“Crash Risk analysis for Vulnerable roadUsers For Urban Roads-A case study of

Vadodara City”

DAWDA NANDAN HM.E (Highway and Transportation)The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

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FLOW OF CONTENT• World wide road safety scenario• Road safety aspects in India• Risk to Vulnerable road users in India• Objective of study• Study area• Methodology and Data collection• Pedestrian Risk analysis• Bicycle risk analysis• Result and discussion• Limitations and future work• References

2 2

World Wide Road Safety Scenario

3 3

World Wide Fatalities

4 4

Projection Of Fatalities In World

5 5

Road Safety: An Epidemic

• 1.4 million people are killed and 50 million are injuredworldwide per annum due to road crashes.

• Developing countries account for 90% of the casualties. It’sthe leading cause of death of young people worldwide.Ifunabated, the number of deaths will increase to 1.9 millionper annum (worldwide) by 2020.

6 6

Road Safety Aspects In India

7 7

Total Road Crashes In India During2002-2011

Source : Road Accidents in India (2011). New Delhi, Transport Research Wing,Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India.1 8

Fatalities In Indian States

9 9

Fatalities In Major Indian Cities

10 10

Fatalities by Road user type in India

11 11

Non-motorized Traffic Fatalities InMetropolitan Cities Of India

12 12

Objective Of Study

• To perform the descriptive analysis of vulnerable road usersaccident data for Vadodara city.

• To identify the various factors responsible for the pedestrianand cyclist crashes.

• To suggest suitable measures to reduce the pedestrian andbicycle accidents.

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Study Area

• Vadodara is the third largest city in the state of Gujarat, withan area of 149 square km with a plain and undulatingtopography and a population of 16.67 lakhs according to 2011census.

• The average household income of Vadodara is about Rs.6920.The average house hold size is about 4.6.About 80% ofhousehold own at least l two-wheeler and 63% own at least 1cycle. Only about 14% of the households own cars.

• The percentage of male population to the total population isabout 52%, which indicate 923 female per 1000 male

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Land Use Pattern Of Vadodara

55%

3%10%

7%

3%

19%

3%

Residential

Comercial

Industrial

Open space and garden

Restricted area

roads and railways

river bank

15 15

Number Of Crashes In Vadodara

16 16

Methodology And Data Collection

• The traffic accidents data used in this research was obtainedfrom the police station of Vadodara for the year of 2012.There are total 16 police stations in Vadodara from where allFIRs have been collected.

• All the details regarding accidents was filled in that accidentrecording form with proper coding for analysis. Theinformation included were FIR number, Accident date andlocation, Collision type, Collision spot, Single vehicle accident,Hit & Run ,Number of occupant, number of fatality andinjuries, vehicle type, and the data related to victim like age,sex, gender, injury etc.

• In all, 192 pedestrian crashes and 62 bicyclist crashes in theyear 2012.

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Pedestrian Crash Risk Analysis

• There are total 192 pedestrian road accident occurred duringthe year of 2012 in Vadodara city. The proportion of minor,major and fatal pedestrian accidents are 78(41%), 84(43%),and 30(16%) respectively.

• The pedestrian crash analysis is done considering variousfactors like type of accident, location of accident, month ofaccident, Age of victim, and impacting vehicle responsible fortype of accident.

• For all the type of accidents for pedestrian (Fatal,minor,Major)Cars were the most dominating impacting vehicle responsiblefor crashes.

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Pedestrian Crash Risk Analysis

86%

9%

1%

4%

Collision spot of accidents

Mid block

Road junction

Other

Unknown

53

55

27

Hit and run cases v/saccident severity

MajorMinorFatal

19 19

Pedestrian Crash Risk Analysis

9% 13%

46%

51%33%

42%

40%54%

12%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Arterial road Collector road NationalHighways

Accident severity Versus Typeof Road

Fatal Major Minor

512

3227

143

7

2932

17

2

3

1513

4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

< 5 yrs 6-15 yrs 16-35 yrs 36-60 yrs > 60 yrs

Accident severity versus age ofvictim

minor major fatal

20 20

Month Wise Accident Analysis

24

24

18

15

22

14

5

1214

1210

22

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

21 21

Impacting Vehicles For Different TypeOf Crashes

4% 3% 4%

17%

13%58%

3%2%

Minor Crashes

Truck

LCV

Bus

Car

Auto Rikshaw

Two wheelers

20%

7%

4%

27%7%

10%

4%

21%

Fatal Crashes

Truck

LCV

Bus

Car

Auto rikshaw

Two wheelers

6%4%

18%

10%58%

1% 3%

Major Crashes

Truck

LCV

Bus

Car

Auto rikshaw

Two wheelers

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Bicycle Risk Analysis

• Out of total 764 traffic injury accidents taken place in year2012. The 63 accidents are reported as bicycle victim.

• For Vadodara city, The mode share of bicycle is found to bedecreasing from 18% (RITES 2006) to 10% (Prajapati 2010)which is quite less for any city.

• On other hand, The percentage contribution of the bicycleaccidents is around 9% of total accidents and is one of themajor problem for any city to support sustainabletransportation.

• It is thus very much important to access each and everycrashes of bicycle and take suitable measure to control them.

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Bicycle Risk Analysis

Impact Vehicle Minoraccident

Majoraccident

Fatalaccident

Totalaccident

Truck 3 (4.84%) 2 (3.23%) 0 5 (8.06%)

LCV 0 0 1 (1.61%) 1 (1.61%)

Bus 1 (1.61%) 0 0 1(1.61%)

Car 6 (9.68%) 5 (8.06%) 0 11 (17.74%)

Auto rickshaw 1 (1.61%) 1 (1.61%) 0 2 (3.23%)

Two wheeler 28 (45.16%) 12 (19.35%) 1 (1.61%) 41 (66.13%)

Unknown 0 1 (1.61%) 0 1 (1.61%)

Total 39 (62.9%) 21 (33.87%) 2 (3.22%) 63 (100%)

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Bicycle Crash Risk Analysis

0 0 1 10

5 3 44

26

89

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Head on Hit fromback

Hit from side Not noticed

Crashes By Collision Spot And Type

Unknown Intersection Mid block

0 01

01

02

63

8

0 2

3

12

10

11

1

2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

5-15 yr 16-29yr

30-44yr

45-59yr

60-69ys

> 70 yr

Accident Vs. Type of Victim

Fatal Major Minor25 25

Results And Discussion

• Total 764 road accident occurred during the year of 2012 inVadodara metropolitan . The biggest victim type is M2W thatis 40% of total crashes and pedestrian is the second biggestvictim type in road accidents having share of 28% of total roadaccidents and bicyclist having share of 9% of total roadaccident. Hence the safety of the vulnerable road user is to begiven prime importance.

• In Vadodara motorized two-wheeler is the primary mode oftravel and they grow up as to be the impacting vehicle for 50%of pedestrian and 66% of bicycle crashes. Hence, it is nowvery much necessary to encourage the public transportationsystem by enforcing Very high paid parking policies so thatmotorized two wheelers may shift to public transportation.

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• The maximum pedestrian accident occurs on Wednesday andThursday (i.e. 32 crashes) The minimum pedestrian accidentrecorded on Tuesday (20 crashes). Therefore we can say thatthere is no any trend observed in pedestrian accident onweekend and on week days.

• The maximum number of pedestrian accidents occurredbetween 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm. The number of pedestrianaccidents occurs during this time is 46, out of which 40pedestrian accidents are severe injury crashes and 6pedestrian accidents are fatal crashes. It is thus very muchimportant to check the lighting scheme at regular intervalsand proper maintenance of the Street lights and other lightingsources should be done.

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• The maximum number of pedestrian accidents occurred whilecrossing the roads. Proper regulations and enforcementshould be made to fill the gaps between the pedestrianpsychology of crossing and the person’s behavior while drivingthe vehicle.

• For bicycle and pedestrian crashes maximum number ofcrashes occurs at arterial roads which is around 71% forbicycle and 55% for pedestrian crashes. When the accidentspots of the arterial roads were surveyed than it was foundthat all the roads were poorly furnished with respect toaccident safety. Hence, some safety measures like pedestriansigns, Zebra crossings, etc. should be made at the majorintersections of the arterial roads.

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• The mode share of the bicycle is found to be very less. Thereis about 95% road sections have less than 10% bicycle share oftraffic volume. More appropriately 76.5% road section haveless than 6% bicycle share of traffic volume. The share ofbicycle may be encouraged by implementing “park and ride”and many other such policies .

• The 63% of crashes of the bicycle is having work trip. Efficientpublic transportation system may result into modal shift frombicycle to public transport and reduce the exposure to thebicycle crashes. The use of the bicycle for the other purposemay be encouraged, but in case of work trips they must bediscouraged by providing monthly passes of the bus.

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• There is about 50% of accident occurred by hit from back. It revealsthat drivers failed to recognize the bicycle on the road. Soenforcement of speed regulation plays major role to preventaccidents. It is impossible to differentiate high speed and low speedtraffic due to unclassified and un standardized road which leads toincrease risk for bicyclist.

• The pedestrian and the bicyclist crashes are the most concerningissue of the cities. it is very much important to provide the roadinfrastructure which allows such mode to travel safety .It is nowvery much necessary to revise the designing of the streets forIndian cities and it should be made such that safety of the VRU’s isincreased.

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Limitation Of The Work• The present paper is just the descriptive analysis of the

various road crashes for pedestrian and bicycle taking place inthe urban cities. Thus, the future scope may be to do thedescriptive analysis of all the road users and to develop somemathematical model for the various factors affecting the rateof accidents.

• Also, the data source for the accident data was from Firstinvestigation report obtained from the police station. Theother sources of accident are not used for the study.

• Further the scope of the study is limited to major roads of theurban area only. Same type of the work can be done for theminor roads of the cities.

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References

1. OECD, 2009. European Transport Safety Commission (ETSC).2. Shinar, D., 2007. Traffic Safety and Human Behaviour.

Elsevier, Oxford.3. WHO, 2009. Global Status Report on Road Safety: Time for

Action. World Health Organization, Geneva.4. India, G. o. (2012). Road Accidents in India : Ministry of

Road Transport and Highway Transportin India,New Delhi.5. City development plan-Vadodara city- Final report (2006),

Vadodara Municipal Corporation, Vadodara.6. Integrated public transport system for city of Vadodara,

interim report- Phase-I(April 2007), by RITES LTD and(GIDB).

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7. TIWARI, P. P. (2013). Evaluating Safety of Urban ArterialRoads of Medium Sized Indian City. Proceedings of theEastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies.

8. V.S.Landge, A.K.Sharma (2012). Pedestrian AccidentPrediction Model for Rural Road. International Journal ofScience and Advanced Technology.

9. Greibe, P. (2001). Accident Prediction Models For UrbanRoads.Accident Analysis and Prevention, 273–285.

10. P.L.Jacobsen (2003). Injury Prevention.205-209.US.11. Rune Elvik (2009), Institute of transport and economics,

Norway.12. Nilay Bhavsar (2014). Evaluation of Pedestrian safety at mid

block – a case study of Vadodara city.13. Hardik Akoliya (2014). Analysis of bicycle accidents on urban

roads – a case study of Vadodara city.33 33