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Animal Welfare Issues: Animal Welfare Issues: Research Knowledge and Research Knowledge and

Policy Alternatives Policy Alternatives

Farm Policy Study GroupFarm Policy Study GroupPurdue UniversityPurdue University

July 7, 2009July 7, 2009

Mike Schutz Animal SciencesMike Schutz Animal SciencesMike Schutz, Animal SciencesMike Schutz, Animal SciencesSusan Eicher, USDA LBRUSusan Eicher, USDA LBRU

HengHeng--Wei Cheng, USDA LBRUWei Cheng, USDA LBRU

What’s in Store this Afternoon?What’s in Store this Afternoon?

Overview of political landscapeOverview of political landscapePurdue’s role in informing public Purdue’s role in informing public

opinionopinionOverview of ongoing work in Dairy Overview of ongoing work in Dairy

and Swineand SwineOverview of ongoing work in PoultryOverview of ongoing work in PoultryOverview of ongoing work in PoultryOverview of ongoing work in PoultryExtension effortsExtension effortsLots of discussionLots of discussion

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Political ClimatePolitical Climate

2002 Voter Referenda2002 Voter Referenda

OklahomaOklahoma——Banned Banned CockfightingCockfighting

FloridaFlorida——Banned Banned Gestation CratesGestation Crates

Political ClimatePolitical Climate

2006 Voter Referendum2006 Voter Referendum

ArizonaArizona——Banned Banned Gestation and Veal Gestation and Veal CratesCrates

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Political ClimatePolitical Climate

20062006HR503 American Horse HR503 American Horse HR503 American Horse HR503 American Horse

Slaughter Prevention ActSlaughter Prevention ActS1915 Blocked in Ag S1915 Blocked in Ag

CommitteeCommittee20072007Passed, signed into lawPassed, signed into lawPassed, signed into lawPassed, signed into law20092009S727 Prevention of Equine S727 Prevention of Equine

Cruelty ActCruelty Act

Political ClimatePolitical Climate

2007 Legislation2007 Legislation

OregonOregon——Banned Veal Banned Veal and Gestation Cratesand Gestation Crates

2008 Legislation2008 Legislation

ColoradoColorado——Banned Veal Banned Veal and Gestation Cratesand Gestation Crates

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Political ClimatePolitical Climate

2008 Voter Referendum2008 Voter Referendum

CaliforniaCalifornia——Banned Banned Gestation and Veal Gestation and Veal Crates and set limits Crates and set limits on layer cageson layer cages“P iti 2”“P iti 2”“Proposition 2”“Proposition 2”

Political ClimatePolitical Climate

2009 Legislation2009 Legislation

MaineMaine——Banned Gestation Banned Gestation and Veal Crates and Veal Crates ––effective effective January 1, 2011January 1, 2011

MassachusettsMassachusetts——Proposed Proposed ban on gestation crates ban on gestation crates and battery cagesand battery cages

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Political ClimatePolitical Climate

2009 Proposed legislation2009 Proposed legislation

CaliforniaCalifornia——Proposed ban on Proposed ban on tail docking of any cattle tail docking of any cattle for any cosmetic reason.for any cosmetic reason.

Political ClimatePolitical Climate

SB1337SB1337——prohibits a person prohibits a person SB1337SB1337 prohibits a person prohibits a person from tethering or confining from tethering or confining any covered animal, on a any covered animal, on a farm, for all or the majority farm, for all or the majority of any day in a manner that of any day in a manner that prevents animal fromprevents animal frompp

i.i. Lying down, standing up, and Lying down, standing up, and fully extending his or her fully extending his or her limbslimbs

ii.ii. Turning around freelyTurning around freely

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Political ClimatePolitical Climate

SB1336SB1336——provides that no provides that no ppperson may dock or hire any person may dock or hire any other person to dock the tail of other person to dock the tail of any living member of the any living member of the bovine species.bovine species.

SB 139SB 139——limits situations when limits situations when a person could dock an animal’s a person could dock an animal’s a person could dock an animal s a person could dock an animal s tail or crop its ears without tail or crop its ears without violating the “animal torture” violating the “animal torture” provision of the Humane Care provision of the Humane Care for Animals Actfor Animals Act

Political ClimatePolitical ClimateHSUS HSUS ------ 2010 2010

Referendum ala CA Referendum ala CA P iti 2P iti 2Proposition 2Proposition 2

LegislatureLegislature------2009 2009 Referendum on Ohio Referendum on Ohio Livestock Care Livestock Care Livestock Care Livestock Care Standards BoardStandards Board

The 13-member board would be appointed by the Governor and the Assembly, and include a family farmer, a food safety expert, a veterinarian, the state veterinarian, a college agriculture dean, a county humane society member, two representatives from statewide farming groups, and two consumer group representatives. The House and Senate would each add a family farm member.

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Political ClimatePolitical Climate

2009 legislation2009 legislation2009 legislation2009 legislation

Puppy Mill legislationPuppy Mill legislation

?????????? ??????????

HSUS PlanHSUS Plan 100 point “Change Agenda for 100 point “Change Agenda for

Animals”Animals”AnimalsAnimals1.1. Humane poultry slaughterHumane poultry slaughter2.2. Downers and slaughter plant oversightDowners and slaughter plant oversight3.3. Enforcement of existing lawsEnforcement of existing laws——puppy import puppy import

ban, Horse Protection Act, etc.ban, Horse Protection Act, etc.4.4. Horse slaughterHorse slaughter5.5. Puppy millsPuppy mills6.6. Horse protection ActHorse protection Act——funding, prosecution, funding, prosecution,

and eliminate industry selfand eliminate industry self--policingpolicing7.7. Intensive confinementIntensive confinement——like Prop 2like Prop 2

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HSUS PlanHSUS Plan 100 point “Change Agenda for Animals” (cont.)100 point “Change Agenda for Animals” (cont.)

8.8. CAFOs (climate change)CAFOs (climate change)9.9. Pain and DistressPain and Distress——adopt regulatory definition of adopt regulatory definition of 9.9. Pain and DistressPain and Distress adopt regulatory definition of adopt regulatory definition of

distress to assure consistency and compliancedistress to assure consistency and compliance10.10. CloningCloning——reconsider food safetyreconsider food safety——to both humans to both humans

and animalsand animals11.11. Yellowstone BisonYellowstone Bison12.12. NonNon--lethal predator control lethal predator control ––eg ban Starlicide and eg ban Starlicide and

AvitrolAvitrol13.13. Animal crueltyAnimal cruelty——link animal and human violencelink animal and human violence14.14. Fur labelingFur labeling15.15. Free Trade AgreementsFree Trade Agreements——include welfare include welfare

commitmentscommitments16.16. AntibioticsAntibiotics——Pew commissionPew commission17.17. DefenseDefense——end use of pigs for personnel trauma end use of pigs for personnel trauma

trainingtraining

HSUS PlanHSUS Plan

“We believe in the Three R’s—REDUCING th ti f t d th i lREDUCING the consumption of meat and other animal-based foods;

REFINING the diet by eating products only from methods of production, transport, and slaughter that minimize pain and distress; and

REPLACING meat and other animal based foods in the diet with plant-based foods.”

Wayne PacelleHSUS President

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Unintended ConsequencesUnintended ConsequencesExamplesExamplesHorse slaughter banHorse slaughter ban Intensive confinementIntensive confinementTetheringTethering

Informing Public PolicyInforming Public Policy

Sometimes difficult without advocacySometimes difficult without advocacy What constitutes animal pain/stress?What constitutes animal pain/stress? What constitutes animal pain/stress?What constitutes animal pain/stress? What husbandry alternatives can be used What husbandry alternatives can be used

economically?economically? Utilize traditional disciplines together to Utilize traditional disciplines together to

develop better husbandry systemsdevelop better husbandry systems–– GeneticsGenetics–– PhysiologyPhysiologyPhysiologyPhysiology–– NutritionNutrition–– HousingHousing–– EthologyEthology

Communicate findings to students and Communicate findings to students and publicpublic

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Purdue ResourcesPurdue Resources

Purdue Animal SciencesPurdue Animal Sciences––Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development––Animal Well BeingAnimal Well Being––Sustainable and Efficient Production Sustainable and Efficient Production

Management SystemsManagement Systems

Purdue ResourcesPurdue Resources

USDAUSDA--Livestock Behavior Research Livestock Behavior Research U it U it Unit Unit

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Purdue ResourcesPurdue Resources

Center for Food Animal WellCenter for Food Animal Well--BeingBeing

Resources PurdueResources Purdue

Beef: Lemenager, Claeys, Beef: Lemenager, Claeys, S h kS h kSchoonmakerSchoonmaker

Dairy: Schutz, Nennich, DonkinDairy: Schutz, Nennich, DonkinPoultry: Muir, Hester, Garner, Poultry: Muir, Hester, Garner,

ApplegateApplegateSwine: Richert Pajor Schinckel Swine: Richert Pajor Schinckel Swine: Richert, Pajor, Schinckel, Swine: Richert, Pajor, Schinckel,

Sutton, PattersonSutton, Patterson

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Resources USDAResources USDA--LBRULBRU

Focus on Dairy, Poultry, SwineFocus on Dairy, Poultry, SwineLayLay----RL and Behavioral PhysiologyRL and Behavioral PhysiologyEicherEicher——ImmunologyImmunologyChengCheng——NeurobiologyNeurobiologyMarchantMarchant--FordeForde——EthologyEthologyRastagnoRastagno——MicrobiologistMicrobiologist

Animal Welfare Research Animal Welfare Research in Dairy and Swine in Dairy and Swine yy

Livestock Behavior Research Unit Livestock Behavior Research Unit USDAUSDA--ARSARS

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Animal Welfare GuidelineAnimal Welfare GuidelineThe Brambell Committee introduced “5 F” The Brambell Committee introduced “5 F” for animals in animal production system:for animals in animal production system:–– Freedom from hunger and thirstFreedom from hunger and thirst–– Freedom from discomfortFreedom from discomfort–– Freedom from painFreedom from pain–– Freedom to express normal behavioursFreedom to express normal behaviours–– Freedom from fear and distressFreedom from fear and distress

The World Organization for Animal HealthThe World Organization for Animal HealthP t t th b i h lth d l f ti i f P t t th b i h lth d l f ti i f –– Protect the basic health and normal functioning of Protect the basic health and normal functioning of animals;animals;

–– Protect the psychological wellProtect the psychological well--being of animals;being of animals;

–– Provide living conditions that are considered to be Provide living conditions that are considered to be “natural” for the species“natural” for the species

Animal Welfare in the U.S.Animal Welfare in the U.S.USDA is the primary Federal agency USDA is the primary Federal agency responsible for animal welfare issueresponsible for animal welfare issue

Th A i l d Pl t H lth I ti S i (APHIS)Th A i l d Pl t H lth I ti S i (APHIS)–– The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

APHIS APHIS ------ the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) and the Horse the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) and the Horse Protection Act Protection Act ------ certain animalscertain animals

–– The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)

FSIS FSIS ------ the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act (HMSA), the the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act (HMSA), the Federal Meat Inspection Act the Poultry Products Inspection Federal Meat Inspection Act the Poultry Products Inspection Federal Meat Inspection Act, the Poultry Products Inspection Federal Meat Inspection Act, the Poultry Products Inspection Act, and the electronic Humane Activities Tracking (HAT, Act, and the electronic Humane Activities Tracking (HAT, 2004) 2004) ------ livestock in slaughter plantslivestock in slaughter plants

-- Currently, there are no federal laws for farm animals housed Currently, there are no federal laws for farm animals housed for food, fiber or other agriculture purposes including research.for food, fiber or other agriculture purposes including research.

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Livestock Behavior Research Unit (LBRU)Livestock Behavior Research Unit (LBRU)USDAUSDA--ARSARS

The MissionThe MissionT d l i ifi f i l lf T d l i ifi f i l lf -- To develop scientific measures of animal welfare, To develop scientific measures of animal welfare,

through the study of animal behavior, stress physiology, through the study of animal behavior, stress physiology, immunology, neurophysiology, and cognition, that will allow immunology, neurophysiology, and cognition, that will allow an objective evaluation of animal agricultural practices. an objective evaluation of animal agricultural practices.

-- To improve the existing practices and to invent new To improve the existing practices and to invent new practices that can enhance animal welfare and increase practices that can enhance animal welfare and increase animal productivity. animal productivity.

To use and develop its knowledge of stress physiology To use and develop its knowledge of stress physiology -- To use and develop its knowledge of stress physiology To use and develop its knowledge of stress physiology and animal behavior to address concerns of pathogen and animal behavior to address concerns of pathogen contamination of livestock carcasses due to the stress of contamination of livestock carcasses due to the stress of handling and transportation.handling and transportation.

-- The goal is to improve animal health, increase The goal is to improve animal health, increase productivity, and decrease human exposure to dangerous productivity, and decrease human exposure to dangerous pathogens. pathogens.

Livestock Behavior Research Unit

USDA-ARS-MWA

West Lafayette, IN

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Scientists Don Lay, Jr. (research leader / stress physiology)

Susan Eicher (immunology / ethology)

H.W. Cheng (neuroscience /ethology)

J M h t F d ( th l ) Jeremy Marchant-Forde (ethology)

Marcos Rostagno (microbiology)

Farm Animal Behavior Laboratory (N & S)

“a legendary story of supernatural happenings”

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FABL-S

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LAYOUT

Gestation

Barn:

24 Landrace/24 Yorkshire

Controlled environment: Same building Same building

Same management

Temperature and humidity balance

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Results were not conclusiveResults were not conclusive

Gilts housed in groups had greater Gilts housed in groups had greater salivary cortisol during gestation and 1 h salivary cortisol during gestation and 1 h salivary cortisol during gestation and 1 h salivary cortisol during gestation and 1 h after the move to farrowing crates after the move to farrowing crates

Piglets from stallPiglets from stall--housed gilts drank more housed gilts drank more on d 2 after weaning and more required on d 2 after weaning and more required mashmash

Piglets from stallPiglets from stall--housed gilts grunted housed gilts grunted d i th i l ti t t d i th i l ti t tmore during the isolation testmore during the isolation test

Piglets from stallPiglets from stall--housed gilts gained less housed gilts gained less after weaning (35 d)after weaning (35 d)

Introduction: Main ObjectiveIntroduction: Main ObjectiveDetermine how alleyway width Determine how alleyway width interacts with sow welfare interacts with sow welfare interacts with sow welfare, interacts with sow welfare, behavior, and productivity behavior, and productivity within a freewithin a free--access gestation access gestation sow housing sow housing systemsystemsystem.system.

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Materials and Methods: Behavior Materials and Methods: Behavior and Social Interactionsand Social Interactions

Video recording for 1Video recording for 1stst week; 24hrs/ wk week; 24hrs/ wk afterwardafterwardafterwardafterward

Analyzing Analyzing ––Where and how Where and how sows spend timesows spend time

––Which sows use Which sows use each areaeach area––Occurrences and Occurrences and

inne s of fightsinne s of fightswinners of fightswinners of fightsDominance Dominance relationshipsrelationships

early, middle, andearly, middle, andlate gestationlate gestation

Materials and Methods: Production Materials and Methods: Production and Healthand Health

Weekly lesion Weekly lesion score score score score

Early, middle, and Early, middle, and late gestationlate gestation–– Lameness ScoreLameness Score––Weight and Body Weight and Body

Condition ScoreCondition ScoreCondition ScoreCondition Score––Back fatBack fat

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Materials and Methods: Production Materials and Methods: Production and Healthand Health

Additional Sow Additional Sow DataDataDataData–– Farrowing RateFarrowing Rate–– % Rebreed% Rebreed–– Days to estrusDays to estrus–– Culling rate and Culling rate and

reason for cullingreason for culling Litter DataLitter Data

–– # of pigs born # of pigs born alivealive

–– birth weightbirth weight–– litter sizelitter size

Materials and Methods: Materials and Methods: PhysiologyPhysiology

Immune FunctionImmune Function

––Blood sampling early, middle, and Blood sampling early, middle, and late gestationlate gestation

––Concanavalin A skin test late Concanavalin A skin test late gestationgestation

•• CortisolCortisolBlood sampling early, middle, and Blood sampling early, middle, and

late gestationlate gestation

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Results: Current ImpressionsResults: Current Impressions

Sows use Sows use alleyways in alleyways in alleyways in alleyways in all all treatments, treatments, but differentlybut differently

Only Only dominant dominant group of sows group of sows use alleywaysuse alleyways

Results: Current ImpressionsResults: Current Impressions

Fighting lasts Fighting lasts longest in 7’ longest in 7’ longest in 7 longest in 7 alleyway; 3’ alleyway; 3’ alleyway has alleyway has few fightsfew fights

Highest Highest Highest Highest pregnancy pregnancy losses in 10’ losses in 10’ alleywayalleyway

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Results: Production DataResults: Production DataLower farrowing rate in 10’ alleywayLower farrowing rate in 10’ alleywayNo apparent differences inNo apparent differences inNo apparent differences inNo apparent differences in

––Total litter sizeTotal litter size––Number of pigs born aliveNumber of pigs born alive––MortalityMortality––Birth weightBirth weight

ConclusionsConclusions

Focus of these studies is to Focus of these studies is to Focus of these studies is to Focus of these studies is to create science based create science based recommendations for freerecommendations for free--access systems that support access systems that support good animal welfare and good animal welfare and benefit producersbenefit producers

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Tail-docking in dairy cattle

Acute pain: not much in cows, but present in calves

Chronic pain: suggested by thermography results

Fly avoidance: a problem for both calves and cows

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Pain Sensitivity Testing and Thermo-photography

Temperature Intact Docked TipTemperature Intact Docked Tip

Initial Tail

Final Tail

Change -.031.430.96

32.1436.0835.12

32.1734.6534.16

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SpeedSpeed

27000

Concrete Rubber

1200

Concrete Rubber

21000

22000

23000

24000

25000

26000

200

400

600

800

1000

20000MEMilk

0MEFat MEProtein

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2 5

3

Concrete Rubber

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0SCS NBR

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Current Dairy Research

Rubber mats for dairy comfort and l tilameness prevention

Calf social stress / calf environmental stress

Animal Welfare Research Animal Welfare Research in Poultryin Poultryyy

Livestock Behavior Research Unit Livestock Behavior Research Unit USDAUSDA--ARSARS

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Major Issues Associated with Welfare Major Issues Associated with Welfare in Poultry in Poultry

Housing system: Battery cages Housing system: Battery cages g y y gg y y gGroup size and stocking density Group size and stocking density Beak trimmingBeak trimming Induced moltingInduced moltingBone weakness Bone weakness Bone weakness Bone weakness Handling, depopulation, and Handling, depopulation, and

transportationtransportationSlaughter (Spent hens)Slaughter (Spent hens)

Current Studies Conducted in Current Studies Conducted in the Livestock Behavior Research Unitthe Livestock Behavior Research Unit

Stress indicatorsStress indicators: : Various stressorsVarious stressors

(transportation stress, social stress, heat stress)(transportation stress, social stress, heat stress)

HousingHousing: : Furnished cages vs. Furnished cages vs.

battery cagesbattery cages

Induced moltingInduced molting: alternatives vs. : alternatives vs.

feed withdrawalfeed withdrawalfeed withdrawalfeed withdrawal

Genetic selection: Genetic selection: Kind gentle birdsKind gentle birds

Beak trimming: Beak trimming: Infrared beak trimming Infrared beak trimming vs. hot blade beak trimmingvs. hot blade beak trimming

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Examples of Studies Related to Animal Examples of Studies Related to Animal Welfare conducted in the LBRUWelfare conducted in the LBRU

PainPainSome routine practices in the food production Some routine practices in the food production Some routine practices in the food production Some routine practices in the food production industry may cause pain in the animals.industry may cause pain in the animals.

-- Pigs: tail docking; teeth clipping; ear Pigs: tail docking; teeth clipping; ear notching; and castrationnotching; and castration

-- Dairy cows (Cattle): tail docking, castration, Dairy cows (Cattle): tail docking, castration, a y co s (Catt e) ta doc g, cast at o ,a y co s (Catt e) ta doc g, cast at o ,dehorning dehorning

-- Laying hens: beak trimming Laying hens: beak trimming

Cannibalism in Poultry Cannibalism in Poultry • It can happen in any kind housing environment• It causes more than 20% of mortality in laying hens

ith t b k t i i (Al t l 1995)without beak trimming (Algers et al., 1995)

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Beak TrimmingBeak Trimming

AdvantageAdvantage–– Feather peckingFeather pecking

–– CannibalismCannibalism

DisadvantageDisadvantage–– Affect normal beak function: Affect normal beak function:

eating, drinking, and preeningeating, drinking, and preening

–– Nerve & Tissue damage Nerve & Tissue damage ------ Pain Pain (acute and chronic(acute and chronic))

Histological characteristics of intact beak ---Masson trichrome staining

a

b c

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Acute Pain Acute Pain ------ Transduction SystemTransduction System

Beak tissues (signals)Beak tissues (signals)

Beak

( g )( g )Nerve Fibers Nerve Fibers

Neurons Neurons ------ Spinal cordSpinal cord

Nerve Fibers Nerve Fibers

Neurons Neurons ------ BrainBrain

Brain

Chronic Pain Chronic Pain ------ Neuroma Neuroma

Spinal cord Beak

N l fib

Soma Fibers Terminals

Normal nerve fibers

Regrowth

Neuroma

Ending of beak stump

Targets

Target

Degenerating of neuroma

Neuromas may increase pain sensitivity --- chronic pain Tissue Scar

g

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Factors Affect Pain in Trimmed Hens Factors Affect Pain in Trimmed Hens

AgeAge

Genetic backgroundGenetic background

Lesion sizeLesion size

Inflammation associated with lesionInflammation associated with lesion

Infrared beak trimmer Hot blade trimmer

Solution for feather pecking and cannibalism

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Data Data ------ beak trimmingbeak trimmingData from previous studies Data from previous studies Data from our new studiesData from our new studies

Bird age Bird age 5 wks or older5 wks or older day oldday old

MethodMethod hot bladehot blade infraredinfrared

LesionLesion severesevere mildmildLesionLesion severesevere mildmild

Pain behaviorPain behavior yesyes nono

NeuromaNeuroma yesyes no (?)no (?)

PainPain AcuteAcute AcuteAcuteChronicChronic Chronic (?)Chronic (?)

Conclusion: Conclusion: --, Infrared beak trimming, unlike hot blade beak , Infrared beak trimming, unlike hot blade beak Conclusion: Conclusion: , Infrared beak trimming, unlike hot blade beak , Infrared beak trimming, unlike hot blade beak trimming, causes acute pain but not chronic pain in beak trimming, causes acute pain but not chronic pain in beak trimmed hens.trimmed hens.

United Egg Producers guideline: beak trimming should be United Egg Producers guideline: beak trimming should be conduced at 10 days of age or younger.conduced at 10 days of age or younger.

Notes: Should not use old data to against the new practices.Notes: Should not use old data to against the new practices.

Genetic Selection Genetic Selection ------ Another Another Solution for feather pecking and cannibalism

Traditional Selection Program Traditional Selection Program ------IndividualIndividual--.. A single indicatorA single indicator

• Production (Breeding)• Production (Breeding)

A New Selection Program A New Selection Program ------ GroupGroup-- Multiple indicatorsMultiple indicators--.. Multiple indicatorsMultiple indicators

• Production & Survivability resulting from • Production & Survivability resulting from cannibalismcannibalismKGB (Kind & Gentle Birds) & MBB (Mean & Bad KGB (Kind & Gentle Birds) & MBB (Mean & Bad Birds) strainsBirds) strains

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KGB MBB

Genetic selection-induced alterations in the productivity and survivability in hens

Trait KGB line1 MBB line

Mortality, % 1.3b + 0.1 8.6a + 0.5Longevity, d 363b + 0.4 193 a + 21Egg Number, per hen 295b + 11 108 a + 12Egg Mass, per hen, g/d 48b + 2 17 a + 1.8Egg Weight, g 59.4 + 0.6 58.9 + 0.8

a b Means within a row with no common superscript differ significantlya ,b Means within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).

1, The KGB and MBB lines were selected from high and low productivity and survivability resulting from cannibalism and flightiness.

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Serotonin System

Genetic Basis of Neurophysiology

Standard curve Plasma Serotonin

245 37 + 18 042200

300

400

500

600

700

800

ak H

eigh

t (x

100

0)

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

ntr

atio

ns

(ug/

ml)

*

y = 245.37x + 18.042

R2 = 0.9995

0

100

200

0 1 2 3 4

Concentration (mg/ml)

Pea

KGB MBB

0.00

5.0

Con

cen

a b*, P<0.05.

Cheng el al, 2001

IgG ConcentrationsIgG Concentrations

Group Western blot ImmunoprecipitationGroup Western blot ImmunoprecipitationGroup Western blot ImmunoprecipitationGroup Western blot Immunoprecipitation(Concen. Index) (mg/mL)(Concen. Index) (mg/mL)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

KGBKGB 1.2 1.2 ++ 0.070.07aa 7.5 7.5 ++ 0.070.07aa

MBBMBB 1.4 1.4 ++ 0.060.06bb 10.8 10.8 ++ 0.700.70bb

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(P<.05)(P<.05)

120.0

30.2

36.3

84.0

52.2

kDa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

205.0

Line 1, marker; Line 2, IgG positive control; Lines 3-4 from MBB hens; and Line 6-8 from KGB hens.

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Data Data ------ genetic selectiongenetic selection

Selection for productivity and survivability Selection for productivity and survivability differently affected the biological systems differently affected the biological systems differently affected the biological systems differently affected the biological systems in the present chicken lines.in the present chicken lines.

Genetic selection could be a very useful Genetic selection could be a very useful tool in improving farm animal welfare.tool in improving farm animal welfare.

Animal x environment interaction: Animal x environment interaction: S l d l h ld b f hS l d l h ld b f hSelected animals should be from the same Selected animals should be from the same environment, in which animals are going environment, in which animals are going to be housed.to be housed.

Animal welfare in the U.S.Animal welfare in the U.S. Public concern about farm animal welfare and food Public concern about farm animal welfare and food

safety will continue to grow, which challenges safety will continue to grow, which challenges current production practices.current production practices.

Currently in the U S effects are still primarily Currently in the U S effects are still primarily Currently, in the U.S. effects are still primarily Currently, in the U.S. effects are still primarily confined to the retail sector.confined to the retail sector.

Pressure for legislation will increase.Pressure for legislation will increase.

–– 50 50 –– 60 bills have been introduced in Congress annually60 bills have been introduced in Congress annually–– Even greater proliferation at the State levelEven greater proliferation at the State level

Such as Proposition 2 in CA and Chapter 272 of MassachusettsSuch as Proposition 2 in CA and Chapter 272 of MassachusettsSuch as Proposition 2 in CA, and Chapter 272 of Massachusetts,Such as Proposition 2 in CA, and Chapter 272 of Massachusetts,

–– Much more at food retail organizationsMuch more at food retail organizations

McDonald, Burger King, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and McDonald, Burger King, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and the Food Marketing Institute (FMI) and the National Council of the Food Marketing Institute (FMI) and the National Council of Chain Restaurants (NCCR) …and food services at 350 Chain Restaurants (NCCR) …and food services at 350 universitiesuniversities

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Extension ActivitiesExtension Activities

Indiana Commission on Farm Animal CareIndiana Commission on Farm Animal Care–– Indiana Livestock Care Assistance ProjectIndiana Livestock Care Assistance ProjectIndiana Livestock Care Assistance ProjectIndiana Livestock Care Assistance Project

Quality Assurance ProgramsQuality Assurance Programs–– IQ+BEEFIQ+BEEF–– ISDA Certified Livestock Producer ProgramISDA Certified Livestock Producer Program

FASSFASS——Dairy Cattle TrainingDairy Cattle Training Work with National Commodity Programs Work with National Commodity Programs o t at o a Co od ty og a so t at o a Co od ty og a s Representation on National BoardsRepresentation on National Boards Welfare Auditing StandardsWelfare Auditing Standards Swine Housing DVDSwine Housing DVD

Needs for Animal AgricultureNeeds for Animal Agriculture

What needs to happenWhat needs to happen

––Employee education: continue education Employee education: continue education and training programand training program

––Best management practices: develop Best management practices: develop and apply standardsand apply standards

Scientific research: assign a high Scientific research: assign a high ––Scientific research: assign a high Scientific research: assign a high prioritypriority

––Public education (communication): Public education (communication): improve the flow of information to the improve the flow of information to the general publicgeneral public

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Outreach needsOutreach needs

More communication with general publicMore communication with general publicE t d th d ti b d 4E t d th d ti b d 4 HH Extend youth education beyond 4Extend youth education beyond 4--HH

Enhancing Ag Productivity and Global Enhancing Ag Productivity and Global Competitiveness (Theme Advisory Group)Competitiveness (Theme Advisory Group)

Public Education about CAFOs (Issue Public Education about CAFOs (Issue Based Action Team)Based Action Team)

Will required cooperation with Animal Will required cooperation with Animal Agriculture IndustryAgriculture Industry

Attempt to keep focus on scienceAttempt to keep focus on science--backed backed solutions solutions