Anatomy & PhysiologyIntroduction and Terminology

Anatomy of Terms

• Prefix– ___________ of word– Usually indicates #, ________,

time, or status

• Root– Essential _________ of word

• Combining Vowel– Single vowel added to end of

word, usually to make the word ________ to pronounce

• Combining form– Root and combining _______

• Suffix– ________ of word– Usually indicates procedure,

condition, disease, or disorder

Prefix

• Added to root of a word to modify the meaning– Pre-

• _____________• Ex. Preoperative (before an operation)

– Peri-• _____________• Ex. Perioperative (pertains to the period surrounding an operation;

either before, during or after)

– Post-• _____________• Ex. Postoperative (after operation)

Combining Vowel

• Added to make a medical term easier to pronounce– Used when suffix begins with a ___________

• i.e. –scope (arthroscope=examines the joint)• “O” is most common, but “I, E” is also used

– Not used when _________ begins with vowel• i.e. –itis (gastritis=inflammation of stomach)

– __________ used when 2+ root words are joined• Gastr/o (stomach) joined with enter/o (small intestine)• =gastroenteritis

– NOT used between prefix and root words

Combining Forms

• Root word + combining vowel

• Usually used to describe a part of the _______

• Creates new words when ________ to prefixes, other combining forms, and suffixes

• Ex. Panleukopenia– Pan-

• prefix meaning all– Leuk/o

• Combining form meaning white

– -penia• A suffix meaning deficiency

or reduction in number– Panleukopenia then means a

deficiency in all white blood cells

Suffixes

• Attached to the end of a word part to modify its meaning– Ex. Combining form gastr/o means stomach– Modifications:• -tomy – cutting into or incision (gastronomy=incision

into the stomach)• -stomy – surgically created opening

(gastrostomy=surgically created opening between stomach and body surface)• -ectomy – surgical removal or excision

(gastrectomy=surgical removal of the stomach)

Analyzing Medical Terminology

• Dissect– Look at the word

structure and _______ it into basic components

• Begin at the END– After dividing the word:

• Define the ________ • Define the ________• Define the ________

– If two, divide and read left to right

• Examples:– Gastroenteritis

• gastr/o – • enter – • itis-

– Overiohysterectomy• ovario/o-• hyster• -ectomy

Positional Terms

• Cranial – Towards the ________

• Caudal– Towards the tail

• Ventral– Belly or _________ of a

body or body part

• Dorsal– _____________– Front of leg

• Rostral– Nose end of head

• Proximal– Nearest the __________

or nearest the beginning of a structure

• Distal– ______________ from

mid-line or farthest from the beginning of a structure

More Positional Terms• Anterior (in _______ of)– Front of the body– Used more in description

of organs or body parts because front and rear are confusing terms in quadrupeds as their bellies are down not in front like in humans

• Posterior (in ______ of)– Rear of the body

• Medial– Towards the midline

• Lateral– Away from the _________– Towards the side of animal

• Superior– Any area _______ the head

• Inferior– Any area towards the feet

One More Positional…

• Superficial– Near the surface– Also called external

• ___________– Away from the surface– Also called internal

Palmar Back of the ___________

Plantar Back of hind limb

Anatomical Planes

Anatomical Planes• Median Plane

– Divides the body into ________ left and right halves

• Sagittal Plane– Parallel to median plane but

__________ divide the body into equal parts

• Dorsal Plane– Divides the body symmetrically

dorsally and ventrally

• Transverse Plane– Transects any body part

__________________ to its own long axis. • Ex. Cinch on a saddle

• Horizontal Plane– At right angles to both

median and transverse planes

– Divides body into dorsal and ventral segments (not equal parts)• Ex. Cow walks into

water up to chest…the water surface is a horizontal plane in relation to the cow

Movement Terms• Adduction

– Movement _______ the midline

• Abduction– Movement ________ from the

midline

• Flexion– Closure of a joint angle,

______________ of the angle between two bones• Ex. Contracting bicep involves flexing your elbow

• Extension– Straightening of a joint or an

_____________ in the angle between two bones• Ex. You extend your hand to shake

hands

• Hyperflexion/hyperextension– Occurs when a joint is flexed

or extended ___________ far.

• Supination– Act of rotating the limb or

body part so that the _________ surface is turned upward

• Pronation– Act of rotating the limb so

that the palmer surface is turned _____________

• Equine (horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules)– Stallion

• Intact male > ____ yrs old

– Mare• Intact ________ > 4 yrs old

– Filly• Intact female <4 yrs old

– Gelding• ____________________

– Ridgeling• Cryptorchid

– Foal• _______ equine (either sex)

– Weanling• Young equine ______ 1 yr old

– Foaling• Giving birth

– Herd• _________ of equine

– Band• Group of horses consisting of

one mature stallion, mares, and female offspring of his mares

– Brood Mare• Breeding __________

– Maiden mare• Female equine ________ bred

– Barren mare (open mare)• Intact female not bred or didn’t

_____________ previous season

– Wet mare• Intact female that has foaled

during the current season

Classification of AnimalsDomestic Animals

Animal Species Name

Horse (equine) Equus caballus

• Genus – (upper case)

• Species – (lowercase)

More Definitions….

• Anatomy– Science that deals with

the __________ and _____________ of all organisms

• Physiology– Study of integrated

___________ of the body and the functions of all its parts• Systems, organs, tissues,

cells, cell components

• Gross Anatomy– Study of ______,

________, and __________ that are visible with the unaided eye

Nomenclature for Systematic AnatomySystem Name of Study Chief Structures

Skeletal Oseology Bones

Articular Arthrology Joints

Muscular Myology Muscles

Digestive Gastroenterology Stomach and Intestines

Respiratory Otorhinolaryngology Lungs and airways

Urinary Urology Kidneys and bladder

Reproductive Female: GynecologyMale: Andrology

Ovaries and testes

Endocrine Endocrinolgy Ductless Glands

Nervous Neurology Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Circulatory Cardiology Heart and vessels

System Name of Study Chief Structures

Skeletal Oseology Bones

Articular Arthrology _____________

Muscular Myology Muscles

Digestive Gastroenterology Stomach and Intestines

Respiratory Otorhinolaryngology Lungs and airways

Urinary _______________ Kidneys and bladder

Reproductive Female: GynecologyMale: Andrology

Ovaries and testes

Endocrine Endocrinolgy ___________ glands

Nervous Neurology Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Circulatory _________________ Heart and vessels