Angiosperms

How do angiosperms differ from gymnosperms?

The most diverse group of plants, with about 14,000 genera

and 257,000 species.

In double-fertilization, the two sperm nuclei in the

pollen tube each participate in a fertilization event.

Another key feature in angiosperms is the rapid reproductive cycle.

Angiosperms can have very rapid reproduction, including the

herbaceous growth form and annual plants.

Major Angiosperm Clades

The relationships of major angiosperm

groups are modeled after the Angiosperm

Phylogeny Group 2009 system

(APGIII 2009).

APG III 2009

-classifies one to several families into orders where there is strong evidence that the order is monophyletic

-these designated orders do not represent a hierarchical classification system

Orders can be viewed as convenient placeholders for 1 or more families that appear to comprise a monophyletic group.

Some monophyletic groups that contain several orders are given names.

Ex: Magnoliids

Basal Angiosperms

Major Angiosperm Clades

Basal angiosperm groups:

Many phylogenetic analyses agree in placing Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) as sister to all of the flowering

plants.

Amborella trichopoda is a small, evergreen, shrub of New Caledonia.

Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaeaceae-Arkansas flora

Nymphaeaceae (water lilies)

and Cabombaceae (water shields) are

successive sister groups to all other

angiosperms.

The old group dicot included all the angiosperms other than Monocots.

Basal Angiosperms

Dicot is no longer used to designate an angiosperm lineage because it is not monophyletic

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Monocot Dicot

The core angiosperms comprise three lineages:

The Magnoliids

Mostly tropical, subtropical, and

warm temperate.

The Magnoliids include many

commercially important plants including

For many years, the simple Magnolia

flower was thought to represent the

primitive angiosperm flower

The Monocots

Monocots are distinguished from other

angiosperms by the presence of a single

cotyledon (seed leaf).

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The Eudicots

The eudicots are separated from all other

angiosperms by a special pollen form.

Basal Angiosperms

The eudicots include three major lineages.

Core eudicot food plants, with rosids (green branch) and

asterids (red branch) collapsed, and a monocot outgroup.

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The Eudicots

Rosid major clades with food species

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Rosid major clades with food species

Study guide-Chapter 23-Angiosperms

-Understand how angiosperms differ from gymnosperms

-Know terms-angiosperms, double-fertilization

-Understand what the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III System is and how it affects botanical taxonomy

-Understand basal angiosperm groups-Amborella, star anise, water lilies

-What are the core angiosperm lineages-Magnoliids, Eudicots, and Monocots

-Know food examples for monocots

-Know general characteristics of 3 core angiosperm lineages

-Know food examples for core eudicots, asterids, and rosids (malvids and fabids)

-Know main differences between dicots and monocots

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