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Ancient Greeceand
Science
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
The Ionian Coastof Asia Minor700-500 BC
SmyrnaColophonEphesusSamosMiletus
Halicanarsus(World ofHomer)
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
1. Expandingexploring
commercial society.
2. PoliticalConstitutional
experimentation3. Intellectual
experimentation.Philosophy.
4. Alphabeticwriting
and papyrus.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Thales of Miletus, 624 - 546 BCBertrand Russell: "Western philosophy begins with Thales."
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
The cosmos is a complex and orderly system; the opposite of
chaos. It is the universe regarded as an ordered system. The philosopher Pythagoras is regarded as the first person to apply the term
cosmos (Ancient Greek: κόσμος) to the order of the universe. The 19th century geographer and polymath,
Alexander von Humboldt, resurrected the use of the word cosmos from the ancient Greek, assigned it to his multi-volume
treatise, Kosmos, and, along the way, influenced our present and
somewhat holistic perception of the universe as one interacting entity.
Cosmos versus Chaos
Cosmic Order (Word Cosmos MEANS Order)TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Cosmos versus Chaos
Cosmic Order (Word Cosmos MEANS Order)
In other words:For the Greeks
The Divine Orderof the Universe
The Umoved Mover(Aristotle)all signified
a fundamental orderin all of creationall the universe.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GREEK GODAND THE GOD OF THE JEWSThe Greeks & Aristotle:
God is unmoved moverEternal, Uncreated, Outside time
God of IsraelGod creates all, in time
creates time with the creation (teleos=end point)(so the Jews love history, write it, study it)
A personal GodWho loves his peopleMeets with his people
Makes promises-covenant (Abraham)LOOKING TO FUTURE MOTWM #11
AUGUSTINE, AMBROSE WILL JOIN THESE TWO GODSTuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Cosmos versus Chaos
Cosmic Order (Word Cosmos MEANS Order)
In other words:For the Greeks
The Divine Orderof the Universe
The Umoved Mover(Aristotle)all signified
a fundamental orderin all of creationall the universe.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Thales an active politician Thales an active commercial entrepreneur
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
The Presocratic philosophers(Before Socrates)
Thales, Anaximander,
rejected traditional mythological explanations of the phenomena they saw around them in favor of
more rational explanations. These philosophers asked questions about
"the essence of things":• From where does everything come?• From what is everything created?• How do we explain the plurality of things found
in nature?• How might we describe nature mathematically?
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Almost all of the other Pre-Socratic
philosophers follow him in attempting to provide
an explanation of ultimate substance, and
the existence of the world without reference
to mythology. Those philosophers were also
influential and eventually Thales'
rejection of mythological explanations became an
essential idea for the scientific revolution
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
In mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve
problems such as calculating the height of
pyramids and the distance of ships from
the shore. He is credited with the first use of
deductive reasoning applied to geometry. As a result, he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and is
the first known individual to whom a
mathematical discovery has been attributed.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
In geometry, Thales' theorem states that if A, B and C are points on a circle where the line AC is a diameter of the circle, then the angle ∠ABC is a right angle. It is generally attributed to Thales of Miletus, who is said to have offered an ox (probably to the god Apollo) as a sacrifice of thanksgiving for the discovery,
Thales’ Theorem
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Water as a first principleThales' most famous philosophical position was his cosmological thesis, which comes down to us through a passage from Aristotle's Metaphysics.In the work Aristotle reported Thales’ hypothesis about the nature of matter – that the originating principle of nature was a single material substance: water. Aristotle then proceeded to proffer a number of conjectures based on his own observations to lend some credence to why Thales may have advanced this idea (though Aristotle didn’t hold it himself). Aristotle considered Thales’ position to be roughly the equivalent to the later ideas of Anaximenes, who held that everything was composed of air.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Thales of Miletus, 624 - 546 BC
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Anaximander, 610-546 BC, Miletus
He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes
and arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils.TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Pythagoras, 570-495 BC
born at Samosisland off coast of Asia Minor
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Pythagoras, 570-495 BC born at Samos island off coast of Asia Minor. He and his disciples believed that everything
was related to mathematics and that numbers were the ultimate reality. It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom, and Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on Plato, and through
him, all of Western philosophy.TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Pythagorean theorem, is a relation in Euclidean geometry
among the three sides of a right triangle. It states that the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle)
is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. The theorem can be written as
an equation relating the lengths of the sides a, b and c, often called the "Pythagorean
equation":... where c represents the length of the hypotenuse and a and b the lengths of the triangle's other two sides.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Anaxagoras, 510 - 428 BCAthens, friend of Pericles
The entire cosmos is a Mind ( Nous). It was this Mind that made all things and put them in motion. “Mind is unlimited and selfruled and is mixed
with no thing, but is alone and by itself .… It is the finest of all
things and the purest, and it has all judgment about
everything and the greatest power.” In this way
Anaxagoras articulated an early form of monotheism
Thus it is easy to see how one could MERGEGreek Nous to Jewish Yahweh
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Democritus 460-370
The Atomic Theory
The theory of Democritus held that everything is composed of "atoms", which are physically indivisible; that between atoms, there lies empty space; that atoms are indestructible; have always been, and always will be, in motion; that there are an infinite number of atoms.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Aristotle tutoring Alexander,Begins 343 BC
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
343-340, Alexander, Hephaestion, Aristotle
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Plato427-347 BC
Aristotle384-322 BC
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Aristotle’s BooksWrote 400 Works1. Logical Works
“categories” “Topics”2. Scientific Works
Physics, Meteorology3. Aesthetic Works
Poetics4. Philosophical Works“Metaphysics” “Ethics”
“Politics”
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
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TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Euclid of Alexandriaborn in Greece
spent time in Athensknew members of the Platonic academy
moved to Egypt in the Post-Alexander periodAlexandria the center of science has great library
Elements published sometime around 300 BCTuesdayMarch 13, 2018
In the Elements, Euclid deduced the principles of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms.
Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory and rigor.
The Elements has been read for 2300 years without interruption
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
This papyrus fragment is one of the the oldest, if not the oldest, existing text from Euclid’s Elements. Euclid compiled and wrote his Elements in Alexandria, Egypt, in about 300
BC, in Greek. The fragment, also written in Greek, was found in Egypt in 1897 and has been dated to the end of the first
century (20-30 BC)TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Book I Definitions
1. A point is that which has no parts and no magnitude.
2. A line is length without breadth.
3. The extremities of a line are points.
4. A straight line is that which lies evenly between its extreme points.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Euclid of Alexandriaborn in Greece
spent time in Athensknew members of the Platonic academy
moved to Egypt in the Post-Alexander periodAlexandria the center of science has great library
Elements published sometime around 300 BCTuesdayMarch 13, 2018
GEOMETRYGEO
METRICS=
MEASURING THE EARTHPTOLEMY
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Ptolemy of Alexandria100 - 170 ADThe Almagest
andThe Geography
The Geography gives usa complete version
of latitude and longitudeIt posits a
GEOCENTRICUNIVERSE.
Columbus carries copy ofthe Geography maps with himhe will begin the dismantlingof the Ptolemaic universe.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Ptolemy of Alexandriaand
Geographyand
The Power of Abstraction
LATITUDEAND
LONGITUDE
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Cassiodorus (485-585) at Vivarium, TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Cassiodorus’ Institutes, 585 AD The order of subjects in the second book
of the Institutiones reflected what would become the Trivium and
Quadrivium of medieval liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic;
arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy. While he encouraged
study of secular subjects, Cassiodorus clearly considered them useful primarily as aids to the study
of divinity, much in the same manner as St. Augustine. Cassiodorus’ Institutiones thus attempted to
provide what Cassiodorus saw as a well-rounded education necessary for a learned Christian, all in uno
corpore, as Cassiodorus himself put it.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Lérins Abbey, Cistercian monastery on the island of Saint-Honorat, one of the Lérins Islands, on the French Riviera,
Founded in 410 by Saint Honoratus, a contemporary of Saint Augustine, Ambrose, Jerome.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Monasticism: Monte Cassino, Benedict, Rule 529
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Isidore of Seville statue,
by JoseAlcovero, Biblioteca
National deEspaña, Madrid
Isidore:570-636
AUTHOR OF THE
ETYMOLOGIES635
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA First university c. 1000
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Universities, like cathedrals and parliaments, are a product of the Middle Ages. More specifically, they were the product of the
medieval Church.
The word university is a shortened version of the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which can be translated as “community
of teachers and scholars.
“community of teachers and scholars.=FREEDOMno one commands not king, not parliament, not pope.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
1000-1517 MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES PURSUE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
WHYJUDEO-CHRIST TRAD
encouraged sciencevs
IslamBuddhism
Confucianism
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
The emphasis for Medieval scholars was on discovering God’s nature , intentions , and demands, and on understanding how these define the relationship between human beings and God. Theology
necessitates an image of God (one God, not many gods) as a conscious, rational, supernatural being of unlimited power and
scope. (Judeo-Christ Trad)That is why there are no theologians in the East: those who might otherwise take up such an intellectual pursuit reject this first premise of theology . Consider Taoism. The Tao is
conceived of as a supernatural essence, an underlying mystical force or principle governing life, but one that is impersonal, remote, lacking
consciousness, and definitely not a being. It is the eternal way, the cosmic force that produces harmony and balance.
According to the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu, the Tao is “always nonexistent” yet “always existent,” “unnamable” and the “name that can be named,” both “soundless and formless” and “always without desires.” One might meditate forever on such an essence, but it offers little to reason about. TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
ISLAM. Why there are no Muslim theologians like Aquinas or Augusting.
Just as Muslim clerics have rejected science as heretical because they believe that natural laws imply limits on Allah’s freedom to act, so too
do they deny the legitimacy of relying on reason to expand their understanding of Allah.
All that needs to be understood about Allah is written in the Qur’an.
The proper role for Muslim thinkers is to interpret scripture— that is, to ensure that the people follow Allah’s commands. In contrast,
Christian theologians (Augustine, Abelard, Aquinas) have devoted centuries to reasoning— about God’s nature and about the very
meaning of God’s teachings.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
During medieval times, a long line of brilliant Scholastic natural philosophers (Aquinas, Albertus Magnus) advanced Western
knowledge in ways leading directly to the Copernican “Revolution” and the extraordinary scientific achievements of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
The great medieval universities were dominated by empiricism from the start ..
Nowhere was the Scholastic commitment to empiricism more fully displayed than in the study of human physiology.
It was the Scholastics, not the Greeks, Romans, Muslims, or Chinese, who based their studies on human dissection.
During classical times the dignity of the human body had forbidden dissection, which is why Greco-Roman works on anatomy are so faulty. Aristotle’s studies were limited to animal dissections, as were those of Celsius and Galen. Human dissection was also prohibited in Islam. But with the founding of Christian universities came a new outlook on dissection.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
DISSECTIONS. In the thirteenth century, local officials
(especially in Italian university towns) began to authorize postmortems in instances when the cause of death was uncertain.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Late in the century, Mondino de’ Luzzi (1270– 1326) wrote a textbook on dissection, based on his study of two female cadavers . Then, in 1315, he performed a human dissection in
front of an audience of students and faculty at the University of Bologna.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Human dissection spread rapidly through the Italian universities—given added impetus by the calamity of the Black Death. Public dissections began in Spain in 1391, and the first one in Vienna was conducted in 1404 . Dissection became a customary part of anatomy classes.
As Edward Grant observed, the “introduction [of human dissection] in the Latin west, made without serious objection from the Church, was a momentous occurrence.”
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Nicholas Copernicus1473-1543
book published 1543Copernicus’ work
leads directly out ofhis excellent eduin Italian univers.
PadovaBolognaFerrara
He is a churchmanwith a church edu.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Nicholas Copernicus1473-1543
book published 1543Copernicus’ work
leads directly out ofhis excellent eduin Italian univers.Padova Bologna
He is a churchmanwith a church edu.
THE FREEDOM HEENJOYS WITHINTHE CHURCH
IS NOW ABOUT TO CLOSE
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Jacopod’
Angelodi
Scarperia1360-1411
Manuel Chrysoloras1355-1415
GREEK TO
FLORENCE 1401
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Ptolemy of Alexandria100 - 170 ADThe Almagest
andThe Geography
The Geography gives usa complete version
of latitude and longitude.It posits a
GEOCENTRICUNIVERSE.
Columbus carried copy of the Geography maps
with him.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Beginning of Modern Science1530 Paracelsus(1493-1541), founder: toxicology, apply chemistry to physiology, pathology1543 Nicholas Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium1543 Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564), De humani corporis fabrica ANATOMYsupplants Greek Galen1546 Agricola (1494-1555), De natura fossilium, introduces term “fossil”, rocks, mineralogy1589, Galileo(1564-1642), experiments with falling bodies (experimental method)1600 William Gilbert, De magnete, magnetisque coporibus, magnetic properties of earth1608 Hans Lippershy, (1570-1619) invents telescope, Middleburg, Zeeland, Holland1609 Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) laws of planetary motion, Astronomia Nova.1610, Galileo, Starry Messenger, printed Venice. Implication: Copernicus right.1620, Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Novum organum, (The New Method)1628, William Harvey, Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinus in animalibus first to describe circulation of blood and function of heart, rejects Greeks/Aristotle1637, Descartes, “La Geometrie” founds modern analytical geometry1638 Galileo, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, foundation of modern mechanics1662, July 16, King Charles II grants charter to Royal Society, (Hooke, Newton, Boyle)
On 28 November 1660, the 1660 committee of 12 announced the formation of a "College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning", which would meet weekly to discuss science and run experiments.
1661 Robert Boyle (1627-1691), Skeptical Chymist founds elements/analysis of chemistry1676 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek discovers micro-organisms with microscope1687 Isaac Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, universal gravitation and the laws of motion.
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Nicholas Copernicus1473-1543
book published 1543
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
1543-1610 (Starry Messenger)ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH UNDER ATTACK
CLOSING THE DOORSMAKING THE LISTS OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
1583-1585, begins to challenge Aristotle ! ! OVERTHROW OF ARISTOTLE! ! ! ! Descartes/Bacon/GalileoSCIENTIFIC METHOD-TEST THINGS-EXPERIMENTfirst small things, later big things(universe)! !1. falling bodies! Aris said they fall according to their weight! but Gal saw hailstones falling together! went to Tower and tested/diff weights fell together! thus idea of some other force (gravity??)! KEY: CAREFUL MEASUREMENT(=Descartes)2.pendulum/church lamp/swing/arc/speed! some other force?
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
1592, appointed Professor of MathematicsUniversity of Padova
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
March 1610: SidereusNuncius(The Starry Messenger) published in Venice
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Starry Messenger Makes Galileo famous1610, Grand Dukeof Tuscany Medici Invites Galileo to Flo
Will be Prof at Univ of Pisa and Court Astronomer
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
Gresham College, home of the Royal Society of London from 1660-1710.
King Charles II gives Royal Society a Charter 1662
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
At the Royal Society Modern Science was Born.1. a scientific association to advance science.
2. meetings, papers, demonstrations.3. support for scientific work.
4. publication (Transactions of Royal Society)
TuesdayMarch 13, 2018
1700 Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1726 was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher")
who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key
figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia
Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical
mechanics. Newton also made pathbreaking contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
for developing modern calculus.Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.
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