommended, as etindependent of #aterc#ell1

Not recommended #hen there is signi%cantpressure drop, the range of production ratesthat a particular -P design can handle islimited1 encethe reservoir condition rate of change #ouldde%ne the -P change out freuency rather

than -P mechanical run life1 Variablefreuency drives )VF+ allo# someoperational De.ibility on matching theproduction rate to the -P design1

Not recommended #hepressure drop in the reproduction rates that adesign can handle is li

design needs to be inlift for the #ell1

5ecommended for the full range of#atercut1 $he -P is largely insensitivt toincreasing #atercut1

5ecommended for theproduction may increa


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Not recommended

No limitations Preferable P?1 P?1

5ecommended for 0ess than :'' scf6stb1Problems #ith gas brea"out in the pump #illbe minimised1For range :'' to /''' scf6stb, theachievable pump rate #ill be limited by the

amount of gas brea"ing out of solution inthe area of the pump1 >n -P can bedesigned to a free gas volume handlingcriteria1o#n hole gas handling euipment may beincorporated into the completion1 Greaterthan /''' scf6stb, FP #ill need to stayabove the bubble point pressure to avoidgas cavitation in the pump1

$arget design is less threcommended for G75

Gas above /''' scf6ste9ciency but helps liftpossible1

$he producing of freecauses reduction in abi

Not recommended for high bubble point, asthis #ill limit the ma.imum dra#do#n in the#ell due to the detrimental eIects of freegas in the pump15ecommended for lo# bubble point, hencethe FP can be lo# allo#ing moreproduction #ithout the aIects of free gas inthe pump region1

Not recommended for5ecommended for lo#

Not recommended1 Cali"ely1

-P can be eIective in a #ell that cones#ater, but may allo# more #ater to producerather than oil1

Jet pump can be eIecti#ater1

5ecommended for less than B'' cp gas freeviscosity at reservoir temperature1 B'' to:'' cp #ill reduce the e9ciency of -P1 Notrecommended for greater than :'' cp, asthe motors cool poorly in the high viscousDuid, more po#er is reuired to pump highviscus Duid and emulsions form1

$he system is capableviscosity Duid1

Full #or"over could be reuired every t#oyears )industry average+, hence safety ris"is higher than gas lift1 lectrical %re ris" isincreased1

More ris" of inection arupture1


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Poor to fair, < :' psi t

.cellent, for vertical o

Not recommended1

Fair if little free gas )?,e 2/:' psi pumpinta"e pressure+1 Poor if pump must handleabove :( free gas1

Fair, electrical chec"s but special euipmentneeded other#ise1

Good6fair, do#n hole panalyzed from surfacepressure, -PM and prorecord can be run and

o#nhole -P euipment restricts access1 >logging bypass can be installed but thiscomplicates the euipment and do#nsizesthe -P1 5emedial #or" reuires a full#or"over1 Coil tubing deployed -P can

solve some reservoir access problems, butpulling the -P #ould be reuired1

Good1 ?f set in a slidingcan be retrieved by #irto reservoir1

5ecommended for single or more1 Cost ofpo#er euipment #ill be reduced andrationalised as the number of #ellscompleted increases1

-ingle #ells are the m#ells operating from ohydraulic pac"age gre

Change out of total completion reuired for-P failure1 >verage run life appro.imatelyt#o years15emedial #or" #ill reuire completion to be

removed1

> free et pump can besurface #ithout pullingretrieved by #ireline1

Eell suited to vertical #ells Good fordeviated, reuires long raduis #ellborebends to get through1

> complicated system is reuired1 0argercasing reuire1 Possible run * pull problems1


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0imited to 2/:' degree for standard1

7nce po#er is available to the facility, -Psystems #ill be able to be run1

5euires some Duid )#vessels as po#er Duid

Not restricted by #ell deptt1 !sually limitedto motor horsepo#er or temperature1Practical depth about B',''' ft1

Not restricted by #ellby po#er Duid pressurdepth increases1 Practi

Casing size #ill limit use of large motors andpumps1 -P restricted to a ma.imumdiameter of :1&H #ith a ma.imum Do# rateof B/,''' P1

-mall casing size limitacceptable pressure drrecommended for 3H c

.cellent, possible to o#ith special materials1

Poor for free gas )?1e,


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Fair, limited to about /'' cp1

$he same li"e scale1

$he same li"e scale1 i9cult to control1

oes not impact -P solution1

Good6e.cellent, P? and 2:' cpreduces friction loss1

?f the #ell is prone to scale, para9n orasphaltenes deposits then it is li"ely tooccur in the pump area )larg pressure drop+1

$his #ill lead to pump ine9ciency, increased#ear * tear and eventually failure1 Chemicaltreatment is reuired to prevent formationof these contaminations1

-cale could build up attime but can be treate

Good6e.cellent1 Circulapump to mimimize builtreatment+, mechanicapossible1

Materials design #ill need to be modi%ed toensure continued service of the -P aftertreatment1

Corrosion6scale ability ipo#er Duid mi.es #ithof et pump throat1 atfeasible1

> source of electric po#er is needed1 $hiscan be a tie in to an e.isting facility, a tie into a po#er grid or independent po#ergeneration1

> diesel or gas engineelectricity is not availa

oes not impact JP solproduced gas from the

po#er a gas engine pri


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Comments

eviation limited by rod #ear

igh gas rates reuired to lift

5euires Do# path for Duid

0o# rate liuid removal

-lugging Do#

/as Lift

5euires constant Do# * straight landingpoint

5euires straight landing pointK protectbearing

$he most popular arti%cial lift system after5od pump, &( of total population1

rate1her horsepo#er1

s lo# pro%le1g and high pressure

Eell gas lift euipment cost lo#, butcompression cost and gas distributionsystem may be high1Central compression system reduces overall

cost per #ell1

horse po#ero#er Duid<e cost #ith properlyfor long run life1p, simple repair

0o#1Gas lift systems have a very lo# 7PO due tothe do#nhole reliability1Eell cost lo#Compression cost very depending on fuelcost and compressor maintenance1

ign programs for

lids in po#er Duid1 Nolong seervice lift1es to run and retrieve

Good valove design and spacing essential1Moderate cost for #ell reuirement )valves *mandrels+1

$ypically less than : valves needed1Choice of #ireline retrievable of conventionalvalves1


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''' feet1

e sapcing is reuired1unted on one s"id orsel po#er Duid

0arge amount of space is reuired to install acompression system1

e9ciency for ideal

rDuid at /4 times theuired1

o#er Duid pluspically operating

?ncrease for #ells that reuire small inectionG05@s10o# for #ells reuiring high inection G05@stypically /' to '(1

er Duid rate andoduction rate and lift

full design capacity ofn of throat and nozzleolume and capacity1

.cellent, gas inection rate varied to changerates1

$ubing needs to be sized correctly1

at on nozzle sizing for

cavitation range of etpump inta"e pressure1ure


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ction rates can be

B:,'''1 >7Fbe achieved1

$he full range of production rate can behandled1>n >7F production rate cannot be achieved#ith gas lift because as mush dra#do#n asfor an -P cannot be achieved1

' psi, $ypical designB'' psi per B''' feet

be


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No limitations1 Preferable P?1

an B''' G051 Notgreater than /'''1

substantially reduces1 Vent free gas if

as through the pumplity to handle liuids1

5ecommended for full ranges1 Gas lift #ouldbe only e.pected to be of bene%t at higherG751

igh bubble point1bubble point1

5ecommended for all bubble points1 Gas liftnot dependent on the bubble point pressurehence is suitable for any range1

itation in et pump Gas lift can be eIective in producing a #ellthat cones gas1

ve in a #ell that cones Gas lift can be eIective in a #ell that cones#ater1

of handling high4 as been used #ith success up to B''' cpbut little case history for very high viscosity1

d production lines -afety ris" is lo#1 More ris" of blo# out andgas %re #ith hifh4pressure gas lines reuired1


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o :''' ft #ith lo# G051

r deviated completion1

5estricted by the gradient of the gas liftedDuid1

$ypically moderate rate is limited to aboutB:' psi per B''' ft of inected depth1 $hus,the bac" pressure on B','''@ #ell may be


20/32

Not restricted by #ell depth1 Controlled by sys

ater or oil+ to %ll therior to start up1

Gas should be available after a shut do#n1Gas can be sourced from produced gas fromnaturallyDo#ing #ell or arti%cially lifted by non gas liftmethod, or from a Do#ing gas #ell, orimporting gas from an e.ternal source e1g1pipeline1

epth1 o#ever limitedor horsepo#er as

cal depth /',''' ft1

producing rate at oplevel1 Jet pump is

sing1

Production tubing restricted to &H tubing#hen installing side poc"et mandrels1

perate to :'' degree F5ecommended for all temperature1 Need to"no# temperature to design bello#schanged valves1

suitable do#nhole gasinta"e1 Free gas

elps lift1 Vent free gasnchor1

.cellent, produced gas reduces for inection

gas1

pecial metallurgyent1 Chemical in thee tubular for corrosion1h produced Duid att1

5ecommended1 Compatibility of metallurgyand elastomers #ith the total completion isonly reuired1 ?nhibitor in the inection gasand6or batch inhibiting do#n tubing feesible1-teps must be ta"en to avoid corrosion ininection gas lines1

#ith ( sand1 Fresht build up possible1

.cellent, recommended for all #ellsproducing sand1 -and has little eIect onability to a gas lift #ell1


21/32

Not reuired1

ree >P? productionpo#er oil of P? orbelo# /' cp viscosity1 .cellent for high#atercut lift even #ith high viscosity oil1

inta"e and nozzle over1

-cale can form close to the operating gas liftvalve due to the pressure drop at thatlocation1 $his may lead to bloc"age of thegas lift valves and an inability to be able toretrieve them

te heat to do#nholed up )hot #ater6oill cutting and inhibition

Para9n may deposit near an operating gas

lift valve due to temperature and pressuredrop1 $his may lead to bloc"age of the gaslift valves and an inability to be able toretrieve them1

?ntroduction of lift gas into the produced Duidstream may increase the ris" of asphaltenedeposits1 Production chemistry analysis forindividual %elds #ill determine #hether thisis li"ely to occur1

s good1 ?nhibitor #ithproduced Duid at entrych treat do#n annulus

5ecommended #hen any treatment isreuired1 $hese treatments have little to noeIect on a gas lifted system1

can be used #herele1

tion1 o#ever,#ell can be used to

me mover1

5ecommended, if a gas source is readilyavailable either from produced gas, import

gas or a gas #ell1


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E00

Producer a

Company

>rea

ContactEell ?

0ocation

Formations

Eell -tatus

re

Formation permeability m

-tatic reservoir pressure psi

asphalteneR Ses T No T scaleR Ses T No T

Pro

Duid Viscosity

Gas

oil

condensate

#ater

secondary recoverly method

single sagd #ell T dual sagd #ell T

p

completionperforation internal

perforation density

fra

last frac date )if applicable+

frac proponant

frac size

casi

string size )inch+ #eight )"g6m+

surface

intermiatehorz liner

prod1 $ubing

sand chara

surface euipment

tubing

pump

liner

particle ise distribution

production rate )m6day+ -p Gr6>P? Gr

currentl Ses T

open hole T cased hole


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current sand control method


31/32

>$> -$

d Eell identi%cation

>ddress

phone

cellfa.

email

servoir data

formation porosity

Para%nsR Ses T No T

duction ata

Do#ing pressure )psi+ (/- p $ubing Casing

cyclic steam T other T

erforations

perforation diameter

shot type

information

type of frac

ng and tubing

$V )m+ M )m+

cteristcs * problems

do#nhole temperature ) 'C+

(C7/

issolved-olids

steaming No T

future steaming Ses T No T

discontinued steam Ses T No T

U T V5$ T eviated T


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Documents

Analysis of Artificial Lift Methods