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animtni>
aiTi-piTi
an[ U>DiN
ri[(ht pT[l BE (M). LL.b
2
Anamat Na Aata Pata Ane Undan
b)J aivZ(_i : 9 ai[kTi[Àbr-2015
nkl : 1000
m ŠÃy : d[Sni GDtrmi> aipn&> yi[gdin
{ b)J aivZ(_i (vni mŠÃy[ d[Sni GDtr miT[ }
{pi[AT[j Kc< algY) YS[.}
l[Kk an[ p\kiSk : ri[(ht pT[l
20, J.aie.D).s)., (vÎluwi[gngr, 388121
ti.J.aiN>d. g&jrit {Birt}.
e-m[el:- [email protected]
ai p&Atkn[ ai[n lien vi>cvi miT[
http:/bjprohitpatel.com
www.facebook.com/RohitPatelMilcentBJPAnand
3
ap<N
ai>di[lnmi> aTviy[li smAt piT)dir smijn[,
a[ni S&B[µCki[n[,
a[[ni (ht[µC&ai[n[ tYi d[Sni smAt jnsm&diyn[,
(vcirvi,
smjvi,
an[
(c>tn krvi miT[.....
4
aiBirni S¾di[
ai p&Atk miri miT[ j n(h pN miri smg\ Jvnn[ miT[ GN&>
mh_vn&> p&Atk C[. h&> smAt pT[l smij miT[ k>ek krvin&> (vcir)
rHi[ hti[ Ryir[ mn[ hiln) p(r(AY(t (vS[ kS&>k hkiriRmk
krvini[ (vcir aiÄyi[ an[ m[> miri vPi[<ni an&Bv,
s>Si[Fni[ an[ vi>cn-l[Kn prY) ai p&Atkn) rcni kr) C[.
a[ S&B aiSyY) ai p&Atk aipni krkmLmi> ap<N
kr) rHi[ C&> Ryir[ miri Hdymi> an[k Äy(ktai[ p\Ry[ aiBirn)
ligN) UBr) rh) C[. si] p\Ym ti[ h&> miri Fm<pRn) ~)mt)
jy~)b[nni[ aiBir Äykt kr&> C&> k[, j[mN[ rijn)(tni mig< pr
an[ smijs[vini s>kÃpmi> mn[ S$aitY) j siY shkir
ai¼yi[ an[ mni[bL p*$ piDy&>.
a[k sHdy) (Sxk tYi (m#i a[vi ~) qiki[rBie j[. pT[l,
aiciy< ~), s.p. hieAk*l, bi[r)yiv) ti.aiN>d ni[ h&> aiBir
min&> C&> k[ j[mN[ a[k a[vi Äy(ktn) ai[LKiN kriv)
k[ j[mN[ ph[l) j m&likitmi> miri lKiNn[ s>pidn kr)
p&Atk$p[ aikir aipvin) jvibdir) shP< Av)kir) l)F)
an[ aYik p\yRni[ kr) smyb¹F r)t[ jvibdir) (nBiv)n[ p&Atk
s>pidnni miri miT[ ajiN tYi aGri kimn[ aisin bniv),
5
(vnim*Ãy[ mn[ am*Ãy shkir aipnir tYi miri BiPik)y
mig<dS<k bnnir Di[. hr)SBie pir[Kni[ h&> äN Av)kir kr&> C&>.
(mÃs[>T k>pn)ni s).e.ai[. ~) a[c.a[s.birD,
~)mt) n[ºs)b[n pT[l, ~) aiS)PBie pT[l, ~) Bi(vnBie
kiliN) an[ (Svin)b[n pT[l k[ j[mN[ ai p&Atkn[ yi[³y (dSi
tYi a(At_v aipvimi> mh_vn&> yi[gdin ai¼y&>
C[ t[ai[ni[ aiBir Äykt kr&> C&>
a[k sãdy) (m#i j[ai[ d[S an[ smij s[vi miT[ h>m[Si
pi[tin&> yi[gdin p\din krvi tRpr rh[ C[, j[mN[ b)J p\tni[ Kc<
upiD) l)F[l C[ t[vi y&vin-uwi[gp(t ~) um[SBie
bilin)ni[ ai b)J p\t (vni m*Ãy[ d[Sni (htmi> jnsm&diyni
krkmLmi> m&kvi bdl h>& aiBir Äykt kr&> C>&.
ri[(ht pT[l
6
nm\ an&ri[F
l[Kn kiy< siY[ j[mn&> Jvn s>kLiy[[l&> C[ t[vi an&Bv) an[ (c>tk
l[Kk Bie bh[ni[ k[ j[mn[ ai p&Atkmi> p\At&t Yy[l bibti[ tYi
(vciri[mi> (vVis hi[y tYi s>m(t hi[y, t[mn[ t[ai[n) aigv)
S]l)mi> tYi pi[tin) mitZBiPimi> BiPin&vid aYvi Bivin&vid kr)
smijni (htmi> tYi smi[RkP< miT[ yi[gdin aipvi miri[ nm\
an&ri[F C[.
siFn s>pºn an[ s&K) a[vi dr[k Äy(ktn[ nm\ an&ri[F
C[ k[ ji[ t[ai[ ai lKiN siY[ s>mt hi[y ti[ yYiS(kt ai p&Atkn)
p\ti[ Cpiv) (vnim*Ãy[ aYvi ai[Ci m*ÃyY) smijni crN[ Fr[.
Birtn) dr[k x[#i)y BiPimi> BiPin&vid k[ Bivin&vidn&>
s>pidn Ye p\kiSn Yiy t[ miT[ sv[< sxm Äy(kt d[Sni (htmi>
jvibdir) (nBiv[ t[vi[ miri[ nm\ an&ri[F C [.
ri[(ht pT[l
7
xmiyicni
vick (m#ii[,
h&> ki[e p)Q k[ an&Bv) l[Kk nY). ai mir) (j>dg)n&>
p\Ym p&Atk C[, t[Y) BiPimi> an[ a(BÄy(ktmi> kciS
lig[ ti[ a[ bdl drg&jr krSi[.
ai p&Atk lKvini[ miri[ aiSy animtn[ ApS<ti dr[k
pisi>n[ aipn) smx rjŠ krvini[ C[. dr[k Xi(t tYi smAt
smijn[ (c>tn krvi h&> an&ri[F kr&> C&>, pr>t& miri ai p&AtkY)
aniyis[ tYi ajiNti> ki[epN ji(t - Xi(t k[ smijn&> (dl
d*Biy ti[ t[ miT[ xmiyic&> C&>.
EºTrn[T prY) a>g\[J BiPimi> m[Lv[l s>dB< l[Ki[n&>
g&jrit) BiPimi> BiPi>tr Ye Sky&> nY) t[Y) xmiyicni kr&> C&>.
ri[(ht pT[l
8
p&n: p\kiSn
ai p&Atkni p&n: p\kiSnni[ a(Fkir t[ sv[< li[ki[n[ C[ k[, j[ai[ ai
p&Atkmi> Yy[l p\At&(t siY[ mh`da>S[ shmt hi[y tYi
t[mn[ (vVis hi[y k[ ai p&Atk simi(jk uRkP< tYi jnjigZ(t
miT[ yi[gdin aip) Sk[ t[m C[. j[ai[n) (vcirFiri mir)
(vcirFiri siY[ smºvy Frivt) hi[y tYi pi[t[ sxm hi[y
t[mn[ ai p&Atk AvKc[< Cpiv) (vnim*Ãy[ aYvi nh)>>vt̀
m*Ãy[ smijni crNi[mi> Fr) ai p&Atkni[ Äyip vFirvi nm\
an&ri[F siY[ p&n: p\kiSnni[ a(Fkir ap<N kr&> C&>.
ri[(ht pT[l
9
an&k\m(Nki
1. animtn&> uÑBv AYin: ..................................12
{a} b>FirN ¹viri uÑBv.
{b} animtni[ uÑ[S.
2. animtni rijk)y aiTi-piTi:............................27
{a} nkkr sRy
{b} a(ttni[ aiyni[ - animt hTivi[
{k} animt aipi[
{D} g&jrit srkirni[ a(Bgm
{c} animt upr rijk)y rmt
3. animtn&> U>DiN: ........................................... 55
{a} animtn) kiydik)y tYi b>FirN)y ji[gvieai[
{b} animtn) ji[gvie bdlvi a>g[ sm)xi
{k} animtni> p(rNimn) sm)xi tYi (vkÃp
{D} (vk(st ji(tni> uRkP<ni> kirNi[
10
p\Ativni
vick (m#ii[,
animt a[k a[vi[ (vPy C[ k[ j[ni pr vPi[<Y) K*b
cci<ai[ pN Yiy C[ t[mj (h>sk an[ a(h>sk ai>di[lni[ pN Yyi>
C[. B*tkiLmi> “animt hTivi["" ni> ai>di[lni[ Yyi> ti[ hilmi>
“animt aipi["" ni> ai>di[lni[ cil[ C[.
GNi> li>bi smyY) cilti animtni ai p\krN
a>g[ jn(htiY[< mi(ht) sBr hk)kt sci[T S¾di[mi> lK) ti(k<k
r)t[ s>kln kr), sv[<ni ¹yin pr livvini[ miri[ ai nm\ p\yis C[.
mir) pis[ j[ ki>e mi(ht), b>FirNn&> Xin C[ an[ t[ a>g[ m[>
j[ vi>cn tYi (c>tn kr[l C[, t[mi> rijkirNni[ miri[ j[ ki[e
an&Bv C[ t[ni[ smºvy kr) t[ni pr (vcir-vli[Ni ¹viri m[Lv[l
miKNn[ tk<b¹F r)t[ aip si] smx rj* krvini a(BgmY) ai
p&Atk p\At&t kr[l C[.
vick (m#ii[n[ miri[ nm\ an&ri[F C[ k[ ai l[KnY) piT)dir
smij a[v) g[rsmj p[di ni kr[ k[ mir)
ligN)ai[ piT)diri[ siY[ nY), pr>t& kDv), nkkr viAt(vkti a[v)
C[ k[ ligN)ai[n) tZ(¼t Ye Sk[ t[m nY). ai s>ji[gi[mi>
viAt(vktin[ sci[T r)t[ rj* kr) siri (vkÃp pr (vcir krvi
11
miT[ nm\ an&ri[F krvini h[t&Y) ai p&Atk p\At&t kr[l C[.
hkiriRmk a(BgmY) ai p&Atk vi>cSi[ ti[ j$rY) Äyvhi(rk
(vkÃpi[ miT[ mni[m>Yn krvin) p\[rNi mLS[. h&> Bijpni[ Firis¿y
C&> miT[ h&> Bijp srkirn) j trf[N kr)S a[vi[ nkiriRmk (vcir
n krvi nm\ an&ri[F kr&> C&>.
ri[(ht pT[l {m)Ãs[>T} {B.E.Mech. LL.B.)
Firis¿y-aiN>d {g&jrit}
20, J.aie.D).s)., (vÎluwi[gngr, 388 121
ti.J.aiN>d. g&jrit {Birt}.
e-m[el:- [email protected]
12
1. animtn&> uÑBv AYin:
{a} b>FirN ¹viri uÑBv:
ki[epN vZx m*L vgr UB&> rh[t&> nY). ki[epN vt&<L (b>d&
(vni (nmi<N Yt&> nY) t[v) j r)t[ ki[epN (vPyvAt& a[ni k[ºW
vgr (vAtrt&> nY). animt pN a[k a[v&> j miLK&> C[, j[ni> m*L
ki[e ci[kks AYL[, ki[e ci[kks smymi> pD[li> C[.
animtni> m*L aipNi s>(vFin-b>FirNmi> C[. aipNi
d[Sn&> b>FirN aipNi bFi j hkk tYi frji[n[ dSi<v[ C[ tYi
d[Sn&> Sisn clivvi aipN[ k[v) r)(t-n)(t apniv[l)
C[ t[ b>FirNmi> dSi<v[l) C[. vP< 1946ni> ai[gOTmi> bn[l)
b>FirN sBia[ j[ b>FirN Av)kir[l&> C[, t[ m&jbn) Sisn n)(t
{pi[l)s)} aipN[ apniv[l) C[. ai siY[ni {p(r(SOT-1, pini
n>- 80} mi> aipNi b>FirNn) aim&K {Preamble) C[.
26 nv[Àbr, 1949ni (dvs[ aipN[ b>FirNni[ Av)kir
kyi[<, an[ K&d aipN[ j aipN) jitn[ b>FirNni> b>Fni[mi> bi>F)
1976mi> 42mi> s&FiriY) aim&Kmi> “Socialistic and
Secular” S¾di[ um[rvimi> aiÄyi, ji[k[ animtn) ji[gvie
ti[ b>FirNn) S$aitY) j C[, a[Tl[ k[ 1949Y) j C[. a[ni[ aY<
a[ Yiy k[ Socialistic Policy ti[ b>FirNn) S$aitY) j C[,
pr>t& aim&Kmi> Socialistic S¾d 1976mi> um[rvimi> aiÄyi[.
13
aipNi[ d[S li[kSih) d[S C[ a[m aipN[ kh)a[ C)a[, pr>t&
b>FirN an&sir aipN[ aipNi d[Sn[ s>p*N< li[kSih) d[S
bnivvin&> Av)kir[l nY), aipNi s>(vFin p\miN[ aipNi[ d[S
Socialistic {smijvid)} tYi Democratic Republic
{li[kSih)} d[S C[, a[Tl[ k[ aipN) Sisnp¹F(t smijvid)
an[ li[kSih) b>n[ni[ smºvy Friv[ C[. aini[ aY< a[ Yiy
C[ k[ aipN) li[kSih)mi> smijvid) t_v C[ an[ aipN)
smijn)(tmi> li[kSih) t_v C[. aipN&> Sisn s>pŠN< smijvid)
k[ s>pŠN< li[kSih) nY).
s>p*N< smijvid) tYi s>p*N< li[kSih) n)(tni[ T*>kmi>
(ctir:
s>p*N< smijvid) n)(tmi> simiºy r)t[ Äy(ktn) mi(lk)n&>
kS&> hi[t&> nY), pr>t& F>Fi-ri[jgir bF& srkirn&> j hi[y C[. bF) j
(mlkt srkirn) hi[y C[. srkir dr[kn[ pgir p[T[ k[ aºy ki[e
r)t[ vLtr k[ niNi> cŠkv[ C[, j[mi>Y) dr[kn[ Jvn Jvvini[ aiFir
mL) Sk[. s>p*N< smijvid) p\(k\yimi> vh[>cN)n) r)t, srkir
avirnvir pi[tin) Sisn n)(t m&jb nkk) kr[ t[ p\kirn) hi[y C[
b)J bij& s>p*N< li[kSih)mi> simiºy
r)t[ Äy(ktn[ (mlkt FirN krvini[ tYi Kr)dvi-v[cvini[ Avt>#i
a(Fkir mLti[ hi[y C[. (mlktni[ mi(lk) hkk
hi[vin[ kirN[ srkirn[ jn(ht miT[ j$r pD[ ti[ pN srkir yi[³y
14
vLtr aip)n[ an[ t[ pN mi(lkn) eµCi hi[y ti[ j mi(lk
pis[Y) Kr)d) kr) Sk[. mi(lkn) eµCi (vr&¹F pi[tin[ yi[³y
lig[ t[v&> vLtr aip)n[ aYvi vLtr ai¼yi (vni srkir p\i¼t
kr) Sk[ nh), tÑupri>t t[v) r)t[ p\i¼t krvini[ kiydi[ pN bniv)
Sk[ nh). (mlkt FirN krvini a(Fkir upri>t viN) Avit>#yni[,
d[Smi> hrvi-frvini[ tYi pi[tin) Avt>#i mi(lk)ni F>Fi ri[jgir
krvini[ pN a(Fkir mLti[ hi[y C[.
aim s>p*N< smijvid) tYi s>p*N< li[kSih) Sisn
n)(tni[ a[k simiºy (ctir aipN[ ji[yi[.
aipNi Birt d[S[ b>n[ n)(t Av)kir[l) C[, li[kSih)
n)(tn[ kirN[ aipNi d[Sni nig(rkn[ 1976-77 s&F) “Right
to Property” a[Tl[ k[ (mlkt Kr)dvini[ tYi t[ni Avt>#i
mi(lk Yvini[ f>Dim[ºTl riET a[Tl[ k[ m*LB*t a(Fkir hti[.
Ryirbid t[ a(Fkir 1978mi> b>FirNni s&Firi oiri rd krvimi>
aiÄyi[, miT[ aRyir[ aipN[ j[ (mlkt Kr)d)a[ C)a[ t[ b>FirN
oiri mL[li m*LB*t a(Fkirni upyi[gY) nY) Kr)dti, pr>t&
“riET T& p\i[pT)<” ni (vkÃp[ (n(m<t (nymi[Y) Kr)d)a[ C)a[. ai
a(Fkir myi<(dt b>FirN)y a(Fkir C[, m*LBt a(Fkir nY)!!
t[ kirNY) srkir aipN) j (mlkt kiydi an&sir aipN) pis[Y)
p\i¼t kr) Sk[ C[ tYi t[n) sim[ vLtr {srkir eµC[ t[Tl&> j}
aip[ an[ ni pN aip[. a[ni[ aY< a[ Yyi[ k[ aipN[ ai bibt
15
p&rti smijvid) n)(t h[qL aiv) jea[ C)a[.
ai>(Sk smijvid) n)(t Si miT[?
ai>(Sk smijvid) n)(t apnivvini an[k ¹y[y p]k)
a[k m&²y ¹y[y a[ C[ k[ j[ d[Smi> gr)b) K*b hi[y t[vi d[Smi>
gr)b tYi am)r vµc[ ji[ a>tr GN&> mi[T&> hi[y, tYi b>FirN ¹viri
aipN[ smijvid) n)(t apniv) ni hi[y ti[ t[ a>tr GTiDvin&>
srkir miT[ GN&> m&Æk[l Ye jiy. a[Tl&> j nh), gr)b vPi[< s&F)
gr)b j rh[ tYi am)r vF&n[ vF& am)r bnti[ jiy t[v)
Skyti rh[ C[. am[(rkimi> B*tkiLmi> aiSr[ 200 vP< ph[li>,
“li[h)yiL ai>tr(vg\h” a[Tl[ k[ li[h)yiL k\i>(t Ye ht), {j[ni
m*Lmi> am)r - gr)b vµc[ni[ tfivt m&²y hti[}, t[v) k\i>(t Yvin)
s>Bivni rh[ C[. aiv) k\i>(tmi> am)ri[n[ “li[h) c*sN)yi”
gNvimi> aiv[ C[, tYi am)r)n[ bdl[ am)ri[n[ aiv) k\i>(tmi>
nib&d kriti hi[y C[. aivi kirNY) gr)b d[Sn)
srkiri[ miT[ t[ a(nviy< bn[ C[ k[ gr)bi[n[ a[v) r)t[ mdd krv)
k[ j[Y) t[n&> Jvn Tkiv) Sk[ an[ pi[tini[ ai(Y<k t[mj simi(jk
uRkP< krvi t[ pi[t[ sxm bn[. aivi> kirNi[n[ len[ n](tk ºyiyni
(s¹Fi>ti[n) (vr&¹F je simi(jk ºyiy krvi miT[ b>FirN tYi
kiydiai[mi> ji[gvieai[ krvimi> aiv[ C[. di.t. am[(rki, e>³l[ºD
vg[r[ GNi bFi (vk(st d[Si[a[ “Social Security” n) n)(t
16
apniv[l) C[, t[ aºvy[ gr)bi[n[ dr aqvi(Dy[ k[ m(hn[ ai(Y<k
shiy, Gr(vhi[Nin[ Gr mL[... vg[r[ ÄyvAYiai[ kr[l) C[.
smijvid) ºyiy miT[n) ai ÄyvAYi t[ d[Si[mi> vt<minkiLmi> pN
cil& C[. ji[ k[ ai r)t[ gr)bn[ s)F) shiy Yiy t[n) aeµCn)y
asr a[v) pN Yiy k[ miNs[ j[ ~m sihs an[ s>G<P
kr)n[ m[Lvv&> ji[ea[ t[ t[n[ vgr mh[nt[ mL) jiy
t[n[ kirN[ miNs p>igLi[ bn) jiy j[Y) d[Sn) p\g(t an[ (vkis
$>Fiy C[. smijvid) n)(tn) (nOfLtini j[ udihrN le Skiy
a[vi d[Si[ C[ t[mi> (nOfLtini> m&²y kirNi[ p]k) ai a[k mh_vn&>
kirN C[.
ai>(Sk smijvid) n)(t apnivvini[ b)ji[ ¹y[y a[ pN
hi[e Sk[ k[ jyir[ jn(ht miT[ (mlkt s>pidn krvin)
srkirn[ j$r pD[ Ryir[ t[ s>pidn kr) Sk[. di.t. s&rxi ni h[t&
miT[ jm)n aYvi (mlkt s>pidn krv), ri[D rAti bnivvi
miT[ jm)n s>pidn krv) vg[r[.
aipNi d[S[ gr)bi[ni uRkP< miT[ ai>(Sk smijvid)-li[kSih)
n)(t apniv[l C[. aipN) srkir gr)bi[n[ kiyd[sr mdd kr)
Sk[ t[ miT[ b>FirNn) klm 16 k[ j[ srkir) ni[kr)ai[mi> ekvil)T)
{ smin hkki[ } n) klm C[, t[mi> apvid UBi[ krvi p[Tiklm-4
C[, a[Tl[ k[ klm 16{4} t[ animt {Reservation) ni>
uÑBvAYin miT[n) m*LB*t klm C[, j[ ai siY[ni {p(r(SOT- 2,
17
pini n>- 82} m&jb C[. animt a>g[n) b)J klmi[ 335, 338,
340, 341, 342 vg[r[ pN b>FirNmi> m*kvimi> aiv[l C[. ai
klmi[ {p(r(SOT -3, pini n>- 86} m&jb C[.
b>FirNn) upri[kt klmi[ oiri animtn)
ji[gvieai[[ krvimi> aiv). t[ (n(v<vid bibt C[ k[ aiv)
ji[gvieai[ fkt gr)bi[ni uRkP< miT[ j krvimi> aiv[l) C[.
gr)bi[ni uRkP<ni h[t&Y) kr[l) ji[gvieai[n) bibtn[ hkiriRmk
vlNY) t[mj smjdir)ni[ upyi[g kr)n[ (vcirv) hi[y ti[ aipN&>
b>FirN k[v) r)t[ GDiy&> t[ hk)kt pr pN g>B)rtiY) (vcir
krvi[ ji[ea[. b>FirNni GDv]yiai[a[ K*b j U>DiNY) (vcir kyi<
bid ai ji[gvieai[ kr[l C[.
aipN&> b>FirN-GDtr p\(k\yi:
aipNi[ d[S ai[gAT-1947mi> aizid Yyi[ t[ agiu
aiSr[ a[k vP< ph[li> a[Tl[ k[ ai[gOT 1946mi> b>FirNsBin)
rcni krvimi> aiv) ht). b>FirNsBini p\m&K Di<. rij[ºWp\sid
hti tYi t[mi> k&l 299 s¿yi[ hti. aiSr[ #iN vP< j[Tli smyn)
aYik mh[nt bid b>FirN t]yir ky&<>. b>FirN t]yir krniri 299
s¿yi[ p]k) hijr 284 s¿yi[a[ svi<n&mt[ Av)kiy&<>.
a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k,[ Di[<.bibisih[b ai>b[Dkrni n[_iZ_vmi>
aiq-nv s¿yi[n) a[k D^ifT)>g k(mT) bnivvimi> aiv) ht).
ai D^ifT)>g k(mT)a[ b>FirNni[ m&sÑi[ t]yir kyi[< hti[,
18
t[ m&sÑi[ b>FirN sBi smx (vcir-(v(nmy miT[ m*kvimi>
aiÄyi[ hti[. a[v&> nY) k[, Di[<. bibisih[b[ Avt>#i
r)t[ an[ mnAv)pN[ b>FirNn) rcni kr[l) C[.
D^ifT)>g k(mT)a[ b>FirNni[ j[ m&sÑi[ t]yir kyi[< t[ m&sÑi
pr t[ vKtn) b>FirN sBini 299 s¿yi[ ¹viri 7635
slihs*cni[ aiÄyi tYi 2673 slihs*cni[ pr ti[ mtdin pN
Yy&> ht&>. bFi j slihs*cni[ pr b>FirN sBini sv[<
s¿yi[a[ g>B)rtip*v<k (vcir kyi[< hti[. b>FirNni GDtr pr
(vcir-(vmS< n) p\(k\yi (Ds[Àbr -1946Y) S$ Ye.
nv[Àbr-1949 s&F) cil) ht). 2 vP<, 11 mis, 18 (dvsni
li>bi giLi drÀyin ai (vcir-(vmS< ciÃyi[ hti[. aiTli> bFi>
slihs*cni[ aiÄyi tYi 2673 m>tÄyi[ pr mtdin pN Yy&>, t[ j
btiv[ C[ k[ b>FirN Av)kirti> ph[li> t[ vKtn) b>FirN sBini
s¿yi[a[ k[Tl) g>B)rtiY) t[ni pr (vcir-(v(nmy kr[li[ C[. ai
b>FirNmi> Xi(t aiFi(rt animtn) ji[gvie 10 vP<
miT[ j krvimi> aiv[l) ht). aiTl) bF) aYik jh[mt bid
b>FirNni hijr s¿yi[ {299 mi>Y) 284 s¿yi[ hijr hti}
¹viri svi<n&mt[ 1949ni nv[Àbrn) 26 tir)K[ Av)kir Yyi[,
an[ aipN[ aipN) jitn[ b>FirNni> b>Fni[mi> bi>F) Ryirbid 26
jiºy&air) 1950ni (dvs[ d[Sn[ gNt>#i {p\jis_iik} d[S
tr)k[ jih[r kriyi[.
19
bh& j mh_vn), ni[>Fn)y an[ K*b j umdi bibt
ti[ a[ C[ k[, ai b>FirN Av)kirniri t[ vKtn) b>FirN sBini
299 s¿yi[ hti t[ p]k) 90 TkiY) vFir[ s¿yi[ animtni[ liB
m[Lv) Sk[ t[m nhi[ti, kirN k[ animtn) ji[gvie Xi(t
aiFi(rt ht), {aij[ pN C[} an[ 90 Tki s¿yi[ t[ Xi(tni
nhi[ti j[ Xi(tn[ animtni[ liB b>FirN ¹viri aipvimi>
aiv[li[ hti[. a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[ animtni[ p\ir>B krvimi>
(bn animt) li[ki[ a[Tl[ k[ j[mn[ a[ni[ liB mLvini[ j nY),
a[vi li[ki[a[ gr)b tYi pCit ji(tni li[ki[ni> uRkP< miT[ ai
ji[gvien[ T[ki[ aip[l hti[.
ai bibtn[ an&lx)n[ kh) Skiy k[ Xi(t aiFi(rt
animtn[ lgBg svi<n&m(t mL) an[ t[ pN a[vi s¿yi[ ¹viri
k[ j[ai[ pi[t[ animtni[ liB m[Lvvi miT[ Xi(tn[ kirN[ v>(ct
rh[ti hti.!!! “Xi(tn[ kirN["" a[ni[ aY< a[vi[ Yiy k[ ai(Y<k
r)t[ gm[ t[Tli pCit hi[y pr>t& b>FirNn) ji[gvie an&sir
pi[tin[ K&dn[ animtn) pi#iti mLt) n ht). aiv) hk)kt hi[vi
Cti> Xi(t aiFi(rt animtviLi b>FirN miT[ s>m(t aipv)
t[ K*b j umdi bibt ht) t[mi> ki[e S>ki nY). t[ vKtn) b>FirN
sBini s¿yi[n&> umdipN& Kr[Kr (brdivvi liyk C[.
20
aivi umdi g&Ni[viLi s¿yi[n) d)G<Ø(OTmi> animtn)
aiv) ji[gvieai[ oiri pCit vg<ni[ (vkis j d[Kiyi[[ hi[y
t[ AviBi(vk C[, pr>t& Xi(t aiFi(rt animt$p) (skkin) b)J
bij& a[v) C[ j[ t[ vKtni> s¿yi[n) d)G<Ø(OTmi> ci[kkspN[ aiv)
j hS[ an[ t[ C[:
“Xi(t aiFi(rt animt[ ri[p[li> vg<-(vg\hni>
b)j”... an[ a[ j b)j Ug)n[ aij[ vTvZx bn) gyi> C[.
d&(nyimi> kyi>y pN gr)b tYi pCit ji(tni
li[ki[n[ mdd krvi tYi t[ ji(tni li[ki[ni> uRkP< miT[ ji(t
aiFi(rt ki[epN ÄyvAYi nY). ai(Y<k r)t[ nbLi
gr)bi[n[ mdd krvi miT[ v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYi siY[ smin (s(vl-ki[D
a[Tl[ k[ “smin nig(rk - smin kiydi[” hi[vi ji[ea[. simi(jk
ºyiy miT[ Xi(t aiFi(rt animt hi[y k[ b)J ki[e ji[gvie hi[y
t[ vg<(vg\h, krivnir) tYi li[kSih)n[ ti[Dnir) an[ smijvid)
n)(tni aidSi[< (vr&¹Fn&> n&kSinkirk nkiriRmk-p(rbL bn) jiy
C[. ki[epN Sisn miT[ vg<(vg\h mi[Ti[ pDkir bn) Sk[ t[m C[. ai
sRyn[ nkir) Sk)a[ nh).
“ki[e pN d[Smi> j[Tli[ ai>t(rk (vg\h
vFir[ t[Tli[ t[ni[ (vkis ai[Ci[…” ai snitn sRy C[.
21
b>FirN sBini s¿yi[a[ d)G<Ø(OTY) (vcir)n[ Xi(t
aiFi(rt animtn) ji[gvie fkt 10 vP< miT[ j kr[l ht),
pr>t& S$aitY) j “D)vieD a[ºD $l”n) n)(t apnivnir
ki[>g\[s[ t[mi> ki[e pN s&Firi[ kyi< (vni vg< (vg\h vFirvini h[t&Y)
j l>biv) hi[y t[m minvin[ kirN a[Tli miT[ bn[ C[ k[ t[m
krviY) t[ pi[tin&> rij Tkiv) Sk[. hk)kt[ animtn) ji[gvieY)
simi(jk ºyiy ¹viri gr)b Xi(tni> uRkP<n&> ap[(xt p(rNim 10
vP<mi> mÇy&> hi[y ti[ j animt l>bivvin) j$r ht)!!
an[ ji[ ki>e frk pDyi[ j ni hi[y ti[ pC) animt l>bivvin) S&>
j$r ht)?
b)J bij&Y) tpis)a[ ti[ aij[ 67-68 vP< pC) pN
t[ ji(tai[ni[ (vkis Ye Skyi[ nY) ti[ 1949 Y) 1960ni
diykimi> nY) j Yyi[ t[ (n(v<vid C[, ti[ pC) 1960 pC)
animt l>bivvin) S&> j$r ht)?
ji[ animtn) ji[gvie l>bivt) vKt[ animtn[ ai(Y<k
(AY(t aiFi(rt animt kr) d)F) hi[t ti[ “animt hTivi[”
aYvi “animt aipi[” ni> ai>di[lni[ Yyi> ni hi[t, pr>t&
“(DvieD a[ºD $l” n) n)(t aKRyir krvin&> a[k asrkirk
siFn d*r Ye jit.
22
{b} animtni[ uÑ[S:
“a(vk(st li[ki[n) uºn(t- (vkis tYi pCit ji(tni[ uRkP<”
animtni[ uÑ[S pCit-a(vk(st li[ki[ miT[ hti[, a[v)
ji(tai[ miT[ hti[ j[ smijni C[k n)cli Atrn[ ApS<t) ht).
smijni C[k C[Ãli> pg(Yyi> pr b[q[l) ji(tai[ miT[ animt ht).
j[Y) t[ai[ pg(Yyi> cQ)n[ pi[tini[ (vkis siF) Sk[ an[ smijni
m&²y p\vihmi> aiv) Sk[. b>FirNmi> animtn) ji[gvie piCL
aivi[ umdi h[t& hti[.
aivi[ umdi h[t& hi[vin[ kirN[ j 1949n) b>FirN sBini
299 s¿yi[ p]k) 284 hijr
s¿yi[a[ svi<n&mt[ b>FirNn[ an&m(t aip). agiu jNiÄy&>
t[ m&jb ai s¿yi[ p]k) mi[TBigni pi[t[ ai(Y<k r)t[ s¹Fr
an[ simi(jk Ø(OTki[NY) (vk(st hti. pi[tin[ tYi pi[tin)
Xi(tn[ animtni[ liB mLvini[ n hti[ t[ jiNti hti Cti>
t[mN[ (n:AviY<Biv[ animtn) ji[gvieai[n[ a(vk(st Xi(tni
(ht miT[ an&mi[dn ai¼y&>.
u_im uÑ[S viLi ai umdipNin[ piT)diri[ni hilni
“animt aipi[” ai>di[ln siY[ srKivi[, ti[ t[ minvin[ frj
pDS[ k[ (vk(st smij aiv) mi>gN) kr[ t[ GZNipi#i hi[e Sk[. S>&
aiv) mi>gN) ayi[³y an[ g[rÄyijb) nY)? simi(jk ºyiyn)
(vr&¹F nY)?
23
“animt aipi[” n) srKimN)a[ “animt hTivi[” aYvi
“nit-jitni B[dBiv (vni ai(Y<k (AY(tni aiFir[ animt
aipi[” t[ mi>gN) vFir[ n](tk C[. animtni bdl[ simi(jk ºyiy
miT[ a[v) ÄyvAYi kri[ k[ j[n[ kirN[ Äy(ktgt ki[en[y aºyiy Yiy
n(h t[ si]Y) vF& yi[³y mi>gN) C[.
u_im uÑ[S$p) (skkin) b)J bij&:
animtni[ u_im uÑ[S smijni C[k C[Ãli> pg(Yyi>
pr b[q[l) ji(tai[ni uRkP< ni[ C[ pr>t& ai miT[ b>FirNmi>
ji(t S¾d viprvimi> aiÄyi[ t[ j “ji(t aiFi(rt”
animtn&> m*L C[. smijni> C[Ãli> pg(Yyi> pr b[q[li
li[ki[ a[Tl[ k[ K*b j gr)b tYi a(vk(st
ki[n[ gNvi[ t[n) b>FirNmi> yi[³y Äyi²yi krvimi> aiv)
nY), pr>t& t[n[ bdl[ a[k p(r(SOT bnivvimi> aiÄy&> j[mi>
am&k a[v) Xi(tai[ni[ smiv[S krvimi>
aiÄyi[ k[ j[ Xi(tai[ p]k) mh`da>S[ li[ki[ a(vk(st t[mj
gr)b hti. aiv&> p(r(SOT “(SDy&ÃD kiAT SC” n&>
p(r(SOT Yy&>. t[ j m&jb (SDy&ÃD T^ieb-ST n&> pN
p(r(SOT bnivvimi> aiÄy&>. ai Xi(tai[ p]k) SC miT[ 7
Tki tYi ST miT[ 15 Tki g&jritmi> animtn)
ji[gvie krvimi> aiv). a[ ni[>Fn)y C[ k[ animtni[ liB
aipvi a>g[ ai(Y<k Fi[rNi[n) ki[e j myi<di lig& krvimi>
aiv) n ht). t[v) j r)t[ aiSr[ 1990 ni giLi
drÀyin v).p).(s>hn) srkir vKt[ (SDy&ÃD kiAT tYi
24
(SDy&ÃD T^ieb (sviyn) b)J
Xi(tai[ {OBC-Other than Backward
Class) n&> (lAT t]yir krvimi> aiÄy&> an[ t[mn[ pN
animtni[ liB mL[ t[ h[t&Y) t[mn[ miT[ 27 Tki
animtn) ji[gvie krvimi> aiv). ai r)t[ j[ animt
1990 ph[li> 22.5 Tki ht) t[ vF) n[ 49.5 Tki Ye.
OBC miT[ pN animtni[ liB aipvi a>g[ ai(Y<k
Fi[rNi[n) ki[e j myi<di lig& krvimi> aiv) n ht).
(SDy&ÃD kiAT, (SDy&ÃD T^ieb tYi OBC mi>
smi(vOT Xi(tai[ni> li[ki[ p]k) GNi> bFi a[vi pN hti
k[ j[ ai(Y<k r)t[ p*rti s¹Fr hti. di.t. jgJvn rim
k[ j[ai[ a[k jminimi> k[ºW srkirni> (Df[ºs (m(nATr hti
Cti> animtni> liBiY)< hti an[ pi[t[ aApZÆy
C[ t[ ApZÆy n Yiy Ryi> s&F) pi[t[ animt ni[ liB
l[S[ t[v&> t[mn&> vlN ht&>.
pi[t[ animtni[ liB n l[vi[ ji[ea[ kirN
k[ pi[t[ ai(Y<k r)t[ s¹Fr hti tYi d[Sni n[ti hti
t[n[ an&lx)n[ pi[tin) smij p\Ry[ diKli[ b[siDvin)
n](tk frj bnt) ht), t[v) umdi smjni[ jgJvn
rimmi> aBiv hti[. bLtimi> G) hi[miy t[m
t[n[ ApZÆyti-aApZÆyti siY[ B[Lv) de animtni[ liB
l[vin) vZ(_i riKv) t[ k[vi[ a(Bgm!! aivi vg<viLi
li[ki[ animtni[ liB le l[ ti[ pC) j[ Kr[Kr liB
m[Lvvin[ liyk C[ t[vi animt) Xi(tai[ p]k)
gr)b-pCit bik) rh) jiy n[!! jgJvnrim j[vi n[ti
d[Sn[ S&> S)Kv) Sk[? t[n) sim[ hilni vDi\p\Gin[ g[sn)
sbs)D) n l[vi a[k hikl kr) an[ kri[Di[ $(pyin)
25
sbs)D) li[ki[a[ Ci[D) d)G)!!.
ti[ p\jini[ a(Bgm siri[ k[ jgJvnrim j[vi
n[tini[?
ai r)t[ a[vi[ gNnipi#i sm&diy animt)
Xi(tai[ p]k) hti[ k[ j[mn[ n](tk r)t[ ji[ti
animtni[ liB mLvi[ ji[ea[ nh), pr>t& Xi(t aiFi(rt
animtn[ kirN[ t[ai[ liB l[ti aiÄyi C[. ai bibt
n](tk r)t[ GZNipi#i tYi ayi[³y hi[viY)
aºyiyni[ a(tr[k krnir) bn[ C[.
animtn[ kirN[ aºyiyni[ Bi[g bn[l) Äy(ktai[ni
p\ki[pn&> kirN pN bn[ C[.
ah)> a[ uÃl[K krvin&> yi[³y lig[ C[ k[ fkt aipNi[ j d[S,
d&(nyi Brmi> a[k a[vi[ kmns)b d[S C[ jyi> simi(jk ºyiy
krvin) p¹F(t Xi(t aiFir)t C[, ai(Y<k (AYt) aiFi(rt nY)!!
Xi(t aiFi(rt smijvid) ºyiy krvi miT[ apniv[l) n)(t ni>
miqi> p(rNim aij[ smg\ Birt d[S Bi[gv) rHi[ C[. miqi>
p(rNim a[Tl[ k[ 65-65 vP<Y) (vkis nh)>vt`
a[Tl[ k[ j[vi[ an[ j[Tli[ (vkis Ye Sk[ t[m hti[ t[n)
srKimN)mi> 20 Tki pN Yyi[ C[ k[ k[m t[ S>kiApd C[!! pCit
li[ki[ni> uRkP< miT[ si]Y) mh_vn) j$(ryit p]k) ph[l) j$(ryit,
Jvn Tkivvi miT[ ai(Y<k T[ki[ an[ b)J j$(ryit s>Akirni
(s>cn k[ j[ ~m, sihs, tYi s>GP<ni a(Bgmn&> jºm AYin C[...
26
ai bºn[ j$(ryitn[ an&lx)n[ (vcir)a[ ti[ {1} k[Tli
li[ki[n[ ai(Y<k T[kin) j$r C[ an[ {2} t[ p]k) k[Tli
Tkin[ animt ¹viri ai(Y<k T[ki[ mL) rHi[ C[? S>ki (vnin) vit
C[ k[ ai(Y<k T[kin) j$(ryit viLi j[Tli li[ki[ hS[ t[mi>Y) 5 Tki
li[ki[n[ pN animt ¹viri ai(Y<k T[ki[ mLti[ nY). b)J bij&Y)
(vcir)a[ ti[ j[n[ srkir) ni[kr)ai[ ¹viri ai(Y<k
T[ki[ mL[ C[ t[ Jvn Tkivvi j$r) T[ki krti GNi[ vFir[ hi[y C[!!
animtn&> ai p(rNim pN eµC(ny ti[ nY) j. tÑupri>t b)J
bij& pCit Xi(tai[mi> s>Akir (s>cn bibt[ 65-65 vP<Y) ki[e j
Yy&> nY). d[SB(ktn) Bivnini[ (vkis Yvi[ ji[ea[ t[ni
bdl[ rkis Yyi[ C[. ai bFi kirNi[n[ len[ gr)b vF& gr)b
Yyi[ an[ am)r vFir[ am)r... B\OTicir
aismin[ phi>[µyi[ an[ vg<(vg\h pN vkr)n[ (vkriL bºyi[.
27
{2} animtni> rijk)y aiTi-piTi:
{a} nkkr sRy:
a[k nkkr sRyn[ aipN[ minv&> j pDS[ k[ “gm[ t[vi>
ai>di[lni[ pT[li[n[ tYi animtY) v>(ct ki[epN (vk(st ji(tn[-
animt apiv) Skvini> nY)”
ji[ aipN[ ai nkkr sRyn[ Av)kir)a[-Av)kirv&> hi[y
ti[ t[ni> kirNi[ S&> C[, t[ pN smjv&> j$r) C[.
animtn) pi#iti kyi smijn[ mL) Sk[ C[, t[ jiNv&> pN
j$r) C[. ji[ animt nib&d krvin) bibt hi[y ti[ ke r)t[ nib&d
kr) Skiy aYvi ke r)t[ bdl) Skiy t[ jiNv&> pN K*b j$r) C[.
vF&mi> a[ (vcirv&> pN j$r) C[ k[ animt nib*d krv)
ji[ea[ k[ pC) j[ umdi h[t&Y) animtni b)j ri[piyi> hti>
t[ h[t&n) p*N<ti miT[ ki[e v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYi krv) ji[ea[?
vg[r[ j[v) p\vt<min smyn) tit) j$(ryit bn) rh[ t[v)
bibti[ (vcir mi>g) l[ t[v) C[.
“animt aipi["" ai>di[lnn) a[k mh_vn) bibt
a[ C[ k[ pi[tin&> ai>di[ln (nOpx C[ t[vi[ divi[ krti>
ai>di[lnkiri[ “jy Bvin) - srkir jvin)” ni niri lgiv) S&>
kh[vi mi>g[ C[? S&> ai niri[ Bijp pxn) (vr&¹Fni[ nY)?
ai>di[lnkiri[ a[ bibtni[ jvib aip) SkS[ k[;
28
“ji[ ai {Bijp} srkir jS[ aYvi ai
srkirn[ kiQvimi> ai>di[lnkiri[ sfL YS[ ti[ pN t[ai[ a[v) b)J
ke srkir liv) SkS[ k[ j[n) pis[Y) pT[li[ tYi aºy animtY)
v>(ct (vk(st ji(tn[ animt apiv) Sk[? S&> a[v) ki[e srkir
ai>di[lnkiri[ni ¹yinmi> C[?” jyi> s&F) aiv) srkir Sky j nY)
Ryi> s&F) ai m&Ñ[ fkt g&jritn) Bijp j nh)>, pr>t& ki[epN
rijyn) srkirn[ kiQvini[ p\Ån j up(AYt Yti[ nY).
vi>cki[ Kis (vcir[ k[ aizid) pC) 55 vP<ni> ÄhiNi> vh)
gyi pC) g&jritmi>, tYi 66 vP<ni> ÄhiNi> vh) gyi pC) d[Smi>
sdns)b[;
“(DvieD a[ºD $l” n[ bdl[ “y&nieT a[ºD $l” n)
n)(tviL) srkir mL) C[!! aiv) u>DiN n)(tviL)
srkirn[ shkir aipvin&> (vcirv&> ji[ea[ k[ UYlivvin&>?
“y&nieT a[ºD $l” n) n)(t k[ j[ (vkisni kirNi[ p]k) a[k
KŠb j mh_vn&> kirN C[ t[ vFir[ mhRvn&> k[ animtn) mi>g
vFir[ mhRvn)?
1. b>FirNn) ji[gvieai[ an&sir Birt d[Sn) ki[epN rijy
srkirn[ animt nib*d krvin) k[ animt aipvin) s_ii C[ j
nh)> ti[ pC) rijy srkir sim[ ai>di[lni[Y) S&> fiydi[? ai
ti[ a[v) vit Ye k[:
29
“s>tin mi-bip pis[ ki[e a[v) mi>gN) kr[ tYi Jd
pkD[ k[ j[ aipvi miT[ mi-bip s>pŠN< asmY< hi[y, Ryir[ mi-bipn)
j[ mjb*r p(r(AY(t Yiy t[v) mjb*r hilt hilmi> g&jrit
srkirn) C[.”
srkir pis[ animt aipvin) k[ nib*d krvin) s_ii hi[y
ti[ animt aip[ k[ nib&d kr[n[ !!!
ai p&Atk vi>cnir ki[epN miNs p&Atk vi>µyi pC)
a[ bibt siY[ ac*k s>mt YS[ k[ ai>di[lnkiri[ p]k) ki[epN Äy(kt
aYvi K&d aipNi vDip\Fin pN (vk(st ji(t
n[ animtni[ liB apiv) SkS[ nh)> t[n&> m*LB*t kirN b>FirN
C[. b>FirNmi> jyi> s&F) Xi(t aiFi(rt animtn) ji[gvie
C[ Ryi> s&F) (vk(st Xi(tni[ Äy(kt ai(Y<k r)t[ gm[ t[Tli[ gr)b
hi[y k[ simi(jk r)t[ gm[ t[Tli[ pCit hi[y ti[ pN
t[n[ animtni[ liB mL) Skvini[ nY), pr>t& pi[tin) Xi(t
bdl[ ti[ mL) Sk[!!
Kr[Kr ti[ ai>di[lnkiri[ ¹viri “animt aipi[“ ni
bdl[ v]k(Ãpk mi>gN) k[ j[ Äyvhi(rk hi[y t[v) mi>gN) krv) j$r)
C[.
30
{b} a(ttni[ aiyni[-animt hTivi[:-
aipN[ jiN)a[ C)a[ k[ ai agiu ki[>g\[s Sisnmi>
“animt hTivi[” ai>di[lni[ Yyi> hti>, j[mi> animt hTivvin)
m>igN) krvimi> aiv) ht).
1974 tYi 1981Y) 1984 ni> ai>di[lni[:-
ai ai>di[lni[ p]k) a[k vKtni> ai>di[ln vKt[ ki[>g\[s)
m&²ym>#i) hti ti[ b)ji vKt[ jntidLni m&²ym>#i) hti. a[k
ai>di[ln “nv(nmi<N ai>di[ln” ht&> ti[ b)j&> “animt
hTivi[ ai>di[ln” ht&>. ki[>g\[s-jntidLn) srkir[ aivi
ai>di[lnn[ divp[c kr)n[ (hºd&-m&(Almni ai>di[lnmi> f[rv) d)F&>,
an[ aim krvi miT[ BiD&t) g&>Di t_vi[ni[ upyi[g pN krvimi>
aiÄyi[ hti[, an[ K*b K*n Kribi Yyi hti, t[v&> t[ vKtni>
d](nki[p#ii[ bi[lti> hti.
GN) bF) srkir) (mlkti[n[ By>kr n&kSin Yy&> ht&> a[Tl&>
j nh)> 40-45 (dvs s&F) pN ti[fini[ pr kib& m[Lviyi[ n
hti[ t[n) piCLn&> kirN a[v&> hi[e Sk[ k[ animtni>
ai>di[lnn[ (hºd&-m&(Almni ai>di[lni[mi> bdlvi, (hºd&-m&(Almni>
ai>di[lni[ krivvi miT[ an[ li>b& clivvi miT[ srkirni[ p*ri[ siY
rh[ti[ hti[. li>b& a[Tli miT[ clivvin&> k[ li[ki[ animtn)
mi>gN)n[ B*l)n[ ai>di[lni[ b>F Yiy t[m eµC[... C[Ãl[ krfy&
lidvimi> aiv[ t[ pN K*b li>bi[ smy rh[ti[,
31
li[ki[n[ krfy&n[ kirN[ Yt) hiDmir)Y) By>kr t>g krvimi> aivti
j[Y) animtni ai>di[lni[mi> Big l[viviLi tYi T[ki[ aipviviLi
pN k>TiL) jiy. biLki[n) AkŠli[, ki[l[ji[ b>F rh[t), a¿yismi>
ti[ n&kSin Yt&> j pr>t& biLmins pr pN K*b j Krib Cb)
pDt). (hºd& m&(Almi[ni s>b>Fi[ t>g bnti tYi b>n[ ki[m
vµc[ h>m[Sni> v[rz[rni> m*L vF& mjb*t bnti>.
ai r)t[ li>bi cilti> (hºd&-m&(Almni ai>di[ln tYi krfy&Y)
k>TiL[li li[ki[, ai>di[lnkiri[n) “animt hTivi[”n) mi>gN) n](tk
ºyiyni (s¹Fi>ti[ni aiFir[ vijb) hi[vi Cti> pN
ai>di[lnkiri[n[ T[ki[ aipti b>F Yti, an[ ai>di[ln (nOfL Yt&>.
“ki[epN ai>di[ln gm[ t[Tl&> n](tk hi[y pr>t&
jyir[ t[n[ smijni[ T[ki[ mLti[ b>F Yiy Ryir[ t[ (nOfLtini
mig<[ j jt&> hi[y C[.”
aipN[ a[ ji[y&> k[ ai>di[lnn[ Dimvi ki[>g\[s
srkiri[a[ j[ rAti apniÄyi> t[ k[Tli hlk) kxini hti. aivi
ai>di[lni[ (nOfLtimi> p(r·iÀyi> t[n&> b)j&> a[k mh_vn&> kirN
a[ pN C[ k[ ai>di[lnkiri[n) mi>gN)Y) simi(jk ºyiyn)
avgNni Yt) ht).
g&jritmi> animt hTivi[ni By>kr ai>di[lni[ Yyi> tYi
d[SBrmi> pN 1989 ph[li> an[k ai>di[lni[ Yyi Cti> j[ animt
1989 agiu fkt SC-ST Xi(tai[ miT[ ht) t[mi> ai[.b).s).
32
Xi(tai[ni[ um[ri[ Yyi[ an[ animtni Tki j[ g&jritmi> 22.5
Tki hti t[ vF)n[ 49.5 Tki Ye gyi. ain&> m&²y kirN vi[Tb[>k
lx) rijn)(t d[Sni[ mi[TiBigni[ mtditi vg< a[vi[ C[ k[ j[ yi[³y
tYi (vcirS)ltip*v<k mtdin krvi sxm nY).
{k} animt aipi[ ai>di[ln:-
animt aiFi(rt aRyir s&F) g&jritmi> k[Tli>
ai>di[ln Yyi> tYi S&> p(rNim aiÄy&>? aºy j&di j&di rijyi[mi>
animtY) v>(ct li[ki[a[ jyir[ “animt aipi[” ai>di[ln kyi<
Ryir[ rijy srkiri[a[ ki>ek ai¼y&> Kr&> ! pr>t& p(rNim S&> aiÄy&>?
ah) kdic a[ p\Ån Yiy k[ “S>& piT)diri[a[ animt mi>gv)
ni ji[ea[?” hk)kt[ p\Ån a[ nY) k[ animt mi>gv) ji[ea[ k[ ni
mi>gv) ji[ea[!! pr>t& p\Ån a[ C[ k[ j[ animt mi>g) rHi
C[ t[ mLvin) Skyti C[ Kr)? mL) Sk[ t[m hi[y ti[, ke
r)t[ an[ n mL) Sk[ t[m hi[y ti[, Si miT[?
piT)diri[n) animtn) mi>gN) g&jrit srkir
pis[ C[ pr>t& animt a>g[ (nN<y krvin) s_ii rijy srkirn)
nY), t[Y) t[ ke r)t[ k>ek aip) Sk[? h>m[Si> aivi mimli
C[Ãl[ ti[ ki[T<ni SrN[ j jti hi[y C[ an[ si]
jiN)a[ C)a[ t[ m&jb rijy srkir[ aip[l animt ki[T<mi> rd
Yiy C[! ti[ pC) g&jritn) rijy srkir pis[Y) animt
33
m[Lvvin&> hilni ai>di[lnkiri[n&> ai ai>di[ln (vcirS)l...
k[ a(vcirS)l?
“animt aipi[” ai>di[lnni ai>di[lnkiri[ pis[ p(rpkv,
(vcirS)l, g>B)r, smj& tYi (vv[k b&(¹Fp&N< n[_iZRvni[
mi[Ti[ aBiv C[.”
hilni> “animt aipi[“ ai>di[lnmi> pi[tin[ animtY)
Yy[li aºyiy n[ kirN[ uÑBv[li aik\i[Smi>Y) jºm[li p\(tSi[Fn&>
p\B&Rv vFir[ C[, ai kirNY) j “animt aipi[“ n) JdviL&>
ai>di[ln C[. smj tYi (vv[kb&(¹Fp*v<kn) j$(ryit a[v)
C[ k[ nkkr hk)kt tYi viAt(vktin[ smjdir)p*v<k
Av)kir)n[ asrkirk v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYi S&> hi[e Sk[ t[ (vcirv&> tYi
t[v) asrkirk v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYi k[ j[ g&jrit srkirn) s_ii
myi<dimi> hi[y t[v) ÄyvAYin) mi>gN) krv) tYi mLt) hi[y
ti[ animt aipi[n) Jd Ci[D)n[ Av)kirv).
ai>di[lnkiri[ niri lgiv[ C[ k[: “srdir pT[l bid
s&BiPc>W bi[z tYi v)r Bgt(s>h pN bn) Sk)S&>..” ai
(vFinmi> p(rpkvti k[Tl)...!! ai g(B<t Fmk) piCL
ai>di[lnn[ (h>sk bnivvini[ aNsir C[...??? hiln&> animt
ai>di[ln Kr[Kr a(h>sk C[ Kr&>? ai>di[ln (h>sk hi[y pC)
pi[l)s kiy<vih) Yiy ti[ n&kSin ki[n[ C[? ke r)t[? k[Tl&>?
34
lil& yidv ji[ kh[ti hi[y k[ j[ (bn animtviLi
C[ t[mn[ pN animt aipv) ji[ea[ ti[ t[ni[ aY< S&>? lil&
yidvn&> ai (vFin rijk)y nY)? ki[>g\[s ai bibt[ Si>t Si miT[ C[?
mZtk miT[ Si[k p\Ativ krivvi g&jrit (vFinsBimi> Fi>Fl
mcivnir ki[>g\[s n[ti S>kr(s>hJ piT)diri[n[ animt apivvi
k[m Fi>Fl nY) mcivti?
ai>di[lnkiri[ “niri[” len[ n)kÇyi C[.. “jy Bvin) –
srkir jvin).” S&> t[mn) pis[ jvib C[ k[ ai
srkirn[ kiQ[ ti[ pN a[v) ki[e rijy srkir a[ liv) SkS[ k[ j[n)
pis[Y) piT)diri[ s(ht animtY) v>(ct sv< ji(tn[ animt
apiv) Sk[?
ai>di[lnkiri[ p]k) ki[epN CM k[ PM bn[, ti[ pN
(vk(st smijn[ animt nh)> j apiv) Sk[ t[mi> ki[e
S>kin[ AYin j nY), kirN b>FirNni> b>Fn a[vi> C[ k[ jyi> s&F)
s>sdmi> 67 Tki Y) vF& s¿yi[ shmt ni Yiy Ryi> s&F) ni
ti[ animt hTiv) Skiy k[ ni bdl) Skiy !
B*tkiLni> “animt hTivi[” ai>di[lnn) srKimN)mi>
piT)diri[ni> hilni> “animt aipi[” ni> ai>di[ln C[. n](tk ºyiy
an[ umdipNin) Ø(OTa[ “animt aipi["" n) mi>gN)n)
srKimN)mi> “animt hTivi[[” n) mi>gN) vFir[ u(ct
an[ vijb) C[, pr>t& simi(jk ºyiyn) Ø(OTa[ b>n[ mi>gN)
35
ayi[³y C[. simi(jk ºyiyn) Ø(OTa[ ji[ea[ ti[ “Xi(t
aiFi(rt animt hTivi[-ai(Y<k (AY(t aiFi(rt animt
livi[” ai m&jbn) mi>gN) vFir[ u(ct gN) Skiy.
an&(ct mi>gN) u(ct mi>gN)
animt hTivi[, animt aipi[. Xi(t aiFi(rt animt
hTiv) ai(Y<k (AY(t
aiFi(rt animt livi[.
vL) aiv) mi>gN) rijy srkir pis[ nh) pr>t& fkt k[ºW
srkir pis[ j kr) Skiy kirN k[ fkt k[ºW srkir j 67 Tki
s¿yi[ s>mt Yiy ti[ aiv) mi>gN)ai[ a>g[ GTt&> kr) Sk[.
ai rj*aitni[ aY< a[vi[ nY) k[ piT)diri[n) ligN)
siY[ ai p&Atk lKnirn) ligN)ni[ smºvy nY), piT)diri[n)
ligN) siY[ amir) p*r) s>m(t an[ s>v[dni C[, pr>t& g&jrit
srkir ki[e pN s>ji[gi[mi> j[ aip) Sk[ t[m nY) an[ j[ g&jrit
srkirn) s_ii myi<dimi> nY) t[ ke r)t[ mL) Skvin&> C[?
36
t[ni> krti> g&jrit srkirn) S(kt myi<dimi> hi[y t[v)
v]k(Ãpk mi>gN) krvimi> j SiNpN C[.
{D} animt m[Lvvin) kiy<vih):
piT)diri[ a[ animt m[Lvvi pi[tin) Xi(tn[ ai[.b).s)
tr)k[ gNivv) hi[y ti[ ah)> n)c[ dSi<Äyi m&jb p\(k\yi krv)
a(nviy< C[.
{1} piT)diri[a[ ai[.b).s). km)Snn[ pi[tin) Xi(tn[ ai[.b).s)mi>
sim[l krvi arJ krv) ji[ea[.
{2} ji[ piT)dir Xi(tn[ ai[.b).s)mi> um[rvi miT[ni[ ai[.b).s)
k(mSnni[ (nN<y hkiriRmk aiv[ ti[ smAyin&> smiFin Ye jiy
C[. ji[ nkiriRmk aiv[ ti[ ai[.b).s) k(mSnni h&km sim[ hie
ki[T<mi> ap)l Ye Sk[ C[. ji[ hieki[T< pN piT)diri[n) ap)l rd
kr[ ti[ s&p\)m ki[T<mi> pN arJ Ye Sk[ C[. pr>t& ji[ s&p\)m ki[T<
pN rd kr[ ti[ b>FirNni ai[.b).s) S)Dy&lmi> li[ksBi-rijysBi
oiri um[ri[ krvimi> aiv[ Ryi> s&F) piT)diri[n[ animt mL)
Sk[ nh).
{3} piT)diri[ gm[ t[Tl) Jd pkD[, ti[fini[ kr) abji[ $(pyin)
(mlkti[ n[ n&kSin kr) liKi[ li[ki[ni jin le l[... pr>t& upr
jNiÄyi m&jb ai[.b).s) k(mSn piT)diri[n[ ai[.b).s).ni
p(r(SOTmi> sim[l krvini[ (nN<y/h&km kr[ tYi ki[Ti[< t[ h&kmn[ rd
ni kr[ ti[ j piT)diri[n[ animt mL) Sk[. ai p\(k\yi kyi< (vni
37
hilni s>ji[gi[mi> piT)diri[n[ animt mL) Sk[ t[v) ki[e Skyti
nY). srkir rijyn) hi[y k[ k[ºWn), Bijpn) hi[y k[ ki[>g\[sn)
k[ pC) ki[e pN srkir upri[kt p\(k\yi kyi< (vni (bnanimt)
Xi(t p]k) ki[e pN Xi(tn[ k[ piT)diri[n[ animt apiv)
SkS[ nh).
hv[ mhRvni[ p\Åna[ Yiy k[ ai>di[lnkiri[ animt m[Lvvi
upri[kt kiy<vih) kr) C[ k[ k[m? an[ ji[ kr) hi[y ti[ S&> p(rNim
aiÄy&>? ji[ ni kr) hi[y ti[ Si miT[ nY) kr)?
{c} g&jrit srkirni[ a(Bgm:-
B*tkiLn) ki[>g\[s srkirn) srKimN)mi> g&jritn) hiln)
Bijpi srkir[ ai>di[lnkiri[ siY[ k[vi[ Äyvhir kyi[<:
1. si] p\Ym ti[ ai ai>di[lnmi> siY ni aipvi jih[r
jntin[ (vn>t) kr).
2. ai>di[lnkiri[ siY[ viTiGiTi[ krvi uµckxin) k(mT)n) rcni
krvimi> aiv) tYi viTiGiTi[ miT[ ai>di[lnkiri[n[ aim>#iN
piqvvimi> aiÄy&>. Bl[ viTiGiTi[ p\Ym tbkk[ (nOfL n)vD), pr>t&
s&Kd a>t miT[ viTiGiTi[ni[ di[r stt cil& riK) Skiy
t[ miT[ srkir p\yRnS)l rh) pr>t& ai>di[lnkiri[a[ t[mi> shkir
n ai¼yi[ an[ ulTin&> ai>di[lnn[ ug\ bniÄy&>
3. srkir[ ai siY[ni {p(r(SOT-4, pini n>- 95} m&jb
d](nki[mi> aiKi pinn) jih[riti[ aip) p\ji smx nkkr sRy
38
hk)ktn) vir>vir rj*ait kr) tYi srkir qili>
vcni[ aip[ t[ ayi[³y gNiy t[vi Äyvhi(rk an[ n)(ty&kt
kirNi[n[ an&lx)n[ srkir qili> vcni[ aipvi nY) eµCt)
t[ bibtn) pN ApOTti kr).
4. srkir[ T).v). pr pN jih[riti[ kr) p\ji smx sRy tYi
nkkr hk)kti[n) rj*ait kr).
Bijp srkir[ hkiriRmk vlNY) p\ji smx sic) bibt
rj* kr) pr>t& ai>di[lnkiri[ nkkr-hk)kt smjvi t]yir n j Yyi
an[ aij[ pN nY).
“d)vi j[v) ApOT bibt Äy(kt smjvi k[ minvi t]yir ni
hi[y ti[ t[n&> kirN yi[³y tYi p\imi(Nk k[ Äyvhir& hi[e Sk[ Kr&>?”
a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[: “g&jritn) Bijp srkir k[ b)ji
ki[epN rijyn) b)J ki[epN pxn) srkir, ki[epN (vk(st
smijn[ animt apiv) Skvin) nY) j” t[ nkkr sRy C[,
kirN k[ b>FirNmi> j (vk(st ji(t miT[ animtn) ji[gvie
krvimi> aiv[l nY).
hv[, ai j bibtn[ b)J r)t[ (vcir)a[ k[ animtn)
mi>gN) ti[ g&jrit srkir pis[ kr[l) C[! srkirn[ qili>
vcni[ aipvin) pN C*T C[ ti[ srkir qili> vcni[ aip[, pC)
Bl[ ki[Ti[< t[n[ rd kr[, ti[ S&> srkir miT[ t[ n](tk r)t[ yi[³y
39
gNiS[?
GD)Br a[m min) lea[ k[:
srkirn) ti[ piT)diri[n[ animt aipvin) s>p*N< eµCi
C[ an[ srkir pi[t[ animtn) mi>gN)n[ yi[³y tYi ºyiy) mint)
hi[y ti[ pN animtY) v>(ct (vk(st li[ki[n[ animt apiv)
Skvin) nY) kirN k[ srkir tYi ki[Ti[<ni hiY-pg b>FirNn)
b[D)ai[Y) b>Fiy[li C[.
ai j kirNY) g&jrit srkir jih[riti[ ¹viri li[ki[n[ smj
aip[ C[ k[, b)ji> k[Tli>k rijyi[mi> t[ rijyn) srkir[ animtY)
v>(ct li[ki[ni ai>di[lnn[[ q>D&> piDvi animt aip) pr>t& ki[Ti[<
a[ t[n[ rd kr), ti[ pC) j[ t[ srkiri[a[ animt aip) t[ni[ aY<
S&> rHi[? ai nkkr sRyn[ ai>di[lnkiri[[ Av)kirvi t]yir nY)
t[n&> kirN ti[ t[ai[ j p\jin[ aip) Sk[.
b)J bij& a[m pN kh) Skiy k[ ai>di[lnkiri[n[ q>Di
piDvini h[t&Y) j j[ t[ rijy srkiri[a[ {g&jrit srkir (vni }
mi>gN) m>j*r kr) d)F) t[n&> kirN a[ pN hi[e Sk[ k[:
“ aipN[ ti[ ‘animt’ aip), pC) ki[T<mi> j[ Yv&> hi[y t[ Yiy t[mi>
srkir kyi> di[(Pt gNivin) C[?”
g&jrit srkir ai r)t[ p\jin[ g[rmig[< di[rvi k[ g&mrih
krvi eµCt) nY), t[ g&jrit srkirni mkkm a(BgmY) ApOT
Yiy C[.
40
“GD)Br min) lea[ k[ g&jrit srkir animt aip[”
ti[ pN Ryirbid ki[T< ti[ rd krS[ j t[ (n(v<vid C[. S&>
ai>di[lnkiri[mi> tikit C[ k[ t[ai[ hieki[T< k[ s&p\)m ki[T<n[ animt
rd n krvi frj piD) Sk[? ki[Ti[<n[ aiv) frj piDvi jti> kdic
ki[Ti<[ ai>di[lnkiri[n&> ni min[ ti[ t[n) sim[ ai>di[lnkiri[-FrNi kr)
“ki[Ti[< hTivi[“ t[vi> ai>di[ln krS[! k[ pC) aimrNi>t upvis
krS[!!!
hv[ a[ jNivv&> j$r) C[ k[ hilmi> ain>d)b[n pT[ln)
srkirn) n)(t d)vi j[v) ApOT C[ k[ sRy hk)ktn[ li[ki[ smx m*k)
jNiv[ C[ an[ smjiv[ C[ tYi nkkr hk)ktn[ Av)kirvi (vn>t)
kr[ C[ k[, “hilni s>ji[gi[mi> tYi b>FirN an&sir srkir pT[l
smijn[ animt aip) Sk[ t[m nY), kirN k[ g&jrit
srkirn[ t[m krvin) s_ii j nY), Cti> pT[l smij[ OBC mi>
sim[l Yv&> hi[y ti[ OBC k(mÆinrn[ arJ krv) pD[,
j[ r)t[ B*tkiLmi> b)ji smijni> li[ki[ a[ kr[l) C[,
ti[ ai>dilnkiri[ Si miT[ arJ nY) krti?” t[n) sim[ b)J
rijy srkiri[a[ qili> vcni[ ai¼yi>, {jiNti hi[vi Cti> k[ rijy
srkirn[ animt aipvin) s_ii nY)} j[ piCLY) ki[Ti[<a[ rd kyi><!
ti[ upri[kt b>n[ n)(tmi>Y) n](tktin) Ø(OTa[ ke n)(t vFir[ sir)
gNiy? (n(v<vid vit a[ C[ k[ ain>d)b[n pT[ln) srkirn) ApOT
n)(t Kr[Kr vF& yi[³y tYi n](tk C[.
41
hv[ b)J r)t[ (vcir)a[ k[ kdic g&jrit srkir
piT)diri[n[ animt aip[ ti[ pN, ai>di[lnkiri[ animt kiym
rh[ t[ miT[ pi[tini[ k[s a[v) r)t[ lD) SkS[ k[ ki[Ti[< t[n[ rd ni kr[?
b)ji[ p\Ån a[ pN Yiy k[ hieki[T< k[ s&p\)m ki[T<, aip[l animt
rd kr[ pC) ai>di[lnkiri[ aiv&> jjm[ºT aipnir minn)y jjni
Gr sim[ ai>di[ln an[ FrNi> kr[, aimrNi>t upvis pr utr[!
a[v&> Sky C[? an[ aim krviY) S&> g&jrit srkir[ aip[l)
animt kiym rh[S[ Kr) ?
(n(v<vid bibt C[ k[ ki[Ti[< sim[ ki[e ai>di[ln k[ FrNi>
cilti> nY), piT)diri[ siFn-s>pºn {ai(Y<k tYi simi(jk
r)t[ (vk(st} hi[viY) OBC mi> p\v[Sn[ pi#i
nY)-an[ t[ kirNY) animt m[Lvvin[ pi#i pN nY), ai
(n(v<vid tYi S>kiY) pr a[v) nkkr hk)kt C[, j[n[ dr[k (vk(st
ji(tni li[ki[a[ smjdir)p*v<k Av)kirv) j ji[ea[.
g&jrit srkir ¹viri (n(Ok\yti-uNp k[ up[xi?
pi[l)s dmn a>g[ ji[ g&jrit srkir a[m (vcir)n[ ki[e
pgli> n l[ k[ ai>di[lnkiri[a[ ph[li> ti[D-fi[D kr) aYvi ti[ ph[li>
h&mli[ kyi[< miT[ pi[l)s vi>kmi> nY) t[m min)n[ pi[l)s sim[ vF&
pDti dmn a>g[ kDk kiy<vih) krvimi> n aiv[ ti[ t[ Kr[Kr
srkir px[ g[rvijb) an[ ayi[³y vlN gN) Skiy.
42
srkirni[ a(Bgm Kr[Kr ti[ a[vi[ hi[vi[ ji[ea[ k[ “Ci[r&>
kCi[r&> Yiy pr>t& mivtr kmivtr n Yiy” srkir a[ p\ji
miT[ h>m[Si> mi-bipn) j³yia[ hi[y C[ an[ t[ kirNY) srkir
pi[t[ j p\ji upr dmn kr[ ti[ srkir dmnkir) gN) Skiy.
g[rvijb) an[ aºyiy krnir pi[l)si[ sim[ kDk hiY[ pgli> l[vi
t[ srkirn) n](tk t[mj p\jilx) frj bn[ C[. a[k simiºy
diKliY) ai bibtn[ smjv) hi[y ti[ a[v&> kh) Skiy
k[ jyir[ p¸Yrmiri[ Yiy C[ Ryir[ pi[l)sn[ rxN miT[ Qil
aipvimi> aiv[ C[, t[n[ gi[L)bir krvini[ h&km aipvimi>
aivti[ nY). ain[ a[ r)t[ ji[e Skiy k[ s>ym riKvi[ a[ srkirn)
frj C[.
GD)Br min) lea[ k[ ti.25 ai[gOTn) r[l)
vKt[ liq)cij< krvi[ a(nviy< hti[, ti[ pN a[ (n(v<vid
C[ k[ liq)cij< krvini[ aiSy ti[fin)ai[n[ BgiDvini[ hi[y
C[ t[mn[ mir) ni>Kvini[ nh)>. Bigti Äy(ktn) piCL
di[D)n[ t[ Grmi> G*s) jiy ti[ pN t[n) piCL Grmi> di[D)
jen[ mirvi[ t[ s_iini[ s>ym (vhi[Ni[ v[rvZ(_i Br[li[ upyi[g C[.
“ j[ pi[l)s ki[ºAT[bl k[ a(Fkir)ai[ s>ym
siY[ s_iini[ upyi[g ni kr) Sk[ t[mnimi> s_ii m[Lvvin) liykit
nY).” aivi miNsi[n[ s_ii aip) Skiy nh).
j[N[ s_iini[ d Šrupyi[g kyi[< hi[y t[n) sim[ smysr kDk (SxiRmk
43
pgli> l[vi> j ji[ea[ t[ sim&di(yk ºyiyni (htmi> K*b j
mh_vn) j$r)yit C[.
Bijp srkir C[ miT[ an&(ct krnir sim[ pgli> l[viS[,
bik) B*tkiLmi> ti[ t[ pN nhi[t&> Yt&> t[v&> GNi Bijp ag\N)ai[n&>
kh[v&> C[. ji[ k[ a[ vit sic) C[ k[ pi[l)s dmnni ai p\kirni
bnivi[mi> B*tkiLmi> ki[e pgli> l[viti> nhi[ti>. di.t. miFv(s>h
tYi c)mnBie pT[ln) srkir vKt[ Yy[li ai>di[lnmi>
pi[l)si[a[ kr[li aºyiy) vt<n k[ eridip*v<k kr[l aRyicir
sim[ ai>K aiDi kin kr) ki[e j pgli> l[viyi n hti.
Bijpni> ag\N)ai[n) a[v) pN ap[xi
C[ k[ j[ li[ki[ rijkirN)ai[ni> Gr tYi ai[(fsi[ s&F) phi[>c) gyi
t[ yi[³y nY) j[mN[ Bijpni MP-MLA n) ai[(fsi[ sLgiv)
t[mn[ pkD)-pkD) a[v) (Sxi krv) ji[ea[ k[ B(vOymi> aiv&>
krvini[ (vcir pN n kr) Sk[. di[Q m(hni ph[li> ä(Pk[SBien&>
kiyi<ly sLgiÄy&> {aiSr[ j&lie 2015ni b)ji aqvi(Dyimi>
a[Tl[ k[ ti. 25 m) ai[gOT-2015 ni ri[j amdividn) mhir[l)
p*v<[} t[n&> S&> kirN? ki](Sk pT[lni kiyi<ly pr j*lien) 15
aispis pi>c-pi>c vir h&mli[ kyi[<, m>#i)~) n)(tnBie pT[l tYi
m>#i)~) rjn)Bie pT[lni Gr[ phi[>c) gyi.. mi[hnBie k&>DL)yi
{MP-m>#i)} n) ai[(fs sLgiv)!!! aiKr[ ai li[ki[a[ Äy(ktgt
r)t[ t[mn&> S&> bgiDy&> C[?.....an[ t[ bibt[ (vcirv&> t[ Äyvhi(rk
44
gNiS[ k[ g&jritni[ ki[epN Firis¿y k[ si>sd animt apiv)
Sk[ t[v) ki[e j Skyti nY). ai sRy hi[vi Cti> t[mni upr
h&mli[ krvi[ t[ ke r)t[ yi[³y C[?
“a[k bij& dmn krnir pi[l)s sim[ (SxiRmk kDk pgli>
l[vivi> ji[ea[ t[v) p\jin) mi>gN) hi[y, an[ b)J bij& srkir
ai>di[lnkiri[ p]k) jntin) (mlktn[ n&kSin krnir pkDiy[li
h&mli>Ki[ri[n[ Ci[D) d[ t[v) ai>di[lnkiri[n) mi>gN) C[, a[Tl[ k[:
“pi[l)s sim[ pgli> li[ pr>t& ti[fin) - (h>sk ai>di[lnkiri[ n[ Ci[D)
di[!!”
ti[ S&> ai ºyiy) mi>gN) C[?
ai s>ji[gi[mi> “srkir pi[l)s sim[ pgli> pN ni l[ tYi
pkDiy[li h&mlKi[r ai>di[lnkiri[n[ Ci[D) d["" ti[ srkirn&> ai
pgl&> srkirn) uNp k[ up[xi gN) Skiy k[ pC) viAt(vkti
siY[n&> Äyvhi(rk smiFin.?
“piT)diri[n[ animt aip) Skiy nh)>” (vFinn&>
(vÅl[PN:
ti. 24 ai[gOT 2015ni g&jrit smicirn) amdivid
aivZ(_ini 14 mi> p[j upr p\(s¹F Yy[l smicir an&sir
“b>FirN)y ji[gvie, s&p\)mni> c&kidiai[ pC)
piT)diri[n[ animt aip) Skiy nh)”, ai (vFinn&> g[rsmj
45
UB) krnir&> simiºy aY<GTn k[ j[ smg\ jnsm&diy[ ky&<> t[ a[v&>
C[ k[ piT)diri[n[ ai[.b).s).mi> smivvi k[ ni smivvi
t[ a>g[ g&jrit srkirn[ b>FirN)y ji[gvie tYi s&p\)mni
c&kidin[ aiFir[ s>p*N< s_ii C[ pr>t& g&jrit srkir
piT)diri[n[ ai[.b).s).mi> smivvi t]yir nY)!!
ji[ k[ g&jrit srkirni[ a(Bgm a[vi[ hi[e Sk[ j nh)
kirN k[ srkir ti[ b>>FirNn) ji[gvie tYi s&p\)m ki[T<ni> aid[SY)
s>p*N< vik[f C[ tYi g&jrit srkirni> ¹yinmi> j C[ k[ animt
aipvi k[ hTivvin) g&jrit srkirn[ s_ii j nY),
a[Tl[ k[ srkirni> ai (vFin piCL simiºy jnsm&diy
j[ aY<GTn ky&<> t[vi[ h[t& srkirni[ n hti[ tYi
piT)diri[ n[ animt nh)> aipvini[ a(Bgm pN n hti[.
upri[kt (vFinn[ bdl[ ji[ ki[e a[v&> (vFin aiÄy&> hi[t
k[ j[n&> aY<GTn n)c[ m&jb Yiy:
“b>FirNn) ji[gvie t[mj s&p\)mki[T<ni aid[S t[mj
mig<dS<nni> aiFir[ rciy[li ai[.b).s).
k(mSnn[ piT)diri[a[ arJ krv) ji[ea[ tYi ji[ ai[.b).s).
k(mSn piT)diri[ni[ ai[.b).s).mi> smiv[S krt&> hi[y ti[ g&jrit
srkir t[mi> ki[e vi>Fi[-(vri[F k[ hAtx[p krS[ nh)>, t[mj g&jrit
srkirn[ t[mi> hAtx[p krvini[ a(Fkir k[ s_ii pN nY)!!
46
t[ j m&jb “ai[.b).s). k(mSn piT)diri[ni[ ji[ ai[.b).s). mi>
smiv[S ni kr[ ti[ pN ai[.b).s). k(mSnn[ smiv[S krvi
miT[ frj piDvini[ g&jrit srkirn[ ki[e j a(Fkir k[ s_ii nY).”
ti[ simiºy jnsm&diy[ j[ aY<GTn ky&<> t[ Yvini[ avkiS rh[t
nh)>. upri>t t[vi (vFinY) ApOT Yit k[ j[ bibt g&jrit
srkirn) s_ii myi<dimi> nY) t[ bibt[ g&jrit srkir
eµC[ ti[ pN ki>e kr) Sk[ t[m nY) ti[ pC) g&jrit srkir
sim[ ai>di[lni[ krviY) sfLti mLvin) Skyti k[Tl)?
a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[ OBC n&> (lAT p(rvt<nS)l
C[ t[n[ kirN[ t[mi> b)J Xi(tai[ um[r) Skiy C[, pr>t& k[v)
Xi(tai[n[ um[r) Skiy t[ bibtn&> s&p\)m ki[T<n&> mig<dS<n
C[ an[ ai mig<dS<n n[ kirN[ piT)diri[ ai[.b).s). mi> sim[l
Yvin) pi#iti m[Lv) Skti nY). ai bibt[ g&jrit srkir
ki[epN s&Firi[ kr) Skvin) s_ii Frivt) nY) j[n)
jnsm&diy[ g>B)r ni[>F l[v) j$r) C[.
{c} animt upr rijk)y rmt:-
sic) p(r(AY(t:- b>FirN Av)kiy&< RyirY) animt aiv), u_iri[_ir
vFt) ge, S$aitmi> 10 vP< miT[ ht)...t[ vP< ti[ l>bivti gyi
pr>t& Tki pN vFti gyi tYi bLtimi> G) hi[mvi ri[ATr j[v)
g[rvijb) p¹F(t tYi g&Nv_ii {m[r)T} mi> smiFin j[v) s>p*<N
47
ayi[³y, aºyiy) tYi smg\ d[Sn&> a(ht krnir) bibti[ ki[>g\[s
Sisnmi> livvimi> aiv)... animtn) b>FirN)y
ji[gvieni[ an](tk rijrmtY) Brp*r-aºyiy) ti[ Kr) j pN
d[Sn&> a(ht krnir) tYi li[ki[n) slimt) ji[Kmmi> m*kiy
t[ r)t[ fkt vi[Tb[>k UB) krvi miT[ upyi[g Yti[ gyi[.
piT)diri[a[ ai d*PN hd vTiv) gy>& Ryi> s&F) animt ni mi>g)!
fkt piT)diri[ j Si miT[ animtY) v>(ct bik) rh[l) dr[k ki[mni
li[ki[ p]k) ki[epN ki[mni smij[ (vri[F ni kyi[<! ji[ k[ a[ni[ aY<
a[vi[ pN nY) k[ B*tkiLmi> (vri[F ni kyi[< a[Tl[ aRyir[ pN ni
kr) Skiy, pr>t& bibt vkr)n[ (vkriL Yiy pC) vFir[ aGr)
bn[ C[.
a#i[ a[ Ti>kv&> j$r) C[ k[ s>sdmi> j>g) bh&mt) 67 Tki k[ t[Y)
vFir[ hi[vi siY[ b>FirNn) animtn) ji[gvieai[ni[ fkt vi[Tb[>k
UB) krvi si]Y) vF& d*rpyi[g Yyi[ hi[y ti[ t[ ki[>g\[sni
SisnkiLmi> Yyi[ C[. kmns)b[ hilmi> b>FirNn) t[ j
ji[gvieai[ amlmi> C[.
ki[en[ a[vi[ p\Ån Yiy k[ “animtni[ upyi[g vi[Tb[>k UB)
krvimi> kyi[<, t[mi> Ki[T&> S&> C[?
rijkirN C[, vi[Tb[>k ti[ UB) krv) j pD[ n[?
hi, rijkirNmi> vi[Tb[>k UB) krv) j$r) hi[y C[, pr>t& t[n)
piCLni[ eridi[ fkt n[ fkt c*>TN) Jtvini[ hi[y,
48
a[Tl[ k[ “Bl[ p\jin&> k[ d[Sn&> a(ht Yiy, amir) gid) ti[ scviy
C[ n[!!” ai an](tk a(BgmY) vi[Tb[>k UB) Yiy t[ ke
r)t[ yi[³y gNiy?
ai p\kirn) m[l)m&ridY) UB) kr[l) vi[Tb[>kn[ kirN[:
{1} vg< (vg\h v¹yi[,
{2} gr)b vF& n[ vF& gr)b Yti[ gyi[ tYi am)r vF&n[ vF&
am)r Yti[ gyi[. am)r-gr)b vµc[ni[ tfivt
mi[Ti[ Yti[ gyi[ pr>t& gr)b) hTivi[ j[vi niri lgiv)
gr)bi[n[ g[rmig[< di[r) gr)b) hTivvi p\Ry[ d&l<x s[vvimi> aiÄy&>
an[ t[ rijk)y rmtn[ kirN[ 65-65 vPi[<Y) gr)b) ti[ hT) nh)
pr>t& vFt) ge.
{3} SC-ST tYi OBC mL) 80 Tki vg<
a[vi[ C[ k[ j[ pi[tin&> (ht Yiy C[ k[ a(ht Yiy C[ t[ pN ni smJ
Sk[. aivi aBN, gr)b tYi min(sk r)t[ Bi>g) pD[li vg<ni
li[ki[mi> animt, ri[ATr vg[r[ j[v) an](tk n)(t ¹viri li[BimNi>
vcni[ aip) t[mn) ai>Ki[mi> Av¼ni> jgiÄyi>, pN sikir Yyi> nh)>,
sikir Yiy t[v) ki[e j tjv)j Ye nh)>.
ain) piCL a[v) gNtr) hi[e Sk[ Kr) k[ “ ji[ aivi vg<ni
li[ki[ni[ uRkP< Yiy tYi (vcirS)l bn[ ti[ t[ai[ (vri[F krvini
(vciri[ pN kr[, miT[ aivi li[ki[ (vcirS)l Yiy j nh)> ti[ t[mn)
gid) scviy”? ji[ aiv) gNtr) hi[y ti[ t[ miT[ animt$p)
49
SA#ini[ d&rpyi[g Yyi[. ai d&rpyi[g siY[, pDti n[ piT& a[v&>
“(DvieD a[ºD $l” {a[Tl[ k[, “ j&di piDi[, zgDivi[, zgDti
riKi[ an[ rij kri[.” ) n) n)(t aKRyir krvimi> aiv), tYi
aiv) n)(t aKRyir krvi miT[ j$r) t[vi[ vg<-(vg\h vFirvi
miT[ animtni[ aiSri[ pN l[vimi> aiÄyi[. (DvieD a[ºD $ln)
n)(t ¹viri 65 -65 vP< s&F) gid) sicvvimi> ki[>g[sn[ sfLti
mL).
g&jritni[ diKli[ (vcir)a[ ti[ “KHAM” (Yyr)Y) si]
(vcirS)l vg< jiNkir C[, Kim (Yyr)ni[ aY< a[vi[ Yiy C[ k[,
“ x(#iy, h(rjn, ai(dvis) tYi m&(Alm Xi(tai[ a[k bij& Ye
jiy tYi b)J Xi(tai[ ni[ sm*h sim) bij& rh[ t[m b[ Big
piDvi miT[ rijk)y rmt rmv). b>n[ Bign[[ j&di riKvi,
zgDivvi, zgDti riKvi an[ rij krv>&” aiv) an](tk
n)(tn[ aKRyir krvi animt$p) SA#ini[ b[fim upyi[g krvimi>
aivti[. ain[ kirN[ “ vg< (vg\h K*b v¹yi[, d[Sni[ (vkis $>Fiyi[,
gr)b vF&n[ vF& gr)b Yti[ gyi[, gr)b) hTvin[ bdl[ vF).
pi[tin&> (ht smjvin) b&(¹F S(ktni aBiv[ SC, ST tYi
OBC vg<ni 80 Tki Y) vF& mi[Ti[ vg< smj (vnin&> mtdin
krti[ rhyi[, an[ smj (vnin&> Xi(t aiFi(rt mtdin pN
aij[ a[ j li[ki[ vFir[ p\miNmi> kr) rHi C[. a(vcirS)l
50
mtdinni> miqi> p(rNim K&d animtni[ liBiY)< smij tYi
smg\ d[S Bi[gv) rhyi[ C[.
ai an](tk a(BgmY) rijkirN)ai[n) gid)
ti[ scvie, pN animt ¹viri ap[(xt p(rNimi[ m[Lv) Skiyi
nh)>. 1949 Y) kr[l) animtn) ji[gvie 65 -65 vP< pC) pN
(nOfLtimi> p(rNm).
“D)vieD a[ºD $l” n) n)(tn[ kirN[ a(S(xt tYi
a(vcirS)l vg<ni li[ki[n&> ¹yin ad[Kie, (trAkir tYi
(vg\hmi>Y) bhir ni aiÄy&> an[ p(rNim[ t[mni[ (vkis ti[ ni j
Yyi[ prºt& rkis Yyi[.
“animt aipi[” ai>di[ln rijk)y C[ ?
{a} b>FirN n[ an&lx)n[ sm)xi:
{1} b>FirNn) ji[gvie an&sir piT)diri[ s(htn) ki[e pN
(vk(st ji(t k[ smijn[ animt mL) Sk[ t[m nY).
{2} animtn) ji[gvie a(t gr)b li[ki[ni uRkP< miT[ni umdi
h[t&Y) krvimi> aiv) C[; t[n) sim[ (vk(st ji(t, sxm ji(tni
li[ki[ animt n) mi>gN) kr[ t[ k[Tl&> yi[³y gNiy?
{3} “animt hTivi[” ai>di[lni[ k[ j[ “animt aipi[” krti>
vFir[ u(ct C[, Cti> t[ (nOfL gyi. b>FirNn) ji[gvien[ kirN[...
{4} jyi> s&F) b>FirNn) ji[gvie bdliy nh)> Ryi> s&F)
51
animtn) hiln) ÄyvAYi bdl) Skiy nh)>.
{5} b>FirN bdlvin) s_ii fkt s>sd pis[ j C[.
upri[kt hk)ktni aiFir[ ji[ti> animtn[ lgt)
bibti[ a>g[ g&jrit srkir ki[e j³yia[ vµc[ aivt) nY). Cti>
“jy Bvin) - srkir jvin)” “animt aipi[” ni> ai>di[lnni
ai[Yi n)c[ g&jrit srkirn[ uYlivvin) (hlcil S&> btiv[ C[?
upri[kt viAt(vkti hi[vi Cti> g&jrit
srkir[ aiSr[ ti.12-13-14 s¼T[Àbr 2015 drÀyin
ai>di[lnkiri[ siY[ hkiriRmk vlNY) m)(T>gi[ yi[J ki[e asrkirk
v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYi krvi miT[ viTi GiTi[ kr), an[ viTi GiTi[ni
a>t[ srkir[ v]k(Ãpk yi[jniai[ vg[r[ t]yir krvi 10
(dvsni[ smy mi>³yi[, ai>di[lnkiri[ t[ bibt siY[ shmt Yyi
tYi t[ ds (dvs drÀyin ai>di[ln$p) ki[ej p\i[g\im nh)> kr[ t[v&>
vcn ai¼y&> ti[ Kr&>, pr>t& t[ pC) trt j ai>di[lnni nvi nvi
p\i[g\im S$ Ye gyi...! ai S&> btiv[ C[?
vi>ci[ smicir:- p(r(SOT 6, pin n>. - 112} {(dÄy
BiAkr :- ti.18-9-2015, pi.n>.4.}
a[k pC) a[k bdlit) hrkti[... j[m k[ ti.25-8-2015 n)
r[l)mi>
m&²ym>#i)n[ AT[j pr bi[livvini[ a(vv[k...
p\i[g\immi> ni hi[vi Cti> FrNini[ kiy<k\m...
52
a[k pC) a[k bdliti> (vFini[.
Ryirbid aip[li vcni[ ni piLvi>...
“g&jritn) rijy srkirn[ animt aipvi k[ hTivvi
ki[e j s_ii nY)” t[ myi<di$p) nkkr
viAt(vktin[ hkiriRmk vlNY) smjvini
a(Bgmni[ aBiv... vg[r[ S&> s*cv[ C[?
{b} fkt Bijp ni j Firis¿y tYi aig[vini[ upr
h&mli Si miT[?
ji[ ai>di[lnkiri[ a[m kh[ti hi[y k[ t[mn&> ai>di[ln (nOpx
C[, ti[ pC) ki[>g\[sni Firis¿y tYi aig[vini[ upr h&mli Si
miT[ nY) krti? Si miT[ t[mn) ai[(fs, Gr k[ giD)ai[ nY)
sLgiÄyi>? S&> ai>di[lnkiri[ “animt aipi[” n) mi>gN)ni> s>dB[<
g&jritni ki[>g\[sni aig[vin ~) S>kr(s>h viG[li tYi ki[>g\[sni
riOT^)y p\m&K ~)mt) si[(nyi gi>F) pis[ a[v&> lKiv) livS[ k[ :
“animtY) v>(ct sv[< (vk(st ji(tn[ animt
mL[ t[ miT[ amiri[ s>p*N< T[ki[ C[ an[ rh[S[ tYi a[n.D).a[. srkir
li[ksBimi> ai a>g[ p\Ativ livS[ ti[ ki[>g[\s px t[n[ s>p*N<
T[ki[ aipS[ tYi rijysBimi> pN t[ p\Ativn[ ki>[g\[spxni bFi j
s¿yi[ T[ki[ aipS[ t[ m&jb Birtn) jih[r jnti n[ ami[ vcn
53
aip)a[ C)a[.”
Kr[Kr ji[ ai>di[lnkiri[ (nOpx hi[y ti[ d[SBrmi> bF)
j rijk)y piT)<ai[ pis[Y) ai m&jbni> l[(Kt vcni[ l[vi> ji[ea[.
pi[tin[ (nOpx gNivti ai>di[lnkiri[ ti[ fkt Bijp ni
ai>g[vini[ (vr&¹F pi[tini[ ri[P qilv) rHi C[! upri[kt
bibti[n[ an&lx)n[ S&> a[m minvin) frj
pD[ C[ k[ ai>dilnkiri[ Bijp (sviyn) ki[e rijk)ypiT)<ni (ht
miT[ tYi T*>k smymi> aivnir c*>TN)ai[mi> t[ rijk)y piT)<n[ liB
apivvi animt aipi[ni nim[ piT)diri[ n[ g[rmig<[ di[r) Bijp
(vr&¹F p[tri[ rc) rHi C[?
ai bF&> a[m minvin[ frj nY) piDt&>
k[ ai>di[lnkiri[ni> m&Î)Br n[tiai[ ki[e
rijk)ypxni[ hiYi[ bn[li C[...?> an[ smg\ piT)dir
smij t[n) piCL K[>cie rHi[ C[!!
{k} S&> S$aitY) j srkir uYlivvini[ eridi[ hti[?
animt m[Lvvin&> ai>di[ln (nOpx C[ t[m
ai>di[lnkiri[ jih[r krti aiÄyi C[.
animt aipi[ ai>di[ln S$ Yy&> Ryir[ “ai>di[lni[Y)
animt mLS[ k[ nh)> mL[” t[ bibt ti[ nkk) j nhi[t),
54
pr>t& ai>di[ln S$ Yti> n) siY[ niri[ aiv) gyi[ k[:
“jy Bvin)-srkir jvin)”
ain&> aY<GTn a[v&> Ye Sk[ k[ aii>di[lnkiri[ni[ S$aitY)
j eridi[ a[vi[ hti[ k[ “animt aipi["" ai>di[lnni ai[qi
n)c[ Bijp pxn) srkir uYlivvin) an[ a[k vKt srkir
jiy pC) Bl[ animt mL[ k[ ni mL[!!
ai hk)ktY) ai>di[ln ki[e ci[kks rijk)y eridiY)
{Political Intention) krvimi> aiv) rH&> C[ t[m
minvin[ kirN nY) bnt&>?
55
3. animtn&> U>DiN:
{a} simi(jk ºyiy animt an[ smintini[ ºyiy
ji[ k[ smJ Skiy k[ ki[epN d[Smi> j[m gr)b) t[mj
am)r-gr)b vµc[ni[ tfivt vFir[ t[m simi(jk ºyiyn&> mh_v
tYi j$(ryit pN vFir[. gr)b) gm[t[Tl) hi[y pr>t& li[kSih)mi>
simi(jk ºyiy krvin) p¹F(t a[v) ni hi[v)
ji[ea[ k[ j[n[ kirN[ ki[epN Äy(ktn[ smintin) Ø(OTa[ aºyiy
Yiy. ji[ Äy(ktgt aºyiy Yiy ti[ h>m[Si aºyiyn)
aign[ BDkvini[ avkiS rh[ C[.
aipNi d[Sn) hiln) simi(jk ºyiy krvi miT[n) Xi(t
aiFi(rt animt p¹F(tn[ kirN[ h>m[Si> aiv) aig BDkt) j
rh[vin) C[. (bnanimt) ji(tmi> pN gr)bi[ ti[ C[ j ti[ pC)
a[k Xi(tni> gr)bn[ kiydini ji[r[ aºyiy) mdd krviY) b)J
Xi(tni[ gr)b k[ j[ viAt(vk r)t[ a[ni krti vFir[ yi[³yti
Frivti[ tYi k&drt) tYi smintini> ºyiyn) r)t[ hkdir hi[y
ti[ pN t[n[ fkt Xi(tni kirN[ aºyiy krvi[ t[ kiydin) k[v) vk\ti
C[? (v(Fn) vk\ti sim[ miNs licir) an&Bv[ t[ AviBi(vk tYi
smJ Skiy t[v) C[, pr>t& miNs[ j GD[li kiydin) vk\ti
sim[ miNs licir) an&Bv) b[s) rh[ Kri[? aipNi d[Sn)
animt p¹F(tn>& a[k ti(k<k aY<GTn a[v&> pN Ye Sk[ k[?
56
“(vk(st vg<ni> ki[e Äy(ktn)
smintin[ an&lx)n[ mLt) hkn) tk C)nv) le,
aºyiy kr) t[n[ pCit bnivi[ tYi j[n[ pCit g·yi>>
C[ t[v) ji(tni> Äy(ktn[ aºyiy) r)t[ tk
aip)n[ (vksvini[ avkiS aipi[!!” ji[ ai tk<mi> min)
Skiy t[v&> t¸y hi[y ti[ d[Sn&> k&l pCit pN&> srK& j
rh[vin&> n[!! kirN k[ a[k Äy(ktn) (vkis krvin) tk
C)nv) le b)jin[ (vkis krvin) tk aipviY) d[Sni
(vk(st liki[mi> ke r)t[ vFiri[ YS[?
srkir[ j Xi(t aiFi(rt animtn[ bdl[ ai(Y<k p(r(AY(t
aiFi(rt v]k(Ãpk, asrkirk yi[jniai[ amlmi> livv) ji[ea[.
tYi j[n[ animtn[ kirN[ aºyiy Yiy t[n[ ºyiy aipvi p\yRn
krvi[ ji[ea[. jyi> s&F) Xi(t aiFi(rt animtn)
ji[gvieai[ amlmi> rh[ Ryi> s&F) dr[k rijy srkir[ tYi k[ºW
srkir[ animtn[ kirN[ aºyiyni[ Bi[g bn[li Äy(ktn[ ºyiy
aipvi BNtr tYi ni[kr) x[#i[ Sky bF) j ÄyvAYi krv) ji[ea[.
57
{b} animtn) kiydik)y tYi b>FirN)y
ji[gvieai[:-
animt a>g[n) ji[gvieai[ an&µC[d 16{4},
16{4 a}, 16{4 b}, 330 Y) 334, 338,
340 Y) 342 ¹viri animtn) ji[gvie krvimi>
aiv[l C[.
animt a>g[n) b>FirNmi> kr[l ji[gvieai[ ai
p&Atk p(r(SOT 2 tYi 3mi> {pin n>. 82 tYi 86 }
C[. upri[kt ji[gvieai[ vi>µyi pC) p&Atkni[
aigLni[ Big vi>cSi[ ti[ smjv&> srL rh[S[.
Upri[kt p(r(SOTmi> aipN[ animt a>g[ b>FirNn) ji[gvie
vi>c).
{b} animtn) ji[gvie bdlvi a>g[ sm)xi:-
(m#ii[, animtn) ji[gvie bdlvi a>g[n) sm)xi vi>cti
ph[li> b>FirNni[ an&µC[d {klm} 368 vi>c), smJ-(vcirv&>
K&b j j$r) C[. ai an&µC[d animt bdlvi a>g[n)
sm)xin[ smjvi miT[n) piyi$p mhRvn) kD) C[.
animtn) ji[gvie bdlv) hi[y ti[ b>FirNn) klm 368
58
an&sir b>FirNn) ji[gviemi> f[rfir krvi[ hi[y ti[ f[rfirn[ m>j*r)
aipvi s>sdni bºn[ gZhi[mi> 67 Tki bh&mt) a(nviy< C[.
{b>FirNn) klm 368 ai siY[ni p(r(SOT 5-1 pini n>. 100
m&jb C[.}
p\Ån a[ Yiy k[ animtn) ji[gviemi> p(rvt<n Sky Kr>&?
jvib:- p(rvt<n Sky ti[ Kr&> pr>t& jyi> s&F) li[ksBi t[mj
rijysBini s¿yi[ p]k) 67 Tki s¿yi[ pC) Bl[ t[ s¿yi[ ki[e pN
pxni hi[y pr>t&> p(rvt<n miT[ s>mt ni Yiy Ryi> s&F) animtn)
ji[gvie hilmi> bdlv) Sky nY). t[ (n(v<vid vit
C[ k[ animtn) ji[gviemi> ji[ aRyir[ p(rvt<n krv&> hi[y
ti[ li[ksBini sv[< pxni s¿yi[ p]k) 67 Tki tYi rijysBini
sv[< pxni s¿yi[ p]k) 67 Tki s¿yi[ shm(t aip[ ti[ j Ye Sk[.
b>FirNn) klm 368n) ai ji[gvien[ kirN[ hilni s>ji[gi[mi>
animt a>g[ p(rvt<n t[ ki[e a[k rijk)y px k[ k[ºW srkir
siY[ s)Fi[ s>b>F Frivt) nY).
a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[ vDip\Fin ti[ fkt li[ksBimi> j
simiºy bh&mt)Y) c*>Tiy C[ pr>t& animt a>g[n) ji[gvie
ti[ bºn[ gZhi[mi> 67 Tki s¿yi[ shmt Yiy ti[ j bdliy C[.
hilmi> a[n.D).a[ n) k[ºW srkir pis[ k[ (vri[F px
pis[ bºn[ gZhi[mi> 67 Tki bh&mt) nY).
59
“ki[e rijk)y piT)<ni[ hiYi[ bn[li hilni “animt
aipi[” ni m&Î)Br ai>di[lnkiri[ ai nkkr sRy smjvi t]yir ni
hi[y t[ AviBi(vk C[, miT[ ti[ smAt pT[l smij[ ai bibtn[ p*r)
g>B)rti aip) smjv) pDS[.”
“jy Bvin)-srkir jvin)” a[vi niri lgivvi
viLiai[a[ tYi t[mn[ shkir aipviviLi sv[<a[ a[ smjv&> K*b
j$r) C[ k[:
“b>FirNmi> animtn) ji[gvie bdlvi miT[ fkt
g&jritn) j nh) pr>t& BirtBrni ki[epN rijyn) srkir k>e
j kr) SkS[ nh)> kirN k[ b>FirNn) ji[gvie ti[ fkt s>sd j
bdl) Sk[ an[ t[ pN s>sdni> bºn[ gZhni> 67 Tki bh&mt)
s¿yi[ sÀmt Yiy ti[.”
b)J bij& aRyir[ animt a>g[ g&jrit srkir oiri j[ k>e
Ye rH&> C[ t[ fkt n[ fkt s&p\)m ki[T<ni mig<dS<n an&sir j Ye
rH&> C[ an[ ki[epN rijy srkir t[niY) j&d>& kr) pN Sk[ nh)>.
ri[ATr p¹F(tn[ kirN[ g&Nv_iin) avgNni kr)
sxmti an[ liykit siY[ smiFin-C[Di kr) xmtini
an[ liykit aBivviL) Äy(ktn[ tk aipv)
t[ k[Tl[ a>S[ yi[³y? t[niY) d[Sn[ tYi li[ki[n[ k[Tl&>
n&kSin?
60
animt ri[ATr vg[r[Y) sxmti (vhi[Ni miNsi[ jyi>
n[ Ryi> vh)vTmi> G*s) jiy C[ an[ srkirni> kim Krib Yiy C[,
li[ki[n[ hiDmir) pD[ C[, n](tktini[ aBiv hi[vin[ kirN[ B\OTicirn&>
dŠPN vFt&> jiy C[. ai GN&> mi[T& dŠPN C[ kirN k[ aivi Km)r
tYi n](tkti (vhi[Ni li[ki[ j B\OTicirmi> gLiD*b rh[ C[. ki[>g\[s
srkirn) ai d[Sn[ d ŠPNy&kt d[n C[.
animt m[Lvvi miT[ k[ hiln) animtn) ji[gviemi> f[rfir
krvi miT[ smy s&s>gt nY), s>ji[gi[ p(rpkv nY) t[mj
srkirni hiY-pg b>FirNn) b[D)ai[Y) b>Fiy[li C[, kirN
k[ li[ksBi t[mj rijysBimi> 67 Tki s¿yi[ animt bdlvi,
hTivvi k[ t[mi> f[rfir krvi s>m(t aipS[ k[ k[m t[ S>ki C[.
{k} animtni> p(rNimn) sm)xi tYi (vkÃp:-
{1} g&jritmi> aiSr[ C[Ãli 12 vP<Y) vg<-(vg\hn) aig
F)m[ F)m[ b&zie rh) ht), prºt& “animt aipi[” n&> ai>di[ln
yi[³y, p\BivSiL), (vcirS)l an[ p(rpkv n[tZRvni
aBiv[ vg<-(vg\hn) aign[ fr)Y) p\jv(lt krvi trf
je rhy&> hi[y t[m hilni> s>ji[gi[ prY) minvin[ kirN
bn[ C[.
a[k bij& animt aipv) t[ bibt g&jrit srkirn)
61
s_ii myi<di bhirn) C[, Cti> g&jrit srkir pis[ animtn) mi>g
an[ n aip[ ti[ t[n[ kirN[ srkir UYlivvini[ ¹y[y ti[ b)J bij&
yi[³y viTiGiTi[ tYi (vcir (v(nmyY) (nrikrN livvini
a(Bgmni[ aBiv, ai>di[ln (h>sk bnivvin) g(B<t Fmk),
animtni[ asrkirk (vkÃp (vcirvi t[mj Av)kirvi
a>g[ avgNni t[mj “animt j aipi[” t[v&> JÑ) vlN, ai
bF) j bibti[ prY) a[m minvin[ frj pD[ C[ k[, ai>di[ln ki[e
ci[kks rijk)y h[t&Y) Ye rH>& C[.
{2} animtY) ap[(xt p(rNim mÇy&>?
25 s¼T[Àbr t[ simi(jk ºyiy tYi a(Fki(rti (dvs
tr)k[ ujviy C[. g&jrit srkirni m>#i)~) rmNlil
vi[ria[ “s>d[S” d](nkni pin-9 pr piqv[l smicir $p)
ni[>F GN&> bF& kh) jiy C[.
{ai siY[ni p(r(SOT-6-a pin n>. -114 pr
t[ smicir C[}.
t[n) mhRvn) bibti[ n)c[ m&jb C[.
1. “aizid)ni 68 vP< pC) pN simi(jk ºyiyni
(s¹Fi>tn[ sikir krvi[ a[k pDkir”
2. g&ni Ki[r)mi> vFiri[-2004 mi> 1.83 liK g&ni
ni[>Fiyi hti t[ vF)n[ 2013 mi> 2.64 liK g&ni
ni[>Fiyi.
62
3. A#i), biLki[ tYi vZ¹Fi[ sim[ Yti g&niai[mi>
vFiri[ Yyi[.
4. ai(Y<k tYi simi(jk r)t[ pCit ji(tai[ni
(vkis miT[ an[k yi[jniai[ ¹viri kÃyiNni>
p\yisi[ Cti> b[kir), gr)b) tYi ji(tvid bLv_ir
bºyi> C[. t[n[ phi[>c) vLvimi> srkir UN) utr)
C[ t[v) fr)yid.
m>#i) rmNlil vi[ri ni ai m>tÄyY) t[ ApOT Yiy
C[ k[ 'animt" ti[ ap[(xt p(rNim m[Lvvimi> (nOfL
n)vD) j C[, pr>t& pCit ji(tai[ni (vkis miT[n) GN)
bF) yi[jniai[ hi[vi Cti> p(rNim n
mLvin[ kirN[ srkir uN) utyi<n) fr)yid C[.
jyir[ 68 vP<ni e(this upr njr ni>Kti
hi[ea[ Ryir[ p\Åna[ nY) Yti[ k[ ke srkir uN) utr)
C[, pr>t& a[ (n(v<vid C[ k[ aij s&F)n) bF) j srkir
pCit ji(tni (vkis bibt[ uN) utr) C[!!
Kim) srkirn)? yi[jniai[n)? k[ bºn[n)?
srkiri[ ti[ bdliy C[, nr[ºWBie j[vi bihi[S, sxm
tYi p\mi(Nk Äy(kt pN 13 vP< Sisn kr) gyi,
g&jritni[ (vkis b[Sk Yyi[ pr>t& pCit li[ki[ni
(vkis a>g[ ap[(xt p(rNim nY) mÇy&>, ti[ pC)
pCit li[ki[ni (vkis miT[ animt s(htn&> j[ siFn
upyi[gmi> l[viy C[ t[ ti[ (bnasrkirk C[ j, t[m
kh) Skiy? kirN k[ an[k srkiri[ bdlie pr>t&
63
animtn) ji[gvie nY) bdlie!!
ji[ k[ bF) j srkiri[n) pCit vg<ni (vkis a>g[n)
(nOfLtimi> B\OTicir pN kirNB*t ti[ C[ j pr>t&
animt j[v) (bnasrkirk ji[gvieai[ pCit tYi
gr)b vg<ni (vkis miT[n) (nOfLti miT[ B\OTicir
krti> vFir[ jvibdir C[! kirN k[ B\OTicir nh)>vt`
hi[y ti[ pN animt ¹viri pCit ji(tni
(vkisni[ lx (s¹F krvi[ aSky j rhy&> C[ an[ rh[j,
t[ AviBi(vk C[. j[Tl) mi#iimi> j$(ryit uB) Yiy
C[ t[Tl) mi#iimi> p*N< krvi miT[ 'animt" n&> siFn
sxm nY). di.t. pi>c hjir Äy(ktn[ ri[jgirn) j$r
hi[y, pr>t& animt fkt pi>csi[n[ ri[jgir
apiv[ ti[ pC) “animt” ni siFnY) ke r)t[ lx
(s¹F Yiy?.
srkir) ni[kr)ai[ tYi BNtrmi> animt ¹viri pCit
ji(tni li[ki[n[ mLti[ liB t[mni (vkisn)
j$(ryitn) mi#iimi> nh)>vt` C[, ai pN a[k
'animtn)" (nOfLti miT[ jvibdir kirN C[,
'animt" ni AYin[ ai(Y<k shiyn) yi[jniai[ a[k
siY[ mi[Ti sm*hn[ aivr) l[vi miT[ sxm Ye Sk[ C[,
tYi animt nib&d)Y) 'animt" ni> aneµCn)y
{vg< (vg\h} tYi aºyiyn) aig BDkivniri
p(rNimi[ pN d*r kr) Skiy C[.
64
j[ animt 1949n) b>FirN)y ji[gvie an&sir fkt
10 vP< miT[ ht) t[n[ l>bivit) ge, aij[ 67-68 vP< Ye gyi>,
pr>t& pCit ji(tni[ (vkis Yyi[? ap[(xt p(rNim ti[ a[ ht&>
k[ pCit ji(tni[ (vkis Yiy!! t[mnimi> gr)bi[n) Tkivir)
GT[ tYi simi(jk pCit pN&> rh[ nh)>... pr>t& ni ti[ gr)bi[n)
Tkivir) ai[C) Ye k[ ni simi(jk pCit pN&> d*r Yy&>?
animtn) hiln) ji[gvie a[vi p\kirn) C[ k[ t[ animtni
liBiY)<ai[ni[ u¹Fir krvimi> sd>tr (nOfL n)vD) C[.
j[ miNsi[ (h>mt t[mj Km)rv>ti C[ t[mn[ ai(Y<k u¹Fir
miT[ animtn) j$r pDt) nY). K&d animt[ j animtni
liBiY)<ai[n&> Km)r kcD) ni>²y&> C[, an[ bihi[S) tYi
(hm>tn[ hriv) d)Fi C[.
(h>mt an[ Km)r tYi simi(jk u¹Fir bºn[ a[k
b)jini> p Šrk C[. Äy(ktni u¹Fir miT[ yi[³y rh[N)krN), yi[³y
JvnS]l) tYi p\imi(Nk an[ n](tk (vcirS]l) k[Lviv) ji[ea[.
SC-ST tYi OBC vg<mi> aivi g&N tYi s>Akirni> (s>cn
krvi trf[ 67-67 vP<Y) srkir tÑn b[¹yin C[; animt
m[Lvvin[ liyk Xi(tai[mi> mhÑa>S[, AvuRkP< miT[ni ai mhRvni>
g&Ni[ni[ aBiv hti[ tYi aij[ pN C[. jyi> s&F) ai bF) Xi(t
ji(tni mi[Ti Bign) vAt) (vni mh[nt[ m[Lv) l[vin)
65
vZ(_in[ kirN[ animtni llcivniri p\li[Bni[Y) li[BiS[ Ryi> s&F)
t[mnimi> ai sd`g&Ni[ (vks) ni Sk[ t[ AviBi(vk C[.
(3) SC-ST tYi OBC ni AYin[ EBC (Economic
Backward Class) aiv[ ti[ S&> fiydi[... tYi hilni
SC-ST tYi OBC n[ g[rliB Kri[ k[ k[m?
ai p\Ånni[ jvib a[v) r)t[ (vcir) Skiy k[ EBC
aiv[ ti[ pN SC-ST mi>Y) t[mn) vAt)ni aiSr[ 95 TkiY) vF&
li[ki[ EBC mi> aivS[ t[ (n(v<vid C[. t[v) j r)t[ OBC mi>Y)
aiSr[ 80 TkiY) vF& li[ki[ EBC mi> aivS[ tYi piT)diri[ tYi
aºy (vk(st ji(t p]k) Bi³y[ 15 Tki j[Tli EBC ni liBiY)<
Ye SkS[. ai hk)ktn[ ji[ti> Xi(t aiFi(rt ni hi[vi Cti> Xi(t
aiFi(rt animtni[ j[ h[t&> C[ t[ s>p*N<pN[ p(rpŠN< Yiy ti[ C[ j
an[ Cti> (vk(st ji(tni piT)diri[ s(ht gr)b
li[ki[n[ j[ aºyiy Ye rHi[ C[, t[mn[ ºyiy mLS[ tYi SC-ST
an[ OBC mi>Y) pi[t[ (vk(st Ye gyi hi[vi Cti>
j[ li[ki[ g[rvijb) {Bl[ kiydin) Ø(OTa[ kiyd[sr C[} tYi
an](tk r)t[ liB le rHi C[ t[ bid Ye jS[. Xi(t aiFi(rt
animt krti> ai(Y<k p(r(AY(t aiFi(rt animt hi[y t[ vF&
j$r) an[ n](tk r)t[ t[mj simi(jk r)t[ ºyiy) C[. ji[ hilmi>
66
Sky hi[y ti[ Xi(t aiFi(rt animtmi> ai(Y<k p(r(AY(t
aiFi(rt myi<diai[ m Škvimi> aiv[ ti[ pN aºyiyY) Yti>
p\ki[pni> kirNi[mi> GTiDi[ YS[.
animtY) u¹Fir nh)> rkis C[, aij[ 67 vP< pC) pN
animt m[Lvnir bF) j ki[m k[ ji(t p]k) mi[TiBigni
li[ki[ pCit pNin[ an&lx)n[ lgBg ti[ a[ j
j³yia[ C[ j[ j³yia[[ t[ 67 vP< ph[li> hti. Yi[Di m&Î)Br
miNsi[a[ t[ni[ ai(Y<k liB m[Lv[l C[, t[mn&> ai(Y<k pCitpN&
ai[C& Yy&> pr>t& simi(jk pCit pNimi> Kis s&Firi[ ji[vi
mLti[ nY) kirN k[ animt ¹viri ni hkkn&> tYi liykit (vnin&>
mL) jiy C[. ai ji(tai[mi> kiy<dxti, kiy<xmti, s*z-smj p[di
krvimi> b>FirNn) animtn[ lgt) bF) j ji[gvie (nOfL n)vD)
C[. Kr[Kr ti[ aigL aivvi miT[ a[Tl[ k[ AvuRkP< miT[ ti[ (hm>t,
F)rj, n](tkti tYi Km)r ji[ea[, j[ SC-ST t[mj OBC ni
li[ki[mi>Y) animt[ kcD) ni>²y&> C[. aCtmi> miNs GDiy,
j[mk[ mirviD) ki[m, pr>t& ai SC-ST tYi OBC ki[m
ti[ aCtmi> pN nY) GDit)! kirN k[ animtn)
ji[gvieai[ n)c[ liB m[Lvvin) an](tk vZ(_i, an[ lilcmi>
“Äy(kt-(vkis” $>Fiy C[. SC-ST tYi OBC Xi(tai[ p]k)
j[ai[ aigL aiÄyi C[ t[ai[ animtn) ai>gL) pkD)n[ aigL
67
nY) aiÄyi>!!! pi[tini (h>mt, sihs, F]y<ni g&Ni[ Yk) stt
p(r~m an[ sKt s>GP< kr)n[ aigL aiÄyi C[.
ji[ EBC livvimi> aiv[ ti[ vg< (vg\h ti[ b>F YS[ j
pr>t& t[n) siY[ n](tk ºyiy t[mj simi(jk ºyiy pN YS[.
amiri a(Bp\iy m&jb fkt animt hTivvi k[ bdlvin)
bibt pr (vcir krvi krti> a[ (vcirv&> vFir[ mhRvn&> tYi smg\
d[Sni (htmi> j$r) C[ k[: animtY) vFir[ asrkirk a[v&> S&> Ye
Sk[ k[ j[ni ¹viri..
a. j[ li[ki[ simi(jk r)t[, ai(Y<k r)t[ an[ S]x(Nk
r)t[ pCit C[ t[mni[ simi(jk ai(Y<k tYi S]x(Nk uRkP<
Yiy.
b. j[[ li[ki[ simi(jk r)t[ pCit nY), prºt& ai(Y<k
r)t[ piCL C[ - gr)b C[ tYi a(S(xt C[. t[mni[ ai(Y<k
t[mj S]x(Nk uRkP< ke r)t[ Yiy.
k. j[ li[ki[ simi(jk tYi ai(Y<k r)t[ (vk(st C[. prºt& fkt
S]x(Nk r)t[ piCL C[ t[mni[ S]x(Nk (vkis ke r)t[ Yiy.
ki[e pN Äy(kt shmt Yiy k[ ni Yiy prºt& a[ (n(v<vid
bibt C[ k[:
dr[k d[Sn) srkir simi(jk, ai(Y<k t[mj S]x(Nk
r)t[ a(vk(st li[ki[ni uRkP< miT[, ai(Y<k
r)t[ pCit-(nF<n li[ki[n&> Jvn Tkivvi miT[ a[k yi b)J
68
r)t[ frj (nBivt) hi[y C[. dr[k (vk(st vg[< smijni
a(vk(st vg<ni uRkP< miT[ tYi (nF<n li[ki[ Jvn Tkiv)
Sk[ t[ miT[ ki>en[ ki>e yi[gdin aipv&> j pDS[ tYi srkir
aivi umdi h[t& miT[ j[ ki>e kr[ t[mi> sxm smij[ pN
yYiS(kt yi[gdin aipv&> ji[ea[ prºt& t[mi> Big
piDvin) vZ(_i ki[e pN d[Sni smi[RkP< miT[n) simŠ(hk
j$(ryitn[ hi(n phi[>ciDnir) C[.
a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[ am[(rki, e>³l[ºD tYi aºy
(vk(st d[Si[mi> pN n](tk ºyiyn) (vr&¹F je, “si[Ayl
s)kyi[r)T)” ¹viri gr)bi[n[ s)F) mdd krvimi> aiv[ C[, ai
Bl[ n](tk ºyiyn) (vr&¹F hi[y pr>t& simi(jk ºyiy ti[ C[ j.
dr[k a(vk(st d[S miT[, jyi> s&F) gr)b, aBN
an[ simi(jk r)t[ pCit li[ki[ gNni pi#i s>²yimi> C[ Ryi> s&F)
t[vi d[S[ a[k yi b)J r)t[ simi(jk ºyiyn) r)t)-n)(t apnivv)
j pDS[, gr)b an[ am)r vµc[ni[ tfivt GTti[ j jiy t[v) n)(t
apniv) j pDS[, nh)> ti[ ci[r), l*>TfiT, K*n-Kribi
vg[r[ g&niai[ vFti jiy t[mi> ki[e S>ki nY), pC) Bl[ simi(jk
ºyiy krvi[ t[ n](tk ºyiyni (s¹Fi>ti[n) (vr&¹F hi[y!!
dr[k rijk)y pxi[a[ g>B)rtiY) a[ (vcirv&> j$r)
C[ k[ “ a(vk(st gr)b t[mj pCit li[ki[ ni uRkP<ni umdi
69
h[t&Y) j[ p\kir[ 67 vP< p*v[< b>FirNmi> j[ j[igvieai[ krvimi>
aiv) t[ ji[gvieai[Y) ji[ p(rNim n mLt&> hi[y t[mj mLvin)
Skyti pN ni hi[y ti[ t[v) (bnasrkirk
ji[gvieai[n[ AYin[ asrkirk ji[gvieai[ livv) ji[ea[.
kirN k[ animtn) ji[gvieai[ fkt 10 vP< miT[ j krvimi>
aiv) ht), a[Tl[ k[ t[ vKtni b>FirNsBini s¿yi[a[ ap[xi
riK) hS[ k[ 10 vP<mi> ain&> a[v&> p(rNim mLS[ k[ Ryirbid Xi(t
aiFi(rt ji[gvien) j$(ryit rh[S[ nh)> tYi simi(jk ºyiy
miT[n) v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYiY) simi(jk ºyiy kr) SkiS[, b)J bij&
a[v&> pN (vciy&<> hi[y k[ ji[ 10 vP<mi> ai ji[gvieai[Y) p(rNim
ni mL[ ti[ t[ ji[gvieai[ (bnasrkirk
C[ miT[ t[ ji[gvieai[n[ dŠr krv) ji[ea[, tYi t[n) j³yia[ b)J
asrkirk ji[gvieai[ livv) ji[ea[.
ai bibt upr (vks(t smij krti> ti[ SC-ST t[mj
OBC viLi smij[ vF& g>B)rti p*v<k (vcirv&> j$r)
C[ k[ j[ animt ¹viri aij[ 68 vP< pC) pN t[mni[ uRkP<
Yyi[ nY) t[n[ nib&d kr), simi(jk ºyiy miT[ asrkirk ÄyvAYi
livv) ji[ea[.
70
“animt aipi[” ni[ (vkÃp :-
a[ bibt ti[ (n(v<vid C[ k[ animtY) v>(ct Xi(tai[m>i
pN gr)bi[ C[, an[ Ct) aivDt[ tYi sir) xmti hi[vi> Cti>
pi[tin[ mLvi liyk BNvin) k[ ni[kr)n) tk g&mivv) pD[ C[.
j[n[ aºyiy Yiy t[ni hdymi> aºyiyY) uÑBv[l
(cngir) BDk[ k[ j[ B(vOymi> aig bn) n[ BBŠk[ ti[ t[mi>
nvie S&> hi[e Sk[! aivi[ aºyiy t[ rimbiN j[vi[ C[,
j[n[ vig[ t[n[ j Kbr pD[.!
hilni s>ji[gi[mi> (vk(st ji(tni {piT)diri[ s(ht}
j[ gr)b (vwiY)<ai[n) animtn[ kirN[ tk jt) hi[y t[mn[ srkir
trfY) miks<- Tki siY[ s>b>F ni riK) fkt ai(Y<k (AY(tni
aiFir[ Aki[lrS)p aip) s[Ãffieniºsmi> BN) Sk[ t[v) ki[e
yi[jni kr) ºyiy krvi p\yRn krvi[ ji[ea[. ai a[k (vkÃp
tr)k[ (vcir) Skiy. t[v) j r)t[ srkir) ni[kr)ai[mi> C)nvit)
tki[mi> pN ki[e (vkÃp Ye Sk[ ti[ vFir[ yi[³y gNiS[. ji[ k[ ai>kDi
a[v&> jNiv[ C[ k[ aiKi d[Smi> k&l j[Tli ni[kr) krti
li[ki[ C[ t[mi>Y) fkt 2.5 Tki j li[ki[ srkir) ni[kr)mi> C[,
97.5 Tki li[ki[ p\iev[T ni[kr)ai[mi> C[ jyi> animtni>
b>Fni[ ligti> nY). ji[ ai sRy hi[y ti[ (vk(st smijn[ pi[tini>
(h>mt tYi Km)rY) aigL aivvin) GN) bF) tki[ C[. srkir)
71
ni[kr)ai[mi> animtn[ kirN[ tk jt) rh[v) t[ pT[l smijni
(vkisn[ ri[k) Sk[ t[m nY) t[ (n<(vvid C[, Cti> (vk(st smijni
li[ki[n) srkir) ni[kr)n) C)nvie jt) tkn[ an&lx)n[ ki[e
(vkÃp Yiy ti[ t[ ºyiy) gNiS[.
ki[epN s>ji[gi[mi> j[ ki[e Xi(tn[ a[k r)t[ aºyiy
Yti[ hi[y t[n[, b)J ki[e r)t[ t[ni p*rk tr)k[ (vkÃp
Ki[L)n[ srBr krvi p\yRn Yiy j[Y) aºyiyY) uÑBv[l aig pr
piN) Ci>Tvi smin p(r(AY(t sj<vi srkir oiri p\yRn Yiy
t[ j$r) C[. ai miT[ni pyi<yi[Y) aivi ai>di[lni[n[ uÑBvti
ph[li> j ri[k) Skiy C[.
b)J a[v) mi>gN) pN yi[³y
gNiS[ k[ “j[ Xi(tai[n[ animtni[ liB mL[ C[ t[ Xi(tn[ simiºy
ki[Timi> pN liB aipvimi> aiv[ C[. ai s>ji[gi[mi>
j[n[ animtni[ liB nY) mLti[ t[v) Xi(tni liBmi> a[k j³yi
ai[C) Yiy C[. ai p(r(AY(tni kirN[ s&(p\m ki[T<ni mig<dS<n
an&sir animt 50 Tki Y) vFv) ni ji[ea[ t[n)
j³yia[ animtn) liBiY)< Xi(tn[ 50 Tki Y)
vFir[ j³yini[ liB mL[ C[. ai s>ji[gi[mi> a[v) mi>gN) yi[³y
gNiy k[ j[ Xi(tai[n[ animtni[ liB mLti[ hi[y t[mn[ simiºy
ki[Timi> liB mLvi[ ji[ea[ nh). ”
72
hmNi> j g&jrit hieki[T[< aip[l c&kidi[ k[ j[ vP< 2011 mi>
hieki[T<[ niyb mimltdir an[ s[kSn ai[(fsrn) Brt) s>dB[<
aip[li[ C[ t[ c&kidi an&sir aini pr Yi[D) b[\k ligvin)
s>Bivni C[, prºt& ai c&kidi[ s&(p\m ki[T< rd n kr[ ti[ ai b\[k
li>bi[ smy kim kr) Sk[ t[v) Skyti C[. ai siY[ni p(r(SOT 7
{pini n> 116} ni 15/9/2015 ni> ri[j p\(s¹F Yy[l smicir
C[ k[ j[ sdr cŠkidini aiFir[ C[.
g&jrit srkir pis[ aipN) g&jrit hieki[T<ni ai
c&kidini[ aml krivvi miT[n) mi>gN) pN yi[³y gNiy.
{4} (vk(st ji(tni> uRkP<ni> kirNi[:-
(vk(st ji(tai[ p]k) GNia[ animtn[ kirN[ BNvin)
k[ ni[kr)n) tki[- liykit hi[vi Cti> g&miv) hS[, an[ pi[tin)
ligN) pN d&Bie hS[. d&Biy[l) ligN)mi>Y) AviBi(vk a[v)
miºyti jºm[ k[ “ji[ mn[ BNvin) k[ ni[kr)n) tk, k[ j[n[ miT[ mir)
liykit vFir[ ht) t[ mL) hi[t ti[ miri[ j$rY) uRkP< Ye jit.”
ti[ t[ aAYin[ nY)!! ji[ k[ AviBi(vktimi>Y) uÑBvt) dr[k ligN)
yi[³y-sic) j hi[y C[ t[m minvin[ kirN nY). uRkP< a>g[n) ai
miºyti k[ ligN) pN sic) nY), nh)> ti[ SC-ST tYi OBC
mi>Y) j[mN[ animtni[ liB m[LÄyi[ C[ t[ bFini[ uRkP< Ye
gyi[ hi[t, pr>t& nY) Yyi[!
73
b)J bij& E(this j&ai[. a[k vKt hilni
piT)diri[ hiY[-pg[ “gr)b K[D*t” hti. rijp*ti[ {si[l>k), civDi,
ci]hiN} rijiai[ hti. Aimy jti> gr)b piT)dir
K[D*ti[ jm)ni[viLi Yyi, piT)diri[[n) k$N khin)
ti[ j&ai[ k[ vDviai[n) vPi[<n) jh[mt bid jm)ni[ni mi(lk Yy[li
K[D*ti[ p]k) aizid) pC) “K[D[ t[n) jm)n” mi> GNi
bFia[ jm)ni[ g&miv), pr>t& nis)pis Yyi (vni sit sm>dr
K[D)n[ prd[S jen[ vAyi, kmiyi an[ hv[ piT)diri[n) mhin
an[ umdi khin) j&ai[ ti[ prd[Smi> kmiy[li Fnmi>Y) vtnmi>
nitjitni B[dBiv (vni gr)bi[n[ mdd krvi li³yi, gimmi> sv[<
jn(htiy li[k-upyi[g) kimi[ krvi mi>Dyi, jm)ni[ gyi pC)
j[ai[ d[Smi> rHi t[mN[ (h>mtY) F>Fi ri[jgir cil& kyi<... ai
piT)diri[n[ dr[k smy[ jyir[ jyir[ gr)b) aiv), ai(Y<k aift
aiv) Ryir[ aigL aivvi miT[ ke animt[ ai>gL) pkD)!
piT)diri[ a[ “animt aipi[” ni> ai>di[lni[ nhi[ti kyi< pr>t&
animt kiQvini ai>di[lni[ kyi< hti! kirN k[ Xi(t aiFi(rt
animt Y) n](tk aºyiy ti[ j$r Yiy C[, an[ Km)rv>t) ji(t
aºyiy shn ni kr[ t[ pN AviBi(vk C[. animtini[ liB ni
hi[vi> Cti> piT)diri[ ai(Y<k r)t[ s¹Fr Yyi, smijmi> aidrN)y
bºyi> tYi aºy ki[m miT[ nit-jitni> B[dBiv (vni GNi
simi(jk kiyi[< kyi<, an[ hj& pN kr) rHi C[. animt
74
mi>g)n[ piT)diri[ Km)r tYi aiRmgi]rv a>g[n) pi[tin) Cipmi>
“si[nin) YiL)mi> li[K>Dn) krc” j[v) (AY(t p[di kr) rHi C[.
animtY) Yti aºyiy sim[ lDv&> t[ gi]rvSiL) C[, animt
mi>gv) t[ ti[ kiyrti smin C[.
aºyiy sim[ lDvi miT[ p(r(AY(tn[ an&lx)n[ (vcirS)lti p*v<k
lDvin) n)(t (vcir)n[ t[ m&jb aºyiy sim[ lDv&> ji[ea[, kirN
k[ hilni s>ji[gi[mi> 'animt" n) ji[gvie hTiv)n[ ºyiy
mLvi[ Sky j nY), pr>t& asrkir v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYi k[ yi[jni
¹viri j ºyiy mL) Sk[ t[m C[.
AvuRkP< miT[ ti[ Km)r siY[ n](tkti an[ ki [qi sŠzn)
j$r C[, an[ ki[qi sŠzn&> jºm AYin C[ ~m, sihs an[ s>GP<,
“ ~m, sihs tYi s>GP< (vnin&> Jvn a[ Si>t piN)mi>
UBi rh[li vhiN j[v&> C[, ni aigL jiy k[ ni piCL
jiy.” animtY) v>(ct piT)diri[ tYi aºy (vk(st ji(tn[ ai
~m, sihs tYi s>GP<ni g&N Km)r siY[ virsimi> mLti aiv[ C[,
jyir[ animtn) liBiY)< Xi(tni[ simi(jk uRkP< Yti[ nY) kirN
k[ aivi g&N t[mnimi> (vksti nY). srkir[ Kr[Kr ti[ pCit
Xi(tni fkt ai(Y<k u¹Fir krti> simi(jk u¹Fir trf[ vFir[ ¹yin
aipvin) j$r C[. simi(jk u¹Fir YS[ ti[ Km)r aiRmgi]rv tYi
n](tktini[ t[ ji(tmi> (vkis YS[. ain[ kirN[ t[ ji(tni[ ai(Y<k
75
(vkis YS[, an[ pi[tini j ~m, sihs tYi s>GP<Y) ai(Y<k
(vkis Yiy t[ vF& eµCn)y C[ an[ t[mi> j d[Sn) p\g(t pN C[.
a#i[ a[k mhRvn) bibt uÃl[Kn)y C[. “2020mi> ai(T<kl
16 {4-a an[ 4-b} an&sir “animt” n) av(F p*r) Yiy C[.
g&jritn) Bijp srkir[ C[Ãli 8 - 10 vP<Y) simi(jk ºyiy
aY<[ gr)bi[n[ mdd krvi miT[ j[-j[ yi[jniai[ m&k) C[ t[ bF)
ai(Y<k (AY(t aiFi(rt C[ an[ C[Ãli a[k vP<mi> pN k[ºW
srkir[ simi(jk ºyiy aY[< gr)bi[n[ mdd krvi
miT[ j[-j[ yi[jniai[ m*k) C[ t[ pN ai(Y<k (AY(t aiFi(rt C[. ai
s>ji[gi[mi> a[m minvin[ kirN bn[ C[ k[, g&jrit srkir tYi k[ºW
srkir Xi(t aiFi(rt animtn) ji[gvien)
(nOfLtin[ kirN[ gr)bi[ni> uRkP< miT[ ai(Y<k (AY(t aiFi(rt
yi[jni m*k) rh) C[. ai yi[jniai[ animtn) srKimN)mi> vF&
asrkirk Cti> ki[en[y Äy(ktgt aºyiy krnir) ni hi[y t[v) j
C[, kirN k[ t[ yi[jniai[ a[k siY[ GN) mi[T) s>²yimi> gr)b
li[ki[n[ aivr) le Sk[ t[v) C[ jyir[ animt ¹viri t[ Sky nY).
a#i[ a[v) aiSi aAYin[ ni gNiy k[ ai yi[jniai[ 2020
s&F)mi> a[v) kiy<rt Ye jS[ k[ hiln) animtn) j$(ryit
ki[en[ mh[s*s Yiy nh).
piT)diri[ s(ht-(bnanimt) ki[m tYi animt) ki[mn[ pN
miri[ nm\ an&ri[F C[ k[ a[kti Tkiv) riKji[, j&Asi[ Tkiv) riKji[.
2019n) c*>TN) smy[ j[ n[ti (bnasrkirk animtn) ji[gvie
cil& rKivvini[ m&Ñi[ pi[tini c*>TN) Q>Q[rimi> sim[l kr) aNsmj&,
aBN tYi pCit li[ki[n[ llciv) t[mni mt m[Lvvini>
p\yRni[ kr[ t[vi pxni s¿yi[ Jt) ni Sk[ t[ miT[ mh[nt krvi
k(Tb¹F rh[ji[. ai miT[ si]Y) aG$ kiy< C[ aBN tYi pCit
76
li[ki[n[ smjivvin&>!! animt) ki[mn[ miri[ Birp*v<kni[ an&ri[F
C[ k[ animtn) li[l)pi[pY) llcien[ mtdin krSi[ nh), pr>t&
aiv) li[l)pi[p aipnirn[ jikiri[ aipvi k(Tb¹F Yji[.
a>tmi> sv[< ji(t-Xi(tni (vk(st tYi (vcirS)l
sm&diyn[ miri[ nm\ an&ri[F C[ k[ j[ gr)b, aBN, simi(jk
r)t[ pCit tYi Jvn Tkivvi miT[ {uRkP< miT[ n(h!} s>G<P kr)
rHi C[ t[[vi sm&diyn) (c>ti kr) mig<dS<k bni[. mig<dS<k bnvi
miT[ p]si krti> p\[rNin>& mh_v vFir[ C[.
ti.27/09/2015 ni ri[j gN[S (vsj<nni S&B (dvs[ ai
p&Atkn) ph[l) aivZ(_in&> (vmi[cn kr[l C[. aipN[ si]
d[Svis)ai[ p\B&n[ p\iY<ni kr)a[ k[ gr)bi[ni uRkP< miT[ ki[e
a[v)-asrkirk yi[jnin&> sj<n Yiy an[ amlmi> aiv[ k[ j[ni
amlY) gr)bi[ni[ uRkP< pN Yiy an[ ki[en[y aºyiy Yyin)
p\t)(t Yiy nh)>. sv[< d[Svis)ai[n[ tYi sv[< Xi(tni sv[< gr)b
vg<n[ a[v) p\t)(t Yiy k[ hv[ animtn) j$r nY) miT[ vg<
(vg\h krivvi viL) an[ (bnasrkirk ai “animt” yi[jnin>&
(vsj<n Yiy. aipN[ si] d[Svis)ai[ animtni vF& siri (vkÃp
viL) yi[jni amlmi> aiv[ t[ miT[ k(Tb¹F Yea[.
77
p(r(SOT n) an&k\m(Nki
p(r(SOT-1 : - p[j n> 80
b>FirNn) aim&K {Preamble)
{r[frºs b&k: Birt)y b>FirN s>(x¼t p(rcy, l[Kk
an[ s>pidk: p\i.a(Åvnk&mir n. kir)ai, g*j<r si(hRy
Bvn
{a>g\[J ai(T<kl r[frºs: The consititution of
India Bare Act)
p(r(SOT-2 : - p[j n> 82
Birtni b>FirNni[ ai(T<kl {an&µC[d}-16
{r[frºs b&k: Birt)y b>FirN s>(x¼t p(rcy, l[Kk
an[ s>pidk: p\i.a(Åvnk&mir n. kir)ai, g*j<r si(hRy
Bvn
{a>g\[J ai(T<kl r[frºs: The consititution of
India Bare Act)
p(r(SOT-3 : - p[j n> 86
k[Tli>k vgi[< s>b>Fmi> Birtni b>FirNmi> (v(SOT
ji[gvieai[ an&µC[d-330, 331, 332, 333, 334,
338, 340, 341 an[ 342 a[ m*L
an&µC[dni[ g&jrit)mi> Bivin&vid C[.
{r[frºs b&k: Birt)y b>FirN s>(x¼t p(rcy, l[Kk
78
an[ s>pidk: p\i.a(Åvnk&mir n. kir)ai, g*j<r si(hRy
Bvn
{a>g\[J ai(T<kl r[frºs: The Consititution of
India Bare Act)
p(r(SOT-4/1 : - p[j n> 95
g&jrit srkirn) jih[rit
p(r(SOT-4/2 : - p[j n> 96
g&jrit srkirn) jih[rit
p(r(SOT-5/1 : - p[j n> 100 b>FirNmi> s&Firi[-Birtni b>FirNni[ ai(T<kl
{an&µC[d}-368
{r[frºs b&k: Birt)y b>FirN s>(x¼t pr)cy, l[Kk
an[ s>pidk: p\i.a(Åvnk&mir n. kir)ai, g*j<r si(hRy
Bvn
{a>g\[J ai(T<kl r[frºs: The Consititution of
India Bare Act)
p(r(SOT-6 - p[j n> 112
(dÄy BiAkr smicir
p(r(SOT-6 a- p[j n> 114
s>d[S ºy&z amdivid, 25/9/2015
79
p(r(SOT :- 7 - p[j n> 116
y&g b&l[T)n g&jrit) si¼ti(hk
80
p(r(SOT: 1
{a>g\[Jni[ m*L Bivin&vid}
b>FirNn) aim&K (Preamble)
b>FirN aim&K n)c[ m&jb C[.
“ am[ Birtni li[ki[, Birtn[ siv<Bi]m, smijvid),
Fm<(nrp[x, li[kSih), p\jis_iik s>AYi(pt krvin&>
an[ t[ni tmim nig(rki[ miT[ simi(jk, ai(Y<k
an[ rijk)y ºyiy, (vcir, a(BÄy(kt, miºyti, Fm<
an[ upisnin) Avt>#iti, drjji an[ tkn) sminti
(n(át krvini[ an[ t[mnimi> Äy(ktn&> gi]rv an[ riOT^n)
a[kti an[ aK>(Dttin) Kitr) aipt) b>F&ti
(vkisvvini[ g>B)rtip*v<k (nN<y kr)n[, aij[ ti. 26
nv[Àbr, 1949 ni ri[j, amir) b>FirNsBimi> ai
b>FirN apniv)n[ t[n[ kiydin&> $p aip)n[ am[ amir)
jitn[ sm(p<t kr)a[ C)a[.”
¥ s>dB< pin n>. 12
81
p(r(SOT: 1
Preamble of The Constitution of India WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute-India into a (SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC]1 and to secure to all its citizens :
JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith
and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
And to promote among them all; FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of
individual and the [unity and integrity] of the Nation ;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
Notes The preamble of a statue conveys the
general object and intention of legislature in enacting it. It sets out the main objectives which the legislation intended to achieve [Golaknath Vs State of Punjab : 1967 S. C. 1643]. It is a sort of introduction to the statute and is usually very helpful to understand the policy and legislative intent. It is a way to open the mind of the makers of the Act. (Re Berubari Union : A.I.R. 1960 S, C. 845.) In nut shell the preamble contains its ideals and its aspirations.
82
p(r(SOT :- 2
{a>g\[Jni[ m*L Bivin&vid}
Birtni b>FirNni[ ai(T<kl{an&µC[d} -16
jih[r ri[jgir)n) bibtmi> tkn) sminti{Equality of
Opportunity in matters of Public Employment) an&µC[d 16 qriv[ C[ k[ :-
1. rijy h[qLn) ri[jgir)n) bibti[mi> tmim
nig(rki[ miT[ smin tk rh[S[.
2. rijy h[qLn) ri[jgir)mi> ki[epN nig(rk mi#i Fm<,
ji(t, Xi(t, (l>g, k&L aYvi jºmAYL aYvi t[mi>ni
ki[e pN a[k kirNsr g[rliyk bnS[ n(h.
3. ai B[dBiv krvi sim[ rijyn[ krvimi> aiv[l aid[S
mi#i S$aitn) (nmN*k {Initial Appointment}
p*rti[ j n(h, pr>t& bQt) an[ ni[kr)mi>Y) r&Ksd
{Termination from service} n) bibtn[ pN
lig& pD[ C[.
4. rijy h[qLn) ki[epN (nmN*kni s>b>Fmi> s>sdni
kiydiY) rijymi> (nvis fr(jyit qriv) Skiy.
5. an&s*(ct ji(t an[ an&s*(ct jnji(t miT[ rijyn)
ni[kr)ai[mi> k[Tl)k animt b[qk riKvin) ji[gvie
krvimi> aiv) C[.
6. ¥ s>dB< pin n>. 17
83
Article: 16. Euality of opportunity in
matters of public employment:
Clause (1): There shall be equality of
opportunity for all citizens in matters relating
to employment or appointment to any office
under the State.
Clause(2):No citizen shall on grounds only of
religion, race, caste sex, descent, place of
birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible
for, or discriminated against in respect of any
employment of office under the State.
Clause (3): Nothing in this article shall
prevent Parliament from making any law
prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of
employment or appointment to an office
under the Government of or any local or
other authority within, a State or Union
Territory, any requirement as to residence
within that State or Union Territory prior to
such employment or appointment.
Clause (4) - Nothing in this Article shall
prevent the State from making any provision
for the reservation of appointments or posts
in favour of any backward class of citizens
which in the opinion of the State, is not
adequately represented in the services
under the state".
84
Clause (4-A): Nothing in this article shall
prevent the State from making provision for
reservation in matters of promotion to any
class or classes of posts in the services
under the State in favour of the Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, which in
the opinion of the State are not adequately
represented in the service of the State.
Clause (4-B): Nothing in this article shall
prevent the State from considering any
unfilled vacancies of a year which are
reserved for being filled up in that year in
accordance with any provision for
reservation made under clause (4) or Clause
(4-A) as a separate class of vacancies to be
filled up in any succeeding year or years and
such class of vacancies shall not be
considered together with the vacancies of
the year in which they are being filled up for
determining the ceiling of fifty percent
reservation on total number of vacancies of
that year (Constitution 81st Amendment Act,
2000).
85
Clause (5) – Nothing in this article shall affect
the operation of any law which provides that
the incumbent of an office in connection with
the affairs of any religious or denominational
institution or any member of the governing
body thereof shall be a person professing a
particular religion or belonging to a particular
denomination.
86
p(r(SOT :- 3
{a>g\[Jni[ m*L Bivin&vid}
k[Tlik vgi[< s>b>Fmi> Birtni> b>FirNmi>
(v(SOT ji[gvieai[
jyir[ b>FirNn&> GDtr Ye rH&> ht&> {1946Y)
1949} Ryir[ b>FirN GDv]yiai[ni mnmi> a[ (c#i ht&>
k[ d[Smi> vNi<~m p\c(lt C[ an[ d[Sn) 85 Tki vAt)
gr)b C[. t[mn[ pN m&²y p\vihmi> sim[l krvin&> j$r)
ht&>. ai nbLi> j*Yi[n[ s)Fi m&²y p\vih s&F) aivvin)
t[mn) xmti n ht). vL), b>FirN[ smintini[ (s¹Fi>t
Av)kir[l C[, t[Y) p\g(tni> fL t[mni s&F) pN
phi[>ciDvini h[t&Y) b>FirN {an&µC[d 330Y) 342}mi>
an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[ {Schedule Castes}, an&s*(ct
jnji(tai[{Schedule Tribes) a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(t,
vg[r[ miT[ li[ksBi an[ rijy (vFin sBiai[mi>
b[qk-airxN miT[ ji[give kriy[l C[. li[ksBimi>
an&s*(ct ji(tai[ an[ an&s*(ct
jnji(tai[ miT[ b[qkn&> airxN
an&µC[d 330 qriv[ C[ k[ li[ksBimi>
{a[} an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[;
{b)} aisim Aviy_i (jÃliaimi> an&s Š(ct
ai(dji(tai[ (sviyn) ai(dji(tai[;
{s)} aisim Aviy_i (jÃliaimi> an&sŠ(ct
ai(dji(tai[ miT[ b[qki[n&> airxN krvimi>
aivS[.
t[ j r)t[, an&µC[d 331Y) li[ksBimi>
87
a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(tni p\(t(n(FRvni airxN
miT[ ji[gvie kriy[l C[. an&µC[d 331
jNiv[ C[ k[ an&µC[d 81 n) ji[gvie Cti>,
ji[ riOT^p(tni[ mt a[vi[ hi[y k[ a[>³li[e(ºDyn
ji(tn[ li[ksBimi> p*rt&> p\(t(n(FRv mL[l nY).
ti[ riOT^p(t a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(tni vF&mi> vF&
b[ s¿yi[ li[ksBimi> (ny&kt kr) Sk[.
rijyi[n) (vFinsBiai[mi> an&sŠ(ct
ji(tai[ an[ an&sŠ(ct jnji(tai[ miT[ b[qki[n&>
airxN.
an&µC[d 330 Y) j[ r)t[ li[ksBimi> an&s*(ct
ji(tai[ t[mj an&sŠ(ct jnji(tai[ni airxN
miT[ ji[gvie krvimi> aiv) C[, t[v) j r)t[, an&µC[d
332Y) dr[k rijy (vFinsBimi> an&sŠ(ct
ji(tai[ an[ {aisimni Aviy_i (jÃliai[n) an&s*(ct
ai(dji(tai[ (sviy} an&sŠ(ct
ai(dji(tai[ miT[ b[qki[ air(xt krvin) ji[gvie
krvimi> aiv[l C[, jyir[ aisim rijy (vFinsBimi>
an&sŠ(ct ai(dji(tai[ miT[ b[qki[ animt riKvin)
ji[gvie kriy[l C[.
an&µC[d 331Y) j[ r)t[ li[ksBimi> a[>³li[e(ºDyn
ji(tni p\(t(n(F_vni airxN miT[ ji[gvie krvimi>
aiv) C[, t[ j r)t[, an&µC[d 333 Y) rijyi[n)
(vFinsBiai[mi> a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(tni airxN s>b>Fmi>
ji[gvie kriy[l C[. an&µC[d 333 jNiv[ C[ k[ an&µC[d
170n) gm[ t[ ji[gvie hi[vi Cti>, ji[ ki[e rijyni
rijypilni[ a[m a(Bp\iy hi[y k[ rijy (vFinsBimi>
88
a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(tn&> p*rt&> p\(t(n(F_v Yy[l nY),
ti[ t[ rijyni rijypil t[ ji(tni a[k
s¿yn[ (vFinsBimi> (ny&kt kr) Sk[.
b[qk airxNn) smi(¼t.
b>FirN amlmi> aiÄyini smy[ li[ksBi an[ rijy
(vFinsBiai[mi> an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[ an[ an&sŠ(ct
ai(dji(tai[ miT[ S$aitmi> 10 vP< s&F) b[qki[n&>
airxN krvimi> aiv[l&> ht&>. Ryirbid 1959ni vP<mi>
b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ kr)n[ ai m&dt b)ji 10 vP< vFirvimi>
aiv) ht) 1969mi> fr) b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ kr)n[ vF& 10
vP< miT[ ai m&dt l>bivvimi> aiv) ht). aim, dr 10
vP<[ ai m&dt 10 vP< l>bivvimi> aiv) C[. an&µC[d 334
n) hiln) ji[gvie p\miN[ ai airxN 2020mi> smi¼t
YS[. {Ryirbid ai m&dt l>bivvimi> aiv[, ti[ t[ alg
vit C[.}
an&sŠ(ct ji(t riOT^)y p>c:-
an&µC[d 338mi> an&s*(ct ji(tai[ miT[ an&sŠ(ct
ji(t riOT^)y p>cn) (nmN*k krvin) ji[gvie krvimi>
aiv[l C[. t[mi> a¹yx, upi¹yx an[ aºy pi>c
s¿yi[ hi[y C[. t[mn) (nmN*k riOT^p(t kr[ C[. t[mni>
hi[d`in) m&dt, a¹yx, upi¹yx an[ aºy s¿yi[n) s[vin)
Srti[ riOT^p(tni h&kmY) nkk) kriyi m&jbn) rh[S[.
p>cn) frji[:-
1. b>FirN aYvi ki[e kiydi h[qL ji[gvie kriy[l
an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[n) slimt)ai[ siY[ s>b>(Ft
tmim bibti[n&> aºv[PN an[ ÄyvAYi an[ aiv)
slimt) kimg)r)n) sm)xi;
89
2. an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[ni a(Fkiri[ an[ slimt) n
mLvi bdl f(ryidi[n) tpis;
3. an&sŠ(ct ji(tni simi(jk-ai(Y<k (vkisn)
p\(k\yimi> slih p\din an[ t[mni (vkisn)
p\g(tn&> m*Ãyi>kn;
4. riOT^p(tn[ vi(P<k ah[vil rj* krvin);
5. an&s*(ct ji(tai[ni> rxN, kÃyiN an[ simi(jk
ai(Y<k (vkis upy&<>kt slimt)ai[ni asrkirk
aml miT[ s>G an[ rijy[ kyi> pgli> l[vi> ji[ea[,
t[n) BlimNi[ krvin);
6. riOT^p(t trfY) aºy j[ kiyi[< si[>pvimi>
aiv[ t[ bjivvin).
p>cn) s_iiai[:-
an&s*(ct ji(tai[n) slimt) siY[ s>kLiy[l
bibti[n&> aºv[PN krt) vKt[ k[ a(Fkiri[ n mLvi
k[ slimt) n mLvi bdl Yy[l f(ryidmi> tpis krt)
vKt[ p>cn[ n)c[ m&jb s_iiai[ rh[S[:
1. Birtni ki[e pN Bigmi>Y) ki[e pN
Äy(ktn[ hijr rh[vin) frj piDvin) an[ si[g>d
pr t[n) tpis krvin);
2. ki[e pN dAtiv[j rj* krivvin);
3. si[g>dnimi pr p&rivi[ Av)kirvin);
4. ki[e pN jih[r dftr aYvi t[n) nkl ki[epN
adilt aYvi kc[r)mi>Y) m[Lvvin);
90
5. six) k[ dAtiv[jn) tpis miT[ k(mSnn) (nmN*k
krvin);
6. riOT^p(t (nymY) nkk) kr[, t[v) aºy ki[e pN
bibt.
an&s*(ct ai(dji(tai[ miT[ riOT^)y p>c:-
ai agiu an&s*(ct ji(tai[ an[ an&s*(ct
ai(dji(tai[ miT[n&> p>c a[k j ht&>. b>FirNni 89mi
s&FiriY) t[n[ (vBi(jt kr)n[ an&s*(ct ji(t
an[ an&s*(ct ai(dji(tai[ miT[ alg-alg p>cn)
(nmN*k krvin) ji[gvie kriy[l C[. an&µC[d 338-AY)
an&s*(ct ai(dji(tai[ miT[ alg p>c rcvin) ji[gvie
C[. ai p>cn) frji[ an[ s_iiai[ an&s*(ct
ji(tai[ miT[ni p>c j[v) j C[, t[Y) t[n&> p&nrivt<n krti
nY). uprn) ji[gvieai[ ji[e l[vi (vn>t).
pCit vgi[<n) (AYt)n) tpis miT[ p>cn) (nmN*k.
an&µC[d 340mi> riOT^p(t ¹viri pCitvgi[<n)
(AYt)n) tpis krvi miT[ p>cn) (nmN*k Yvin) ji[gvie
C[. an&µC[d 340mi> jNiÄyi m&jb,
{a} Birtni p\d[Smi> simi(jk an[ S]x(Nk
r)t[ pCitvgi[<n) (AYt) an[ t[mN[ shn krv) pDt)
m&Æk[l)ai[n) tpis krvi, an[
{b} aiv) m&Æk[l)ai[ an[ t[ni (nvirN an[ t[n)
(AYt) s&Firvi,
{k} k[ºW aYvi ki[e rijy[ l[vi
ji[ea[ t[ pgli>ai[ s>b>Fmi>, aYvi
{D} ki[e rijy[ aipvi ji[eti an&din s>b>Fmi>
91
an[ aiv&> an&din j[ Srti[a[ aipv&> ji[ea[,
t[ s>b>Fmi> BlimNi[ krvi miT[.
ai an&µC[d h[qL aRyir s&F) b[ p>ci[n) (nmN*k
krie C[. p\Ym p>c 1953mi> kiki
kil[lkrn[ a¹yxpNi h[qL rciy[l ht&>,
jyir[ 1978mi> mi>Dlp>cn) (nmN*k krvimi> aiv)
ht). t[ p>cn) BlimNi[ni aiFir[ pCitvgi[< miT[ 27
Tki animt riKvin) ji[gvie krvimi> aiv[l C[.
Ryirbid s>sd[ National Commission for
Backward Classes Act, 1993 pN psir
kr[l C[.
an&s*(ct ji(tai[ an[ an&s*(ct jnji(tai[:-
an&µC[d 341 m&jb, ke
ji(tai[ k[ Xi(tai[ k[ ai(dji(tai[ni kyi
sm*hi[n[ an&s*(ct ji(tai[ gNiv), t[ riOT^p(t,
j[ t[ rijyni rijypil siY[ cci<(vcirNi kr),
jih[rnimiY) (n(d<OT kr) Sk[.
an&s*(ct jnji(tai[ bibtmi> pN ai j jitn)
ji[gvie an&µC[d 342Y) qriviy[l C[. kyi
ai(dji(t sm*hi[ aYvi j*Yi[n[ an&s*(ct
jnji(tai[ gNv), t[ riOT^p(t, j[ t[ rijyni
rijypil siY[ cci<(vcirNi kyi< bid, jih[rnimiY)
(n(d<OT kr) Sk[.
¥ s>dB< pin n>. 17
92
Above Provision of the
Constitution in English: Article 335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts :- The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken in to consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments of services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State. Article 338 Special Officer for scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes etc – (1) There shall be a special officer for the scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes to be appointed by the President. (2) It shall be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under this constitution and report to the President upon the working of those safeguards at such intervals as the President may direct, and the President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of Parliament. (3) In this article references to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes shall be construed as including references to such other backward clauses as the President, may on receipt of the report of Commission appointed under clause (1) of article 340, by order specify and also to the Anglo-Indian community.
93
Article 340 Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes – (1) The President may by order appoint a Comission Consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes within the territory of India and the difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations as to the steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove such difficulties and to improve their condition and as to the grants that should be made for the purpose by the Union or any State and the conditions subject to which such grants should be made, and the order appointing such commission shall define the procedure to be followed by the Commission. (2) A commission so appointed shall investigate the matters referred to them and present to the President a report setting out the facts as found by them and making such recommendations as they think proper. (3) The President shall cause a copy of the report
so presented together with a memorandum explaining the action taken thereon to be laid before each House of Parliament.
Article 341 Scheduled Castes – (1) The president and where it
is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, pecify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purpose of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State.
94
(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any caste, race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or tribe, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.
Article 342
Scheduled Tribes – (1) The President may with respect to any State, or Union Territory and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purpose of this Constitution be deemed to be Schedules Tribes in relation to that State or Union territory as the case may be. (2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled tribes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any tribes or tribal community or part of or a group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.
95
p(r(SOT :- 4/1
(dÄy BiAkr-amdivid, S&k\vir 21/08/2015 - p[j:-15
¥ s>dB< pin n>. 36
96
p(r(SOT :- 4/2 - g&jrit srkirn) jih[rit
g&jrit smicir {amdivid aivZ(_i}, r(vvir,
ti.23/08/2015 - p[j:-3
g&jritni> Ähili nig(rki[n[ nm\ ap)l
miri (p\y nig(rk Bieai[ an[ bh[ni[,
g&jritmi> Yi[Dik smyY) (v(vF Xi(t -
smiji[ ai>di[ln cliv) rHi C[ an[ aiv[dnp#ii[ oiri
rj*aiti[ kr) rHi C[.
animt ai>di[lni[n[ kirN[ B*tkiLmi>
g&jritn[ j[ shn krv&> pDy&>
C[ t[ni[ aipNn[ si]n[ an&Bv C[ j an[ t[ smyn)
g&jritn) (AY(t aipN[ bFia[ ji[y[l) pN C[. C[Ãli 14 vP<ni aYik p(r~mY) an[ aip si]ni shyi[gY)
g&jrit aij[ mi[D[l rijy bºy&> C[. siDi C kri[D
g&jrit)ai[ d[S an[ d&(nyimi> t[ni SiNpN, si]jºy
an[ (vv[k miT[ si]ni aidrn[ pi#i bn[li C[. aij[ pN
(vkisn) g(tS)lti miT[ g&jritn&> WOTi>t aipvimi>
aiv[ C[.
riOT^ miT[ p[\rNini A#ii[t bn[li srdir sih[b
ti[ si]n) a[kti EµCti hti. nit-jit k[ Xi(tni B[dBiv
(mTiv) a[k j*Y Ye si]ni[ (vkis Yiy, si]n) p\g(t Yiy.
Birt S(ktSiL) riOT^ bn[ t[v) t[mn) mh[µCi ht).
srdir pT[l[ rijk)y k*n[h an[ li[K>D) mni[bLY)
97
d[Sn[ a[kti an[ aK>(Dtti aip).
ai ai>di[lni[ srdir sih[bni (vciri[ni mig[<
C[ K$> ? jri (vcir)a[...
g&jritmi> vsti sv< nig(rki[ ki[epN Xi(t-
ji(t, vg<ni B[dBiv vgr, pi[tini smij-sim¸y<Y)
(vkis miT[ p\(tbÜtiY) yi[gdin aipti aiÄyi C[. rijy
srkir, ai bFi smiji[n) Big)dir)n[ j g&jritni
(vkisni sixiRkir min[ C[.
ai s>dB<mi> animtni ai>di[lnY)
j[ (vvidni[ v>Ti[L uqyi[ C[ t[ni pDGi (v(vF Atr[ smij
Jvn upr pDyi C[. j[niY) aj>piBr) (AY(t sji<e C[.
animt ai>di[ln s>dB[< aipN[ cci< an[ m>#iNi
Yk) smiFin Si[F) Sk)a[ C)a[. rijy srkir[ sit
(s(nyr p\Fini[n) a[k s(m(tn) rcni kr) C[ an[ s(m(t
smx an[ piT)dir s(htn) aºy Xi(tai[n[ pN
aipN[ m>#iNi miT[ aim>#iN aip[l&> C[. cci< -(vcirNi
cil[ C[ an[ t[mi>Y) j uk[l aivS[ t[m h&> min&> C>&.
ai>di[ln k[ S(ktp\dS<nn&> mi¹ym k[Tlik aiRy>(tk
mins miT[ ah>m bn) Sk[. pr>t& g&jrit j[vi SiNpN
an[ (vv[k Frivti smij miT[, g&jritni B(vOy
miT[ nkiriRmk an[ n&kSinkti< bn) rh[[S[ a[m h&> smj&
C&> an[ g&jritn) p\g(t tYi (vkis an[ smij
miT[ (ht(c>tk sh& ai vit Av)kirS[ j a[vi[ mn[ ØQ
(vÅvis C[.
animt ai>di[lnn) min(skti piCL aipNi
y&vini[, t$N s>tini[ an[ Bi(v p[Q)ni B(vOyn) (c>ti
C[ an[ a[ AviBi(vk pN C[. animtn) ji[gvieY) uµc
98
(SxNi[mi> p\v[S an[ ni[kr)ai[ a>g[ pDt)
asri[ (vS[ aºy v]k(Ãpk upiyi[Y) (nrikrN aiv)
Sk[ t[m C[ an[ rijy srkir ai miT[ skiriRmk r)t[ bFi
Xi(t-smijni s&cni[n[ rcniRmk gN)n[ yi[³y krvi
t]yir C[.
C[ÃÃii 15 vP<mi> g&jrit[ ai]wi[(gk, kZ(P
an[ s[vini x[#i[ j[ p\g(t kr) C[ t[n) n[i>F Birt d[Sni
aºy rijyi[ an[ (vd[Sni Siski[ le rHi C[. v](Åvk
s>AYiai[a[ g&jritn) (vkisn) (dSi an[ p\g(tn) p\s>Si
kr) C[. g&jrit[ ai vPi[<mi> t[n) uRkZOq kimg)r) p[T[ 350
Y) vF& a[vi[D< m[LÄyi C[. (vkisni fL aipNn[ mL) rHi
C[.
tij[trmi> rijymi> a(t Bir[ vrsidn[ kirN[ K[D*t
vg<n[ j[ n&kSin Yy&> C[ t[mi> shiy$p Yvi ai srkir t[n)
bF) j S(kt kim[ lgiD)n[ t[mn) tkl)f d*r krvimi>
jyir[ KD[pg[ C[ Ryir[ aivi ai>di[lnY) srkirn&> ¹yin
b)j[ di[riy t[ S&> (htivh C[ K$>?
aipNi b>FirNn) ji[gvieai[ an[ nimdir
s&(p\m ki[T<ni c&kidiai[-jjm[ºTn[ aiFir[ a[s.s)./ a[s.T)
an[ ai[.b).s). n) animt Tkivir)mi> aipN[ ki[e j
f[rfir krvi mi>gti nY) an[ 50 TkiY) vFir[ animt
ki[T<ni c&kidiai[ni kirN[ aip) Skvini nY).
j&di j&di rijyi[a[ j[ t[ smy[ b>FirN an[ ki[T<ni
c&kidiai[Y) (v$¹F animt aip) Ryir[ adilti[a[ t[ rd
kr) C[. aipN[ a[v&> krvi mi>gti nY) an[ qili
vcni[ aipvimi> aipn) ai srkir nY) mint).
99
aim, nkiriRmk a>di[ln ki[epN vg<, smij
k[ srkir miT[ (htivh nY) j nY). E(this t[ni[ six)
C[. B*tkiLni ai>di[lni[a[ gr)b p(rviri[, simiºy
minv)n) ri[J-ri[T) C)nv) C[, (h>si an[ tniv, aY<t>#i
upr (vp(rt asri[ kr[ C[.
ai smy (vwiY)<ai[n) bi[D<n) pr)xini[ pN C[.
vL), aivi> ai>di[lni[ni[ di[r smij(vri[F) tRvii[ni
hiYmi> kyir[ jti[ rh[ C[ an[ smijni (ht miT[ s(k\y
bn[lin[ k[v&> bdnim Yv&> pD[ C[ t[ni[ B*tkiL pN B*liy
a[vi[ nY).
ni[kr) an[ (SxNx[#i miT[n) smAyiai[ni[ srL
an[ s)Fi[ uk[l, AYiy) (nrikrN mi#i n[ mi#i (vkisn)
nv) U>cieai[mi> j C[. p\g(tS)l smiji[ ai smj[ C[.
mn[ aip si] s&Xjni[ni si]jºy, SiNpN
an[ (vv[k upr p*ri[ Bri[si[ C[ a[Tl[ j aipn[ ai jih[r
ap)l kiZ> C&>. ai>di[lni[n[ hv[ b>F kr)n[ rijyni (vkismi>
ji[Diea[.
aipn)
ain>d)b[n pT[l
{m&²ym>#i),g&jrit rijy}
“si]ni[ siY ... si]ni[ (vkis”
¥ s>dB< pin n>. 36
100
p(r(SOT :- 5/1
{a>g\[Jni[ m*L Bivin&vid}
b>FirNmi> s&Firi[-Birtni
b>FirNni[ an&µC[d {ai(T<kl} 368
b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ Yvi bibt[ (voini[mi>
a(Bp\iyB[d C[. k[Tlik (voini[ni mt[ b>FirN c&At hi[v&>
ji[ea[, s&Firi miT[ (AY(tAYipk hi[v&> n ji[ea[.
jyir[ aºy k[Tlikni mt[ b>FirNmi> pN zDpY)
s&Firi[ Ye Skti[ hi[vi[ ji[ea[. ai (vvidn[ aipN[ bij&
pr m*k)a[ an[ Birt)y b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ krvi (vS[n)
kiy<vih) (vS[ (vgtY) vit kr)a[.
an&µC[d 368Y) s>sdn[ b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ krvin)
s_ii p\i¼t Yiy C[ an[ an&µC[d 368Y) j b>FirNmi>
s&Firi[ krvin) kiy<vih) {k[ p\(k\yi} (nyt krvimi> aiv[l
C[. b>FirNmi> j&d)-j&d) 3 r)t[ s&Firi[ Ye Sk[ C[.
p\Ym r)t
an&µC[d 4, an&µC[d 169 an[ an&µC[ 239 mi>
s&Firi[ krvi miT[ fkt sid) bh&mt)n) j$r rh[ C[. b)ji
S¾di[mi> kh)a[ ti[ an&µC[d 4, an&µC[d 169
an[ an&µC[d 239mi> j fkt sid) bh&mt)Y) s&Firi[ kr)
Skiy C.[ an&µC[d 4 Y) s>sdn[ a[vi[ aid[S
apiyi[ C[ k[ ji[ an&µC[d 2 k[ an&µC[d 3 h[qL ki[e
kiydi[ GDiy, ti[ t[mi b>FirNni> p\Ym an[ ci[Yi
p(r(SOTmi> s&Firi[ krvin) ji[gvieai[ni[ smiv[S
101
Yvi[ ji[ea[. an&µC[d 169 mi> rijymi> (vFinp(rPdn)
rcni aYvi nib*d)n) ji[gvie C[, jyir[ an&µC[d
239mi> s>G aYvi k[ºW)y p\d[S k[ (vAtiri[ni vh)vT
a>g[ ji[gvie kriy[l C[.
b)J r)t
an&µC[d 4, an&µC[d 169 an[ an&µC[d 239 (sviyn)
ki[e pN b>FirN)y ji[gviemi> s&Firi[ krvi miT[ dr[k
gZhn) k&l s¿y s>²yin) bh&mt)Y) t[m j t[ gZhmi> hijr
rh)n[ mtdin krti s¿yi[n) 2/3 bh&mt)Y) s&Firi[ psir
Yy[l hi[vi[ ji[ea[. #i)J r)t
n)c[ni p\s>gi[a[ s&Firi[ krvi miT[ ai[Cimi> ai[Ci
aDFi> rijy (vFinm>DLi[a[ s&Firin[ an&mi[dn
aipti[ qriv psir krvi[ ji[ea[.
{a[} svi[<µc adilt a>g[ni> p\b>Fi[,
{b)} vD) adilt a>g[ni> p\b>Fi[,
{c)} riOT^p(tn) c*>TN),
{D)} s>Gp\d[Si[ miT[ vD) adilti[,
{E} s>Gn) kiri[bir) s_iini[ (vAtir,
{a[f} rijyn) kiri[bir) s_iini[ (vAtir,
{J} s>sdmi> rijyn&> p\(t(n(FRv,
{a[c} k[ºW an[ rijyi[ vµc[ v]Fi(nk s_iiai[n) vh[>cN),
{aie} b>FirNn&> 7 m&> p(r(SOT,
{j[} an&µC[d 368, b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ krvi s>sd sxm C[ k[ t[m
a>g[ B*tkiLmi> an[k vKt (vvidi[ Yyi C[. svi[<µc
102
adilt[ ai s>bFmi> k[Tlik c&kidiai[ pN jih[r kyi< C[.
svi[<µc adilt[ gi[lkniY k[smi> 1967 mi> a[m
c&kidi[ jih[r kyi[< hti[ k[ s>sd b>FirNmi> m*LB*t
a(Fkiri[ s&FiriY) myi<(dt kr) Sk[ nh)>. Ryirbid 1971
mi> an&µC[d 368 mi> j s&Firi[ kirvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.
hiln) b>FirN)y ji[gvie m&jb, s>sdn[ m&LB*t
a(Fkiri[ s(htn) ki[epN b>FirN)y ji[gvie s&Firvin)
s_ii C[. vL), s>sd jyir[ b>FirN)y s&Firi[ an&µC[d
368 m&jb psir kr[, Ryir[ t[n[ an&m(t aipvi riOT^p(t
b>Fiy[l C[. aivi[ KrDi[ ri[k) riKvin) k[ prt mi[klvin)
riOT^p(tn[ s_ii nY).
svi[<µc adilt[ 1973 ni vP<mi> k[Svin>d k[smi>
b>FirN)y s&Firi bibt[ a[k nvi[ (s¹Fi>t p\kiSmi>
ai·yi[ C[. ai k[smi> svi[<µc adilt[ piyini
miLKini[ (s¹Fi>t {Doctrine of Basic
Structure) GD) kiQyi[ C[. ai (s¹Fi>t a[vi[ C[ k[ s>sd
b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ krt) vKt[ piyini miLKimi> f[rfir kr)
Sk[ nh)>. s>sd b>FirNmi> gm[ t[ s&Firi[ kr[ ti[pN
b>FirNni piyini> miLKin[ ki[e asr phi[>cv)
ji[ea[ nh)>. di.t., s>sd d[Sn&> li[kSih) an[ p\jis_iik
k[ smviy) Av$p bdl) Sk[ nh)>. s>sd b>FirNmi>
s&Firi[ kr)n[ svi[<µc adilt nib*d kr) Sk[ nh)>>. d[Sn)
rijk)y ÄyvAYi s>sd)y p\kirn) C[. t[mi> s>sd b>FirNmi>
s&Firi[ kr)n[ f[rfir kr) Sk[ nh)>. t[ j r)t[,
smintini[ (s¹Fi>t s>sd b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ kr) nib*d kr)
Sk[ nh)>.
¥ s>dB< pin n>. 56
103
p(r(SOT :- 5/1
Article 368 in English
Amendments under article 368
Article 368 (1) of the Constitution of India grants
constituent power to make formal amendments and
empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution by
way of addition, variation or repeal of any provision
according to the procedure laid down therein, which
is different from the procedure for ordinary
legislation. Article 368 has been amended by the
24th and 42nd Amendments in 1971 and 1976
respectively. The following is the full text of Article
368 of the Constitution, which governs
constitutional amendments. New clauses 368 (1)
and 386 (3) were added by the 24th Amendment in
1971, which also added a new clause (4) in article
13 which reads, "Nothing in this article shall apply to
any amendment of this Constitution made under
article 368." The provisions in italics were inserted
by the 42nd Amendment, but were later declared
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Minerva
Mills v. Union of India in 1980. After the 24th
amendment, Article 4(2), etc. of the constitution are
superseded/made void by article 368 (1) which is
104
the only procedure for amending the constitution
however marginal may be the nature of the
amendment Supreme court ruled that the
constituent power under article 368 must be
exercised by the Parliament in the prescribed
manner and can not be exercised under the
legislative powers of the Parliament.
368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and Procedure therefor:
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article.
(2) An amendment of this Constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament, and when the Bill is passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting, it shall be presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill and thereupon the Constitution shall stand amended in accordance with the terms of the Bill:
Provided that if such amendment seeks to make any change in –
(a) Article 54, article 55, article 73, article 162 or article 241, or
105
(b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI, or Chapter I of Part XI, or
(c) Any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule, or
(d) The representation of States in Parliament, or
(e) The provisions of this article,
the amendment shall also require to be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States by resolutions to that effect passed by those Legislatures before the Bill making provision for such amendment is presented to the President for assent.
(3) Nothing in article 13 shall apply to any amendment made under this article.
(4) No amendment of this Constitution (including the provisions of Part III) made or purporting to have been made under this article whether before or after the commencement of section 55 of the Constitution (Fortysecond Amendment) Act, 1976 shall be called in question in any court on any ground.
(5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that there shall be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of addition, variation or repeal the provisions of this Constitution under this article.
As per the procedure laid
out by article 368 for amendment of the
Constitution, an amendment can be initiated
only by the introduction of a Bill in either
106
House of Parliament. The Bill must then be
passed in each House by a majority of the
total membership of that House and by a
majority of not less than two-thirds of the
members of that House present and voting.
There is no provision for a joint sitting in case
of disagreement between the two Houses.
Total membership in this context has been
defined to mean the total number of
members comprising the House irrespective
of any vacancies or absentees on any
account vide Explanation to Rule 159 of the
Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business
in Lok Sabha.
The Bill, passed by the
required majority, is then presented to the
President who shall give his assent to the
Bill. If the amendment seeks to make any
change in any of the provisions mentioned in
the proviso to article 368, it must be ratified
by the Legislatures of not less than one-half
of the States. These provisions relate to
certain matters concerning the federal
structure or of common interest to both the
Union and the States viz., the election of the
President (articles 54 and 55); the extent of
the executive power of the Union and the
States (articles 73 and 162); the High Courts
for Union territories (article 241); The Union
107
Judiciary and the High Courts in the States
(Chapter IV of Part V and Chapter V of Part
VI); the distribution of legislative powers
between the Union and the States (Chapter I
of Part XI and Seventh Schedule); the
representation of States in Parliament; and
the provision for amendment of the
Constitution laid down in article 368.
Ratification is done by a resolution passed by
the State Legislatures. There is no specific
time limit for the ratification of an amending
Bill by the State Legislatures. However, the
resolutions ratifying the proposed
amendment must be passed before the
amending Bill is presented to the President
for his assent.
Rules of Procedure in Parliament
Further information: Lawmaking procedure in India
Article 368 does not specify the legislative
procedure to be followed at various stages of
enacting an amendment. There are gaps in the
procedure as to how and after what notice a Bill is to
be introduced, how it is to be passed by each House
and how the President's assent is to be obtained.
This point was decided by the Supreme Court
in Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of
India (AIR 1951 SC 458). Delivering the judgment,
Patanjali Sastri J. observed, "Having provided for
108
the constitution of a Parliament and prescribed a
certain procedure for the conduct of its ordinary
legislative business to be supplemented by rules
made by each House (article 118), the makers of
the Constitution must be taken to have intended
Parliament to follow that procedure, so far as it may
be applicable consistently with the express
provisions of article 368, when they entrusted to it
power of amending the Constitution." Hence,
barring the requirements of special majority,
ratification by the State Legislatures in certain
cases, and the mandatory assent by the President,
a Bill for amending the Constitution is dealt with the
Parliament following the same legislative process
as applicable to an ordinary piece of legislation. The
Rules of the House in the Rajya Sabha do not
contain special provisions with regard to Bills for the
amendment of the Constitution and the Rules
relating to ordinary Bills apply, subject to the
requirements of article 368.
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business
make certain specific provisions regarding
amendment bills in the Lok Sabha. They relate to
the voting procedure in the House at various
stages of such Bills, in the light of the requirements
of article 368; and the procedure before
introduction in the case of such Bills, if sponsored
by Private Members. Although the "special
majority", required by article 368 is prima facie
109
applicable only to the voting at the final stage, the
Lok Sabha Rules prescribe adherence to this
constitutional requirement at all the effective
stages of the Bill, i.e., for adoption of the motion
that the Bill be taken into consideration; that the Bill
as reported by the Select/Joint Committee be taken
into consideration, in case a Bill has been referred
to a Committee; for adoption of each clause or
schedule or clause or schedule as amended, of a
Bill; or that the Bill or the Bill as amended, as the
case may be, be passed.
This provision was arrived at after consultation with
the Attorney-General and detailed discussions in
the Rules Committee. It has been described as
"evidently ex abundanti cautela", a Latin phrase,
which in law, describes someone taking precautions
against a very remote contingency. By strictly
adhering to article 368, the provision is intended to
ensure the validity of the procedure adopted, but
also guard against the possibility of violation of the
spirit and scheme of that article 29 by the
consideration of a Bill seeking to amend the
Constitution including its consideration clause by
clause being concluded in the House with only the
bare quorum present. Voting at all the above stages
is by division. However, the Speaker may, with the
concurrence of the House, put any group of clauses
or schedules together to the vote of the House,
provided that the Speaker will permit any of the
110
clauses or schedules be put separately, if any
member requests that. The Short Title, Enacting
Formula and the Long Title are adopted by a simple
majority. The adoption of amendments to clauses or
schedules of the Bill, requires a majority of
members present and voting in the same manner as
in the case of any other Bill.
Private Members' Bills
A Bill for amendment of the Constitution by a Private
Member is governed by the rules applicable to
Private Members' Bills in general. The period of one
month's notice applies to such a Bill also. In
addition, in Lok Sabha, such a Bill has to be
examined and recommended by the Committee on
Private Members’ Bills before it is included in the
List of Business. The Committee has laid down the
following principles as guiding criteria in making
their recommendations in regard to these Bills:
"(i) The Constitution should be considered as a
sacred document — a document which should not
be lightly interfered with and it should be amended
only when it is found absolutely necessary to do so.
Such amendments may generally be brought
forward when it is found that the interpretation of the
various articles and provisions of the Constitution
has not been in accordance with the intention
behind such provisions and cases of lacunae or
glaring inconsistencies have come to light. Such
amendments should, however, normally be brought
111
by the Government after considering the matter in
all its aspects and consulting experts, and taking
such other advice as they may deem fit.
(ii) Some time should elapse before a proper
assessment of the working of the Constitution and
its general effect is made so that any amendments
that may be necessary are suggested as a result of
sufficient experience.
(iii) Generally speaking, notice of Bills from Private
Members should be examined in the background of
the proposal or measures which the Government
may be considering at the time so that consolidated
proposals are brought forward before the House by
the Government after collecting sufficient material
and taking expert advice.
(iv) Whenever a Private Member’s Bill raises issues
of far-reaching importance and public interest, the
Bill might be allowed to be introduced so that public
opinion is ascertained and gauged to enable the
House to consider the matter further. In determining
whether a matter is of sufficient public importance, it
should be examined whether the particular
provisions in the Constitution are adequate to
satisfy the current ideas and public demand at the
time. In other words, the Constitution should be
adapted to the current needs and demands of the
progressive society and any rigidity which may
impede progress should be avoided."
112
p(r(SOT :- 6 - smicir
(dÄy BiAkr ºy&z gi>F)ngr, :- 18/09/2015 - p[j:-4
nvi kiy<k|mi[ jih[r n krvin&> vcn n piÇy&>
hi(d<kn) 10 (dvsn) m&dt
4 (dvsmi> j aY<h)n bn)
m&²ym>#i)
ain>d)bh[n pT[l
an[ piT)dir animt
ai>di[ln s(mt)ni
kºv)nr hi(d<k pT[l
vµc[ Yy[l) b[qk pC)
pN animt ai>di[ln
miml[ ki[e (nOkP< n)kÇy&>
nY). UlTin&> ai ki[kD&>
vFir[ g*>cviy&> C[.
b>n[ pxi[a[ aip[l) 10
(dvsn) m&d`tni[ ki[e aY<
syi[< nY). b[qkni 4 j
(dvs pC) (AY(t ph[li
j[v) j ji[vi mL) rh)
C[. piT)diri[ an[ srkir
aimn[ simn[ hi[e t[vi
s>ji[gi[ d[Kie rHi
v]k(Ãpk yi[jnin)
jih[rit aTvie
animt
ai>di[lnn[ Si>t piDvi
miT[ srkir[ (bnanimt vgi[<
miT[ v]k(Ãpk yi[jni t]yir kr)
riK) C[ j[mi> (SxN
an[ ri[jgir) miT[ an[k
ji[gvie krie C[, pr>t&
srkirn[ ai yi[jni jih[r
krvi miT[ yi[³y vitivrN
jNit&> nY). s*#ii[n&> kh[v&> C[ k[,
srkir[ hi(d<k pT[ln[ ai
yi[jnin) mih)t) aip) ht)
pr>t& t[N[ animt (sviyni>
ki[e pN
(vkÃpn[ Av)kirvini[ eºkir
kr) d[ti> ai yi[jnin)
113
C[ Ryir[ hv[ srkir[ pN
hi(d<k pT[l[ rj* kr[l)
mi>gN)ai[ pr primS<
krvin&> Ci[D) d)F&>
C[ an[ nvi
m&d`iai[ siY[ nv[srY)
b)J b[qk yi[jvin)
g(t(v(Fai[ t[j bniv)
d)F) C[.
hi(d<k pT[l[ rj&
kr[l) mi>gN)ai[ pr
kiy<vih) miT[ srkir
pis[ smy hti[ pr>t&
hi(d<k[ b)ji j (dvsY)
kiy<k\mi[ jih[r kyi<
an[ gZhm>#i)ni
riJnimin) mi>gN) kr)
d)F).
jih[rit hil p*rt) aTvie
C[.
b)J trf smg\ rijymi>
piT)diri[ ¹viri YiL)-v[lN
¹viri (vri[F
p\dS<ni[ S$ kriyi, Bijpn)
b[qki[mi> n[tiai[n[ G[rvini
p\yis Yyi, b[ºki[mi>Y) YipN
upiDvi s&F)ni>
kiy<k\mi[n[ a>jim
apiyi[ t[ ji[en[ srkir[ pN
vlN bdÃy&> C[.
¥ s>dB< pin n>. 50
114
p(r(SOT -6- a - smicir
s>d[S ºy&z amdivid, :- 25/09/2015 - p[j:-9
aij[ simi(jk ºyiy a(Fki(rti (dvs
aizid)ni 68 vP< pC) pN simi(jk ºyiyni (s¹Fi>tn[ sikir
krvi[ a[k pDkir
25 m) s¼T[Àbrni (dvsn[ si[(Syl j(ATs D[ tr)k[ Ujvvimi>
aiv[ C[. g&jritmi> simi(jk ºyiy an[ a(Fkir miT[ algY)
aiKi[ (vBig uBi[ krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. ji[ k[ aizid)ni> 68 vP<
pC) pN am&k m&Ñ[ simi(jk ºyiy an[ a(Fkir m&Ñ[ k[Tlik
p\Åni[ q[rni q[r C[ ti[ k[Tli nvi p\Åni[ an[ pDkiri[ smij
sim[ aiv) rHi C[, jyir[ Birt aizid Yyi[ hti[ Ryir[ 36 kri[Dn)
mim*l) vAt) hv[ 1.20 abjY) pN vF& Ye ge C[. g&jritmi>
j vAt) 6 kri[D[ phi[>c) C[ Ryir[ g&niKi[r)mi> vFiri[ ni[>Fiyi[ C[.
2004mi> 1.83 liK g&ni ni[>Fiyi hti j[mi> 2013 mi> 2.64
liK j[Tl&> bmN&> p\miN ni[>Fiy&> ht>&. A#i),
biLki[ an[ vZoi[ sim[ Yti g&niai[mi> vFiri[ ni[>Fiyi[ C[, aim
Kr[Kr simi(jk ºyiy hJ Av¼n j C[.
simiJk ºyiy an[ a(Fki(rti (vBig ¹viri Kis smijni>
pCit vgi[<, v>(ct sm&diyi[, vZoi[, aniY biLki[, Sir)(rk
an[ min(sk x(t Frivt) Äy(ktai[, an&s*(ct ji(tai[,
simi(jk an[ ai(Y<k r)t[ pCit vgi[<, (vcrt) an[ (vm&kt
ji(tai[, lG&mt)ai[ vg[r[ni (vkis miT[ Kis S]x(Nk an[ ai(Y<k
uRkP< yi[jniai[, aivis yi[jniai[, an&s*(ct ji(t p[Ti
yi[jniai[ animt n)(tni s>klnn) vg[r[n) kimg)r)
kr)n[ simi(jk ºyiy an[ simi(jk ai(Y<k kÃyiN
s&rxin[ vFirvi an[ sS(ktkrN krvi miT[ Kis yi[jniai[ ¹viri
p\yis hiY Frvimi> aiÄyi C[, pr>t& vFt) vAt), b[kir), gr)b),
115
smijmi> ji(tvid j[ bLv_ir bn) rHi[ C[ t[n[ phi[>c) vLvimi>
srkir UN) utr) hi[vin) pN fr)yid C[.
biLki[ a[ aivnir&> B(vOy C[ Ryir[ biLji(tp\miN, biLji(ty
stimN), biLki[n) tAkr), biLmj*r) vg[r[ j[vi p\Åni[ mi[>
fiD)n[ UBi C[.
(dvs nh)> vP< UjviS[
ai vP<[ ki[e a[k (dvs nh)> pr>t& aiK& vP< j Kis bibi sih[b
ai>b[Dkrn) '125" m) jºmjy>t) (n(m_i[ ujv) rHi C)a[. j[mi>
(v(vF kiy<k\mi[ aiK&> vP< cilvini C[, Kis
kr)n[ biLki[ miT[ vkZRv ApFi<ai[ yi[jiS[, j[mi> SiLi l[vl[ pC)
til&ki l[vl[ an[ JÃli an[ rijy l[vl[ (v(vF
h(rfieai[ yi[jvimi> aivS[. simi(jk ºyiy an[ a(Fkir) (vBig
¹viri h>m[Si (vkisni kim Yti> rh[ C[.
- rmNlil vi[ri {simi(jk ºyiy an[ a(Fkir p\Fin, g&jrit}
¥ s>dB< pin n>. 59
116
p(r(SOT :- 7 y&g b&l[T)n g&jrit) si¼tih)k ti. 15/09/2015
¥ s>dB< pin n>. 69
117
INDEX OF REFERENCES
ARTICLE 1:
Critical Analysis on Reservation Policy in India
ARTICLE 2:
Economic System and political philosophy.
ARTICLE 3:
Reservation Policy – The Caste and Crunch
ARTICLE 4:
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the
POLICY OF Reservation to SCs, STs, and OBCs.
ARTICLE 5:
Amendments under Article 368
ARTICLE 6:
Link of KHAM Theory
118
REFERENCE ARTICLE - 1
Critical Analysis on Reservation Policy in India
Introduction & Research Methodology The provisions available in the Constitution of India, based on which orders relating to reservations in services for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and other Backward Classes (OBCs) have been issued by Department of Personnel & Training and Ministries of Social Justice of Government of India. The provisions made in the Articles 16, 335, 338, 340, 341 & 342 of the Constitution relate to reservation, protection and safeguards, in public employment in respect of the persons belonging to the SCs/STs and other backward classes. Article 16 enables the ‘State’ to make provisions for reservation of appointments or posts in favour of SCs, STs and OBCs. However, the detailed provisions regarding the quantum and the applicability of reservation in appointment or posts are governed by the orders issued from time to time by the Department of Personnel &Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension, Government of India. The applicability of reservation orders is dependent on the method of recruitment. Not only the percentage of reservation but also the procedure of the application of reservation will depend and vary according to the method of recruitment
119
However the job reservation policy has three important flaws. First, it has a "discriminatory bias against Muslims who do not benefit from such policies". Second, it emphasises caste or tribe rather then income or wealth: The goal of reservation in India has been to bring about an improvement in the welfare who, historically, have been economically and socially depressed. But, in arriving at this judgement about who should be eligible for reservation, the criterion has been a person’s caste rather than his income or wealth. Consequently, groups belonging to what Article 115 of the Indian Constitution calls “socially and educationally backward classes” have benefited from reservation even though, in practice, many of these groups could not be regarded as “backward”. This has meant that many of the benefits of reservation have been captured by well-off groups from the depressed classes (for example, chamars from the SC) while poorer groups from the depressed (for example, bhangis from the SC) have failed to benefit. Statement of Problem / Research Question However the job reservation policy has three important flaws. First, it has a "discriminatory bias against Muslims who do not benefit from such policies". Second, it emphasises caste or tribe rather then income or wealth: The goal of reservation in India has been to bring about an improvement in the welfare who, historically, have been economically and socially depressed. But, in arriving at this judgement about who should be eligible for reservation, the criterion
120
has been a person’s caste rather than his income or wealth. Consequently, groups belonging to what Article 115 of the Indian Constitution calls “socially and educationally backward classes” have benefited from reservation even though, in practice, many of these groups could not be regarded as “backward”. This has meant that many of the benefits of reservation have been captured by well-off groups from the depressed classes (for example, chamars from the SC) while poorer groups from the depressed (for example, bhangis from the SC) have failed to benefit. Objective The objective of this project is: Ø To study the implementation of reservation policy. Ø To find out the actual need of the reservation policy. Hypothesis The researcher has made certain assumption in the beginning of the research project which are going to be tested during the project, they are the following. Ø The reservation policy for jobs for SC & ST should be changed. As there is vast change in today’s condition. Ø The reservation policy should be based on the economical basis not on the class or caste basis. If it caste based then we are only creating discrimination with them. Scope Of The Study The research is a doctrinal research. The researcher here would like to study only the judicial viewpoints in the appointment of SC & ST in various jobs in public and private sector. The researcher
121
has tried to analysis the topic by studying various authors, experts, cases of The Indian Apex Court and High courts, articles, etc. The researcher has strictly followed the boundary and has studied only with reference to Indian authors, experts, cases, etc. Welfare Schemes Information is also collected in respect of benefits accruing under different central/state sponsored schemes to Scheduled Tribe Workers and their families. The concepts of sub-plan approach for tribal development are being formulated and implemented in the state since the beginning of the 5th plan. The blocks having 50 per cent tribal concentration are brought under the umbrella of the tribal Sub-Plans. The tribal Sub-Plan envisages the integrated development of the Tribal area in which all programmes irrespective of their source of funding operate in unison to achieve a common goal or bringing the area at par with the rest of the state and to improve the quality of life of Tribals. Integrated Tribal Development Agencies were formed to co-ordinate implementation of various Schemes.
There are some other social welfare schemes in vogue in the state viz. Old Age Pension/WP, National Old Age Pension Scheme, Gujarat Disability Pension Scheme, National Family Benefit Scheme, Personal Accident Insurance Social Security Scheme, Supply of Special Aids and Appliances to Handicapped persons and scholarships to disabled students. It has been reported that Scheduled Tribe families were
122
benefited by these schemes in Schedule Tribe belt area. Gujarat Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribe Development Finance Corporation was providing economic assistance to SC/ST families living below the poverty line by way of arranging institutional credit under the Margin Money Loan Programme (MMLP) for various income generating schemes. Apart from the above schemes, Scheduled Tribe students were given scholarships, books, boarding and lodging facilities to the eligible students in order to promote literacy and education amongst Scheduled Tribes. Two types of schemes were run by the Labour Welfare Organization in Gujarat, one for the direct benefit for workers and the other for managements. The schemes for direct benefit of Schedule Tribe workers pertain to health, housing and education. Under health sector there are schemes for the benefits of T.B. patients, Leprosy patients, Mental Patients, schemes for supply of free spectacles, scheme for Cancer patients, schemes for reimbursement of expenditure as financial assistance to S. T Workers suffering form heart disease, kidney transplantation etc and fatal and serious accidents benefits scheme. Under these schemes different type of benefits like free treatment, medicines, subsistence allowance, traveling allowance, diet charges, reimbursement of expenditure, financial aid etc. are given to the Scheduled Tribe workers. Under housing sector assistance upto Rs.40,000/- is provided to Scheduled Tribes to construct a new house or repair of the old house with some conditions. In additions to the above welfare schemes, the following schemes run by the office of Vigilance
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Officer for the Tribal development for the development of the Scheduled Tribe are in four parts (1) Education (2) Economic development (3) Health and housing (4) Administration, Directions etc. Education Scheme Examination Fee: The students in SSC and equivalent standard appearing in the SSC board examination are provided with examination fee ranging from Rs 170/- to Rs. 200/- Scholarship: Students with 38 per cent results in Govt. Schools, Govt. recognized schools and with 45 per cent result in Private Schools were given yearly scholarship of Rs.125/- to Rs.200/- per year. Tuition fee of Rs.250/- p.m. paid to the students whose parents/guardian income was less than Rs.24000 p.a. Scholarship were also sanctioned to girl students whose family income exceeds between Rs.50,920 p.a. Engineering medical & B. Sc(Agri) Diploma courses are given Rs.510 to Rs.740/- for Residential hostel, while for the day scholars it is Rs.330/ p.m. In addition to the above narrated schemes the following schemes are also in vogue (i) free uniform (ii) food assistance scheme (iii) free Bicycle scheme (iv) financial assistance to medical and engineering students to purchase educational equipments upto Rs 1000/- (v) cash payment scheme to S. T. college students and (vi) Balwadi scheme in which 90 per cent to 100 per cent Grant-in-aid was provided. Under the housing sector, assistance upto Rs.40,000 is provided to Scheduled Tribes to construct or purchase a new house or repair of the old house.
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Some of the other welfare schemes are also functioning like Social education camps are arranged to educate the S.T people to take out from backwardness and to give information about these schemes and for these camp Rs.5000/- has been sanctioned. The Public cell Scheduled Tribe Atrocities Assistance also provides atrocity assistance. Kunwar bair Noo Mameroo assistance and Saat Phere Samooh Lagna scheme were also in vogue and Rs.1000 to Rs.5000 are given. Reservation In Service For Sc & ST In this Unit we shall discuss the provisions available in the Constitution of India, based on which orders relating to reservations in services for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and other Backward Classes (OBCs) have been issued by Department of Personnel & Training and Ministries of Social Justice of Government of India. The provisions made in the Articles 16, 335, 338, 340, 341 & 342 of the Constitution relate to reservation, protection and safeguards, in public employment in respect of the persons belonging to the SCs/STs and other backward classes. 3.1 Constitutional Provisions Every Constitution has philosophy of its own. The Preamble of our Constitution proclaims the resolution of PEOPLE OF INDIA to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR AND DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and opportunity; and to
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promote among them all ; FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation. The ward 'social justice' in the Preamble implies recognition of greater good to a larger number without deprivation of legal rights of anybody. The concept of equality, enshrined in the Preamble has also found expression as a fundamental right in Article 14 to 16, which we shall discuss in the next section. 3.1.1 Right To Equality-Article 14 The Article 14 of the Constitution is one of the fundamental rights of the Constitution of India. Let us now know about thisArticle. Article 14 of the Constitution reads: “The state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India" What do the two phrases in this Article namely “equality before the law” and “equal protection of law” mean? On the face of it the two phrases may seem to be identical, but in fact, they mean different things. While “Equality before the law” is negative concept; “equal protection of laws” is a positive one. The former declares that everyone is equal before law, that no one can claim privileges and that all classes are equally subject to the ordinary law of the land. “Equal protection of Law”, on the other hand means, that among equals, the law should be equal and equally administered. That like should be treated as like. Or in other words, persons differently circumstanced need not be treated in the same manner. For example ‘Equal protection of Law’
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does not mean that every persons shall be taxed equally, but that persons under the same category should be taxed by the same standard. The guarantee of “equal protection” thus is a guarantee of equal treatment of persons in “equal circumstances” permitting differentiation in different circumstances. If there were a reasonable basis for classification, the legislature would be entitled to make different treatment. Thus, the legislature may (i) exempt certain classes of property from taxation at all, such as charities, libraries etc; (ii) impose different specific taxes upon different trades and profession.
Illustration of reasonable classification: Yusuf V. State of Bombay, AIR.1954 S.C.321 3.1.2 Safeguards for public employment (Art-16) In the previous section we learnt about Article 14 and the doctrine of equality”. In this Unit we will learn in detail about Article 16, which is regarding equality of opportunity in the matter of employment under State Article 16 of the constitution provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state. Article 16 reads as under: Clause(1):There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. Clause(2):No citizen shall on grounds only of religion, race, caste sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of any employment of office under the State.
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Clause (3): Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government of or any local or other authority within, a State or Union Territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union Territory prior to such employment or appointment. Clause (4)- Nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the state". Clause (4-A): Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making provision for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, which in the opinion of the State are not adequately represented in the service of the State. Clause (4-B): Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or Clause (4-A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty percent reservation on total number of vacancies of that year (Constitution 81stAmendment Act, 2000).
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3.1.3 Limitations of the Safeguard-Article 335 Article 335 of the Constitution originally read as under:- “ The claim of the members of the Scheduled castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken in to consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of the State.” The Hon’ble Supreme Court has held in a number of cases, that Article 335 operates as a limitation to the provision contained in Article 16(4) though Article 16(4) does not specifically refer to Article 335 or raise any question of maintenance of efficiency of the administration. Thus, reservation for the backward class will be struck down as violative of Article 14 and 16(1), if it is unreasonably excessive. While forming an opinion for making reservations the State shall also take cognisance of the limitation set out in Art.335 i.e. whether making reservation is consistent with the maintenance of efficiency of administration. 82nd Amendment Act, 2000, amended the Article 335. The background for the amendment was that the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of S.Vinod Kumar Vs. U.O.I had held that the various instructions of Government providing for lower qualifying marks/lesser standard of evaluation in matter of promotion for candidates belonging to SC/ST are not permissible in view of the provisions contained in Article 335. In view of this decision the various orders regarding lower qualifying marks/standard of evaluation for SC/ST in the matter of promotion were withdrawn by the Government w.e.f. 22.7.97. However, the Parliament decided to once again restore the
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relaxations and concession in promotion and the following proviso to Art.335 were added:- “Provided that nothing in thisArticle shall prevent in making of any provisions in favour of the members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination or lowering the standards of evaluation, for reservation in maters of promotion to any class or classes of services or posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State” 3.2 Percentage of reservation The percentage of reservation for each category viz. SC, ST and OBC in Promotion and Direct Recruitment as these are the only two methods of recruitment to which the orders on reservation are applicable. In general of SC it is 15%, for ST it is 7.5% & for OBC it is 27% 3.3 Reservation In Direct Recruitment In the previous Unit, we learnt about the three categories of direct recruitment viz. (i) All India basis by open competition (ii) All India basis otherwise than open competition and (iii) recruitment to Group ‘C’ and ‘D’ posts normally attracting candidates from a locality or region. Until September 1993, in the method of ‘Direct recruitment’, reservations of posts were only for SCs and STs. From September 1993 reservation for OBCs has also been provided in the case of direct recruitment. The percentage of reservation for SC, ST and OBC is different in each of the three types of direct recruitment and is shown in the table-1 below: -
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Sr. No.
Category Share of Entitlement
SC ST OBC
1
Direct recruitment on all-India
basis by open competition
15 7.5 27
2 Direct recruitment on all-India
basis otherwise than by open
competition
16 2/3 7.5 25.84
3 Direct Recruitment to Group
‘C’ & ‘D’ posts which normally
attract candidates from a
locality or region
Generally in proportion to the population of
SCs, STs and OBCs in the respective
States/Union Territory.
Table 1
%age in Recruitment made through Staff Selection Commission (SSC) by Open Competition In the previous section we learnt about the percentage of reservation in the three types of direct recruitment. So far as recruitment by Staff Selection commission is concerned, the percentage of reservation is further governed by the OPT’s O.M.No
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.36011/9/82-Estt.(SCT) dated 8.2.83. The examination conducted by SSC involves a mixture of following two kinds of nomination: - 1. On the basis of a single common All India list and; 2. On the basis of zone-wise lists (the whole country having been divided into a number of zones where each zone corresponds more or less to a State/U.T) drawn up in accordance with the centre-linked-zonal scheme under which candidates are eligible to be considered for appointment to posts in offices located in the Zone in which the centre of examination opted by the candidates falls, though the examination is common . where they have taken the examination. In view of this the percentage of reservation applicable in case the recruitment is through SSC can be put in tabular form as under:-
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Recruitment Made Through SSC
RECRUITMENT MADE THROUGH SSC
Sr. No.
Method
Share of Entitlement
SC ST OBC
1
Organisations, which receive candidates from a single common
All India, list.
15 7.5 27
2
Organisations which receive candidates from the list prepared
by SSC on the basis of Centrelinked zonal basis
Proportion to the population of
SC/ST/OBC of State.
3 Organisations spreading into
more than one State/Union Territory
Roster to be drawn up in consultation
with DOPT taking into consideration
the population of SC/ST/OBC in such areas.
The percentage of reservation for SC, ST and OBC in respect of each State and Union Territory has been prescribed by the Department of Personnel &
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Training and is available in the ‘Brochure on Reservation in Service’ (8th Edition) at P.P 494-502) For example the percentages of the following States are Andhra Pradesh - 15 SC/ 06 ST/ 27OBC Karnataka - 15 SC/ 05 ST/ 27 OBC Tamil Nadu - 19 SC/ 01 ST/ 27 OBC Manipur - 01 SC/ 27 ST/ 22 OBC Sikkim - 06 SC/ 23 ST/ 21 OBC West Bengal - 22 SC/ 06 ST/ 22 OBC 3.4 Percentage of reservation in promotion In the previous section we learnt that the percentage of reservation in the case of direct recruitment varied according to the various types of direct recruitment. However, the percentage of reservation in promotion is uniform i.e. 15% for SC and 7.5% for ST, irrespective of the mode of promotion. We had seen in the case of direct recruitment that reservation is applicable to all level of posts. Is the position same in the case of promotion also? The answer is ‘NO’. In seniority-cum-fitness mode, reservation in promotion is applicable to all level of posts i.e. in Groups C & D, Group C to Group B, within Group B, from Group B to Group A and within Group A. But in selection mode, reservation is NOT applicable in promotion within Group ‘A’. Promotion “Within Group A “ means, that the lower post (feeder post) and the higher post to which promotion is taking place, both belong to Group ‘A’.
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The applicability of reservation in various modes of promotion can be indicated in the table-3 below: -
Mode of promotion
Reservation applicable:
YES NO
Limited Departmental Competitive
Examination (LDCE):
Groups B,C & D.
Yes
Seniority-cum-fitness:
In all groups (Groups A, B, C & D.)
Yes
selection Groups C & D, Group C to Group B,
within Group B, from Group B to
lowest rung of Group A.
Yes
Lowest rung of Group A to higher group A posts.
No
In the table-3 you can see that reservation in “Selection” mode is applicable upto the lowest rung of Group ‘A’. The lowest rung of Group A can either be the scale of Rs.8000-13500 (pre-revised
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2200-4000) or could be 10000-15200 (pre-revised 3000-4500) , depending on whether the promotion in the particular service takes place from group ‘B’ to 8000- 13500 or directly to 10000-15200 For example in the Central Secretariat Service, Section Officers (Rs.6500- 10500, Gp.’B’) with 8 years of service are eligible for promotion to the post of Under Secretary ( Rs.10000-15200, Gp.’A’) and there is no intermediate scale of pay of Rs.8000-13500. Thus in the CSS, the lowest rung of group A will be 10000-15200 and reservation is applicable in the promotion from Section Officer to Under Secretary8. 3.4.1 Concession In Promotion In the previous section we have learnt that in promotion reservation is not applicable in only one situation i.e. if the mode of promotion is by selection and promotion is taking place within group ‘A’. Although there is no reservation in such cases and, therefore, no posts are reserved for SC or ST but a ‘concession’ is available to SC/ST employees. In the next paragraph we will learn what is this ‘concession’. But it is important to understand that the ‘concession’ is available only in promotion by selection within group ‘A’ which carry an ultimate salary of Rs.5700 (pre-revised scale) or less p.m. The concession available to the SC/ST Officers is, that those SC and ST Officers who are senior enough in the Z.O.C so as to be within the number of vacancies for which the select list has to be drawn, would be included in that list provided they are not considered unfit for promotion.
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Critical View on Reservation policy and Conclusion Now we have seen that government had kept various welfare schemes for the SC and ST in india. If we take few examples than reservations in educational systems, land allotments for residents( free of cost), agricultural land allotted free of cost for farming etc. I believe that there should be reservation in the educational system of india. Due to which they can also get good and higher education, but at the time of the jobs/ public service there should be n reservation. A person has got almost 22 to 25 years benefit of reservation policy and had completed his studies. Now he should stand on his own feets and should face the competition in the market. They have got all the things which a person born in other cast has got by now. If government still wants to keep reservation policy then now it should not be based on caste or class, it should be based on the annual income of the person. If the person is earning less than he requires more money for his family and children and this thing he can get only by a job or in public service.By this means only such persons can provide good education to their children. Judiciary has played great role in the reservation policy. The great example of this N Nagrajan’s case, Ashok Kumar Thakor, and Indira Shawnay’s case. In this cases , supreme court has given passing reference to the reservation on the SC & ST in jobs. But Supreme court has said that reservation should not increase then 50% in any condition but in most
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of North Eastern state this reservation is increased to 85% and still they have started a move to increase it to the 95% and court is not taking any steps against it. By this way we can see that judiciary is also palying a role in increase of reservation for SC & ST. Now days politicians are playing a major role in reservation policy.The reservation policy was only for 10 years afer the independence, for upiftment of SC and ST but till now it is continue and no one has taken any step to amend it or revise it or to change it. The reason behind this is the population of SC and ST in country. Nearly 33% voting is done by SC and ST so now if they make any change in the reservation policy against the SC and ST then they have to suffer a lot for the same. So they are not taking any steps against the reservation policy. Now if you consider the theory of john rawles of justice then he has clearly said that “starting line should be / must be the same for all the Persons.” By providing reservation in the educational systems we are giving the same line to all the persons. He further also said that by providing equality in education they are providing equal chance to start to all the persons and further there is no need of reservation in service also. I am totally agreed with the viewpoint of john rawles on reservation. Policy and there is clear need of revising the present reservation policy.
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Bibliography Books # J.N.Pandey, The Constitutional Law of India, 46th Ed. Reprint 2009 # Raju .C.B, Social Justice & The Constitution of India (with reference to sc’s and st’s) # Ram Ahuja, Social Problems in India # Social Problems in India,Author – Ram Ahuja # SE_GUJARAT 06-07_CHAPTER IX # Pandey, J.N., the constitutional law of India # Raju.C.B., Social Justice & The Constitution of India (with reference to sc’s and st’s) # Sandeep Mukherjee, Institute of Secretariat Training & Management
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REFERENCE ARTICLE - 2
This article is about the economic system and
political philosophy. For other uses, see Socialism
(disambiguation).
Socialism is a social and economic system
characterised by social ownership and/or social
control of the means of production and co-operative
management of the economy, as well as a political
theory and movement that aims at the
establishment of such a system. "Social ownership"
may refer to cooperative enterprises, common
ownership, state ownership (achieved
by nationalization), citizen ownership of equity, or
any combination of these. There are many varieties
of socialism and there is no single definition
encapsulating all of them.
A socialist economy is based on the principle
of production for use, to directly satisfy economic
demand and human needs, and objects are valued
by their use-value, as opposed to the principle of
production for profit and accumulation of capital. In
the traditional conception of a socialist economy,
coordination, accounting and valuation are
performed in kind (using physical quantities), by a
common physical magnitude, or by a direct
140
measure of labour-time in place of financial
calculation. For distributing output, two alternative
principles have been proposed: to each according
to his contribution and from each according to his
ability, to each according to his need. The
advisability, feasibility and exact way of allocating
and valuing resources are the subjects of
the socialist calculation debate.
The socialist political movement includes a diverse
array of political philosophies. Core dichotomies
include reformismversus revolutionary socialism,
and state socialism versus libertarian socialism.
While all tendencies of socialism consider
themselves democratic, the term "democratic
socialism" is often used to highlight its advocates'
high value for democratic processes and political
systems and usually to draw contrast to other
socialist tendencies they may perceive to be
undemocratic. The varieties of socialism differ in the
type of social ownership they advocate, the degree
to which they rely on markets or planning, how
management is to be organised within productive
institutions, and the role of the state in constructing
socialism. Today, some socialists have adopted the
causes of other social movements, such
as environmentalism, feminism and liberalism.
141
Modern socialism originated from an 18th-century
intellectual and working-class political movement
that criticised the effects of industrialisation
and private propertyon society. The revival
of republicanism in the American Revolution of
1776 and the revival of egalitarianism in the French
Revolution of 1789 converged into the rise of
socialism as a distinct political movement by the
turn of the century. Initially, "socialism" referred to
general concern for the social problems of
capitalism regardless of the solutions to those
problems. However, by the late 19th century, after
waves of revolutionary movements, "socialism" had
come to signify opposition to capitalism and
advocacy for a post-capitalist system based on
some form of social ownership. During this
time, German philosopher Karl Marx and his
collaborator Friedrich Engels published works
criticising the utopian aspects of contemporary
socialist trends, and applied
a materialist understanding of socialism as a phase
of development which will come about
through social revolution instigated by escalating
and conflicting class relationships within capitalism.
Within this surge of opposition to capitalism
appeared other more or less complementary
tendencies such as anarchism, communism,
and social democracy and later, the confluence of
socialism
142
with anti-imperialist and anti-racist struggles
around the world.
Socialism became the most influential worldwide
movement and political-economic world view of the
20th century. Many anarchist, socialist and Marxist
tendencies argue that the Soviet Union did not
establish socialism, but rather established state
capitalism. Socialist parties and ideas remain a
political force with varying degrees of power and
influence in all continents, leading national
governments in many countries.
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REFERENCE ARTICLE - 3
Reservation policy: The caste crunch
Anti-reservation stir in Gujarat spills over into
communal violence Shekhar Gupta December 6, 2013 | UPDATED 12:44 IST
The stout, slant-eyed naik subedar is a veteran of
war and peace having seen two rough battles on the
western front and several riots. But Ahmedabad
perplexes him. "For two days," he says helplessly, "I
have been leading patrols in these lanes and am yet
to see a rioter. But houses burn, people die. If only I
could see the...," he ends the statement with a
tell-tale gesture, unclasping the magazine from his
carbine and displaying the bullets.
Many more shared his predicament in Ahmedabad
last fortnight. People talked of the elusive
marauders who burnt scores of buildings and left 15
dead in the city's worst outbreak of communal
rioting since 1969.
Said Medina Begum from Raikhad locality: "Who
knows who is attacking whom? But all day you hear
about flying kakdas (fireballs of cloth soaked in
144
kerosene, tied to short sticks and flung far and
high), and slit throats. Who is behind all this?"
On the surface, more elusive than the marauders
was their motive. There was no cause for
Hindu-Muslim tension. Yet destruction had been
immense. Relief Road, the walled city's jugular was
littered with debris and ash.
So was the nearby Gandhi Road. Death, though,
was a speciality of the narrow, labyrinthine maze of
lanes locally called poles. Three days after the
troops moved in they still continued to find the
occasional mutilated body.
Victim of a stabbing incident escorted by police
And an hour-long curfew relaxation after four days
of vigil left six more stab victims on the streets. Even
by the high standards of illogic that mark communal
riots Ahmedabad's, last fortnight, was a case apart.
The Government spokesmen, however, were
looking for explanations elsewhere and pointed
repeatedly at the anti-reservation agitation raging in
the state for nearly a month. On his short visit Prime
Minister Rajiv Gandhi too made the same
suggestion though blaming the defeated opposition
for engineering violence.
145
Despite vehement denials by agitation leaders the
bits of available evidence pointed the finger at them,
though it was more a case of unintended abetment
than outright felony.
On the evening of March 19, the day of the Gujarat
bandh, in the localities of Dariapur and Kalupur,
which have a tradition of communal tension, some
Muslims opened their shops. They were handed out
swift retribution.
The second provocation came from the other side
when the agitators gave a call for
sounding mrityu-dhwani (death-knell) of the
Government in the evening. As hundreds of people
came out clanging large spoons with metal thalis to
raise a loud din, some Muslims threw stones.
Thereafter events followed the predictable course.
As
fresh
infusion
of
troops
failed to
bring
quiet, Chief Minister Madhavsinh Solanki found
himself helpless, blamed by many within his cabinet
for having stirred trouble by hastily ordering
implementation of the report of the Rane
Commission on Backward Classes resulting in a
Despite denials by agitation leaders the bits of available evidence pointed the finger at them, though it was more a case of unintended abetment than outright felony.
146
further 18 per cent reservation in government jobs
and educational institutions, sparking off an
agitation from the higher castes..
With the bulk of the paramilitary forces still engaged
in Punjab, the Centre had no reserves. "Today",
said a Union Home Ministry official, "trouble in
peaceful states like Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh is
the last thing we want."
But with caste passions unleashed on the question
of the "new" reservations the Government did not
know how to escape without betraying the
commitments made to the backward classes on
election-eve.
The mood was conciliatory, as evidenced by Home
Minister S.B. Chavan's offer to get the agitators an
audience with Rajiv Gandhi who had made a
surprising anti-reservation statement at Hyderabad.
If the tactic worked, it was yet to show results. In
cities as distant as Jamnagar from Raipur, Gwalior
from Rajkot, the approach was strikingly similar as
high caste students took to the streets. "Join Solanki
and support the Government that
moves-backwards," said a poster in Ahmedabad.
"Hail the Government which has made another 105
castes backward in 37 years of independence,"
echoed thousands of handbills in Bhopal. Also
147
common to the two states was the perfidy of the
Government, using the new reservations as an
election gimmick ignoring the forces of social
discord that such bad timing could unleash.
Army patrols reassuring residents in Ahmedabad :
In Gujarat, the Rane Commission on Backward
Classes submitted its report over 18 months ago.
The Government did not place the report in the
Assembly. Now, with the elections approaching it
announced acceptance of the report with a
disastrous rider.
The commission had suggested economics as the
key criterion for establishing backwardness, but
Solanki threw it out summarily in favour of caste.
Solanki's decision was election-oriented, and it
brought short-term gains. As Makrand Desai, the
state BJP president said: "The Government
announced the increase in the reservations to win
over the backward class votes. Now, with this stir
on, they will go back on their decision. But they have
been able to capture the votes." Yet, whatever be
the political logic it was certainly not warranted by
public interest.
In 1981 the state saw a bloody anti-reservation stir
that left 40 dead and a whole lot of property burnt in
the course of its 100 furious days. More than that, it
left the social fabric in the state totally asunder.
148
In such a situation any further effort to make political
capital by evoking caste feelings was self-defeating.
Says Girish Patel, a human rights activist and
lawyer, pointing to this danger: "The situation is very
explosive. If not dealt with sensitively, the agitation
will escalate into a caste war with frightening
consequences." Solanki gambled and made a few
initial gains but as a final result left a casteist streak
behind.
Ram Mahajan: Predicting a caste war
The reaction came rather late. But it hit the state
with telling effect. On February 18 a warning came
from the L.D. Engineering College in Ahmedabad,
the cradle of all student strife in the state. Students
demonstrated and the state Government panicked,
closing down all institutions.
Soon, in a move reminiscent of the massive
Navnirman movement that cost former chief
minister Chimanbhai Patel his job, the high-caste
students came together under the banner of Gujarat
Navrachana Samiti. Officials in Gandhi nagar vouch
for the fact that the new leadership has already
been infiltrated, if not usurped by some of the fiery
men who led the 100-day agitation in 1981.
Arjun Singh, on the other hand, had no such
background of violence to worry about when he
accepted the Ramji Mahajan Backward Classes
Commission report on the eve of the Lok Sabha
elections. And if he did not face an angry outburst
149
immediately it was at least partly because of the
Bhopal gas tragedy.
With the violence in Gujarat hogging the headlines,
the agitation in Madhya Pradesh lost out on
prominence to an extent. But last fortnight, the odd
bus was still being burnt, rail services were hit, a
large number of educational institutions shut and
yet another group of anti-reservation leaders was in
the process of taking charge.
In Bhopal, the centre of action is the Maulana Azad
College of Technology (MACT) on the outskirts of
the town. This, the state's premier engineering
college, is where the Madhya Pradesh elite sends
its children and, even more important, is the only
institution with a history of an anti-reservation
movement of sorts.
In August 1984, Amogh Gupta, a final year student
had initiated a movement against the state
Government's decision to give women applicants
preference in admission at the institution since most
engineering colleges elsewhere in the state do not
have hostels for women.
Stir leaders in Ahmedabad: Flashpoint
"We said if there are no hostels, build them. But you
can't just give away seats in the state's most
coveted engineering college to undeserving girls
150
while men wait. And we won," says Gupta. On this
occasion, however, the issues are much wider.
In Madhya Pradesh the agitation began at Rewa,
led by a dissident to whom we did not give ticket, to
quote Arjun Singh. But now, even though the state
Government has been able to purchase or subdue a
number of leaders of the first phase of the agitation,
the problem has come to stay.
All over, parents associations are coming up and
these give the sanctity and financial impetus an
ordinary students' movement would lack. In Indore,
the state's biggest town, parents have decidedly
been more active than their wards in carrying out
processions and even running boot-polish stalls by
the roadside, a gimmick meant to illustrate the
rapidly deteriorating status of the so-called high
castes.
Statistically, the Madhya Pradesh agitators have a
case much stronger than that of their Gujarat
counterparts who are agitating against a total
reservation of 49 per cent. Since the state has a
large tribal population which has already been given
a 23 per cent reservation in addition to the 14 per
cent given to Scheduled Castes, the new 25 per
cent reservation announced for the backward
classes has pushed the tally to a ridiculous 78 per
cent.
151
This includes other categories such as
ex-servicemen and their wards and people below
poverty line. In fact, the agitators have worked out
startling statistics that scream from the posters and
graffiti all over the state, and which the Government
does not deny.
For example, of the 1,725 seats in the state's
engineering colleges, 1,358 now come under
reserved quota. Of the 720 medical college seats,
497 fall in this category. Similarly, the ratio for
agriculture, veterinary, polytechnic and ayurvedic
medical colleges, respectively, is 336 out of 425, 78
out of 100, 2,831 out of 3,730 and 150 out of 317.
Says Amogh Gupta: "At this rate they should have
similar reservations for the national cricket team.
How will it look if it were to mandatorily have two
men each from Scheduled Castes, tribes and
backward classes, an ex-serviceman, a woman and
a disabled person?" Added Shailendra Chaudhri, a
second year polytechnic student and a member of
the action committee of the agitators: "We do not
grudge them privileges.
Anti-reservationists block roads in Bhopal:
Uncompromising stands
We do not care whether the Government gives
them air-conditioned houses or Impala cars. But
why take away our seats. But it is this logic of our
seats that Arjun Singh questions, saying, "We will
152
have to keep in mind the fact that the state has a
very large number of communities which have
always been backward because they were not
given the opportunity to grow.
We can't ignore them forever." At the same time the
backward classes themselves were becoming alive
to the new threat. In Indore, the Harijan
organisations threatened to launch a counter stir.
Said Arjun Singh Dharu, a former state minister:
"People of the upper classes should be able to
make at least some sacrifice for the downtrodden."
Dalit Panther General Secretary Madhukar
Gaikwad went a step further, arguing that only a
Harijan, tribal or backward chief minister could
effectively implement the new reservation policy.
But the key question in Madhya Pradesh is the
Ramji Mahajan report. The commission concluded
that 48.8 per cent of the state's population consists
of backwards. This is in addition to 20 percent
tribals and 13 percent Scheduled Castes.
"By what stretch of imagination can the goldsmiths
be categorised as backward?" asks Raj Jain, a
Bhopal agitation leader. In fact when the state
Government referred the report to a secretaries'
committee they rejected it. Interestingly, the state
Government has not yet placed the report in the
153
Assembly. The two documents continue to carry the
"secret" tag.
Most state commissions, including the two under
scrutiny now, have made a valiant attempt at
sounding erudite. They also refer to the Mandal
Commission report as their model and quote
copiously from it. But unexpectedly there lies the
catch.
One reason why the Centre has been so wary of
accepting the Mandal Commission report is the
suspicion that the report, which was meant to form
the bulwark of the policy for backward class welfare
was scientifically unsound and doctored. The
grounds for this suspicion are well-documented in
the tiles.
Initially, the commission asked Dr B.K. Roy
Burman, then a professor at Shantiniketan and a
prominent demographer, to lead research. He
launched a pilot project in Orissa's Birbhum district
and prepared a model for similar surveys all over
the country.
The commission did this with the help of a high-level
technical committee but soon, as the data began to
pour in, secrecy began. It was never shown to Roy
Burman and other experts. Roy Burman protested
to the commission in writing and got a polite reply,
seeking his cooperation rather than criticism.
154
The report upset him a great deal and he wrote to
the Home Ministry questioning the very basis of the
findings and seeking access to the data. This was
not done. Roy Burman feels that while there
certainly are a few backward classes who come
close to the Scheduled Castes their number could
hardly be as large as the commission report
suggested. Says he: "There is an urgent need to
conduct a scientific survey to gauge the dimensions
of the problem."
Politically, the Mandal Commission report has
acquired a curious status. While continuing to back
the report at the time of the elections, the leaders of
the Janata and the BJP privately express their
reservations about it. But they were collectively
responsible for setting up the commission and also
approving concessions similar to its
recommendations by the Karpoori Thakur
government in Bihar.
In fact it is in Bihar, the eternal caste cauldron, that
the current scene in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
has a parallel. In 1978, Thakur, who had visions of
becoming another Annadurai, added 26 percent
reservation for the backward classes to the already
existing 24 for the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes.
155
The result was a caste war that cleaved his cabinet.
Two Janata legislators, Vikrem Ver, a Rajput, and
Ram Jatan Sinha, a Bhumihar, launched a forward
league movement which crossed lathis with Ram
Avadhesh Singh and R.L. Chandpuri, the president
of the All India Backward Classes Federation.
The fracas consumed over Rs 5 crore worth of
public property, many lives and, ultimately, Karpoori
Thakur's chair. But he remained steadfast. Now he
is watching the scene in Gujarat and Madhya
Pradesh with obvious glee, saying, "See, people
called me casteist for doing this. But now even a
Rajput like Arjun Singh has done the same."
But an alarming background like this also fails to
dissuade political leaders from fiddling with the
caste equilibrium, as Congress(I)'s
Chandrashekhar Singh demonstrated in granting
the Momins, a group among the Muslims, the
backward status, creating castes where there were
none.
In Bihar the document of reference is the report of
the Mungeri Lal Commission, which identified 128
back ward castes in 1976. And though tensions are
dormant at the moment, agitations elsewhere can
spill over any day, snapping the slender thread of
inter-caste peace.
156
In fact Tamil Nadu is the only state to have been
able to implement the Mandal Commission report
without much fuss. But there the situation has to be
viewed in the background of the DMK agitation
which subdued the Brahmins.
The other states are now watching Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh before they plan their own policy.
Kerala may be the next state to face the caste
crunch as the Sundaresan Committee on
reservation is expected to submit its report in a few
months. But they have to tread warily, for any fresh
reservations could snowball into a movement
against the very idea.
The anti-reservation feeling has already been
perked up by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's rather
cryptic statement at Hyderabad that reservations
had been provided for a certain purpose which they
have failed to serve and that the whole question
requires a new look.
Said Gaurang Shah, vice-president of the) unior
Doctors' Association in Ahmedabad: "We are for an
eventual abolition of reservations over a reasonable
period of time. In any case, why should the son of
Jagjivan Ram one of the richest Harijans, be given
the benefit of reservation?"
The reply comes from Jagjivan Ram himself. Says
he: "I will not seek reservation for my son the day he
becomes a touchable." He elaborates, arguing,
157
"Even I am not a touchable. Will a Brahmin call me
to his house for a meal? May be Mrs Gandhi would
have done so. But aristocracy does not define social
values, the lower middle class does."
Like most Harijan and backward class leaders
Jagjivan Ram also argues that caste has to be the
basis of identifying backwardness. "I am for
reservations not because it is a means of economic
uplift but because it is an instrument of social
change," he says, "a shoemaker may make thrice
the amount a clerk does. Yet, does he have
prestige? But if a chamar's son becomes a
sub-inspector a Brahmin constable will salute him.
Imagine what kind of social revolution it is when a
bhangi's son becomes a district magistrate?" If the
Government should curtail reservations now
Jagjivan Ram predicts caste war. And he should
know.
Reservation inevitably arouses caste passions and
yet, as current happenings show, there is no escape
from facing the issue square on. Both social
scientists and responsible politicians agree that
there is need for reservations to continue and
perhaps even for a slight increase to include
genuine backward classes.
This, however, needs to be done on the basis of a
sound scientific study and not merely on the whims
158
of the odd politician made in-charge of a
politically-motivated panel. Even Jagjivan Ram, a
strong supporter of reservations, points out that the
system is often irrational and requires a deeper,
more scientific look.
The new Government, however, has indicated a
different approach implicit in Rajiv Gandhi's
statement at Hyderabad. It will make a difference if
he could translate that thought into action by setting
up a new commission to draft a plan for the coming
decades.
The question cannot be evaded for long now. Status
quoism will only add fire to the higher castes'
campaign and the backward classes' insecurities.
And a combination of the two can hardly promise
good news in years to come.
- with Ramesh Menon in Ahmedabad and bureau
reports
159
REFERENCE ARTICLE - 4
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
on the Policy of Reservation to SCs,
STs and OBCs:
Q.1 what is the policy of the Government on reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs?
Ans: Reservation to the SCs. STs and
ORCs in case of direct recruitment on all
India basis by open competition is given
at the rate of 15%, 7.5% and 27%
respectively. In case of direct recruitment
on all India basis otherwise than by open
competition, reserva t ion for SCs. STs
and OBCs is 16.66%, 7.5% and 25.84%
respectively. In case of direct recruitment
to Group C and D posts which normally
attract candidates from a locality or a
region, percentage of reservation for
SCs/STs is generally fixed in proportion
to the population of SCs and STs in
the respective States/UTs. For OBCs it is
fixed keeping in view the proportion of
160
their population in the concerned
State/UT and the fact that total
reservation for SCs/STs/OBCs remains
within the limit of 50% and reservation for
OBCs remains within the limit of 27%.
Reservation in promotion by
non-selection method is available to
SCs and the STs in all groups of services
viz. A . B. C and D at the rate of 15% and
7.5% respectively. In case of
p r o m o t i o n by selection method
reservation is available upto the lowest
rung of Group “ A” at the same rates. In
promotion by selection to posts within
Group “A ” which carry an ultimate salary
of Rs. 18,300/- or less (in pre-revised
scale). there is no reservation, but the
Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe officers
who are senior enough in the zone of
consideration for promotion so as to
be within the number of vacancies for
which the select list is to be drawn up,
would be included in that list provided
they are not considered unlit for
promotion.
161
Q.2 What are the key provisions of
Reservation Policy?
Ans: Following are the key
provisions of Policy of
Reservation for SCs, STs and
OBCs:
(i) SCs/ STs get reservation i n all
groups of posts under the
Government in case of direct
recruitment and in case of
promotions made by
non-selection method. In case
of promotions made by selection,
reservation is available to them
when promotions are made in
Group B, C, D posts and from
Group B to the lowest rung in
Group 'A' p o s t .
(ii) SC/ST/OB8C candidates
appointed by direct recruitment
and SC/ST candidates also
promoted on their own merit are
adjusted against unreserved
posts.
(iii) In promotion by selection to posts
within Group ·A' which
Carry an ultimate salary of
Rs.18.300/- or less (pre-revised),
162
there is no reservation, but the
Scheduled Caste/Scheduled
Tribe officers who are senior
enough in the zone or
consideration fo r promotion so
as to be within the number of
vacancies f o r which the select
list is to be drawn up, would be
included in that list provided they
are not considered unfit for
promotion.
(iv) There is a general ban on
dereservation of posts in case of
direct recruitment.
(v) In case of direct recruitment
various relaxations. Like
relaxations in age limit by
5 years: exemption f rom
payment of
examination/application fees:
relaxation in qualification of
experience at the discretion of
UPSC/competent authority;
relaxation in standard of
suitability etc. are available to
members of SCs and STs.
(vi) In case of direct recruitment.
OBCs get relaxation o f 3 years
in upper age limit, relaxation in
standards of suitability, etc.
163
(vii) In case of promotion. zone of
consideration is extended upto
five times the number of
vacancies in case suitable
candidates are not available
within normal zone of
consideration: minimum
qualifying marks/ standards of
evaluation are relaxable; upper
age limit is relaxable by five years
where upper age limit for
promotion i s prescribed not more
than 50 years.
(viii) There is a provision of
appointment of liaison officers
in all Ministries/Departments to
ensure proper implementation
of reservation policy.
164
Q. 3: What are the relaxations
available to SCs/ STs?
Ans: The relaxations that are
available for the SCs and STs i n
direct recruitment are as follows: -
a) Relaxation in the upper age limit by
f ive years;
b) Exemption from payment of
examination/application fees;
c) Where interview is a part of the
recruitment process, SC I ST
candidates should be interviewed
separately;
d) Qualification regarding experience
can be relaxed in respect of SC IST
candidates at the discretion of UPSC/
Competent Authority;
165
e) Standards of suitability can be
relaxed etc.
The relaxations that are available
for the SCs I STs i n promotions are
as follows:-
a) The zone of consideration is
extended to f ive times the number of
vacancies in case suitable SC I ST
candidates are not available within
the normal zone of consideration;
b) Minimum qual i f ying marks I
standards of evaluation are
relaxable;
c) Upper age limit relaxable by f ive
years where upper age limit for
promotion is prescribed not
exceeding fifty years. Etc.;
166
Q.4. What are the relaxations
available to OBCs?
Ans: Relaxations available to
OBCs in direct recruitment are as
follows: (i) Relaxation in the upper
age limit by 3 years.
(ii) Qualification regarding
experience can be relaxed at
the discretion of Competent
Authority.
(iii) Standards of suitability can be
relaxed, etc.
Q:5 Who is an own merit candidate?
Ans: A candidate belonging to
SC/ST/OBC who is selected on the
same standard as applied to general
category candidates and who appears
in the general merit l ist is treated as
own merit candidate. Such candidate
is adjusted against unreserved point of
the reservation roster. Department of
Personnel and Training
O.M.No.36011/1/98-Estt (Res) dated
1-7-1998 clarifies that only such
167
SC/ST/OBC candidates who are
selected on the same standard as
applied to general candidates shall
not be adjusted against reserved
vacancies. In other words, when a
relaxed standard is applied in selecting
an SC/ST/OBC candidate, for example
in the age limit, experience
qualification, permitted number of
chances in written examination,
extended zone of consideration larger
than what is provided for general
category candidates, etc. the
SC/ST/OBC candidates are to be
counted against reserved vacancies.
Such candidates would be deemed to
be unavailable for consideration
against unreserved vacancies.
168
Q.6. What is the Difference between
post based reservation and
vacancy based reservation ? What is the difference between post based reservation and vacancy based reservation?
Ans: Reservation to SCs. STs And
OBCs prior to 2.07.1997
Was implemented through vacancy
based rosters in which case
calculation of reserved vacancies
depended on the total number of
vacancies to be filled. The Supreme
Court in the case of R.K. Sabharwal
he ld that reservation in a cadre should
be calculated on the basis of total
number of posts in the cadre and not
the vacancies. It means that if
reservation for SCs is 15% and cadre
strength in a grade is I00, 15 posts will
be reserved for SCs i.e. at any point of
time 15 posts in this cadre should be
held by SCs appointed by reservation.
Whenever their representation comes
down, it would be completed.
169
Q.7. What is a Backlog vacancy and
why are so many backlog vacancies in
services?
Ans: Backlog Revered Vacancies of a
category are those vacancies which were
earmarked reserved for that category in
and earlier recruitment year but remained
unfilled in the previous recruitment attempt
on account of non availability of suitable
candidatesbelonging to that category
and are still lying unfilled.
As per instructions issued by the
DoP&T, if sufficient number of suitable SCs,
STs and OBC candidates do not become
available to fill up the vacancies reserved
for them in the first attempt of recruitment,
a second attempt is made for recruiting
suitable candidates belonging to the
concerned category in the same
recruitment year or as early as possible
before the next recruitment year so that
backlog reserved vacancies are not
created. However, even after making such
efforts the reserved vacancies are not filled
up and backlog vacancies are created
170
which are carried forward to the
subsequent recruitment year, in which
concerted efforts are made to fill up the
backlog reserved vacancies as soon as
possible.
It may be observed that reason of
creation of backlog reserved vacancy is
non-availability of reserved category
candidates for some posts.
Q, 8. Whether the ceiling of 50%
reservation would apply to backlog
reserved vacancies of SCs, STs and
OBCs.
Ans. Backlog reserved vacancies are
treated as special and distinct group and
ceiling of 50% reservation in a
recruitment year does not apply to backlog
reserved vacancies.
Q.9. What is the policy of
Government about appointment of
less qualified SCs, STs and OBCs
candidates?
Ans: Instructions provide that in direct
recruitment whether by examination or
171
otherwise, if sufficient number of
Scheduled Caste candidates are not
available on the basis of the general
standard to fill all the vacancies reserved
for them, candidates belonging to this
community should be selected to fill up the
remaining vacancies reserved for them
provided they are not found unfit for such
post or posts. Thus, to the extent the
number of vacancies reserved for
Scheduled Castes cannot be filled on
the basis of general standard, candidate
belonging to SC community are taken by
relaxed standard to make up the
deficiency in the reserved quota, subject
to the fitness of these candidates for
appointment to the post/ posts in question.
In addition to the concession
referred to above, instructions further
provide that in cases where the requisite
number of SC candidates fulfilling even
the relaxed standards admissible in their
cases are not available to fill the
vacancies reserved for them in
non-technical and quasi-technical Group
C and D services/posts required to be
172
flled by direct recruitment otherwise than
by written examination, the selecting
authorities should to the extent of the
vacancies reserved for SC. select for
appointment the best among the SC
candidates who fulfill the minimum
educational qualification laid down in the
notice for recruitment of advertisement.
In order to bring such candidates to the
minimum standard necessary for the posts
and for the maintenance of efficiency of
administration, they should be given
in-service training.
Where some period of experience
is prescribed as an essential qualification
for direct recruitment to a post, an where,
in the opinion of the Ministry/
Department concerned, the relaxation of
the experience qualification is not
inconsistent with efficiency, a provision
is inserted under the "essential
qualification'' in the relevant recruitment
rules to the effect that UPSC/ Competent
Authority may relaxed the
experience/qualification in the case of
SC/ST/OBC candidates.
173
Q.1O. Why there is no reservation in
case of promotion within Group A?
Ans: Reservation to SCs and STs is
available at all levels in the matter of
promotion by non-selection method. In
case of promotion by selection, they get
reservation up to the lowest rung of
Group 'A'. Though there is no reservation
in promotion by selection within Group A,
in case of promotion by selection from a
Group 'A' post to another Group 'A' post
having a maximum salary of Rs.l8,300/-
or less (in pre-revised scale), the
Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe officers
who are senior enough in the zone of
consideration for promotion so as to be
within the number of vacancies for which
the select list is to be drawn up, are
included in that list provided they are not
considered unfit for promotion. Thus
sufficient care is taken to ensure that the
SC/ST officers get promotion to such
higher posts even if they do not meet the
criterion laid down for general category
candidates.
174
The Supreme Court in lndra
Sawhney's case had declared
reservation in promotion ultra virus.
However, in order to continue
reservation in promotion, the 77th
Amendment was made to the Constitution
incorporating clause (4A) in Article 16 of
the Constitution which enabled the State
to continue reservation in promotion.
The statement of Objects and Reasons of
the Constitution (Eight-Sixth Amendment)
Bill which became the Constitution (77th
Amendment) Act, stated that the object
was to continue the then existing
dispensation. Since reservation in
promotion was not available when
promotions were made by selection within
Group “A” posts even before the judgment
of the Supreme Court in lndra Sawhney
case, the Department's O.M. dated
August 13, 1997 issued in pursuance of
Article 16 (4A) has restored the previously
existing dispensation, which did not
provide for reservation in promotion by
selection within Group ·A· posts.
175
Q.11 What is the objective behind the
issuance of caste certificates to
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes?
Ans. The main objective of issuance or
caste certificate is to facilitate access of
bonafide candidates belonging tothe
Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribe and
Other Backward Class to the reserved
posts and services under the State and
other facilities provided by the State to
them.
Q.12 Whether the Government have
achieved the objective behind the
issue of caste certificate?
Ans. On the basis of caste certificates,
large number of reserved category
candidates have been able to secure
employment i n Government
establishments, PSUs, Banks,
autonomous bodies etc.; secure
admissions to educational institutions; and
get other facilities provided by the
Government to the members of
176
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes
and Other Backward Classes.
Q.13. What is the procedure for
issuing of Scheduled
Caste/Scheduled Tribe/Other
Backward Class certificates? Who
is the competent authority to issue the
same? Is any other authority other
than specified, in any circumstances
allowed to issue such certificates. If so,
elaborate.
Ans. The instructions contained in this
Department's OM No.36012/6/88- Estt.
(Res.) dated 24.4.90 and OM
No.36012/22/93_Estt.(Res.)
dated15.11.1993 provide the Authorities
who are competent to issue of caste
certificates and also the proforma However,
the Central Government accepts the
certificates issued only by the following
authorities in the prescribed proforma:
(1) District Megistrate/Additional District
Megistrate/ Collector/Deputy
Commissioner/Additional Deputy
177
Commissioner/Deputy Collector/1st Class
stipendiary Magistrate/Sub Divisional
Magistrate/Taluka Magistrate/Executive
Magistrate/Extra Assistant Commissioner.
(2) Chief Presidency Magistrate/Additional
Chief Presidency Magistrate/Presidency
Magistrate.
(3) Revenue Officer not below the rank of
Tehsildar and
(4) Sub-Divisional Officer of the area
where the candidate and /or his family
normally resides.
Q.14. What are the guidelines that
have been issued to the appointing
authorities in regard to scrutiny and
verification of caste certificates of
candidates at the time of their entry
into Government service? Whether
the present guidelines on the subject
are fool proof so that genuine SC/ST
are not deprived of their Constitutional
rights.
178
h Ans. The Government of India has issued
instructions regarding scrutiny and
verification of the caste certificates of the
candidates at the time of initial
appointment and at every important
upturn of employee's career. This
Department re-iterated the instructions
vide O.M. No.36011/3/2005-Estt.(Res.)
dated 9th September 2005.
Q.15. What are the guidelines in case
of migration of a reserved category
person from one state to another
State?
Ans. When a person migrates from
the portion of the State in respect of
which his community is Scheduled to
another part of the same State in respect
of which his community is not scheduled,
he will continue to be deemed to be a
member of the Scheduled Caste or the
Scheduled Tribe or the Other Backward
Class, as the case may be in relation to
that State;
179
When a person who is a member
from one State to another, he can claim to
belong to a Scheduled Caste or a
Scheduled Tribe only in relation to the
State to which he originally belonged and
not in respect of the State to which he has
migrated.
Q.16 What action is taken when
complaints are received about the
genuineness of caste certificate once
the appointments have been given or
on detection of a prima facie case of
a false SC/ST certificate at any stage
of employment? Is there a set
procedure to be followed for
punishing such an employee?
Ans. The instructions contained in The
Department of Personnel & Training's
O.M.No.1101217/91-Estt. (A) dated
19-5-93 provide that wherever it is found
that a Government servant, who was
not qualified or eligible in terms of the
recruitment rules etc. for initial recruitment
in service or had furnished false
information or produced a false certificate
180
in order to secure appointment, he should
not be retained in service. If he is a
probationer or a temporary
Government servant, he should be
discharged or his services should be
terminated. If he has become a
permanent Govt. Servant, an inquiry as
prescribed in Rule 14 of CCS (CCA)
Rules, 1965 may be held and if the
charges are proved, the Government
servant should be removed or dismissed
from service. In no circumstances should
any other penalty be imposed. Necessary
action may also be taken under the
provisions of the IPC for production of
false certificates.
Q.17. What is 'Creamy Layer' amongst
OBCs?
Ans.The Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney
case has upheld 27% reservation for
OBCs in civil posts and services under
the State subject to exclusion of socially
advanced persons/ sections (creamy
layer) from OBCs within 4 months form the
181
date of judgment.
2. Following the above judgment of the
Supreme Court, the Government had
constituted an Expert Committee to make
recommendations on the socio economic
criteria to be adopted for excluding the
creamy layer amongst OBCs. The report
of the Expert Committee was considered
and accepted by the Government and the
categories of the persons/ selections to be
excluded from the purview of reservation
orders for OBCs were notified in the
Schedule to the OM dated 8.9.1993
issued by this Department. Initially, the
Income limit of 'creamy layer' vide the
aforesaid O.M. for exclusion of reservation
was fixed Rs. 1 Lakh.
3. Last time, this income ceiling was
revised from Rs.2.5 lakh to 4.5 lakh vide
OM No.36033/3/2004-Estt.(Res.) on
14.10.2008.
182
Q.18. What is the criteria to determine
the 'creamy layer' amongst OBCs
Employees working in PSUs?
Ans. The criteria prescribed for determining
creamy layer status of some and daughters
of persons in Government service mutatis
mutandis applies to the sonsand daughters
of persons holding equivalent or
comparable posts in PSUs, Banks,
Insurance Organizations, Universities etc.
and also holding equivalent or comparable
posts and positionsunder private
employment. The creamy layer status of
the sons and daughters of employees of
organizations where evaluation of the
posts on equivalent or comparable basis
has not been made is determined on
the basis of 'Income/Wealth Test' given in
the Schedule. The income/ wealth Test
prescribes that the gross annual income
of Rs.4.5 lakh or above or possessing
wealth above the exemption limit as
prescribed in Wealth Tax Act for a period of
three consecutive years would be treated
to fall in creamy layer.
183
REFERENCE ARTICLE - 5
Amendments under Aarticle 368
Article 368 (1) of the Constitution of India grants
constituent power to make formal amendments and
empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution by
way of addition, variation or repeal of any provision
according to the procedure laid down therein, which
is different from the procedure for ordinary
legislation. Article 368 has been amended by the
24th and 42nd Amendments in 1971 and 1976
respectively. The following is the full text of Article
368 of the Constitution, which governs constitutional
amendments. New clauses 368 (1) and 386 (3) were
added by the 24th Amendment in 1971, which also
added a new clause (4) in article 13 which reads,
"Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment
of this Constitution made under article 368." The
provisions in italics were inserted by the 42nd
Amendment, but were later declared
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Minerva
Mills v. Union of India in 1980. After the 24th
amendment, Article 4(2), etc. of the constitution are
superseded/made void by article 368 (1) which is
184
the only procedure for amending the constitution
however marginal may be the nature of the
amendment. Supreme court ruled that the
constituent power under article 368 must be
exercised by the Parliament in the prescribed
manner and can not be exercised under the
legislative powers of the Parliament.
368. Power of Parliament to amend the
Constitution and Procedure therefor:
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution, Parliament may in exercise of
its constituent power amend by way of
addition, variation or repeal any provision of
this Constitution in accordance with the
procedure laid down in this article.
(2) An amendment of this Constitution may
be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill
for the purpose in either House of Parliament,
and when the Bill is passed in each House by
a majority of the total membership of that
House and by a majority of not less than
two-thirds of the members of that House
present and voting, it shall be presented to
the President who shall give his assent to the
Bill and thereupon the Constitution shall
stand amended in accordance with the terms
of the Bill:
Provided that if such amendment seeks to
make any change in –
185
(a) article 54, article 55, article 73, article 162
or article 241, or
(b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI,
or Chapter I of Part XI, or
(c) any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule,
or
(d) the representation of States in
Parliament, or
(e) the provisions of this article,
the amendment shall also require to be
ratified by the Legislatures of not less than
one-half of the States by resolutions to that
effect passed by those Legislatures before
the Bill making provision for such amendment
is presented to the President for assent.
(3) Nothing in article 13 shall apply to any
amendment made under this article.
(4) No amendment of this Constitution
(including the provisions of Part III) made or
purporting to have been made under this
article whether before or after the
commencement of section 55 of the
Constitution (Fortysecond Amendment) Act,
1976 shall be called in question in any court
on any ground.
(5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby
declared that there shall be no limitation
whatever on the constituent power of
Parliament to amend by way of addition,
186
variation or repeal the provisions of this
Constitution under this article.
As per the procedure laid out by article
368 for amendment of the Constitution, an
amendment can be initiated only by the
introduction of a Bill in either House of
Parliament. The Bill must then be passed in
each House by a majority of the total
membership of that House and by a majority
of not less than two-thirds of the members of
that House present and voting. There is no
provision for a joint sitting in case of
disagreement between the two Houses. Total
membership in this context has been defined
to mean the total number of members
comprising the House irrespective of any
vacancies or absentees on any account vide
Explanation to Rule 159 of the Rules of
Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok
Sabha.
The Bill, passed by the required
majority, is then presented to the President
who shall give his assent to the Bill. If the
amendment seeks to make any change in
any of the provisions mentioned in the
proviso to article 368, it must be ratified by
the Legislatures of not less than one-half of
187
the States. These provisions relate to certain
matters concerning the federal structure or of
common interest to both the Union and the
States viz., the election of the President
(articles 54 and 55); the extent of the
executive power of the Union and the States
(articles 73 and 162); the High Courts for
Union territories (article 241); The Union
Judiciary and the High Courts in the States
(Chapter IV of Part V and Chapter V of Part
VI); the distribution of legislative powers
between the Union and the States (Chapter I
of Part XI and Seventh Schedule); the
representation of States in Parliament; and
the provision for amendment of the
Constitution laid down in article 368.
Ratification is done by a resolution passed by
the State Legislatures. There is no specific
time limit for the ratification of an amending
Bill by the State Legislatures. However, the
resolutions ratifying the proposed
amendment must be passed before the
amending Bill is presented to the President
for his assent.
188
Rules of Procedure in Parliament
Further information: Lawmaking procedure in India
Article 368 does not specify the legislative
procedure to be followed at various stages of
enacting an amendment. There are gaps in the
procedure as to how and after what notice a Bill is to
be introduced, how it is to be passed by each House
and how the President's assent is to be obtained.
This point was decided by the Supreme Court
in Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (AIR
1951 SC 458). Delivering the judgment, Patanjali
Sastri J. observed, "Having provided for the
constitution of a Parliament and prescribed a certain
procedure for the conduct of its ordinary legislative
business to be supplemented by rules made by
each House (article 118), the makers of the
Constitution must be taken to have intended
Parliament to follow that procedure, so far as it may
be applicable consistently with the express
provisions of article 368, when they entrusted to it
power of amending the Constitution." Hence, barring
the requirements of special majority, ratification by
the State Legislatures in certain cases, and the
mandatory assent by the President, a Bill for
amending the Constitution is dealt with the
Parliament following the same legislative process as
applicable to an ordinary piece of legislation. The
Rules of the House in the Rajya Sabha do not
189
contain special provisions with regard to Bills for the
amendment of the Constitution and the Rules
relating to ordinary Bills apply, subject to the
requirements of article 368.
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business
make certain specific provisions regarding
amendment bills in the Lok Sabha. They relate to
the voting procedure in the House at various stages
of such Bills, in the light of the requirements of
article 368; and the procedure before introduction
in the case of such Bills, if sponsored by Private
Members. Although the "special majority", required
by article 368 is prima facie applicable only to the
voting at the final stage, the Lok Sabha Rules
prescribe adherence to this constitutional
requirement at all the effective stages of the Bill,
i.e., for adoption of the motion that the Bill be taken
into consideration; that the Bill as reported by the
Select/Joint Committee be taken into
consideration, in case a Bill has been referred to a
Committee; for adoption of each clause or schedule
or clause or schedule as amended, of a Bill; or that
the Bill or the Bill as amended, as the case may be,
be passed.
This provision was arrived at after consultation with
the Attorney-General and detailed discussions in the
Rules Committee. It has been described as
190
"evidently ex abundanti cautela", a Latin phrase,
which in law, describes someone taking precautions
against a very remote contingency. By strictly
adhering to article 368, the provision is intended to
ensure the validity of the procedure adopted, but
also guard against the possibility of violation of the
spirit and scheme of that article 29 by the
consideration of a Bill seeking to amend the
Constitution including its consideration clause by
clause being concluded in the House with only the
bare quorum present. Voting at all the above stages
is by division. However, the Speaker may, with the
concurrence of the House, put any group of clauses
or schedules together to the vote of the House,
provided that the Speaker will permit any of the
clauses or schedules be put separately, if any
member requests that. The Short Title, Enacting
Formula and the Long Title are adopted by a simple
majority. The adoption of amendments to clauses or
schedules of the Bill, requires a majority of members
present and voting in the same manner as in the
case of any other Bill.
Private Members' Bills
A Bill for amendment of the Constitution by a Private
Member is governed by the rules applicable to
Private Members' Bills in general. The period of one
month's notice applies to such a Bill also. In addition,
191
in Lok Sabha, such a Bill has to be examined and
recommended by the Committee on Private
Members’ Bills before it is included in the List of
Business. The Committee has laid down the
following principles as guiding criteria in making
their recommendations in regard to these Bills:
"(i) The Constitution should be considered as a
sacred document — a document which should not
be lightly interfered with and it should be amended
only when it is found absolutely necessary to do so.
Such amendments may generally be brought
forward when it is found that the interpretation of the
various articles and provisions of the Constitution
has not been in accordance with the intention
behind such provisions and cases of lacunae or
glaring inconsistencies have come to light. Such
amendments should, however, normally be brought
by the Government after considering the matter in all
its aspects and consulting experts, and taking such
other advice as they may deem fit.
(ii) Some time should elapse before a proper
assessment of the working of the Constitution and
its general effect is made so that any amendments
that may be necessary are suggested as a result of
sufficient experience.
(iii) Generally speaking, notice of Bills from Private
Members should be examined in the background of
the proposal or measures which the Government
192
may be considering at the time so that consolidated
proposals are brought forward before the House by
the Government after collecting sufficient material
and taking expert advice.
(iv) Whenever a Private Member’s Bill raises issues
of far-reaching importance and public interest, the
Bill might be allowed to be introduced so that public
opinion is ascertained and gauged to enable the
House to consider the matter further. In determining
whether a matter is of sufficient public importance, it
should be examined whether the particular
provisions in the Constitution are adequate to satisfy
the current ideas and public demand at the time. In
other words, the Constitution should be adapted to
the current needs and demands of the progressive
society and any rigidity which may impede progress
should be avoided.”
193
REFERENCE ARTICLE - 6
Written by Parimal Dabhi | Ahmedabad | Updated: August 27, 2015
2:47 am
Patidar community leader Hardik Patel leading a
rally for reservation in Ahmedabad. (Source: PTI)
In all the caste-based politics Gujarat has seen
since it became a state in 1960, the Patels or
Patidars have been the most dominant community.
“Caste has always remained a pivotal force behind
Gujarat politics. Since Sardar Patel was a prominent
leader in the Freedom Struggle, the Patel
community has remained influential,” said
Ahmedabad-based historian Achyut Yagnik.
The Patels formed the first political grouping with
Swatantra Paksh. Bhailal Patel brought together the
Patidars (Pa) and the Kshatriyas (Ksh) as a vote
bank that won them 60-odd seats in the assembly in
1967.
The shrinking, the rage Patels and the neo-middle class syndrome What do the Patidars really want? Why are crowds in Gujarat lining up to listen to Hardik
Patel, 21
194
Fight is ‘against the system’, says the 21-year-old
leading Patidar stir
The Patel prize: up for grabs,no clue so far The shrinking, the rage Patels and the neo-middle class syndrome What do the Patidars really want? Why are crowds in Gujarat lining up to listen to Hardik
Patel, 21
Fight is ‘against the system’, says the 21-year-old
leading Patidar stir
The Patel prize: up for grabs,no clue so far The shrinking, the rage Patels and the neo-middle class syndrome What do the Patidars really want? Why are crowds in Gujarat lining up to listen to Hardik
Patel, 21
Fight is ‘against the system’, says the 21-year-old
leading Patidar stir
The Patel prize: up for grabs,no clue so far
“It mobilised Patidar votes along with those of
Rajputs, Thakors and Koli Patels by systematically
making the Thakors and Koli Patels believe they are
Kshatriyas… The Patidars alone did not have the
number power to wield any political influence then.”
195
The caste factor came into play again in the
mid-1970s when then Congress chief minister
Madhavsinh Solanki, himself an OBC, introduced
OBC reservation. A commission included 86
communities; the OBC list today has 146.
In 1981, Solanki went about further caste-based
political engineering without the Patidars. He
introduced what is known as the Kham
(Kshatriya-Harijan-Adivasi-Muslim) theory and
brought these four communities together. Veteran
Congressman Jhinabhai Darji was the chief
architect of the theory, which helped Solanki win 156
196
assembly seats. The Patidars found themselves
isolated for the first time, with not one of them a
minister in Solanki’s cabinet.
This was also the period when Gujarat witnessed
two major anti-reservation movements by the
Patidars, leading to rioting, said sociologist Gaurang
Jani. “In 1981, the riots were against the Scheduled
Castes, and in 1985, it was against the OBCs. So, in
those five years, more than half the population of
Gujarat — SCs and OBCs — saw a movement
against them by the upper castes led by the
Patidars. The 1985 anti-reservation movement
ultimately uprooted the Congress government. The
Patidars sided with the BJP and it gradually saw the
rise of the party. This was also the time when
probably the Hindutva card was slowly tossed by the
BJP to counter the Kham effect. And backward
communities were brought to the BJP fold in the
name of Hindutva.”
The BJP came to power in 1995 and Keshubhai
Patel became chief minister. Since then, it has been
in power barring a couple of years when
Shankersinh Vaghela broke away. After
Keshubhai’s second term as chief minister, the BJP
brought in Narendra Modi to arrest the erosion of its
support base in 2001. The assembly elections of
December 2002 was probably the only one fought
overtly on communal lines.
197
All through BJP rule in Gujarat since 1995, the
Patidars have remained the backbone of the BJP.
Jani said, “The BJP model of development in
Gujarat is at core a development model of Patidars.
In this development model, the community that has
remained most marginalised is tribal.”
Alpesh Thakor, an OBC leader who has opened a
front against the Patidar agitation, said, “The caste
factor has always been there in Gujarat and after
this unconstitutional demand of the Patidars, I don’t
think it is fading away in the near future. In this
Patidar agitation, the master has come out to take
the rights of the slave. But, it will bring together
maginalised communities.”
- See more at:
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/th
e-fixed-centre-around-which-gujarat-caste-politics-r
evolves/#sthash.tutPftZj.dpuf
198
Link of KHAM Theory
KHAM theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHAM_theory
KHAM stands for Kshatriya, Harijan, Adivasi and
Muslim. The theory was propounded by
Madhavsinh Solanki in 1980s in Gujarat to create
vote bank for Indian ...
Kham theory of Congress for Gujarat 9283908
www.jagran.com/.../national-kham-theory-of-congress...
Jul 27, 2013 - The final degeneracy started with
the KHAM theory of Madhav Sinh Solanki where
the arithmetical formula of the sum total of the
votes of ...
KHAM theory - awesomely interesting facts, images & videos
sussle.org/t/KHAM_theory
199
લેખકનો પરિચય:
શ્રી િોરિત પટેલ લોકનેતા તિીકે કાયયિત છે. તેઓ
આણદંના ધાિાસભ્ય તિીકે પોતાની ઉત્કૃષ્ટ નેતાગીિી અને
સમાજસેવાનો પરિચય આપી િહ્ા ં છે. તેઓ ભાિતીય જનતા
પાટીના એક આદર્ય નેતા અને નનષ્ઠાવાન કાયયકતાય છે. ‘નમલ્સેંટ’,
‘માકય ’, ‘મેગ્નેટો’ જેવી કંપનીની ધિુા સભંાળીને એક સફળ
ઉદ્યોગપનત તિીકે નામના મેળવી છે.
તેમની મીલ્સેંટ કંપનીને Best MSME એવોર્ય પ્રાપ્ત થયો છે.
તથા યિુોપનો પ્રખ્યાત C.E. Mark પણ મેળવ્યો છે. તેમની
વેપાિિીનત અને નીનતને કાિણે ઘિઘટંીનુ ંબજાિ છેક જાપાન સધુી
નવસ્તયુું છે. તેમણે નર્ક્ષણ, સમાજ અને સસં્કૃનત માટે નવનવધ
સસં્થાઓને ઘણી આનથિક સિાય કિી છે.
શ્રી િોરિતભાઈ એવા નેતા છે જે સતત સમાજ અને દેર્ માટે
ચચિંતા અને ચચિંતન કિી િહ્ા છે. એ ચચિંતા અને ચચિંતનના ભાગરૂપે
તેઓનુ ંઆ પસુ્તક “અનામતના આટાપાટા અને ઊંર્ાણ’ પ્રસ્તતુ
200
થઈ િહ્ુ ં છે. સામાજજક ન્યાય, જનકલ્યાણ અને લોકદ્રષ્ષ્ટના
પરિપાકરૂપ આ પસુ્તક તેમણે દેર્ના સમસ્ત જનસમદુાયને
અનામત અંગેની યોગ્ય મારિતી મળે તે અચભગમથી પ્રસ્તતુ કયુું
છે. “વાચંો, નવચાિો, સમજો અને સમજાવો” એ એમની અપેક્ષા છે.
- ર્ૉ. િિીર્ પાિેખ
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