ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENT SUPERVISION AND CONTROL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA AND JAPAN

As The Individual Report Of

THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT SEMINAR AND VISIT

TO CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO (Shin-Koto Incineration Plant)

TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT Humanizing Collaboration between Indonesia and Japan

Held By

Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies Taufik Irawan, Student ID. 120820160017 pakelnatore@gmail.com

Master of Management Program Faculty of Economics and Business University of Padjadjaran

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MMUNPADJAPANTRIP15–19MAY2017

ANALYSISOFENVIRONMENTSUPERVISIONANDCONTROLONWASTEMANAGEMENTININDONESIAANDJAPAN

OVERVIEWOFWASTEMANAGEMENTININDONESIADefinitionofWasteInLawNo.18onWasteManagement,thedefinitionofwasteasaresidualactivityofhumanand/ornaturalprocesses is solid.Waste isessentiallywasteorwaste fromhumansourcesofactivityandnaturalprocessesthat have no economic value, can even have a negative economic value because in the good handling todisposeorclean it costsa lot.Waste ismaterial thathasnovalueorvalue for thepurposeof fabricationofordinary or principal or the use of defective or defective goods on manufacturing fabrics or excessive orirreversiblematerialsorconsumables.Wastemanagementisasystematicandsustainableactivitythatincludeswastereductionandhandling.In the process of nature there is no garbage.Garbage is a synthetic concept largely derived from industrialactivity(alsoknownaswaste),suchasmining,manufacturing,andconsumption.Almostallindustrialproductswillbegarbagewithanamountalmostequaltotheamountofconsumption.Trashcanbesolid,liquid,orgas.Ifthewasteformsgas,thenthewasteiscalledemissions.Emissionsareusuallyassociatedwithpollution.Garbageorsolidwastesuchasobjectsintheformofplastic,aluminium,iron,cans,bottles/glass/glass,andsoforth.Whiletheliquidwasteistheseepageofliquidwastefromthedecompositionofwasteiscalledlindirand can pollute groundwater and rivers. Groundwater contamination, such as, is caused by the bacteriacontentofe-coliandheavymetals.Governments are responsible for the proper collection and disposal of garbage from settlements. However,because there are other things that should be prioritized in the development in the region and the lack offunding support for the operation of waste management, making in some areas of waste managementactivities is not as expected. This is further reinforced by the absence of the principle that those producinggoodsmustmanagethewastefromthegoods.Some common conditions occurred in the implementation of urban waste management during this time,wherehouseholdwastebysociety iscollectedanddisposedof intoacontainerorcontainerprovidedbythegovernment. Fromhere trash is transportedby truck to generally less controlled landfills,where scavengerslookforrecyclableitems.From some of the above understanding, it can be concluded thatWaste is a solidwastematerial from theactivitiesofhouseholds,markets,offices, lodginghouses,hotels,restaurants, industry,buildingmaterialsandoldruins,motorvehicles,wasteisaby-productofHumanactivitiesthathavebeenused.Theamountofwastegeneratedinaparticularareaisproportionaltothelevelofconsumptionofgoodsorpopulation.Thegreaterthevolumeofwastegeneratedeveryday,unsanitarydisposalofgarbagewillcausemajorproblems,becausegarbageorgarbagedisposalintoopenareaswillcausepollutionSoilwillalsoaffectthegroundwaterchannel.Likewise,burninggarbagewillleadtowaterpollution,blockageofdrainsandfloods.TypesofWasteTheninLawNumber18of2008onWasteManagement,setsometypesofwasteareasfollows:1. Household waste, which is solid waste derived from the residual daily activities in the household,

excludingstoolsandspecificwasteandfromnaturalprocessesderivedfromthehouseholdenvironment.Thisgarbageissourcedfromthehouseorfromthehousingcomplex.

2. Householdwaste, suchashousehold garbage, is not fromhouseholds andhouseholdsbut comes fromother sources such asmarkets, trade centers, offices, schools, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, terminals,ports,industries,Cityparks,andmore.

3. Specificwaste,iehouseholdwasteorhouseholdwasteduetoitsnature,concentrationand/oramountrequiring special handling, including, waste containing B3 (hazardous and toxicmaterials such as usedbatteries,ex-toner,etc.),garbageWhichcontainsB3waste(medicalwaste),wastefromdisasters,debris,technologicallyunprocessedwaste,periodicwaste(wasteofconscience).

Inwastemanagementplanning,theWasteManagementActexpectscity/districtgovernmentstoformakindof municipal / district or provincial scale waste management forum. This forum consists of community ingeneral,universities,community leaders,environmental/wasteorganizations,experts,businessentitiesandothers. Things that can be facilitated forum is: to give suggestions, considerations and suggestions on the

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performanceofwastemanagement,helpingformulatewastemanagementpolicies,Provideadviceandbeabletosettledisputesdisputes.Untilnow,thereisnonationalpolicytoknowthewasteitselfisstillsocialized.SourcesofwasteBased on the definition of garbage and the types of garbage there are also sources ofwaste that cause airpollutionbybadsmellandenvironmentalpollution.TherearesomeexpertsoropinionsaboutwastesourcesAccordingtoGelbertetal.Sourcesofwastegenerationareasfollows:1. Waste settlements, namely household waste in the form of food processing waste, used household

equipment,paper,cardboard,glass,cloth,gardenwaste/yard,andothers.2. Agriculturalandplantationwaste.Agriculturalwaste isclassifiedasorganicmaterial.Duringtheharvest

season is the time most of this waste is generated which is usually burned or used for fertilizer. Forchemicalwastesuchaspesticidesandartificialfertilizersneedspecialtreatmentsoasnottopollutetheenvironment.Anotheragriculturalwasteisaplasticsheetthatcoversplantsthatreduceevaporationandinhibitionofweedgrowth,butthisplasticcanberecycled.

3. Garbagefromtherestofthebuildingandbuildingconstruction.Garbageoriginatingfrombuildingsandrestoration activities of thesebuildings canbeeither organic or inorganic.Organicwaste, for example:plywood, bamboo,wood. Inorganicwaste, for example: sand, cement, brick, steel, tile, iron, glass, andcans.

4. Garbagefromtradeandoffice.Garbageoriginatingfromtradingareassuchas:shops,traditionalmarkets,stalls, supermarkets consist of cardboard, wrapping, paper, and organic materials including food andrestaurant waste. Garbage originating from educational institutions, government and private officesusuallyconsistsofpaper,stationery(pencils,ballpoints,markers,etc.),photocopytoner,printerribbons,printer ink boxes, batteries, chemicals from laboratories, machine ribbons Typewriting, movie cliches,broken computers, and so on. Used batteries and chemicalwastes should be collected separately andshouldbesubjecttospecialtreatmentbecauseitisdangerousandtoxic.

5. Wastefromindustry.Thiswastecomesfromawholeseriesofproductionprocesses(chemicals,piecesofmaterial),treatmentandpackagingofproducts(paper,wood,plastic,cloth/clothsaturatedwithsolventsfor cleaning). Industrial waste in the form of chemicals that are often toxic require special treatmentbeforedisposal.

StagesandProcessofWasteManagementWastemanagement is also growing in line with the development of types of waste that will bemanaged.Severalways inthestagesandthefinalwastemanagementprocessundertakenbythecommunitybasedonLawNumber18Year2008onWasteManagementincludethefollowingactivities:1. Waste management is a systematic, comprehensive, and continuous activity which includes waste

reductionandhandling.2. Reduction of waste, ie activities to overcome the incidence of waste since the waste producers

(households,markets, and others), reusingwaste from the source and / or at the processing site, andrecycling waste at the source and or at the processing site. Waste reduction will be regulated in aseparateMinisterialRegulation,theactivitiesincludedinthiswastereductionare:a. Setwastereductiongoals.b. Developingcleantechnologyandproductlabels.c. Usingproductionmaterialsthatcanberecycledorreused.d. Facilitiesforuseorrecycling.e. Developawarenessofreuseorrecyclingprograms

3. Handling waste, which is a series of garbage collection activities that include sorting (grouping andsegregation of waste by type and nature), collection (moving waste from waste source to TPS orintegrated waste processing facility), transporting (removal of waste from sources, TPS or Integratedwaste processing, final product processing (changing shape, composition, characteristic and amount ofwastetobefurtherprocessed,utilizedorreturnedtonatureandactiveprocessingofwasteprocessingorresidueofpreviousprocessingresultstobereturnedtoenvironmentalmedia.

4. Temporary sheltersareplacesbeforewaste is transported to recycling,processing,and /orprocessingplaces,andintegratedfinalwasteprocessing.

5. Integratedwaste treatment plant is where the collection, reuse, recycling, processing, and final wasteprocessingactivitiesareconducted.

6. Finalwasteprocessingsite(TPA)isaplacetoprocessandreturnthewastetoenvironmentalmediasafelyforpeopleandtheenvironment.

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AuthorityofWasteManagementInotherlawsandregulationsitismandatoryfortheResidentialAreaManagement,commercialarea,industrialestate, specialarea,public facility, social facility,andother facilities shallprovide separation facilities.As forsomeoftheauthorityinquestionsare.1. CentralGovernmentAuthority

In the management of waste management, the government has the authority to: establish nationalpoliciesandstrategiesforwastemanagement;Establishingstandards,norms,criteriaandproceduresforwastemanagement;Facilitateanddevelopinterregionalcooperation,networksandpartnershipsinwastemanagement; Coordinate, supervise the local government performance in waste management; Andestablishing interregional dispute settlement policies in waste management, the affirmation shall besubmittedbytheGovernortobeconditionedineachterritory.

2. AuthorityofProvincialGovernmentIncarryingoutwastemanagement,provincialgovernmentshavetheauthority:toestablishpoliciesandstrategies in waste management in accordance with government policies; Facilitate inter-regionalcooperation inoneprovince, partnerships, andnetworks inwastemanagement; Conduct coordination,guidance and supervision of district/city performance in waste management; And facilitate disputesettlementofwastemanagementamongdistricts/intercitywithinaprovince.

3. AuthorityofRegency/CityGovernmentIncarryingoutwastemanagement,district/municipalgovernmentshavetheauthority:toestablishwastemanagement policies and strategies basedonnational andprovincial policies; Conducting district-scalewaste management in accordance with government norms, standards, procedures and criteria;Conducting guidance and supervision ofwastemanagement performance carried out by other parties;Establishing temporary shelter locations, integrated waste treatment sites, and final waste processingsites;Periodicallymonitoringandevaluatingevery6(six)monthsforacertainperiodoftimetowardsthefinalwasteprocessingsitewithclosedopendisposalsystem;Andcompilingandorganizinganemergencywastemanagementresponsesysteminaccordancewithitsauthority.

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OVERVIEWOFWASTEMANAGEMENTINJAPANTypesofWasteinJapanWasteManagementLawinLawno.137/1970classifiesjunkinJapanintotwocategories:(1).Industrialwasteand (2). General waste, as proposed in NREL (1993) thatWaste is categorized as industrial waste or publicwaste.ThewasteproducedbytheWasteDisposalLawordeterminedbytheOrderCabinetiscalledindustrialwaste.Currentlyindustrialwasteisdividedinto19groups.Allwastethatisnotdefinedasindustrialwasteiscalledgeneralwaste.Generalwasteisessentiallyresidentialandwastewastessimilartoresidentialwastebutisgeneratedbybusinessesandinstitutions.Garbageincludedinthecategoryofpublicwasteisallwasteotherthanindustrialwaste,householdwaste,andbusinesswasteresultingfromtheactivitiesofinstitutionsandcommercialbodies.Almostthesameasinothercountries,thewasteinthischerrycountry,dividedintotwocategories,namelythecategoryofindustrialwasteandgeneralwastecategory.1. Industrialwasteiswastegeneratedfromproductionactivities,andthereare19kindsofwaste.Industrial

waste-includingindustrialwastes-isfurtherclassifiedintotwotypes:specialcontrolledindustrialwasteandotherindustrialwaste.

2. Generalwaste isallwasteother than industrialwaste,householdwaste,andbusinesswastegeneratedfromtheactivitiesofinstitutionsandcommercialbodies,andbroadlydividedintothree,namely:generalcontrolledspecialrubbish,generalwasteandfeces,andgarbageOthercommon.

IndustrialWasteinJapanIndustrial waste processing in Japan is regulated in Waste Management Law on the provisions of Law no.137/1970,chaptersIIIchapters11through15,statingthatindustrialwastemanagementishandedoverastheresponsibilityofthepartywhoproducesit.

Table1ClassificationofIndustrialWasteinJapan

Regulation No. ClassWaste WasteExample

RegulatedintheAct(Legislation)

1. Cinder Coal ash, ash residue from industrial burningprocess,andotherburningresidues

2. Silt Mudresiduefromindustrialplants,sludgefrommanufacturingprocess,excess sediments fromdeposition process, sediment from pulp mill,andthelike

3. OilWaste Oilmining,vegetableoil,animaloil, lubricatingoil,taroil,andothers

4. AcidWaste Alltypesofacidicliquids,includingsulfuricacidandvariousorganicacids.

5. AlkaliWaste Allkindsofalkalineliquid,suchasliquidsoda 6. Plasticwaste All types of synthetic polymers made of a

mixture of solid and liquid compounds,includingsynthetictoxinsandsyntheticrubbers

RegulatedinaGovernmentRegulation(GovernmentOrdinance)

7. PaperWaste Paperandpaperboardwastesfrompulpmills,paperindustry,paperstock,newspapers,bindingbooks,allbooks,printedpapers,andpapercoatedwithPCB

8. WoodenTrash Woodenfragments,sawdust,bark,allobjectsmadeofwoodresultingfromindustrialmanufacturingprocesses,includingfurniture,woodpulp,andthelike

9. FiberTrash Allnaturalfibersareproducedbythetextileindustryandtextileproductsofthemanufacturingindustry

10. Animal and PlantResidues

Adhesivewastesubstances,beercookingdregs,fermentedwaste,fishbonesandotheranimalbones,andthelike

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Regulation No. ClassWaste WasteExample

11. RubbishRubbish Allnaturalrubberrubbish 12. PiecesofMetal Theremainingpiecesofsteelandnon-iron

metal 13. CeramicsandGlass Allglass-basedtrashorceramic 14. Slag Baleorefromblast,manualfireplacefurnace,

electronicfireplacefurnace,mining,etc. 15. BuildingMaterials Shatteredpiecesofconcrete,bricks,and

objectsfromthedestructionofabuilding 16. LivestockDung Animalmanuresuchascattle,cattle,pigs,

poultry,andothers 17. AnimalCarcasses Animalcarcasseslikecattle,cows,pigs,poultry,

andothers 18. SpecialTrash Certainobjectscollectedbydustpickersin

smokingfacilitiesandresidualoildepositsfromcombustionfacilities

19. Residuesgeneratedfromindustrialwastefromgrade1toclass18Source:PlasticWasteManagementInstitute,SurveysandPublicRelationsDepartment(1991)inNREL(1993).CommonWasteinJapanCommonwasteisallwasteotherthanindustrialwaste,householdwaste,andbusinesswastegeneratedfromthe activities of institutions and commercial bodies. Broadly speaking, public waste in Japan is divided intothree types: (1) Controlled general rubbish, (2) Householdwaste and faeces, and (3) Other commonwaste(NREL1993).

Table2ClassificationofHouseholdWasteinJapan

Waste WasteClass Example

RubbishisEasytoBurn(CombustibleWaste)

Organictrash Therestofthefoodandtherestofthedishessuchasvegetables,fruits,meat,fish,tealeaves,riceremnants,eggshells,andthelike

Paperwasteandwoodshavings

Toiletpaper,woodchopsticks,cigarorcigarettebutts,cork,carbonpaper,toothpicks,driedtreebranches,milkbottlecoverpaper,andthelike

Trashcardboard Milkcartonboxes,yogurtcardboardboxes,juicecardboardboxes,andthelike

Garbagediapers DiapersmadeofpaperorsyntheticfibersRubbishNotEasyBurned(Non-combustibleWaste)

Landfillwaste Syntheticrubber,vinyl,nylon,andthelike.Thenalsopackthefish,meat,andvegetables.Thenplasticcontainersforherbsandyogurt.Productsmadeofrubbersuchasshoesandrubbersandals.Otherproductssuchaslipstick,bucket,pottery,plasticfilm,shell,leather,tapestryormatsupto4.5tatamiandcarpet.

RecyclableWaste Paper Newspapers,magazines,leaflets,wrappingpaper,writingpaper,cardboardboxes,clothingboxes,shoeboxes,andthelike.

Textilematerials•Cottonmaterial•Woolmaterial•Syntheticfibers

Wovenfabrics,trousers,skirts,suits,shirts,sheets,andsweaters.Butfortextileproductsmadeofleatherandmatsareincludedinthecategoryofgarbage.

Bottlesandglass Bottlesforsoysake,sauce,whiskey,beer,wine,cocacola,juice,healthydrinks.Thenalso

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Waste WasteClass Example

thickglass,oilbottle,butforfragilebottlesareincludedinthecategoryofgarbage

Metal•Iron•Non-iron

Iron-containingmetalsincludehouseholdproductsmadeofmetal(fryingpots,flowerpots,kettles,etc.),ironcans(oilcans,beveragecans,milkcans),ironplates,etc,Exceptspraycansmadefromnon-ferrousmaterialsincludingthecategoryofcrap.Non-ferrousmetals,suchasaluminum(emptycans,beerkegs),andsteelcans.

Plasticwaste Allplastic-basedwaste,suchasplasticshoppingbags,PETbottles,detergentwrappers,eggcontainers,andplasticfoodwrappers

Electronictools Refrigerator,washingmachine,television,stereo,stove,bike,stroller,andothers

BulkyWaste household Wardrobe,beds,sofas,matsmeasuring6tatamiormore,carpets,doors,septicwallbarriers,andthelike.

HazardousWaste Greatrubbish Thermometers,batteries,andincandescentlamps

Difficultclassified Rubbishisdangerous Productsmadeofamixtureofplastic,glass,woven,metal(boatsorlifeboats,jetskis,umbrellas,etc.),fireextinguishers,pianos,tiresandproductsthatcannotbeincludedintheabovecategories

Source:NREL(1993)WasteSourcesinJapanAlmostthesameasothercountries,thesourceofwasteinJapancanbegroupedintotwocategories:housingandnon-housing(WorldBank1999).WhatismeantbyhousingwasteinJapanisthegarbagegeneratedfromhouses and apartments. Meanwhile, non-residential waste in Japan is usually generated from activity (1).Commercial bodies such as shops, hotels,motels, restaurants, andmarkets; (2). Institutions such as offices,schools,hospitals,prisons,andgovernmentdepartments; (3).Areaswhereconstructionofbuildingssuchas:renovation areas, destruction areas, and new building construction areas; (4). Open areas such as: streets,alleys, parks, empty areas, playgrounds, beaches, highways, and recreation areas; (5). Area treatment plantsite;(6).Industrialarea;(7).agriculturalarea;(8).Miningareas,andsoforth.

Table3SourcesofWasteinJapan

Sources Producer Example

Housing(Residential) Housing,apartment,andresidenceeitherfromsmallfamilyorextendedfamily.

Food waste, cardboard, paper, plastic, textile,leather,metal,wood,glass,specialwaste(largegarbage, electronic appliances, oil, batteries,tires),andharmfulhouseholdwaste.

CommercialAgency Shops,motels,hotels,markets,supermarkets,restaurants,andoffices.

Paper, plastic, cardboard, wood, glass, metal,special waste, food waste, and sometimesdangerouswaste.Institutions Schools,hospitals,prisons,

andgovernmentbuildingsPublicArea Streets,alleys,parks,empty

areas,playgrounds,beaches,highways,recreationareas,andmore.

Streettrash,dirtstreets,gardenornaments,publicgarbagefrombeaches,fromparks,andgarbagefromotherrecreationalareas,andotherspecialrubbish.

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Sources Producer Example

Industrial Heavyindustrytolightindustry.

Householdwaste,packaging,foodwaste,buildingconstructionmaterials,buildingdebris,ash,andspecialwaste.

BuildingConstructionandDestructionArea

Newconstructionareas,roadrepairareas,buildingrenovationareas,andbuildingdemolitionareas.

Wood,steel,concrete,soil,buildingmaterials,sand,heavyobjects,cement,woodworkingtools,andsoforth.

ChemicalProcessArea Powerplants,chemicalplants,mineraldistillationprocesses.

Rubbishwhichistherestoftheindustrialprocess,materialpieces,oreslag,andotherwasteintheformofindustrialwasteprocessingwaste.

Agricultural Otherplantationareas,andagriculturalland.

Rottenfoodwaste,agriculturalwaste,andhazardouswastesuchaspesticides.

MiningandQuarrying Coalminingareas,petroleum,andotherminerals.

Minewastesuchasash,coalpulp,othermineralremnants.

Source:WorldBank(1999),hasbeenreprocessed.WasteManagementinJapanManagement or waste management is not just an activity undertaken to collect the garbage that is thentransportedanddisposedoftolandfills(Wanless,2008).Moreover,thereisaseriesofstagesthatarealwayspresentinitandhavetheirrespectivefunctionsthatsupporttheconductofwastemanagement.Ifthereisonestage that is not done, then the whole process can be disrupted. Therefore, the stages in the wastemanagementisaunifiedwholeandpresentedtosupporteachother.SeparationofWasteinJapanSeparation ofwaste components into flammable and non-flammablewaste is common in Japan, since over80%ofmunicipality in Japan implements awaste separation systembefore the garbage is collected (PlasticWaste Management Institute 1991). However, on the other hand it can be seen that the number ofmunicipalities that enforce the separation of recycling waste is relatively small: less than 30% of themunicipality-municipalitypresentinJapan(NREL1993).WasteCollectioninJapanInJapan,municipalityisinstrumentalingarbagecollection,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,andisalsoresponsiblefor theoverall solidwastemanagementcontained in its juridicalarea (NREL1993).Mosthouseholdwaste iscollected directly by municipally while the rest is indirectly by private companies that have contracts. Theunderlyingmunicipality in Japan regulates its waste by focusing on garbage collection.Municipality startedgarbagecollectionbycontrollingthegarbagedirectlyfromthesource:householdsandcompanieswherethewastecamefromorproduced.Although garbage collection by door-to-door collection sometimes happens frequently, it is common forgarbagecollectionby"station-basedcollection"wheregarbageiscarriedbycitizenstoadesignatedcollectionpoint.The frequency of garbage collection varies depending on municipality policy, so each district may havedifferentcollectionschedules.Theplaceoflitteringhasusuallybeendeterminedbymunicipalityandhasbeenagreeduponbythelocals,generallytakingplaceonthesidewalk,undertrees,oropenareasthatarealleasilyaccessible by garbage trucks.Meanwhile, large garbagedisposal canbe doneby dialing certain fixedphonenumbersorcarryingtheirowntrashtoalargegarbagedisposalfacility,andusuallychargedforeachitem.WasteTransportinJapanGarbagetransportinJapanisgenerallydonebymostmunicipalitiesatapredeterminedtimeonaregularbasis.Inaddition,especiallyforlargegarbage,canalsobedoneafterarequestfromresidentstotransportit(NREL1993).Waste transport is carriedoutwith the aimof: tomoveor carry garbage collectedby residents to atemporarydisposalsiteforprocessing,whichwillthenbetransportedtolandfills.Intheimplementation,used

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aid facilities in the form of certain transportation that has been provided, and usually a large truck haulinggarbage.WasteProcessinginJapanAfterallthegarbagecollects,thenextstepiswasteprocessing.Thisstageaimstoreducetheamountofwastethatwillbesenttolandfills.Forwithoutgoingthroughthisstage,theamountthatcanbereducedwillnotbesignificant.

WasteProcessinginJapan

ShinKotoIncinerationPlant isoneofthelargestgarbageprocessingsites inTokyo.Atthiscompanyvisit,wehadtheopportunitytovisitit.Despitetheincinerator,thebuildingisveryclean,theairisfreshandbeautifulscenery.InadditionwealsohavetheopportunitytogainknowledgeandinsightsaboutwastemanagementsothatitcanbeanadditionalscienceforatimeappliedinIndonesia.Shin-KotoIncinerationPlantSpesificationSitearea :61,000m2Incineration :1,000t/dayConstructioncost :88billionyenapproximatelyCompleted :September1998Buildingscale :Reinforcedconcrete(partiallyironframed); Ninestoriesabove(partiallyoneunder)theground;Buildingsite :28,000m2approximatelyTotalfloorarea :77,000m2approximatelyStack :OutercylinderreinforcedconcretemadeInnercylinder :stainlesssteelsheetmadeHeight :150mIncinerator :Fullycontinuousincineration,firegratetype600t/dayx3unitsBoiler :NaturalcirculationtypewaterpipeboilerwithheaterMaximumsteamgenerated :121.3t/hx3unitsTurbinegenerator :Bleedercondensingturbine50,000kWx1unitDustcollector :BugfilterdustcollectorVolumeoftreatedexhaustgas :200,000Nm3max./hx3unitsRefusebunker :45,000m3approximatelyRefusebunkergate :21double-leafedhingedgatesAshbunker :2,900m3approximatelyPowerreceptionequipment :Incomingpowervoltage66,000volt,2lines

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HereisthewasteprocessingflowatShinkotoincinerationplant.

FinalWasteDisposalinJapanThefinaldisposalstage isthecoveroftheentirewastemanagement,wherewastethatreachesthisstage isconsideredaswastethatcannotbereusedorrecycled.

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PESTLEANALYSISINJAPANAlthoughtheregion ispronetoearthquake,but infactJapanhasbecomeoneofthedevelopedcountries intheeasternregionofAsia.Hereisananalysisofpolitical,economy,social,technology,legal,andenvironmentinjapan.PoliticalFactorsTheJapaneseGovernmentSystemisaconstitutionalmonarchy.Theemperor'spowerwasrestrictedandonlyderived mainly when performing official duties. The Emperor is the leader of the Imperial Family. It wasestablishedbytheConstitutional institutiontobe"thesymbolof theStateandtheunityof thenation."TheemperorisnottheleaderoftheExecutiveinstitutionandhasnoauthorityrelatingtoGovernment.Instead,thecabinet,togetherwiththeMinisterofStateandPrimeMinister,isanexecutiveinstitution.ThePrimeMinister,as head of government was appointed by Parliament and was crowned by an Emperor. This system ofgovernment runs under an arrangement established by the Japanese Constitution since 1947. The currentjapanneseemperorisAkihito,andthecurrentJapaneseprimeministerisShinzoAbe.Japan'sparliamentisalegislativeinstitution.Usingatwo-roomsystem,consistingoftwoassemblies,theUpperHouse, and the Lower House. Members of parliament are elected directly by the people, sourced fromsovereignty.TheSupremeCourtandother lowercourtsthatformtheJudicialbranch,theyhavebeendetachedfromtheexecutiveandlegislativebranches.EconomicalFactorsJapanisinthetop5forthelargesteconomyintheworld.So,theJapaneseeconomyisverystrong.Japanisacountrywitharemarkablerateofeconomicgrowth.Itseconomyhasgrownsincethe20thcentury,especiallyafterWorldWarII.NowJapanhasbecomeoneofthecountrieswiththelargesteconomicpowerintheworld.ThefreemarketeconomyandinducedJapanisoneofthelargestintheworldwiththeUnitedStatesandChinaintermsofinternationalpurchasingpowerparity.Itseconomyishighlyefficientandcompetesinareasrelatedtointernationaltrade,butproductivityislowerinagriculture,distribution,andservice.Having achieved the highest economic growth in the world from the 1960s to the 1980s, the Japaneseeconomy slumped drastically in the early 1990s, when the "bubble economy" fell. The supply of industryleadershipandtechnicians,highlyeducatedandhard-workingworkers,hugesavingsandinvestmentsandtheintensive promotion of international trade and industry development have produced a mature industrialeconomy.Japanhaslownaturalresources,buttradehelpsitgainresourcesforitseconomy.SocialFactorsJapanisacountryfamousforitsvariousculturesincludingqueuingcultures.Queuesinthecountryarelongerthanourcountrybuttheycanqueueupwellbecausetheyareveryrespectfuloftherightsofothers.ActuallyinJapanthereisnolimitmarkingthedirectionofthequeuebuttheycanarrangeitthemselvesneatlybecausetheirculturalhabitsqueueupinthefleshandcreateorderbyitself,andifthereissomeonewhodoesnotfitincommoninJapanesesociety,thenthatpersonwillbeconsideredstrangeperson"hennahito".In addition, most Japanese choose to walk to MRT from one place to another. So, there will be manypedestriansinJapan.Althoughitseemstrivial,walkingthereisethicsinJapan.TriviainIndonesiathatisalwaysavoided by pedestrians in Japan when walking in public is smoking because it is considered unethical forpedestriansinJapaniswalkingwhilesmoking.TechnologicalFactorsJapan has a long history of technological development and industrialization that has a significant impact oneconomic growth and country development. The combination of research (R&D) and the application oftechnologywas able to change the state of defeat thatwas previously destroyed in the secondworldwar,becomingoneofthehighestincomecountriesintheworld.EvidenceoftechnologicalprogressinJapanisshownatleastinthefollowing:1. RapidTrainTechnologies

TheShinkansenfasttrainisaninnovativeandefficienttechnologyfromJapanthat isveryinterestingandspectacular. The Shinkansen train uses magnetic levitation technology to keep the train as high as 10centimetersfromtherailanddriveupto600kilometersperhour.

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2. EarthquakeResistantTechnology

JapanislocatedbetweenthePacificOceansoitisveryvulnerabletoearthquakes.Someoftheearthquakesthatoccurredearlierhavebecomeevidence that Japanmustwork to createa technology that is able tocopewiththisearthquake.Therefore,thenemergedearthquakeresistantbuildingtechnology.Earthquakeresistanttechnologywillmakeexistingbuildingsbecomeflexibleandnoteasilycollapsedduetotheeffectsoftheearthquake.

3. PaperEfficiencyTechnologyNext innovative technology from Japan is tissue paper efficiency technology. This is done by using amachinecapableofrecyclingofficepaperwasteintotoiletpaper.Withthesefindingsthen40sheetsofA4sizepapercanbeconvertedintoonerolloftoiletpaperwithin30minutes.

4. FuturisticWashingMachineTechnologyThis futuristic washing machine technology works without having to use water as its cleaning medium.Cleaningwithoutwateritself iscertainlyveryfuturisticbecauseit isnotfoundinmostwashingmachines.ThiswaterlesswashingmachineitselfiscalledAQUARacooonwhichistheproductionofAQUAJapan.Thismachineworksbyutilizingspecialozonetechnologysothatthedirtyclotheswillbecleanandthesmellwillcome back fresh. With this technology also someone will be efficient and economical because they nolongerneedtospendadditionaldrycleaningservices.

LegalfactorsIn japan,many laws arebasedon the European system, such asCompany lawand Labor Law. You can findemployeelawsinemploymentcontracts,suchasworkinghours,minimumwagelaws,etc.Inaddition,inJapantherearealsolegalrulesthatareuniqueanddifferentfromothercountries,including:1. Grabbedthequeue2. Smokinginthenon-smokingarea3. Forcingadrinkataparty4. Becomeascalper5. Cuthairwithoutpermission6. Disruptbothprayingandfunerals7. Vomitinginataxi8. Spitinthegarden9. Receivemorechangethanyoushould10. Climbupthetelephonepole11. DrinkingwhileridingabicycleEnvironmentFactorsJapan's large population is concentrated around Tokyo. This is because most of the area on this island ismountainand forest.Thisarea ishabitableandreduces thedevelopmentof Japan tosmallerandaccessibleparts of the country. The soil is vulnerable to tsunamis and earthquakes.With tightly packed housing anddevelopments to accommodate high populations, they face the risk of colossal damage in the event of anaturaldisaster.Japan is famous for its cleanenvironment, It turnedout that this conditionoccurred in Japannot ina shorttime,becauseJapanhasalsobeeninadirtyanddirtypositionbefore.HygieneinJapanisinfluencedbyShintoreligious teachings. In Shinto Religion, how to get closer to god one of them bymaintaining cleanliness. Inaddition,inJapantaughthygieneawarenesssincechildhoodtobecomeaninherentculture.

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CROSSCULTURALANALYSISINJAPANJapanese culture is slightly influenced by Chinese culture so that acculturation occurs between immigrantcultureorChinawithnativecultureofJapan.Forexample inthefieldofarchitecture,thekingdomofJamanYamatoinJapan,inhiskingdomtherearearchitecturalresultsofacculturationofChinesecultureandJapaneseculture.ThisshowsthatChinesecultureisingreatdemandbytheJapanesepeople.However, inthefieldofgovernment,JapandidnotchangethatresultedfromacculturationwithChina.AsinthepositionofTennowhoisadirectdescendantofAmeterasu.AswellasregardingthebeliefsoftheJapanesestillholdontotheteachingsofShinto,unaffectedbytheteachingsofConfucianism.JapaneseculturethathasacculturatedwithChineseculture,including:1. PostsandLanguages

WiththeChinesebeingbroughtinbyaKoreanscholarnamedWani,theJapaneseadoptedChinesewriting.Thewaythatisusedis,theJapanesewriteandreadJapanesewordswrittenbyChinesecharactersandwiththesamesoundbutwithJapaneseutterance,atfirstthereischaosbecauseitisstilldifficulttobertaptasiwiththeJapanesebuteventuallyprogressedintheperfectdirectionBecauseeveryJapanesewordcanbewrittenwell.ThislanguageandwritingfromChinaismadeofficiallanguageandwritinginJapan.

2. ReligionThemajorityinJapanareShintoreligions.ShintoistheofficialreligionoriginatingfromJapan.ThisShintoteachingisanimisticbecauseitbelievesinmanygods.InhisreligiousritualShintoworshipatthespiritsofancestors/ancestors. And the most worshiped by Shinto people is the sun god Amaterasu. ThereforeShinto'steachingsworshiptheJapaneseemperorwhoisconsideredthedescendantofAmaterasu.Inaboutthe5thcenturyenteredtheBuddhistreligionfromChinatoJapan.TheBuddhistteachingsinJapantrust the sun god or otherwise known as Amaterasu as the supreme deity who is regarded as theincarnationofBuddhaDaichiNyorai.ThemostfamousBuddhistreligioninJapanisZenBuddhismabsorbedfromChina.Shintoshrinesbegintobebuiltasahomeforourpeoplepermanently(shaden).

3. PhilosophyWith the entry of Chinese literature into Japan, Chinese philosophywaswidely spread among the greatpeople in Japan. Among other things are Confucianism and Taoism. Confucianism is the worship of theancestors, loyaltytothefamily,thechild'sservicetothefamily,andsoon.Taoismistheuseofmagicormagic.

4. AstronomyInthebelieftheJapanesealsoholdthebelieforcalculationof fortune in life.CalculationssuchasbytheMoon(astronomicalscience)orzodiacareknownfromChina.

5. WeavingAtthebeginningofitsdevelopmentChinainfluencedtheJapanesewithagarmentconsistingoftwopiecesofclothingnamelytheupperclothingandunderwear.Underwearintheformofskirtswrappedaroundthewaist. Furthermore, the upper shirt consists of two types of collars ie flat collar to just below the neck(agekubi)andcollar-shaped"V"(tarekubi)arebroughttogetherinthechest.

6. AgricultureWiththeentryofbronzeandagriculture,somanyJapanesepeoplehavelivelihoodsasfarmers.AgriculturalequipmentfrommetalrawmaterialstakenfromChineseculturethatgoestoJapan.

7. CraftCeramicrefinementsystemisaninfluencebroughtbyChinatoJapanbesidestimbertechnology,silkthreadprocessingwhichmostlydoneinJapancomesfromChina.

8. TreatmentTraditionalChinesetraditionalmassageknownasShiatsuoralsoknownas'anma'.AnmawaslateradoptedandadaptedbyJapanesesociety.Thisanmatherapygraduallyevolvesand is influencedbyculturesfromeastandwest.

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CULTURALANALYSIS-BESTPRACTICESAsakusaKannonTempleandNakamiseStreetAs amodern city, Tokyo turned out to have a temple that always crowded visitors, the temple of KannonAsakusa. InAsakusa, historical relics of thepast synergizewithmodernbuildings in the vicinity. Visitors canenjoytheatmosphereofthepastatthemostfamoustemplesinJapan.According to legend, the templewasbuilt in 645, by thenameofAsakusaKannonTemple, in 628 apair ofsisterfishermen,HinokumaHanamariandHinokumaTakenari,foundthestatueofKannonstuckintheirnetontheSumidaRiver.ThevillageeldersthenbuiltthetempleinhonorofBodhisattwaKannon,alsoknownasGuanYi,theGoddessofMercy.Thetemple,laternamedSensojiTemple,isknownastheoldestBuddhisttempleinTokyo.Entering themain gate, visitorswill passNakamiseDouri (Nakamise Shopping Street),which is a roadalongapproximately200-250meters,whichcontainsapproximately89storessellingtypicalsouvenirsofJapan.The endofNakamise Street is a gateway to the Sensoji Temple, theHozomonGate (TreasureHouseGate).Entering the visitors'HozomonGatewill be themain pageof Sensoji Temple dedicated to KannonBosatsu.Beforegettingtothemainhall,we'llseeafive-levelpagodaontheleft.MARKETINGANALYSIS-BESTPRACTICESTakeshitaStreetTakeshita-doriisalongwayfromHarajukuStationinShibuya-kutoMeiji-doriStreet.Thisstreetisashoppingdistrictwitha lengthof350meters.Here therearestrikingandunique itemsandclothinggroupsknownas"Harajukuoutfits".Takeshita-dorionweekendsandholidays,usuallyverycrowded.The shop at Takeshita-dori has a relatively cheap price range, compared to the shops that can be seen inupscalemalls.Visitorscanalsofindaffordablerestaurantsforsnacks.VehiclesareprohibitedfrompassingonJalanTakeshita-doriat11:00am-6:00pmdaily.TsukijiFishMarketTsukijiFishMarketisthebestwholesalemarketoffish,vegetablesandfruitsinTokyoandJapan.Itsactivitiesare overseen by Tokyo Metropolitan's wholesale market center. The main activity is tuna auction beforesunrise.Seethevarioustypesoffreshfishandotherseafoodthatmakeaspecialattractionforthetouristswhocomebecause in themarketyoualsocan findsomerestaurants thatserverefined freshseafood.TsukijiMarket isdividedintotheinnermarketandoutermarket.Innermarketisthecenterofwholesalebuyingactivitywhileoutermarketispreferablefortourists,becausethisareaismoreopentotourists.ShisuiPremiumOutletsThis is the Premium outlets closest to Narita International Airport. Due to its close proximity, within theShoppingmallareaisdisplayedalargeTVthatdisplaystheflightschedule.Shisui Premium Outlet is part of Japan's Premium Outlet retail chain which has several branches. In ShisuiPremiumOutlet,therearemorethan180shopsandrestaurantsinit.Thisplacemerupaknwheretoshopforsouvenirs, especially clothing. The design of the shops is not like shopping centers generally with indoorbuildings,butwecanwalkaroundlikeinthestreetsofTokyo.The road isbigenough forpedestrians.At theedge therewasplentyof seatingand trees. Food sold in therestaurantconsistsofvariousmenus,bothwesternand japanese.Someshopsalsoprovide tax-free facilitieswhichmeanswecangetacheaperprice.

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REFERENCEhttp://pestleanalysis.com/japan-pestle-analysis/http://theindonesiatimes.com/kuil-kannon-asakusa/https://bigvacation.web.id/yuk-jalan-jalan-ke-pasar-ikan-dan-seafood-terkenal-di-jepang-yaitu-tsukiji-fish-market/https://elfamichelliakarima.wordpress.com/2012/04/26/pengaruh-kebudayaan-cina-terhadap-kebudayaan-jepang/https://historyvitae.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/kebudayaan-jepang/https://www.japanhoppers.com/id/kanto/tokyo/kanko/716/Nomor,U.U.(18).tahun2008tentangPengelolaanSampah.Jakarta,KementerianLingkunganHidup.NREL,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.1993.IntegratedSolidWasteManagementinJapan.Springfield,

VA:U.S.DepartmentofEnergy.Suprihatin,A.,Prihanto,D.,&Gelbert,M.(1996).SampahdanPengolahannya.IndahOffset.Malang.WasteReport.2017.CleanAuthorityofTokyo.