Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources
Vol. 1 (2), June 2010, pp. 236-242
Anthocyanin content of spray Chrysanthemum cultivars under polyhouse and open
field conditions
Subhendu S Gantait1* and P Pal
2
1Department of Floriculture, Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Horticulture,
Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar-736 165, West Bengal, India 2Department of Floriculture & Landscaping, Faculty of Horticulture,
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741 252, West Bengal
Received 30 September 2008; Accepted 15 June 2009
Fifteen spray Chrysanthemum cultivars were grown under polyhouse and open field condition during winter seasons of
2004-2005 to estimate anthocyanin in flower tepals of the cultivars. The anthocyanin was estimated (mg/100g of tepals)
from freshly harvested flower tepals that were collected at 5 days interval from flower opening to flower colour fading stage.
The results indicated that the anthocyanin content of flower tissues of spray chrysanthemum cultivars was non-significantly
more in polyhouse condition as compared to open field, whereas those cultivars which produced mostly whitish coloured
flower, viz. ‘Sarad Mala’, ‘White Anemone’, ‘Kelvin Brisk’ and ‘Lokenath’ showed more anthocyanin in open field. The
cultivars ‘Tata Red’, ‘Red Gold’, ‘Arati’, ‘Apsara Violet’ and ‘Jaya’ has been screened out as high anthocyanin content
cultivars and these may be used to exploit for extraction of anthocyanin as organic colour of plant origin.
Keywords: Anthocyanin, Spray Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Polyhouse, Open field conditions
IPC code; Int. cl.8 A01G 9/00, A23L 1/27
Introduction Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium
Ramat.) belonging to the family Asteraceae is a
popular commercial flower as well as pot mum and it
ranks second to rose among the top ten cut flowers in
the world trade of flower crops1. Among the two types
of chrysanthemum, viz. standard and spray types, the
spray chrysanthemums have genetic potentiality to
produce numerous numbers of flowers in a plant. The
wide variation exhibited by its large number of
cultivars in respect to colour and shape of blooms
ranks chrysanthemum suitable to exploit for
extraction of anthocyanin as a source of colour of
plant origin. Red through purple to blue flower
colours are all caused by anthocyanins. Anthocyanins
are water soluble strong colours and have been used
to colour food since historical times. In practice the
pure colours are very hard to obtain and most often
crude extracts are used as colour for different
purpose2. The tepals of spray type chrysanthemum
cultivars are good source of anthocyanin since those
produce large number of flowers in a single plant with
wide variations of flower colour. Many experiments
on different aspects of chrysanthemum have been
undertaken till date but there is lack of information on
total anthocyanin content of flower tepals of
chrysanthemums in polyhouse and open field.
In view of the above an experiment was undertaken
by estimating total anthocyanin in tepals of fifteen
spray chrysanthemum cultivars individually growing
under polyhouse and open field condition to meet up
the following objectives: (i) to estimate the total
anthocyanin content and their variation according to
cultivars in polyhouse and open field; (ii) to compare
polyhouse and open field in respect of anthocyanin
content of cultivars; and (iii) to assess the trend of
periodical changes in anthocyanin content in tepals of
spray chrysanthemum cultivars
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at Horticultural
Research Station, Mondouri under Bidhan Chandra
Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India
during winter seasons of 2004-2005 growing 15 spray
chrysanthemum cultivars, viz. ‘Amal’, ‘Sarad Mala’,
‘Kundan’, ‘Kelvin Victory’, ‘Nanako’, ‘Red Gold’,
‘Kelvin Brisk’, ‘Tata Red’, ‘Arati’, ‘Jaya’, ‘Yellow
Anemone’, ‘White Anemone’, ‘Aditi’, ‘Lokenath’ and
‘Apsara Violet’ each under polyhouse and open field
(Plate 1). The site of the experiment is located at 23o N,
83o E and 9.75 m altitude from mean sea level. The
________________
*Correspondent author:
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
GANTAIT & PAL: ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT SPRAY CHRYSANTHEMUM CULTIVARS
237
Plate 1 Various spray Chrysanthemum cultivars
INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2010
238
Soil texture was clay loam having pH 6.8, organic
carbon 0.58, total N 156.8 kg/ha, available P2O5 50.4
kg/ha and available K2O 208.5 kg/ha. The experiment
was conducted in Factorial Randomized Block Design
with three replications. The fifteen cultivars were
planted each of them on 30th July in polyhouse and
open field separately. Individual plot size was 1× 1 m
and plants were transplanted at spacing 25 × 25 cm.
Each plot was received with the recommended dose of
fertilizer of N:P:K @ 20:10:10 g/m2 and FYM 5 kg/m
2.
All the agronomic practices were followed to raise a
good crop. The anthocyanin was estimated according
to Thimm-aiah3 from freshly harvested flower tepals
that were collected at 5 days interval from flower
opening to flower colour fading stage stated as H1, H2,
H3, H4, H5 and H6 indicating first harvesting followed
by second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth harvesting of
flowers, respectively.
The replicated data on estimated anthocyanin each
for polyhouse and open field for the cultivars were
subjected to statistical analysis following Panse and
Sukhatme4.
Results and Discussion
The analysis of variance (Table 1) revealed that there
were highly significant differences among the
anthocyanin content in flower tepals of the cultivars. The
perusal of result presented in Table 2 and Figs 1-15
revealed that the anthocyanin content in flower tepals of
spray chrysanthemum cultivars were found to be non-
significantly higher in polyhouse condition as compare
to open field, whereas the cultivars produced mostly
whitish coloured flower, viz. ‘Sarad Mala’, ‘Kelvin
Brisk’, ‘White Anemone’, ‘Apsara Violet’ and ‘Aditi’
showed more anthocyanin in open field. As indicated in
Table 2 the anthocyanin content in flowers of cultivars
both in polyhouse and open field condition and their
mean varied significantly. The anthocyanin content in
tepals of flower was noticed to be significantly
maximum in cv. ‘Tata Red’ with records of 19.95, 19.24
and 19.60 mg in polyhouse, open field and their mean,
respectively, which was at par with the records of cv.
‘Red Gold’. Whereas significantly lowest amount of
anthocyanin in flower tepals was found in cv. ‘Kelvin
Brisk’ showing 0.50, 0.56 and 0.53 mg anthocyanin in
polyhouse, open field and their mean, respectively.
From the perusal of data regarding maximum
anthocyanin content in tepals of the cultivars regardless
of the growing conditions in the experiment has been
classified into four groups presented accordingly in
Table 3.
In the cultivars ‘Amal’, ‘Kundan’, ‘Kelvin
Victory’, ‘Tata Red’, ‘Arati’ and ‘Apsara Violet’
anthocyanin concentration in flower tepals were
found to be maximum mainly after 15 days of flower
opening both in polyhouse and open field condition
(Figs 1-15). There were some cultivars viz. ‘Red Gold’,
‘Yellow Anemone’, ‘White Anemone’ and ‘Aditi’
Table 1 Statistical analysis for anthocyanin content of different
cultivars under polyhouse and open field (ANOVA for characters)
Source of
Variations
df Sum of
Squares
Mean Squares F Ratio
Replicates 2 0.719461 0.359730 0.13
Env 1 11.620840 11.620840 4.30
Cv 14 2014.634913 143.902494 53.20
Env × Cv 14 1495.130382 106.795027 39.48
Error 58 156.873340 2.704713
Total 89 3678.978760 41.336840
df: degree of freedom, F Ratio: Fisher’s Ratio, Env: Environment,
Cv: Cultivar
Table 2 Anthocyanin content of different cultivars under
polyhouse and open field
Environments Cultivar
Polyhouse (Env. 1) Open field (Env. 2) Mean
‘Aditi’ 4.07 4.12 4.10
‘Amal’ 11.65 11.30 11.48
‘Apsara Violet’ 15.88 16.80 16.34
‘Arati’ 18.02 15.63 16.83
‘Jaya’ 15.07 14.20 14.64
‘Kelvin Brisk’ 0.50 0.56 0.53
‘Kelvin Victory’ 5.04 4.37 4.71
‘Kundan’ 4.93 4.73 4.83
‘Lokenath’ 10.18 10.18 10.18
‘Nanako’ 10.99 8.85 9.92
‘Red Gold’ 18.94 18.17 18.56
‘Sarad Mala’ 10.48 10.59 10.56
‘Tata Red’ 19.95 19.24 19.60
‘White Anemone’ 0.56 0.66 0.61
‘Yellow
Anemone’ 3.66 3.56 3.61
S.Em(±) 0.949 0.949 0.671
CD at P=0.05 2.69 2.69 1.90
9.99
9.53
0.245
Env.1 Mean (Polyhouse)
Env.2 Mean (Open Field)
S.Em(±)
CD at P=0.05 N.S.
S.Em: Standard Error Mean; CD: Critical Difference; P:
Probability;
Env.1: Environment 1; Env.2: Environment 2; N.S.: Non-significant
GANTAIT & PAL: ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT SPRAY CHRYSANTHEMUM CULTIVARS
239
INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2010
240
Figs 1-15 Changes in anthocyanin content (mg/100g of tepals) of different spray chrysanthemum cultivars grown under polyshade and
open field condition.
GANTAIT & PAL: ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT SPRAY CHRYSANTHEMUM CULTIVARS
241
noticed maximum anthocyanin in tepals after 15 days
of flower opening in polyhouse condition, whereas
the cultivars ‘Sarad Mala’, ‘White Anemone’ and
‘Aditi’ recorded more anthocyanin during 10 days after
opening of flower in open field condition. The three
cultivars ‘Kelvin Brisk’, ‘Nanako’ and ‘Lokenath’
among the fifteen showed maximum anthocyanin in
their flower tepals at different period, viz. 10, 20 and
25 days after opening of flower, respectively both in
polyhouse and open field condition. In cv. ‘Apsara
Violet’ the anthocyanin concentration was apparently
higher in open field as compare to polyhouse. The
anthocyanin content in that cultivar was found to
increase gradually from the flower opening to onwards
15 days and thereafter that was declined. The same was
observed in cv. ‘Lokenath’ in which anthocyanin was
noticed to start increase apparently more in open field
compare to polyhouse from flower opening and that
rise gradually up to next 25 days and then declined
sharply. There were a number of cultivars ‘Sarad
Mala’, ‘Red Gold’, ‘Kelvin Brisk’, ‘Jaya’, ‘Yellow
Anemone’, ‘White Anemone’ and ‘Aditi’ showed to
produce initially more anthocyanin just from flower
opening to next 10 days onwards apparently in open
field than polyhouse but that declined thereafter more
rapidly in open field as compared to polyhouse. A
similar observation was noticed in cv. ‘Nanako’ in
which anthocyanin concentration in tepals was found to
increase for longer time up to 15 days after flower
opening. In general regardless of growing conditions
the anthocyanin content in flower tepals in most of the
cultivars were found to increase up to the first 15 days
after flower opening and then decreased gradually up
to flower colour fading stage. This may be due to the
reason of genetic make up of the cultivars and also to
some extent due to the effect of the weather variables
like thermal regime and diurnal variations during the
crop growing cycle.
Regardless of the cultivars and growing
environment it was observed that the resolution of
colour of flower looked maximum when anthocyanin
concentration in tepal was maximum. Thereafter,
during declination of anthocyanin in tepals the overall
colour of flower faded gradually from original colour
to purplish then bluish and lastly senescent white. The
total discoloration of flower was found to coincide with
the lowest anthocyanin concentration in flower tepals.
This may also be due to changes in pH of sap of flower
tepals as anthocyanin is strongly water soluble colour
and are strongly pH dependent, when the acidity
changes, the colour changes5. Delgado-Vargas and
Paredes-Lopez6
reported that many anthocyanins are
red at acidic conditions and turn purple to blue at less
acidic to alkaline conditions.
Conclusion
The anthocyanin content in flower tepals of spray
chrysanthemum cultivars were found non-significantly
higher in polyhouse condition as compared to open
field, whereas the cultivars produced mostly whitish
coloured flower, viz. ‘Sarad Mala’, ‘Kelvin Brisk’,
‘White Anemone’, ‘Apsara Violet’ and ‘Aditi’ showed
more anthocyanin content in open field than polyhouse.
The variation in anthocyanin content of flowers tepals
of cultivars was found statistically significant both in
polyhouse and open field conditions. The cultivars
‘Tata Red’, ‘Red Gold’, ‘Arati’, ‘Apsara Violet’ and
‘Jaya’ has been screened out as high anthocyanin
content cultivars and may be used to exploit for
extraction of anthocyanin as organic colour of plant
origin. Regardless of growing conditions the
anthocyanin contents of flower tepals of different
cultivars were in increasing trend during the first 15
days of flower opening and thereafter decreased
gradually up to fading of flower colour mostly 25-30
days after flowering according to the varieties, except
cultivars ‘Nanako’, ‘Kelvin Brisk’ and ‘Lokenath’.
References
1 The International Floriculture Quarterly Report, Pathfast
Publishing 1994, Vol. 5 (1), Essex, UK.
2 Natural Food Colorants, by GAF Hendry and JD Houghton
(Eds), 2nd Edn, 1996, Blackie Academic Press, Glasgow, UK.
Table 3 Different groups of chrysanthemums according to anthocyanin content of cultivars
Very Low Anthocyanin content
(< 1 mg/100g tepals)
Low Anthocyanin content
(1 - 5 mg/100g tepals)
Medium Anthocyanin content
(5 - 15 mg / 100g tepals)
High Anthocyanin content (>15
mg/100g tepals)
‘Kelvin Brisk’ (0.53 mg), ‘White
Anemone’ (0.61 mg)
‘Kundan’ (4.83mg), ‘Aditi’
(4.10mg), ‘Yellow Anemone’
(3.61mg), ‘Kelvin Victory’
(4.71mg)
‘Amal’ (11.48mg), ‘Nanako’
(9.92mg), ‘Sarad Mala’ (10.56mg),
‘Lokenath’ (10.18mg)
‘Tata Red’ (19.60mg), ‘Red Gold’
(18.56mg), ‘Arati’ (16.83mg),
‘Apsara Violet’ (16.34mg), ‘Jaya’
(14.64mg)
Note: The values given in parenthesis after the cultivars indicate maximum anthocyanin content of the respective cultivars
INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2010
242
3 Thimmaiah SR, Pigments, Standard Methods of
Biochemical Analysis, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi,
2004.
4 Panse VG and Sukhatme PV, Statistical Methods for
Agricultural Workers, Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi, India, 1967.
5 Natural Food Colours, Science and Technology, by GS
Lauro and FJ Francis (Eds), IFT Basic Symposium Series
14, Marcel Dkker, 2000.
6 Natural Colorants for Food and Nutraceutical Uses, by F
Delgado-Vargas and O Paredes-Lopez (Eds), CRC Press,
Florida, USA, 2003.