Anatomy of Bones

BonesHead 1.Frontal 2 occipital 3 parietal 4 Temporal

Neck and spine Cervical=C1-C7 Thoracic=T1-T12 Lumbar= L1-L5 Sacrum Coccyx

Upper extremity Clavicle Scapula humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals phalanges

Torso Sternum Xiphoid process Ribs (12)

Bones continued

Lower extremity Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Calcaneous Talus Metatarsals Phalanges

AnatomyTypes of BonesLong-curved and long

Femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, phalanges, metatarsal/metacarpal

Most commonly injured

Short- cubed shaped, they are spongy bone except at the surface, Wrist- carpals Foot- tarsals

Flat- thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone Ex. Cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula

Irregular- compact - vertebraeSutural or Wormian- small bones located

between the joints of certain cranial bones. Soft spot on your head

Types of bones cont.

Sesamoid- small bones wrapped in your tendons 1st metatarsal

Spongy- short, carpals, tarsals

Compact- vertebrae

Anatomy of bone Structure Diaphysis- main shaft of the long

bone- hollow and covered by compact bone or periosteum

Epiphysis-end of long bones provide for muscle attachments

Metaphysis- the wider part at the end of the long bone- adjacent to the epiphyseal plate

Articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage- joint surfaces

Periosteum- covering of long bone. Interlacing with the periosteum are fibers from the muscle/tendons

Medullary-hollow tube in the long bone contains a yellow fatty marrow

Endosteum- lining the medullary cavity

Type of jointsGliding- where bones glide over one another. Ex. Vertebrae, tarsals, carpals

Hinge- one surface is round that fits into another concave surface.

Ex. Elbow, knee: motion flex/extBall and Socket-movement in many planes/axis, such as

ext/flex, int/ext rotation, abd/adduction, circumduction Ex. Hip and shoulder

Condyloid-movement similar to ball/socket but in two planes; forward/backward, flex/extension, abd/adduction

Ex. Wrist, metacarpal phalangeal joint

Saddle- flex/extension, add/abduction circumduction Ex. thumb

Pivot- rotation-movement in one plane about one axis. Ex. Radio-ulnar joint

Anatomical Movements Anterior/Posterior Medial/Lateral Superior/Inferior Supine/Prone ______________ 1 flexion 2 extension 3 abduction 4 adduction 5 internal rotation 6 external rotation

7 pronation 8 Supination 9 Dorsi flexion 10 plantar flexion 11 Circumduction 12 inversion 13 Eversion 14 horizontal

flexion/extension 15

protraction/retraction

ROM is predetermined by: 1.Flexibility of muscles 2.flexibility of tendons 3.Flexibility of

ligaments 4. By size 5.Factors of use 6.Injury

7.Age

8.Angle of the joint

9.Disease

Anatomical names Rectus

Parallel to the midline Ex. Rectus abdominis, rectus femoris

Transverse Perpendicular to the midline

Ex. Transverse abdominis Oblique

Diagonal to the midline Ex. External Oblique or Internal oblique

Maximus Large

Ex. Gluteus Maximus Medius

Middle Ex. Gluteus medius

Minimus Small

Ex. Gluteus minimus, flexor digiti minimi

Naming Skeletal Muscles Longus Long

Ex. Flexor hallicus longus, adductor longus Brevis

Short Adductor brevis, peroneal brevis

Latissimus Triangular

Ex. Latissimus dorsi Longissimus

Long Ex. Longissimus thoracis

Magnus Large

Ex. Adductor magnus Major

Larger muscle Pectoralis major

Minor Smaller muscle

Ex. Pectoralis minor

Naming Skeletal Muscles Deltoid-

triangular Serratus-

saw toothed Serratus anterior

Rhomboid- rhomboid shape

Rhomboid major or minor Quadratus-

4 sided Quadratus lumborum

Flexor/Extensor Flexor/ extensor carpi

radialis Abductor/adductor

Abductor/adductor hallicus longus

Levator- Elevates

Levator scapula Supinator

Supination Supinator

Pronator- Pronation

Pronator teres Rotator-

Rotation Rotator cuff

Biceps /triceps- Two/three heads

Bicep brachii/tricep brachii

Quadriceps- four