Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 9 Nervous System.notebook · Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 9 Nervous System.notebook 1 February 26, 2015 Table ... Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 9 Nervous System.notebook

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February 26, 2015

Table of Contents# Date Title Page #

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1. 01/20/15 Ch 8: Muscular System 12. 02/09/15 Ch 9: Nervous System 16


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February 26, 201502/09/15 Ch. 9 Nervous System 16

Objective: Students will be able to distinguish between the 2 types of cells that comprise the nervous tissue in order to describe how nervous system functions.

(Insert Handout: Nervous Tissue Cell Types)

2 Cell TypesNeuron

Neuroglia

General Functions of Nervous SystemSensory

Integrative

Motor

Transmits impulses along nerve fibers to other neurons

Fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis

Receive information at end of peripheral nerves, gather the information, and convert it to nerve impulses--send to brain or spinal cord

Only Schwann cells are in the PNS, rest in CNS

Sensory impulses "perceived" in the brain

Decisions (conscious (somatic)or subconscious (autonomic)) in CNS lead to impulse down an effector, causing a change

Structure of SystemCentral Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Brain and Spinal Cord

Nerves leading to/from CNS and body

autonomic division is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems


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February 26, 2015

02/10/15 Ch. 9 Nervous System 33Objective: Students will be able to describe the actions that lead to a nerve impulse, and how information is passed from one neuron to another.

(Insert handouts: ABC DVD: Synaptic Transmission and Action Potential)

http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/actionpotential_short.swf

Go to the following website: Lab Side of Notebook

(Insert handout on Action Potentials)


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February 26, 2015

02/10/15 Ch. 9 Nervous System 26

What is the relationship between myelin and the white and gray matter of the brain?

Based on the reading last night, which type of neuroglial cell did I NOT mention in class yesterday? What is its function?

Most capillaries in the body are "leaky", allowing small molecules to enter and leave the bloodstream. This is not the case in the CNS. What is this specialized architecture called? What benefits does this provide the CNS? What could be a detriment to having this?

For years and years we taught that nervous tissue could not regenerate. How is this statement both true and false?

The nervous system provides 3 general functions: sensory, integrative, and motor. What are two types of motor functions in the PNS?

(insert handout: functional classification of neurons)


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February 26, 2015

02/27/13 Ch. 9 Nervous System 26Objective: Students will be able to distinguish between the 2 types of cells that comprise the nervous tissue and describe the structures of both.

Complete Practice Questions 1-13, pp. 214-221

(Insert handout: Organization of the Nervous System)


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February 26, 2015

02/28/13 Ch. 9 Nervous System 33Objective: Students will be able to describe the actions that lead to a nerve impulse, and how information is passed from one neuron to another.

(Insert handout: Synapse)

(Insert handouts: ABC DVD: Synaptic Transmission and Action Potential)


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February 26, 201503/12/12 Ch. 9: Nervous System 23Objective:

Students will be able to describe the actions that lead to a nerve impulse, and how information is passed from one neuron to another.

Nervous System

• Resting Potential (+ outside, - inside)• Threshold stimulus received• Sodium channels open, sodium enters cell--depolarizing the membrane• Potassium channels open--repolarizing the membrane• Together, these cause an action potential that triggers the part of the membrane next to it, all the way across the membrane (local bioelectric current) • A wave of action potentials travels down the axon=Nerve Impulse

Summary: Action Potential Propagation

The Synapse• Action potential passes along an axon over synaptic knob.• Synaptic knob membrane becomes permeable to calcium• With calcium, synaptic vesicles fuse to synaptic knob membrane• Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft--either excitatory or inhibitory• Synaptic vesicles reenter cytoplasm of axon and pick up more neurotransmitter


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February 26, 2015

02/23/15 Ch. 9: Nervous System 24Objective:

Students will be able to describe how nerve fibers in peripheral nerves are classified and name the parts of a reflex arc.

Nerves• Open your notebook to the color sheet of the "Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle" and compare/contrast it with the Nerve in figure 9.16, p. 217 of the text.• Answer the CYR p. 218 #'s 1-2

Reflexes• Using the diagrams, label the parts of a reflex, both the withdrawal reflex, and the knee-jerk reflex.• This is an example of a feedback mechanism. What acts as each of the following (be VERY specific):

• Stimulus• Receptor• Control Center• Effector• Response


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February 26, 2015

Control Center

Set Point

Stimulus

Receptor Effector

Response


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Objective: Students will be able to describe neuronal pools and distinguish between convergence and divergence in order to explain how impulses are processed.

Impulse Processing (9.8)Neuronal Pools

Facilitation

Convergence

Divergence

Neurons w/in CNS organized into pools in which they make hundreds of connections w/ each other and work together for 1 function.

• Input received• Output generated• Excitatory or Inhibitory

If net effect of input is:• excitatory = threshold = excitatory• inhibitory = inhibits impulse• excitatory, but subthreshold=facilitation

• makes possible additive effect (eg. subthreshold from each of two neurons, but together = threshold

• allows nervous system to collect a variety of kinds of sensory info, process it and respond in a special way

• can amplify an impulse, spreading it to more neurons w/in the pool, eg: cause forceful reaction in muscle, or stimulate several regions of CNS from one sensory receptor


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February 26, 2015

02/26/15 Ch. 9 Nervous System 41Objective: Students will be able to describe the coverings of the brain and spinal cord.

Meninges (9.11)pia mater• very thin, contains many nerves/blood

vessels, follows surface closelyarachnoid mater• thin, web-like without blood vessels,

middle of the maters, does not follow surface closely

dura mater• outermost layer, tough, white, fibrous

connective tissue with many blood vessels and nerves. Attaches to inside of cranial cavity, forms internal periosteum of skull. Will sometimes extend inward b/w lobes of brain and form partitions. Extends into vertebral canal and forms tubular sheath around the spinal cord.

A subdural hematoma may occur following a blow to the head if blood vessels are broken and blood collects beneath the dura mater. Why is this of concern?


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Objective: Students will be able to describe the structure of the spinal cord in order to explain spinal cord functions.

Spinal Cord (9.12)Structure

Function

Sacral branch

Thoracic

branch

2 major functions: • conducting nerve impulses• serving as a center for reflexes

ascending

descending

nerve tracts hereCSF

CSFfat, loose connective to pad

spinal cord

surrounds brain to absorb shock, maintain ion concentrations, and remove waste to blood

spinal cord ends


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Objective: Students will be able to describe the structure of the spinal cord in order to explain spinal cord functions.

Spinal Cord (9.12)Structure

Function

Sacral branch

Thoracic

branch

2 major functions: • conducting nerve impulses• serving as a center for reflexes

ascending

descending

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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 9 Nervous System.notebook · Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 9 Nervous System.notebook 1 February 26, 2015 Table ... Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)