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Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network
(Raksha KavachTM
)
… A Train Collision Prevention System (TCPS)
Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, IRSSE Chief Signal & Telecommunication EngineerKonkan Railway Corporation Limited, India
International Railway Safety Conference Goa 2007
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 2
Coverage
• Why ACD ?
• Expectations from ACD
• What is ‘ACD Network’ ?
• Installation of ACD Network
• Working of ‘ACD Network’
• ACD Implementation in India
ACD Network … A Train Collision Prevention System (TCPS)
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 3
Why Anti-Collision Device (ACD) needed ?
Railway operations today have a ‘limitation’ of ‘single
point’ failure which is built in Driver’s human actions
• At Station – Driver’s failure to either ‘read correct aspect’
or ‘signal itself showing a wrong aspect’ can lead to a
Collision!
• In Mid-section - Driver does not know in ‘advance’ whether –
– A Train is ahead on ‘same’ Track and ‘approaching’ his Train
– A Train is on ‘adjacent’ Track and infringing his Track, may be
after ‘derailing’ and/or ‘parting / jumbling’
– A ‘Non-Interlocked’ Level crossing Gate is in ‘open’ condition
Except what he can see ‘himself’ - to prevent a Collision!
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 4
‘Prompted’ Konkan Railway to Develop Anti-Collision Device in Aug 1999
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 5
Expectations from ‘ACD Network’
• Elimination of ‘Human Error’ (No User inputs for Operations)
• Design to be ‘Universally Acceptable’ on Railways, namely
– ‘Compatible’ with different types of Signaling systems
– ‘Adaptable’ in both ‘Diesel’ and ‘Electric’ Tractions
– ‘Workable’ in Single, Double & Multiple lines sections
– ‘Suitable’ for existing ‘Train Working Rules’
– No ‘positive’ indication to driver for Train Operations
– ‘Available’ for Train Collision Prevention ‘Globally’
whereas decisions for braking taken ‘Locally’ (continue..)
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 6
Expectations from ‘ACD Network’ (contd..)
• Design to be ‘Universally Acceptable’ on Railways, namely
– ‘Maintainable’ (wireless communication, easy to install,
customize, configure, test, commission, repair/replace)
– No ‘track based’ inputs in mid-section
– Limited ‘point detection’ & ‘main line track circuits’
based inputs at stations (for preventing collision with
‘stabled train load’
– ‘Durable’ (Even when failure occurs the impact is local)
– ‘Reliable’ in operation (shall not fail to ‘automatically’
apply brakes when it is supposed to prevent collision and
shall not also ‘unnecessarily’ apply brakes)
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 7
ACD Network … A Train Collision Prevention System (TCPS)
What is ‘ACD Network’(Raksha KavachTM) ?
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 8
‘ACD Network’ - Definition
•‘ACD Network’ is made of ‘self-acting’, computer based
radio communication devices called ‘Anti-Collision
Devices’ (ACDs)
• When Collision is perceived, it ‘automatically’ applies
brakes to Trains, thereby protecting the ‘Traveling
Public’ from ‘dangerous’ Collision or minimizing the extent
of damages that may be caused due to a Collision
•It also ‘Warns’ Road Users ‘in advance’ of an approaching
Train at a Level Crossing.
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 9
Block Schematic of Loco ACD along with ABU in Locomotive
Driver’s Console
•GPS - Global Positioning System
•ABU - Auto Braking Unit, ‘fixed’ adjacent to the Locomotive ACD
COMMAND & CONTROL UNIT (CCU)
(Micro-Processor Based)
Radio Transceiver
Data Entry Key Pad [for
Maintenance]
PowerConverter
LocoBattery
I/O Sub System Fixed Outside Locomotive, Cab
(‘Roof-TOP’)
Braking Signal through ABU*
for Speed Control of Loco
(3 Kms Range)
GPS* Receiver‘POSITION’ TRACKING
through SATELLITE
Visual Audio
Message Display
Antennae
CancelSOS
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 10
ABUACD
Installation of Loco ACD - Driver’s Cab – Diesel Loco
Driver’s Console
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 11
Loco ACD - Normal Working
Both the Trains travelling on their
respective lines in Block section –
No action by ACD
L 9 9 9 9 9
G 9 9 9 9 9 1 9 : 2 6
Driver’s Console
Self Loco ACD-ID
Self Guard ACD - ID Indian Standard Time (GMT+ 0530 hrs)
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 12
‘Portable’ Guard ACD for Passenger Train
Size: 210 x 235 x 130 mm Weight: 6.02 Kg
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 13
Guard ACD fitted in Brake Van of Passenger Train
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 14
Portable Guard ACD placed on roof-top of Brake Van of a Freight Train
Remote ‘SOS’ of Guard (with Key Chain)
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 15
Station ACD[Fitted at a Station & linked to Signalling circuits]
Size: 360 x 350 x 240 mm
Weight: 14 Kg
Size: 165 x 175 x 160 mm
Weight: 2 Kg
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 16
Station ACD - Normal Working
When no event is observed by Station ACD –
‘AAAA’ represents the Station Code
A A A A S T N 1 9 : 2 6
Station Master’s Console
Station Code (‘AAAA”)
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 17
Gate ACD (Manned Level Crossing )
[with Boom Locking Arrangement]
Size – 250x 270 x 110 mm, Weight - 5 Kg
Lifting Barrier Close/Open Sensing Switch
Boom Locking Sensing Switch
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 18
Antenna
Solar Panel
Hooter& Flasher
Anti-theft arrangement
Location Box
Tower – 12 mGate ACD (Un-Manned LC)
Size – 250 x 270 x 110
mm Weight - 5
Kg
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 19
ACD on a Train uses GPS for Location Determination
• Constellation of 27 [‘24’ + ‘3’ (spare)] Global Position System (GPS) Satellites formed around the ‘Earth’
• ‘Four’ satellites needed to be in view of GPS Receiver
• Time Stamp (Date & GMT), and other data given by GPS Receiver using ‘Triangulation method’ per second, as under:
– Location (Latitude, Longitude)
– ‘Course Angle’ of Travel (w.r.t. to true ‘North’ of Earth), Basis for identification of change of Track, by a Train
– Speed (in knots)
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 20
GPS Satellites
UHF Data Radio Modem
GPS Receiver
Working of “on-board” ACDs
Receive inputs from satellites, communicate with each other using
radio modems & use intelligence to act – To prevent ‘dangerous’
Collisions
ACDs have Knowledge Embedded Intelligence
Inter-ACD Radio Communication
Loco
Loco
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 21
ACD Network mainly takes ‘Track-ID’ based
decisions
Station Track-ID (TID) Plan (Stored in a ‘Station ACD’)
P3P2
P17P8
P24
P20
P22
TID=16
P26
P25
P23
P21
P19
P18
P12
P11
P7
P6
P4P1
P5
TID=15
TID=17
TID=14
TID=18
Database of TID Plans of Stations, GPS shadow zones, Level Crossings and Repeaters on ACD Routes are stored in
memory of ‘Loco’ & ‘Guard’ ACDs
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 22
Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 1 On Points & Crossing – Deviation Count Theory (patented by KRCL)
• ‘Point Zone’ is defined between ‘A’ and ‘B’ on the track.
• Even with a location ‘inaccuracy’ of 25 metres, the Loco/Guard ACD
will not miss the beginning of ‘Point Zone’
• Inside the ‘Point Zone, ‘reversal’ of Angle of travel decides the change
in ‘Track-ID’ of Loco ACD and Guard ACD, as the case may be.
5 m25 m
25 m
‘Point Zone’ connecting ‘Main Line’ to ‘Loop Line’
No change in Angle
3 deg ‘change’ in angle3 deg ‘change’ in angle
3 deg ‘Reversal’ of Angle3 deg ‘Reversal’ of Angle
A A (Lat, Lon)
TID = 15TID = 15
TID = 16
B B (Lat, Lon)
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 23
In case of negotiating a points and crossing zone where
DCT is ‘non-workable’, the points position ( i.e. ‘Normal’
or ‘Reverse’ read from signaling circuits), radiated by
Station ACD would enable Loco ACD and Guard ACD to
‘auto-deduce’ the change of their ‘Track-ID’, after
coming out of DPXZ.
Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 2 On Dead Points & Crossing Zones (DPXZ) – where ‘DCT’ non workable
Signaling Relay Room
Station ACD
TID = 15TID = 15
TID = 16
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 24
Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 3 Track-ID (TID) Assignment – While Leaving a Station – SINGLE LINE
SECTION
TID = 15TID = 15
TID = 16
T1
TID = 14TID = 14
In case of Single line section, the ‘UNIQUE’ Track-ID of
the section would be forced on Loco ACD and Guard
ACD of a train, while leaving the Station
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 25
In case of Double line section, the ‘valid’ Track-ID of
the section would be communicated by Station ACD to
Loco ACD of train while leaving the Station, based on
occupation of ‘two consecutive’ track circuits at
dispatch end.
Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 4 Track-ID (TID) Assignment – While Leaving a Station – DOUBLE LINES
SECTION
TID = 15TID = 15
TID = 16
T1
TID = 14TID = 14
TID = 17Track Ckts.Track
Ckts.
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 26
In case of Multiple lines section, two consecutive
track based RF Tags (provided at the dispatch ends of
station) are read by Loco ACD with the help of by ‘RF
Tag Reader’, fitted in the under frame of Locomotive
Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 5
Track-ID (TID) Assignment – While Leaving a Station – MULTIPLE
LINES SECTION T1
RF Tags
TID = 15TID = 15
TID = 16
TID = 14TID = 14
TID = 17
RF Tags
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 27
Initialization of ACD fitted Train• At Train originating Station, Guard ACD is loaded and switched
‘on’.
• As soon as Train starts, Loco ACD will identify ‘automatically’ its
Guard ACD and radiate its ‘Guard ACD – ID’.
• On receipt of data packet from a Loco ACD containing its ‘ACD-
ID’, the Guard ACD will assume the ‘Loco ACD-ID’ and ‘Track-ID’
of that Loco ACD, thus forming a ‘CYBER’ Train.
• Loco ACD will conduct an ‘Auto Brake Test’ (ABT), moment its
speed becomes 50 Km/hr and reduce it by 20 Km/hr to deduce
the ‘braking characteristics’ of its Train
• ACD fitted train would now apply brakes based on its braking
capacity, whenever a collision-like situation is perceived.
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 28
Prevention of Collision in ‘Mid-section’ - 1
Prevention of ‘Head- on’ Collision
TID =11
TID =12
T1T2
Prevention of ‘Rear- end’ Collision
TID =11
TID =12
T1 T2
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 29
Prevention of Collision in ‘Mid-section’ - 2
Prevention of ‘Side’ Collision
TID =11
TID =12
Stationary (might have derailed)
T1
T2
Prevention of ‘Side’ Collision
TID =11
TID =12
Train Parted, Derailed & Infringing Adjacent Track
T1
T2
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 30
Prevention of Collision at Level Crossing
Manned Level Crossing (Open)
TID =11
TID =12
‘Hooter’ / ‘Flasher’ to give ‘Train Approach’ Warning to Road
Users
T1
Lifting Barrier Gate
TID =11
TID =12
T1
Road
‘Hooter’ / ‘Flasher’ to give ‘Train Approach’ Warning to Road
Users
Un-Manned Level Crossing
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 31
Prevention of Collision in Station Area -1
Prevention of ‘Head-on’ or ‘Rear-end’ Collision
TID =11
TID =12
TID =10
T1 T2
‘Station Approach’ Warning to Driver
TID =11
TID =12
T1Station
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 32
Prevention of Collision in Station Area - 2
Prevention of High speed Collision with
Train on Loop Line (RNSML)
TID =11
TID =12
TID =10T1
T2
TID =12
Prevention of Collision with ‘Stabled’ Load
on Main LineTID =11
TID =10
T1 SL
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 33
Prevention of Collision in Station Area - 3
Prevention of Collision due to ‘Fouling’ (Multiple Lines)
TID =11
TID =12
TID =10
TID =13
T1
T2
Prevention of Collision due to ‘Fouling’
TID =11
TID =12
TID =10T1
T2
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 34
‘128’ Train Collisions in FIVE Years on Indian Railways Analyzed by Rly Board (with RDSO & KRCL) –
(April 1997 to January 2002)
23 (18%)1310Total
080701Side Collision3
030102Rear-end Collision2
120507Head-on Collision1
TotalStationMid-Sec.‘Non-Preventable’ by ACD
Sr
105 (82%)6045Total
221606Side Collision3
441133Rear-end Collision2
393306Head-on Collision1
TotalStationMid-Sec.‘Preventable’ by ACDSr
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 35
Train Collision Scenarios: ‘Non-Preventable’ by ACD
• ‘Adequate’ braking distance at that speed is not available
when a ‘dangerous’ collision-like situation arises suddenly
• Train derails and its wagons/coaches dash with another
Train, already on ‘adjacent’ track
• Overshooting of ‘Fouling Mark’ by a Train on main line
• ‘Failure’ of brake power of Locomotive due to any reason
• Rolling backward/forward of a ‘Stabled load’
• Other train is a ‘NON’ ACD Train
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 36
ACD Project
‘Corporate Safety Plan’ (2003 - 2013), Indian Railways
2013-14Balance ‘ACD Works’
covering 52,600 Route Kms
over
Indian Railways
2
2007-08‘ACD Works’ already
sanctioned on
3,419 Route Kms over
Indian Railways
1
Target for Completion
DescriptionSr
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 37
Total Provision of ACDs
Northeast Frontier Rly & Konkan Rly
ACD Project on Req. Spare
Tot
NF Railway 1,382 126 1,508
Konkan Railway 720 98 818
Total 2,132 224 2,326
Loco ACDs - Loco shed wise Req. Spare
Tot
NF Railway ( 13 Loco Sheds ) 589 27 616
Konkan Railway ( 06 Loco Sheds )
111 14 125
Total ( 19 Loco Sheds) 700 41 741
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 38
‘ACD Project’ - Works Already Sanctioned over IR
4
Southern Rly (including part of South Western Rly) –
Ernakulam – Shoranur – Palghat – Erode – Chennai
and Bangalore – Jolarpettai – Chennai
3
2
Northeast Frontier Rly –
Pilot Project Commissioned (June 2007)1
Provision of ‘Anti-Collision Devices’ (ACDs) on Broad Gauge (BG) Routes of Indian Railways
Sr
South Central Rly (including part of South Western Rly) –
Vasco – Madgaon – Londa – Hubli – Guntakal – Renigunta
Northern Rly – Jalandhar – Amritsar
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 39
7
14
8
12
13
5
5
16
6
9
4
15
3
2
1
10
11
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 40
“I need the ACD, ACD does not need me” – Train Driver
‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – © Konkan Railway Corporation Limited, India