Animal Kingdom -Vertebrates

Mr. Cobb

Biology

1

Zoology:

study of animals

The Kingdom Animalia

No cell wall

Heterotrophic

Motile

Sexual reproduction

Tissue / organs

Multicellular

Distinct body plan

Kingdom Animalia

The animal kingdom is in the domain eukarya.This kingdom consists of different phyla, including:

MolluscaNematodaAnnelidaArthropodaChordata

Kingdom Animalia

Organisms in the animal kingdom are sometimes divided into two groups:

Vertebrates – organisms that have a notochord (develops into a backbone)Invertebrates – organisms that do NOT have a notochord.

Vertebrates

All vertebrates belong to the phylum chordata.They have a dorsal nerve cord that develops into a spinal cord.All vertebrates have an internal skeleton known as an endoskeleton.

Vertebrates

There are several classes included in the chordata phylum:

FishAmphibiaReptiliaAvesMammalia

Fish

There are 3 different classes of fish:Jawless fish (class Agnatha) – these fish have no jaws, they attach themselves to the side of a fish and suck its blood.

Cartilaginous fish (class chondrichthyes) have no bones, only cartilage.

Bony fish (class Osteichthyes) – these fish have bones and cartilage.

Jawless Fish

                           

Cartilaginous Fish

Bony Fish

Fish

Fish use gills to breathe. Gills are full of blood vessels and allow for gas exchange through diffusion.Fish’s scales are used to cover and protect their body.Fish have hearts with two chambers. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills, then throughout the body.

Fish – Gas Exchange

Fish

Fish get their body temperature from their environment (ectotherms)Most fish release eggs and sperm into the water, but some (like sharks) undergo internal fertilization and give birth to live offspring.

Internal Structure of Fish

Amphibians

Includes frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts.EcothermsExternal fertilization

Offspring develop in water and undergo metamorphosis

Moist skin without scales

Amphibians

Young offspring have gills and 2 chambered hearts. As they grow, they develop lungs and 3 chambered hearts.Some salamanders don’t have gills or lungs, but instead exchange carbon and oxygen through their moist skin.

Amphibians

Amphibians have tympanic membranes behind their eyes that pick up sound and transmit it to their ears.

Amphibians tend to have good vision and good hearing.

Amphibians

Some amphibians produce skin toxins as a defense mechanism

Amphibians are good indicator species – they are very sensitive to changes in their environment (pollution).

Amphibians

                      

Internal Structure of Frog

Reptiles

Includes turtles, crocodiles, alligators, snakes, and lizardsReptiles have thick, dry skin with scalesEctothermicThey have 3 chambered hearts

Reptiles

Reptiles undergo internal fertilization and most lay eggs.

Reptiles can live out of water (snakes, lizards), in water (some turtles), or both (alligators, crocodiles, turtles).

Reptiles

Some reptiles are capable of producing toxins (snakes).Most of the molecules in toxins are proteins and enzymes. Causes drop in blood pressure, internal bleeding, muscles stop working (can’t breathe, heart stops)

Reptiles

                           

Aves (Birds)

Maintain a constant body temperature (Endothermic)

Have 2 legs, covered with scales, that are used for walking

Forelimbs modified (evolution term) into wings

Aves

Birds have different types of feathers:

Down feathers – trap air close to the body to keep the bird warmContour feathers – make body streamlined, provide lift and balance for flying.

Aves

Most features are adapted for flight

Hollow bones (lighter)Efficient respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems (steady supply of oxygen and food)Strong chest muscles

Aves

Mammals

Have hair

Nourish their young with milk

Breathe air

Have 4 chamber hearts

Endothermic

Types of Mammals

There are 3 types of mammals:Monotremes

Marsupials

Placental Mammals

Monotremes

Monotremes lay eggs

Eggs are similar to reptile eggs

There are only 5 species of monotremes

Ex: Duckbill platypus,echidnas

Platypus pics

Monotremes

Marsupials

Marsupials give birth to very tiny offspring. Once born, offspring climb into its mother’s pouch and nurse almost continually until they’re big enough to leave the pouchEx: Koalas, Kangaroos

Marsupials

                         

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKImqLtkeZA

Baby Possum Video

Placental Mammals

Offspring develop inside a placenta until they are born.

Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes are exchanged between mother and offspring through the placenta

Ex: humans, horses, cats, etc.

Placental Mammals